Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Lower control limit.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

2. What is the formula for standard deviation?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

3. ANOVA

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4. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
The Japanese national quality award.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

5. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Blame.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Walter A. Shewhart
5%

6. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Lean (or JIT).
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

7. Daniel Test
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Brand image.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

8. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Workers - machines - materials.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

9. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
68%
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

10. Failure effect
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Before production starts

11. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Before production starts
Variable.
Mean time to failure.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

12. What is a dashboard?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Controlling quality at the source.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

13. Uses of regression - Control
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
A time series plot.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

14. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Deming.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

15. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
A scatterplot.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

16. What is Kaizen?
Rapid improvement process.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

17. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
The Japanese national quality award.

18. What is a histogram?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
A time series plot.

19. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Variable.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

20. What is a CAVE man?
Rapid improvement process.
Not necessarily.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

21. Affinity Diagrams
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

22. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

23. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
Waste.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Critical to quality.

24. Process occurance ranking
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

25. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Mean time to replacement.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

26. The Test Statistic (TS)
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Blame.
The Japanese national quality award.

27. DFMEA
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Producer risk.
Brand image.

28. Definition of Interaction
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
The House of Quality.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

29. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
A scatterplot.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
They move closer to the center line.

30. What is the Baldrige Award?
Is what induces the failure
The US national quality award.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Attribute.

31. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Mean time to replacement.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
100%

32. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Waste.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
50%

33. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

34. In a Z table - what is Z?
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

35. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Is what induces the failure
Lean (or JIT).
No -- only if the process is also capable.

36. Risk Priority Number RPN
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Before production starts
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

37. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Outside.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Mean time to failure.

38. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Brand image.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

39. Advantages of DOE
Waste.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

40. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

41. Defect location check sheets
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Variable.

42. Test for constant variance
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Before production starts

43. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Taguchi
The cycle time required to meet demand.

44. Presence of interaction effect
Upper control limit.
100%
Variable.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

45. Statistical Hypothesis
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

46. DOE
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

47. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Variable.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

48. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

49. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
X-bar-bar
Attribute

50. Residual(eij)
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Is the consequence of the failure.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).