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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define performance quality.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

2. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

3. What is Value Stream Mapping?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

4. What do you do when a process is out of control?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

5. Process check sheets
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

6. List two components of prevention cost.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Lower control limit.

7. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

8. Process occurance ranking
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Blame.
95%
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

9. FMEA
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
X-bar-bar
50%
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

10. Uses of regression
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Controlling quality at the source.

11. For what is a p-chart used?
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

12. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Can't tell without a Range chart.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Producer risk.

13. What is a CAVE man?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Can't tell without a Range chart.

14. List two components of external failure.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

15. F value
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

16. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Lower control limit.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

17. What is Kaizen?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Rapid improvement process.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

18. Define serviceability.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

19. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Walter A. Shewhart
To manage the Six Sigma project.

20. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

21. What is a network diagram?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
68%
Critical to quality.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

22. What is muda
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Waste.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

23. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
99.73%
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

24. What is a dashboard?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

25. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
Controlling quality at the source.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Kaoru Ishikawa.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

26. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
QFD
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

27. What is CTQ?
Variable.
Critical to quality.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Kaoru Ishikawa.

28. Defect check sheets
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
A scatterplot.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

29. Creating a Run Chart
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

30. What is Jidoka?
Controlling quality at the source.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Pleasing to the senses.

31. In a Z table - what is Z?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Consumer risk.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

32. What is the Deming Prize?
The Japanese national quality award.
A scatterplot.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

33. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Workers - machines - materials.
A time series plot.
Is what induces the failure
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

34. What is the center line of a p-chart?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Attribute.
Attribute

35. What is the formula for standard deviation?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Central Limit Theorem
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

36. Uses of regression - Control
10 if Almost impossible to detect
95%
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
No -- only if the process is also capable.

37. ANOVA

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38. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
100%
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
68%

39. Advantages of DOE
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Variable.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

40. Pareto Analysis
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Taguchi

41. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

42. Histogram by Hand
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

43. Define product reliability.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
0.9^3 or 72.9%
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Mean time to failure.

44. What is DMADV?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Brand image.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

45. Define durability.
Mean time to replacement.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Pleasing to the senses.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

46. List two components of internal failure.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
68%
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

47. How does Juran define quality?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Fitness for use.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

48. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
50%

49. What is a Gantt chart?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

50. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Workers - machines - materials.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.