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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
95%
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

2. What are the four regression assumptions?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

3. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
5%
The House of Quality.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

4. Define yield.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Rapid improvement process.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

5. What is a Gantt chart?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Deming.
Central Limit Theorem
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

6. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
Lower control limit.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
X-bar-bar

7. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

8. What is the formula for standard deviation?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Lower control limit.

9. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Not necessarily.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

10. What is a spaghetti diagram?
Central Limit Theorem
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

11. FMEA
Variable.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

12. What is DMADV?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

13. What is Kaizen?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Rapid improvement process.
Central Limit Theorem
Is what induces the failure

14. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

15. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Pleasing to the senses.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

16. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Critical to quality.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

17. What is an affinity diagram?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

18. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Central Limit Theorem
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

19. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Workers - machines - materials.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Attribute.
Taguchi

20. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Fitness for use.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

21. Define serviceability.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Producer risk.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

22. Affinity Diagrams
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

23. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
The Japanese national quality award.

24. List two appraisal costs.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

25. Uses of regression - Control
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Walter A. Shewhart
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Rapid improvement process.

26. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
They move closer to the center line.

27. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
The US national quality award.
Deming.
Mean time to failure.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

28. When is Cpk used?
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Represents the behavior of a process
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

29. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Taguchi
Deming.

30. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Lower control limit.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

31. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Workers - machines - materials.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

32. What is the role of a black belt?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

33. What is muda
Waste.
Brand image.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

34. ANOVA

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35. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Defects Per Million Opportunities
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

36. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

37. Defect location check sheets
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

38. What is the center line of a p-chart?
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

39. Define aesthetic quality.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Pleasing to the senses.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

40. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
5%
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Critical to quality.

41. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
68%
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Taguchi

42. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
99.73%
Rapid improvement process.

43. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Walter A. Shewhart
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Pleasing to the senses.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

44. List two components of internal failure.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Brand image.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

45. What is the role of a master black belt?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

46. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Attribute
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
The House of Quality.

47. What is the role of a green belt?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
99.73%
The Japanese national quality award.

48. In a Z table - what is Z?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

49. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
X-bar-bar
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

50. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Mistake-proofing.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Variable.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.