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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Is the consequence of the failure.

2. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
A scatterplot.
Central Limit Theorem
50%
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

3. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Central Limit Theorem
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

4. Define serviceability.
Mistake-proofing.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Variable.

5. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Central Limit Theorem
Represents the behavior of a process

6. What is Type II Error?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
50%
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

7. Uses of regression
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
The US national quality award.

8. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
95%
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Critical to quality.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

9. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
QFD
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

10. FMEA
68%
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

11. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
The US national quality award.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

12. What is the Deming Prize?
The Japanese national quality award.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

13. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Taguchi
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

14. What is a network diagram?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Waste.

15. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

16. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
68%
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

17. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

18. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
Deming.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
99.73%

19. What does SIPOC stand for?
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

20. What is CTQ?
Critical to quality.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

21. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Waste.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

22. Test for constant variance
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
99.73%

23. Failure effect
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Is the consequence of the failure.

24. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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25. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Defects Per Million Opportunities

26. What is the role of a green belt?
Variable.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Producer risk.

27. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Blame.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

28. What does DMAIC stand for?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Is what induces the failure
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

29. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
X-bar-bar
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

30. FMEA
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Deming.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

31. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Is the consequence of the failure.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
A scatterplot.

32. DOE
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Walter A. Shewhart
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

33. Pareto Analysis
Fitness for use.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

34. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
95%
0.9^3 or 72.9%
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

35. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Before production starts
Consumer risk.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

36. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Workers - machines - materials.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

37. List two appraisal costs.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Central Limit Theorem
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

38. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

39. Test for Independence
No -- only if the process is also capable.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

40. What is the Baldrige Award?
The US national quality award.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
5%

41. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Upper control limit.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

42. What is FMEA?
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Workers - machines - materials.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Variable.

43. Residual
Taguchi
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

44. What is a Gage R&R?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

45. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Blame.

46. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Lower control limit.
Walter A. Shewhart
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

47. What are the four regression assumptions?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

48. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Brand image.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

49. What is the role of a master black belt?
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Mean time to replacement.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

50. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Conformance to specifications.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality