Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Conformance to specifications.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
5%

2. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Walter A. Shewhart
Critical to quality.
The Japanese national quality award.

3. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Lower control limit.

4. Test for constant variance
The Japanese national quality award.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
A scatterplot.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

5. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Taguchi
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

6. What are the four regression assumptions?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

7. What is a CAVE man?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

8. Affinity Diagrams
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
50%
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

9. What is process capability?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

10. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Mistake-proofing.
Not necessarily.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

11. What is an affinity diagram?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

12. FMEA
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
QFD
Is what induces the failure
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

13. Residual(eij)
Kaoru Ishikawa.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

14. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Attribute
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Attribute.

15. What is Value Stream Mapping?
100%
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Producer risk.

16. Advantages of DOE
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
99.73%
The House of Quality.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

17. Define yield.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

18. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Producer risk.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

19. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

20. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

21. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

22. What is a spaghetti diagram?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Attribute
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

23. What do you do when a process is out of control?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

24. List two components of prevention cost.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

25. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Variable.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

26. What is FMEA?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
QFD

27. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

28. What is Little's Law?
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Deming.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

29. What is a run chart?
Waste.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
A time series plot.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

30. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Central Limit Theorem
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
X-bar-bar

31. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

32. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Upper control limit.
Variable.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

33. For what is a p-chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

34. Risk Priority Number RPN
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Mean time to replacement.
10 if Almost impossible to detect

35. FMEA
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Pleasing to the senses.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

36. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Walter A. Shewhart
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Before production starts

37. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Critical to quality.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

38. Defect location check sheets
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
68%
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

39. Failure cause
10 if Almost impossible to detect
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Is what induces the failure

40. What is the role of a green belt?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

41. What is the formula for standard deviation?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

42. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Central Limit Theorem
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

43. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

44. Daniel Test
Before production starts
50%
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

45. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
68%
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Producer risk.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

46. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
The Japanese national quality award.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
They move closer to the center line.
Controlling quality at the source.

47. What is Type II Error?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

48. Disadvantages of DOE

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

49. Define benchmarking.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

50. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy