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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Not necessarily.
Deming.

2. List two components of external failure.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
5%

3. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Walter A. Shewhart
Workers - machines - materials.

4. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

5. What is the role of a green belt?
Rapid improvement process.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

6. Define serviceability.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
They move closer to the center line.
Workers - machines - materials.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

7. Define benchmarking.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

8. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Variable.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

9. What is DMADV?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

10. FMEA
Central Limit Theorem
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

11. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Consumer risk.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

12. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
X-bar-bar
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Conformance to specifications.

13. ANOVA

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14. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Central Limit Theorem
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

15. Affinity Diagrams
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

16. What is Value Stream Mapping?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
The US national quality award.

17. Affinity Diagrams
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

18. What are the 5 Ss?
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
99.73%
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

19. What is a dashboard?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

20. Stratified defect check sheets
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Can't tell without a Range chart.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

21. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Attribute
Mistake-proofing.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
100%

22. What is the Baldrige Award?
68%
The US national quality award.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

23. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

24. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Upper control limit.

25. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Lower control limit.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

26. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Mean time to replacement.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

27. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
50%
X-bar-bar
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Producer risk.

28. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
They move closer to the center line.

29. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
QFD
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

30. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
68%
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Lean (or JIT).

31. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
Mistake-proofing.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
The House of Quality.

32. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Before production starts
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Upper control limit.

33. Histogram by Hand
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Mean time to failure.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

34. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

35. What is the center line of a p-chart?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

36. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Deming.
Variable.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

37. Uses of regression - Control
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Producer risk.

38. Uses of regression
Variable.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

39. Residual
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

40. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Producer risk.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

41. What is Type 1 Error?
The Japanese national quality award.
Upper control limit.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

42. Definition of Interaction
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Consumer risk.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Brand image.

43. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Rapid improvement process.
They move closer to the center line.

44. When is Cpk used?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Waste.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

45. Defect check sheets
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

46. Define takt time.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

47. Regression
The Japanese national quality award.
Represents the behavior of a process
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

48. For what is a p-chart used?
A time series plot.
The Japanese national quality award.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Rapid improvement process.

49. What is the Deming Prize?
Critical to quality.
The Japanese national quality award.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

50. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Walter A. Shewhart
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
A scatterplot.