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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Brand image.
A scatterplot.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

2. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Central Limit Theorem
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

3. One factor at a time (OFAT)
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

4. What is a network diagram?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

5. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Walter A. Shewhart

6. What are the four regression assumptions?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Variable.

7. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Consumer risk.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

8. For what is a p-chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Central Limit Theorem
100%
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

9. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Rapid improvement process.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

10. What is Type 1 Error?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

11. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
The House of Quality.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

12. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Attribute
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

13. For what is an x-bar chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

14. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Central Limit Theorem
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Deming.
Lean (or JIT).

15. Test for Independence
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Workers - machines - materials.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
QFD

16. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

17. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

18. What is a CAVE man?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Represents the behavior of a process
The US national quality award.

19. What is DPMO?
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Defects Per Million Opportunities

20. List two components of external failure.
The Japanese national quality award.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

21. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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22. Define performance quality.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
The US national quality award.

23. What is the role of a green belt?
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Variable.

24. What is muda
Waste.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

25. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
They move closer to the center line.

26. What are the 5 Ss?
Conformance to specifications.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

27. What is a run chart?
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Brand image.
A time series plot.

28. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Not necessarily.
Blame.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

29. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Blame.
Pleasing to the senses.
Outside.

30. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Workers - machines - materials.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Deming.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

31. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

32. Uses of regression - Control
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

33. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
QFD
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
X-bar-bar
Central Limit Theorem

34. Advantages of DOE
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Conformance to specifications.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

35. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

36. Histogram by Hand
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

37. What is a spaghetti diagram?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

38. When is Cpk used?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
5%
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

39. Disadvantages of DOE

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40. Test for constant variance
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

41. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

42. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Pleasing to the senses.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Variable.

43. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
100%
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
The US national quality award.

44. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
50%
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

45. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
QFD
Not necessarily.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

46. What is poka yoke?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Mistake-proofing.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

47. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Variable.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

48. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Mean time to failure.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

49. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

50. What is Type II Error?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.