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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Presence of interaction effect
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

2. Defect location check sheets
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
The US national quality award.

3. List two components of external failure.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
A scatterplot.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

4. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Variable.
99.73%
Workers - machines - materials.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

5. What is the center line of a p-chart?
95%
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

6. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

7. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Blame.
QFD

8. What does SIPOC stand for?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

9. Regression Analysis
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Mean time to replacement.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

10. One factor at a time (OFAT)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
0.9^3 or 72.9%

11. Definition of Interaction
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

12. What do you do when a process is out of control?
X-bar-bar
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

13. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

14. What are the four regression assumptions?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

15. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
They move closer to the center line.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

16. Process occurance ranking
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Variable.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
100%

17. What is the role of a black belt?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Mistake-proofing.

18. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Blame.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

19. For what is an x-bar chart used?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

20. What is the formula for standard deviation?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

21. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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22. What is muda
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Waste.
X-bar-bar
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

23. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

24. When is Cpk used?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Attribute
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

25. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

26. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

27. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Producer risk.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

28. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Lower control limit.

29. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Attribute.

30. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
95%
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

31. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

32. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Rapid improvement process.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Variable.

33. For what is a p-chart used?
Blame.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

34. Test for constant variance
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

35. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
99.73%

36. What is Jidoka?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Controlling quality at the source.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

37. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Attribute
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

38. PFMEA
Is the consequence of the failure.
Before production starts
Pleasing to the senses.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

39. Histogram by Hand
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Lower control limit.

40. Failure effect
Is the consequence of the failure.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

41. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
5%
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

42. Define aesthetic quality.
Deming.
Pleasing to the senses.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Upper control limit.

43. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Upper control limit.
Is the consequence of the failure.

44. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
99.73%

45. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Conformance to specifications.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Deming.

46. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Mean time to replacement.

47. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
The US national quality award.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

48. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

49. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Taguchi
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Variable.
Is the consequence of the failure.

50. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Central Limit Theorem
The Japanese national quality award.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.