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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Attribute
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

2. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
50%
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Attribute.

3. Manual Test for Nomality
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
X-bar-bar

4. What is Value Stream Mapping?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

5. What is the formula for standard deviation?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

6. Statistical Hypothesis
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Walter A. Shewhart
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

7. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Rapid improvement process.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Fitness for use.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

8. What is an affinity diagram?
Central Limit Theorem
Mistake-proofing.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Mean time to replacement.

9. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

10. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Walter A. Shewhart
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

11. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

12. Affinity Diagrams
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
5%
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

13. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Variable.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

14. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Attribute.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

15. Residual
Deming.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

16. What is the role of a black belt?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Rapid improvement process.
Consumer risk.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

17. Test for constant variance
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

18. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
Attribute
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
0.9^3 or 72.9%
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

19. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Variable.
5%
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

20. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

21. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
95%
Workers - machines - materials.
A scatterplot.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

22. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
68%
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

23. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Critical to quality.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
99.73%

24. What is the Baldrige Award?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
The US national quality award.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

25. Detection Criteria Ranking
0.9^3 or 72.9%
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

26. Define benchmarking.
Outside.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

27. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Mean time to replacement.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

28. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
95%
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
To manage the Six Sigma project.

29. What is DMADV?
95%
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

30. Definition of Interaction
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Waste.

31. List two appraisal costs.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

32. Define performance quality.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Attribute.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

33. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
They move closer to the center line.
Controlling quality at the source.

34. What is the role of a master black belt?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

35. What is a histogram?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
100%
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

36. What is a Gantt chart?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Mistake-proofing.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

37. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Lean (or JIT).
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

38. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
X-bar-bar
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

39. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

40. Stratified defect check sheets
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Outside.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Critical to quality.

41. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Mean time to replacement.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

42. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
The Japanese national quality award.

43. Daniel Test
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Walter A. Shewhart
No -- only if the process is also capable.

44. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Walter A. Shewhart
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Conformance to specifications.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

45. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

46. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
100%
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Upper control limit.

47. What is a spaghetti diagram?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Before production starts
Critical to quality.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

48. What is a Gage R&R?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

49. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Deming.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Lower control limit.

50. Cause and Effect Diagrams
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
The House of Quality.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Inventory = throughput x flow time.