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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In a Z table - what is Z?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

2. Risk Priority Number RPN
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

3. Stratified defect check sheets
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Attribute
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

4. List two components of prevention cost.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Represents the behavior of a process

5. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

6. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
The Japanese national quality award.
Attribute
They move closer to the center line.
Workers - machines - materials.

7. What does DMAIC stand for?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Before production starts
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

8. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Not necessarily.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Mean time to failure.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

9. Statistical Hypothesis
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

10. Disadvantages of DOE

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11. Definition of Interaction
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

12. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Rapid improvement process.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Walter A. Shewhart
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

13. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Deming.
Taguchi
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

14. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
Central Limit Theorem
95%
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
50%

15. What is Type II Error?
The House of Quality.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

16. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
Is what induces the failure
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
10 if Almost impossible to detect
The House of Quality.

17. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
50%
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

18. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Lean (or JIT).
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

19. How does Juran define quality?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Fitness for use.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

20. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

21. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Attribute.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Consumer risk.

22. Uses of regression - Control
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Fitness for use.
Controlling quality at the source.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

23. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Conformance to specifications.
Upper control limit.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

24. What is a histogram?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

25. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Lean (or JIT).
5%
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

26. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Not necessarily.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

27. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Lower control limit.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
A scatterplot.
Critical to quality.

28. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Blame.
5%
Can't tell without a Range chart.

29. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

30. Define conformance quality.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
5%
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
99.73%

31. Failure effect
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Is the consequence of the failure.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

32. Presence of interaction effect
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Upper control limit.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

33. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
68%
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

34. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
95%
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
99.73%

35. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

36. Residual(eij)
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

37. Define durability.
Mean time to replacement.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

38. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

39. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
The Japanese national quality award.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

40. What is an affinity diagram?
X-bar-bar
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

41. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

42. ANOVA

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43. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
100%
No -- only if the process is also capable.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

44. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Before production starts
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Brand image.

45. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Waste.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Outside.

46. List two components of external failure.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

47. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
QFD
Pleasing to the senses.

48. Failure cause
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Is what induces the failure
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

49. What is the role of a green belt?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
The Japanese national quality award.
Lean (or JIT).
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

50. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.