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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is Little's Law?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

2. Test for Independence
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

3. Define serviceability.
5%
Lower control limit.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

4. What is Value Stream Mapping?
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

5. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Critical to quality.
Variable.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Waste.

6. What is a network diagram?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
A time series plot.
Outside.

7. What is the formula for standard deviation?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

8. FMEA
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Mean time to replacement.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

9. What is the Deming Prize?
Mean time to failure.
The Japanese national quality award.
Is what induces the failure
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

10. What is process capability?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Before production starts

11. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

12. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
100%
Before production starts
They move closer to the center line.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

13. Stratified defect check sheets
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Represents the behavior of a process

14. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
Attribute.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

15. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
99.73%
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Attribute

16. DOE
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

17. What is Type 1 Error?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

18. FMEA
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

19. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Deming.

20. What is CTQ?
Critical to quality.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

21. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Not necessarily.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

22. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
A scatterplot.
Mean time to failure.
Rapid improvement process.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

23. Process check sheets
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

24. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Mistake-proofing.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

25. Daniel Test
A scatterplot.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

26. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Consumer risk.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Rapid improvement process.
Blame.

27. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Producer risk.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Is what induces the failure

28. ANOVA

29. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
68%

30. Statistical Hypothesis
QFD
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Critical to quality.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

31. What does DMAIC stand for?
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

32. Defect location check sheets
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Workers - machines - materials.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Before production starts

33. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

34. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
50%
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
The Japanese national quality award.

35. How does Juran define quality?
Variable.
Brand image.
Central Limit Theorem
Fitness for use.

36. What is muda
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Waste.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

37. What is a Gantt chart?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

38. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Walter A. Shewhart
The Japanese national quality award.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

39. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
68%
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

40. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

41. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
Mistake-proofing.
Outside.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
100%

42. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Outside.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

43. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
The Japanese national quality award.

44. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
Controlling quality at the source.
Mean time to failure.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

45. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
100%
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
The House of Quality.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

46. What is Type II Error?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

47. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
5%
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

48. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Before production starts
99.73%
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

49. The Test Statistic (TS)
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The Japanese national quality award.

50. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Deming.