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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. For what is a p-chart used?
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

2. Test for Independence
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

3. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Variable.
95%
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Before production starts

4. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Represents the behavior of a process
Blame.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Attribute

5. ANOVA

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6. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Producer risk.

7. For what is an x-bar chart used?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
68%
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

8. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
A scatterplot.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

9. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

10. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

11. What is DMADV?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Workers - machines - materials.
5%
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

12. What is poka yoke?
Variable.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Mistake-proofing.

13. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Lean (or JIT).
Consumer risk.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

14. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

15. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Producer risk.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

16. The Test Statistic (TS)
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

17. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

18. What are the four regression assumptions?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
A time series plot.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Is the consequence of the failure.

19. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Waste.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

20. Failure Mode
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

21. What is a dashboard?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Blame.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

22. Uses of regression - Control
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Attribute.

23. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Variable.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

24. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
The Japanese national quality award.

25. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Mean time to failure.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

26. What is the formula for standard deviation?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Attribute.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

27. Define aesthetic quality.
Pleasing to the senses.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Taguchi
Represents the behavior of a process

28. What is the center line of a p-chart?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

29. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Waste.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

30. Define serviceability.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Deming.

31. Process occurance ranking
Critical to quality.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
QFD
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

32. Define features.
The Japanese national quality award.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

33. What is the Deming Prize?
The Japanese national quality award.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

34. Define product reliability.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Mean time to failure.

35. What is a run chart?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Attribute.
A time series plot.

36. What is Type II Error?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
X-bar-bar
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

37. Residual
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

38. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
100%
No -- only if the process is also capable.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Walter A. Shewhart

39. Defect location check sheets
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
The US national quality award.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

40. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

41. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

42. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
They move closer to the center line.

43. What is a Gantt chart?
The House of Quality.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

44. Histogram by Hand
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Fitness for use.
A time series plot.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

45. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

46. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Variable.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Workers - machines - materials.

47. What is Jidoka?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Controlling quality at the source.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

48. Define durability.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Mean time to replacement.

49. What is Type 1 Error?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Rapid improvement process.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Variable.

50. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
68%
A scatterplot.