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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

2. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Is the consequence of the failure.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

3. Test for Independence
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Attribute
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

4. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Central Limit Theorem
A scatterplot.

5. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Workers - machines - materials.
A scatterplot.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

6. What are the 5 Ss?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
A time series plot.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

7. What is the 5S model?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

8. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Controlling quality at the source.

9. Definition of Interaction
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

10. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Blame.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

11. DOE
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

12. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

13. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

14. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Deming.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

15. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
Attribute.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

16. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
X-bar-bar

17. What does DMAIC stand for?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

18. What is muda
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
A time series plot.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Waste.

19. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A scatterplot.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

20. What is Type II Error?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

21. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Consumer risk.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

22. DFMEA
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Lean (or JIT).
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Variable.

23. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Taguchi
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

24. Failure cause
Is what induces the failure
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

25. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
95%
Attribute.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

26. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Attribute.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

27. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

28. Uses of regression
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
100%
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

29. Creating a Run Chart
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

30. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

31. Detection Criteria Ranking
Is the consequence of the failure.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Attribute.

32. What is CTQ?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Variable.
Blame.
Critical to quality.

33. Disadvantages of DOE

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34. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
Represents the behavior of a process
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Consumer risk.
Walter A. Shewhart

35. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Consumer risk.

36. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Walter A. Shewhart

37. Presence of interaction effect
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
The US national quality award.

38. What is the role of a black belt?
Rapid improvement process.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

39. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

40. What is a Gantt chart?
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
The cycle time required to meet demand.

41. Define product reliability.
Attribute.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Mean time to failure.
The US national quality award.

42. For what is a p-chart used?
Controlling quality at the source.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

43. Failure effect
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Is the consequence of the failure.

44. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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45. Defect location check sheets
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
0.9^3 or 72.9%

46. What is a spaghetti diagram?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

47. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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48. Regression Analysis
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Taguchi
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

49. List two components of internal failure.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

50. The Test Statistic (TS)
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).