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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a CAVE man?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

2. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
QFD
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Conformance to specifications.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

3. For what is a p-chart used?
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Upper control limit.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

4. What is poka yoke?
Mistake-proofing.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
The Japanese national quality award.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

5. Process occurance ranking
Central Limit Theorem
Blame.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

6. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
99.73%

7. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
50%
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

8. What is the center line of a p-chart?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Is what induces the failure

9. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
X-bar-bar
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

10. List two components of internal failure.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

11. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Conformance to specifications.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

12. What is Value Stream Mapping?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

13. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Taguchi
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

14. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
The House of Quality.

15. What is DMADV?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

16. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

17. Define serviceability.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Mean time to failure.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Central Limit Theorem

18. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Waste.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

19. DFMEA
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

20. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Pleasing to the senses.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

21. Defect location check sheets
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

22. What is muda
Waste.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
68%

23. Define aesthetic quality.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Pleasing to the senses.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

24. What is a Gantt chart?
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

25. What is the role of a master black belt?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

26. Define benchmarking.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Is what induces the failure
Outside.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

27. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

28. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Attribute
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Blame.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

29. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Rapid improvement process.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

30. Residual(eij)
Walter A. Shewhart
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

31. Failure Mode
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Waste.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

32. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Workers - machines - materials.
Mean time to failure.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

33. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Upper control limit.

34. Stratified defect check sheets
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

35. What does SIPOC stand for?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

36. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Attribute.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
95%

37. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

38. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
They move closer to the center line.
The House of Quality.
68%
100%

39. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
68%

40. What is CTQ?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Critical to quality.

41. Affinity Diagrams
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

42. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Mean time to failure.
Critical to quality.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

43. Who is a process owner?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

44. What is a network diagram?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
50%
Fitness for use.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

45. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Brand image.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Deming.

46. What are the 5 Ss?
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

47. Test for constant variance
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

48. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
68%
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

49. What is Type II Error?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Fitness for use.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

50. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Not necessarily.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Walter A. Shewhart
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem