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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
X-bar-bar
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

2. Define durability.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Mean time to replacement.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

3. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

4. When is Cpk used?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

5. What is a run chart?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Lean (or JIT).
A time series plot.

6. DOE
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

7. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Is what induces the failure
A scatterplot.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

8. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
95%
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Lean (or JIT).

9. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Rapid improvement process.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

10. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Producer risk.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

11. Who is a process owner?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

12. What is the role of a black belt?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Conformance to specifications.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

13. Definition of Interaction
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Blame.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

14. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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15. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Lower control limit.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

16. Process check sheets
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

17. Define benchmarking.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
A time series plot.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

18. What is poka yoke?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
68%
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Mistake-proofing.

19. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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20. How does Juran define quality?
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Lean (or JIT).
Conformance to specifications.
Fitness for use.

21. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Attribute.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
They move closer to the center line.

22. Residual(eij)
50%
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
A scatterplot.
Producer risk.

23. Detection Criteria Ranking
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Mean time to replacement.
95%

24. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
The House of Quality.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

25. Defect location check sheets
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

26. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Mistake-proofing.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

27. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Outside.
Not necessarily.

28. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Fitness for use.
Outside.

29. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Upper control limit.
Brand image.
The US national quality award.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

30. The Test Statistic (TS)
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Fitness for use.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

31. What is a histogram?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Rapid improvement process.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

32. Define features.
Blame.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Variable.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

33. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Taguchi

34. What is a CAVE man?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

35. Histogram by Hand
Conformance to specifications.
100%
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
They move closer to the center line.

36. ANOVA

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37. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Variable.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

38. DFMEA
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

39. What is Little's Law?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

40. Affinity Diagrams
Mean time to failure.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

41. What is Jidoka?
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Controlling quality at the source.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

42. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

43. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

44. What is the Deming Prize?
5%
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The Japanese national quality award.
Conformance to specifications.

45. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Attribute.

46. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Workers - machines - materials.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
99.73%

47. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
95%
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Central Limit Theorem
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

48. What is the center line of a p-chart?
QFD
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

49. What is the role of a master black belt?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

50. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
The US national quality award.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.