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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a Gantt chart?
Mistake-proofing.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

2. Define durability.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Pleasing to the senses.
Mean time to replacement.

3. What is poka yoke?
Mistake-proofing.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

4. What is Type 1 Error?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Controlling quality at the source.

5. DFMEA
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

6. What is a CAVE man?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

7. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Is the consequence of the failure.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Can't tell without a Range chart.

8. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
99.73%
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

9. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

10. What is a spaghetti diagram?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

11. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

12. List two components of external failure.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
They move closer to the center line.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Is what induces the failure

13. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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14. What is the role of a green belt?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Waste.

15. In a Z table - what is Z?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
A scatterplot.
5%
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

16. What is the role of a black belt?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
To manage the Six Sigma project.

17. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Rapid improvement process.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

18. What is the Deming Prize?
Mean time to replacement.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
The Japanese national quality award.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

19. Uses of regression
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Pleasing to the senses.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

20. What is DPMO?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Defects Per Million Opportunities

21. What is the role of a master black belt?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Walter A. Shewhart

22. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
X-bar-bar

23. What does DMAIC stand for?
Walter A. Shewhart
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

24. Define aesthetic quality.
95%
Central Limit Theorem
They move closer to the center line.
Pleasing to the senses.

25. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

26. Defect location check sheets
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

27. Pareto Analysis
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Taguchi
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

28. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Walter A. Shewhart
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

29. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Is the consequence of the failure.
QFD
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

30. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
100%
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

31. What is a Pareto chart?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
100%
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

32. What is process capability?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Blame.

33. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

34. What is the Baldrige Award?
The US national quality award.
Deming.
QFD
50%

35. Stratified defect check sheets
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The Japanese national quality award.

36. F value
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

37. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

38. FMEA
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
The US national quality award.
Blame.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

39. What is a dashboard?
Waste.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

40. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

41. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Consumer risk.
The US national quality award.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Lean (or JIT).

42. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Producer risk.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
5%

43. Process check sheets
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

44. Statistical Hypothesis
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
68%

45. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Brand image.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

46. Creating a Run Chart
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
A time series plot.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
QFD

47. What is FMEA?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

48. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Attribute.
50%
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

49. ANOVA

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50. Define serviceability.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.