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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Stratified defect check sheets
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

2. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Rapid improvement process.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

3. Failure effect
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Is the consequence of the failure.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

4. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
Deming.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Conformance to specifications.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

5. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
95%
Variable.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

6. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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7. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
No -- only if the process is also capable.

8. What is the center line of a p-chart?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

9. Statistical Hypothesis
Blame.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

10. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Is the consequence of the failure.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Consumer risk.

11. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Controlling quality at the source.
Not necessarily.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

12. What is Kaizen?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Rapid improvement process.

13. What is muda
Fitness for use.
Waste.
100%
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

14. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
A scatterplot.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Brand image.

15. Define aesthetic quality.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Pleasing to the senses.

16. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Attribute
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

17. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Consumer risk.
Is what induces the failure
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Taguchi

18. For what is a p-chart used?
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
100%
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

19. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Attribute.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

20. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Mean time to failure.
68%

21. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Is what induces the failure
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

22. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

23. Define product reliability.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Mean time to failure.

24. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Variable.

25. Definition of Interaction
The US national quality award.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

26. Regression
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Lower control limit.
Represents the behavior of a process
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

27. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Outside.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

28. FMEA
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

29. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A scatterplot.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

30. Creating a Run Chart
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
99.73%

31. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
100%
Conformance to specifications.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

32. Uses of regression - Control
Mean time to replacement.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Fitness for use.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

33. What is a network diagram?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Upper control limit.
X-bar-bar
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

34. For what is an x-bar chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Outside.
Variable.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

35. Advantages of DOE
Mean time to replacement.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Rapid improvement process.

36. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
A scatterplot.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

37. Failure Mode
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
95%

38. F value
Is the consequence of the failure.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

39. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

40. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
They move closer to the center line.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

41. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

42. List two components of internal failure.
Taguchi
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

43. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
QFD

44. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Upper control limit.
Outside.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

45. What does SIPOC stand for?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Blame.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
The US national quality award.

46. Define takt time.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
The cycle time required to meet demand.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

47. What is Value Stream Mapping?
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Lean (or JIT).
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

48. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Upper control limit.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

49. What is DPMO?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Blame.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

50. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.