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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Lower control limit.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
QFD

2. What is Kaizen?
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Attribute.
Rapid improvement process.

3. Statistical Hypothesis
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
A time series plot.

4. Affinity Diagrams
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

5. What is the role of a green belt?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Conformance to specifications.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

6. What is CTQ?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Critical to quality.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
5%

7. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
100%
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Workers - machines - materials.
Upper control limit.

8. What is a CAVE man?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Attribute.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

9. Manual Test for Nomality
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Deming.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

10. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
68%
Deming.
Outside.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

11. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Upper control limit.
Pleasing to the senses.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

12. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Producer risk.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

13. Affinity Diagrams
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

14. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Consumer risk.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

15. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Taguchi
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

16. Uses of regression - Control
Fitness for use.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

17. F value
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Upper control limit.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

18. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
QFD
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

19. What is Little's Law?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Attribute.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

20. Regression Analysis
Mistake-proofing.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Walter A. Shewhart
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

21. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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22. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Outside.
Waste.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

23. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Variable.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

24. What is a spaghetti diagram?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

25. What is a histogram?
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Walter A. Shewhart
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

26. Test for constant variance
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

27. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Conformance to specifications.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Not necessarily.

28. Definition of Interaction
68%
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

29. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
95%
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

30. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Critical to quality.

31. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
5%
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

32. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Central Limit Theorem
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

33. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Brand image.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Taguchi
A scatterplot.

34. What is DMADV?
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Mean time to failure.

35. Define performance quality.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Variable.

36. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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37. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Blame.
They move closer to the center line.
Conformance to specifications.
Lower control limit.

38. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Taguchi
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

39. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Workers - machines - materials.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

40. List two components of internal failure.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
QFD
The Japanese national quality award.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

41. What is the 5S model?
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Variable.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

42. Creating a Run Chart
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

43. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Controlling quality at the source.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

44. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
Brand image.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

45. Define durability.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Mean time to replacement.

46. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Attribute
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

47. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
QFD

48. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
100%
99.73%
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
A scatterplot.

49. Pareto Analysis
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

50. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Variable.