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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
68%
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

2. Uses of regression
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Variable.

3. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Mistake-proofing.

4. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
Is what induces the failure
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

5. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Variable.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

6. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
X-bar-bar
Producer risk.

7. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

8. How does Juran define quality?
Fitness for use.
Attribute.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

9. Define takt time.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Central Limit Theorem
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

10. What is the Baldrige Award?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
The US national quality award.
Variable.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

11. Failure Mode
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

12. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
Lean (or JIT).
5%
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

13. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
0.9^3 or 72.9%
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

14. What is the Deming Prize?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Variable.
The Japanese national quality award.

15. DFMEA
Upper control limit.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
50%
To manage the Six Sigma project.

16. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
100%
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Mistake-proofing.

17. For what is a p-chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
99.73%
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

18. Risk Priority Number RPN
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

19. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
No -- only if the process is also capable.

20. What are the 5 Ss?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Controlling quality at the source.

21. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

22. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
They move closer to the center line.
Rapid improvement process.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

23. What is an affinity diagram?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Outside.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Blame.

24. What is the 5S model?
Variable.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Brand image.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

25. Who is a process owner?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Taguchi

26. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Producer risk.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Lower control limit.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

27. Test for Independence
Kaoru Ishikawa.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Can't tell without a Range chart.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

28. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Mean time to replacement.
Before production starts
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

29. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Taguchi
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Variable.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

30. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

31. What is muda
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Waste.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

32. FMEA
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

33. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
QFD
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

34. What is CTQ?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Critical to quality.
99.73%
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

35. Defect location check sheets
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
QFD
Controlling quality at the source.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

36. Failure cause
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Is what induces the failure

37. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Fitness for use.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

38. Define performance quality.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

39. What is Type II Error?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
68%
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

40. Regression
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Represents the behavior of a process
A time series plot.

41. What is poka yoke?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Mistake-proofing.
Before production starts

42. What is a dashboard?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Brand image.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

43. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Kaoru Ishikawa.

44. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
The House of Quality.

45. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

46. The Test Statistic (TS)
Is what induces the failure
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

47. What is a Gage R&R?
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

48. Presence of interaction effect
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Critical to quality.
They move closer to the center line.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

49. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Outside.
Mean time to replacement.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Conformance to specifications.

50. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Upper control limit.