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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define takt time.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
The cycle time required to meet demand.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

2. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

3. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Is what induces the failure
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Walter A. Shewhart

4. For what is a p-chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Is what induces the failure
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

5. What is the 5S model?
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
50%
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

6. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

7. ANOVA

8. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
Lean (or JIT).
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
QFD

9. When is Cpk used?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

10. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
QFD
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
No -- only if the process is also capable.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

11. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Taguchi
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
To manage the Six Sigma project.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

12. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Deming.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

13. Regression Analysis
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

14. What is the role of a black belt?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
10 if Almost impossible to detect
To manage the Six Sigma project.

15. What is CTQ?
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Critical to quality.

16. Define product reliability.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Mean time to failure.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

17. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
10 if Almost impossible to detect
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Variable.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

18. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Central Limit Theorem
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

19. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
X-bar-bar

20. Statistical Hypothesis
Lean (or JIT).
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

21. Pareto Analysis
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

22. DOE
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

23. What is Kaizen?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Rapid improvement process.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

24. How does Juran define quality?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Fitness for use.

25. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

26. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
100%
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

27. What is DPMO?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Is what induces the failure
Rapid improvement process.

28. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
The House of Quality.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Brand image.

29. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

30. Defect check sheets
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

31. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Taguchi
100%
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

32. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
5%

33. Residual(eij)
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

34. List two components of prevention cost.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Variable.

35. What is the Deming Prize?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Mean time to replacement.
The Japanese national quality award.

36. Stratified defect check sheets
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Before production starts

37. Uses of regression - Control
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

38. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

39. What does DMAIC stand for?
A time series plot.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Conformance to specifications.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

40. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Before production starts
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
The US national quality award.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

41. One factor at a time (OFAT)
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

42. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Producer risk.

43. Affinity Diagrams
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

44. What is a histogram?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
The cycle time required to meet demand.

45. Define performance quality.
Pleasing to the senses.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
95%
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

46. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

47. Failure Mode
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Upper control limit.
Walter A. Shewhart

48. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Lean (or JIT).
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
100%

49. What is an affinity diagram?
Variable.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

50. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Rapid improvement process.