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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. DOE
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

2. Who is a process owner?
Controlling quality at the source.
Workers - machines - materials.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Walter A. Shewhart

3. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

4. How does Juran define quality?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Fitness for use.
Rapid improvement process.

5. What is Value Stream Mapping?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

6. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

7. Detection Criteria Ranking
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
10 if Almost impossible to detect

8. Define yield.
Is what induces the failure
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Taguchi
The House of Quality.

9. FMEA
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

10. Failure effect
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Is the consequence of the failure.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Attribute

11. Process check sheets
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

12. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Blame.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

13. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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14. Histogram by Hand
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

15. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Mistake-proofing.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

16. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Lower control limit.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

17. Statistical Hypothesis
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Taguchi
A scatterplot.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

18. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Central Limit Theorem

19. Define features.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Rapid improvement process.

20. Residual(eij)
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

21. What is Type 1 Error?
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
They move closer to the center line.

22. Pareto Analysis
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
100%

23. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

24. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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25. Definition of Interaction
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

26. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Pleasing to the senses.
Upper control limit.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

27. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Outside.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

28. What is a Gantt chart?
Represents the behavior of a process
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

29. One factor at a time (OFAT)
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Blame.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

30. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

31. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
95%
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

32. What is a run chart?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Mistake-proofing.
A time series plot.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

33. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Is what induces the failure
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
A scatterplot.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

34. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

35. What is a Gage R&R?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Lean (or JIT).
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

36. What is Jidoka?
50%
Controlling quality at the source.
Brand image.
X-bar-bar

37. What is poka yoke?
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Mistake-proofing.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

38. Advantages of DOE
95%
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Before production starts

39. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Not necessarily.
100%

40. Stratified defect check sheets
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
They move closer to the center line.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

41. What is an affinity diagram?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Variable.
The Japanese national quality award.

42. Daniel Test
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

43. Process occurance ranking
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Variable.

44. Manual Test for Nomality
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
A scatterplot.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

45. What is the Baldrige Award?
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
The US national quality award.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

46. What is a spaghetti diagram?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

47. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
The House of Quality.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

48. Define product reliability.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Mean time to failure.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

49. Presence of interaction effect
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Before production starts
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

50. Uses of regression - Control
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Before production starts