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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a run chart?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
A time series plot.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

2. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Rapid improvement process.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Pleasing to the senses.

3. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
Lower control limit.
They move closer to the center line.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
68%

4. What does SIPOC stand for?
95%
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

5. What is the 5S model?
Controlling quality at the source.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

6. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Lower control limit.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Represents the behavior of a process

7. Define product reliability.
The House of Quality.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Mean time to failure.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

8. Regression Analysis
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Represents the behavior of a process
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

9. What is a Gantt chart?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

10. Process check sheets
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
QFD
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
5%

11. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Workers - machines - materials.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

12. What is a network diagram?
The Japanese national quality award.
Variable.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

13. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Upper control limit.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Mean time to failure.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

14. Test for constant variance
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Waste.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

15. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Producer risk.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
QFD

16. What is muda
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Waste.
Rapid improvement process.

17. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Upper control limit.
Variable.
Variable.

18. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Variable.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

19. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
A time series plot.
Variable.

20. Affinity Diagrams
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Producer risk.
Attribute
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

21. Define takt time.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

22. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Variable.
The Japanese national quality award.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

23. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Lean (or JIT).

24. Define performance quality.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

25. What is a histogram?
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Producer risk.

26. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Attribute
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

27. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Mistake-proofing.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

28. Define serviceability.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

29. Uses of regression
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Critical to quality.

30. What is poka yoke?
Conformance to specifications.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Producer risk.
Mistake-proofing.

31. Failure effect
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Is the consequence of the failure.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

32. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
A scatterplot.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

33. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Conformance to specifications.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

34. What is a CAVE man?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

35. What is the role of a master black belt?
The US national quality award.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

36. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
QFD
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

37. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Mean time to replacement.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

38. ANOVA

39. Stratified defect check sheets
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
95%

40. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Conformance to specifications.
Lower control limit.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

41. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Consumer risk.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Mistake-proofing.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

42. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Is the consequence of the failure.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

43. What is DPMO?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

44. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Before production starts

45. List two components of internal failure.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

46. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

47. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
The Japanese national quality award.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

48. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Central Limit Theorem
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
A scatterplot.

49. Definition of Interaction
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Deming.

50. What is a spaghetti diagram?
The US national quality award.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.