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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Waste.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Variable.

2. What is a Pareto chart?
Attribute.
Represents the behavior of a process
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

3. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Conformance to specifications.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

4. Cause and Effect Diagrams
68%
Not necessarily.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Kaoru Ishikawa.

5. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Not necessarily.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

6. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

7. What are the four regression assumptions?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
X-bar-bar

8. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Variable.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Lower control limit.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

9. Residual
Mistake-proofing.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
QFD
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

10. Define aesthetic quality.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Pleasing to the senses.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

11. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Producer risk.

12. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

13. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Attribute
The House of Quality.

14. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Attribute.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

15. What is the 5S model?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Central Limit Theorem

16. Define benchmarking.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

17. Uses of regression
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Deming.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

18. Define product reliability.
Blame.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Mean time to failure.

19. When is Cpk used?
Controlling quality at the source.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
A scatterplot.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

20. What is CTQ?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Critical to quality.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

21. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
0.9^3 or 72.9%

22. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

23. What is the role of a green belt?
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Before production starts

24. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Workers - machines - materials.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

25. List two components of prevention cost.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

26. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
The US national quality award.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
5%

27. Define yield.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

28. DFMEA
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Mean time to replacement.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

29. What are the 5 Ss?
Fitness for use.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
A scatterplot.

30. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Brand image.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Lean (or JIT).
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

31. Residual(eij)
Defects Per Million Opportunities
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
To manage the Six Sigma project.

32. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Mean time to failure.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

33. Statistical Hypothesis
Conformance to specifications.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

34. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

35. Define conformance quality.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

36. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Taguchi
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

37. What is a Gantt chart?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Rapid improvement process.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

38. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Deming.

39. Stratified defect check sheets
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

40. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Taguchi
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

41. Who is a process owner?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

42. What is DPMO?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Defects Per Million Opportunities
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Is the consequence of the failure.

43. Uses of regression - Control
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Mean time to replacement.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

44. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Controlling quality at the source.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

45. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

46. Define takt time.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

47. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
QFD
Attribute.
Represents the behavior of a process
Critical to quality.

48. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
A scatterplot.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
5%

49. Risk Priority Number RPN
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

50. One factor at a time (OFAT)
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.