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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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2. Failure cause
Is what induces the failure
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

3. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Mean time to failure.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

4. Defect location check sheets
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
95%
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

5. What are the 5 Ss?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

6. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

7. What is DPMO?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

8. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Workers - machines - materials.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
No -- only if the process is also capable.

9. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
50%
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

10. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Walter A. Shewhart
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

11. FMEA
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

12. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Lean (or JIT).
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Is the consequence of the failure.
50%

13. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Mistake-proofing.
Variable.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

14. Affinity Diagrams
Central Limit Theorem
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

15. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
50%

16. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

17. Uses of regression
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Represents the behavior of a process
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

18. What is the role of a green belt?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

19. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
100%
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

20. Uses of regression - Control
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

21. Regression
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Represents the behavior of a process

22. Process occurance ranking
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

23. What is a run chart?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Mistake-proofing.
A time series plot.

24. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Rapid improvement process.

25. Pareto Analysis
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

26. What is a Gage R&R?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
95%
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

27. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Attribute
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Taguchi

28. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
The House of Quality.

29. Regression Analysis
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Waste.

30. What is the role of a master black belt?
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Is the consequence of the failure.

31. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Waste.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

32. What is the Deming Prize?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Is what induces the failure
The Japanese national quality award.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

33. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Before production starts
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

34. In a Z table - what is Z?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Not necessarily.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

35. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

36. What is CTQ?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Critical to quality.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

37. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Lower control limit.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

38. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
Attribute
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
No -- only if the process is also capable.

39. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

40. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

41. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Mean time to replacement.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Rapid improvement process.
Upper control limit.

42. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

43. Define features.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

44. Creating a Run Chart
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
95%
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

45. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

46. What are the four regression assumptions?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Waste.

47. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

48. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
The US national quality award.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

49. Define product reliability.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Mean time to failure.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

50. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.