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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
Can't tell without a Range chart.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
5%
Central Limit Theorem

2. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

3. What is a network diagram?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
A time series plot.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

4. ANOVA

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5. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Is the consequence of the failure.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

6. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

7. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
Workers - machines - materials.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
X-bar-bar

8. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

9. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

10. What is the Baldrige Award?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
The US national quality award.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Variable.

11. Statistical Hypothesis
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Defects Per Million Opportunities
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

12. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Central Limit Theorem
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

13. What is Jidoka?
Controlling quality at the source.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Deming.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

14. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Blame.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

15. What is the role of a green belt?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

16. Disadvantages of DOE

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17. Regression Analysis
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

18. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

19. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
99.73%
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Taguchi
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

20. What are the four regression assumptions?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
X-bar-bar

21. Define serviceability.
Producer risk.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Outside.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

22. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

23. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Producer risk.
Upper control limit.
The US national quality award.
Waste.

24. Define benchmarking.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

25. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Consumer risk.

26. Failure effect
Is the consequence of the failure.
A scatterplot.
The US national quality award.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

27. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Variable.
A scatterplot.
Attribute
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

28. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
99.73%
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Attribute
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

29. What is CTQ?
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Critical to quality.

30. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

31. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

32. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Lean (or JIT).

33. What does SIPOC stand for?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

34. What is DMADV?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Critical to quality.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

35. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

36. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Mistake-proofing.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

37. What is the 5S model?
Represents the behavior of a process
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

38. For what is a p-chart used?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
A scatterplot.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

39. What is Kaizen?
Rapid improvement process.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

40. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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41. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Workers - machines - materials.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

42. What is a run chart?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
A time series plot.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

43. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Waste.

44. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
68%
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
10 if Almost impossible to detect

45. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

46. What is DPMO?
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Walter A. Shewhart
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

47. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Represents the behavior of a process
Consumer risk.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Taguchi

48. What is a Gage R&R?
50%
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

49. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

50. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
QFD