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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does DMAIC stand for?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
The US national quality award.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

2. What are the four regression assumptions?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Mistake-proofing.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

3. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Workers - machines - materials.
Outside.

4. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
QFD
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

5. What is DMADV?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Walter A. Shewhart
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

6. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Walter A. Shewhart
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

7. Residual
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Waste.
QFD

8. Stratified defect check sheets
95%
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

9. Regression
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Represents the behavior of a process
Mean time to failure.

10. What is Jidoka?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
The Japanese national quality award.
Controlling quality at the source.
Taguchi

11. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Producer risk.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Brand image.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

12. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
The Japanese national quality award.
Variable.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

13. What is a dashboard?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

14. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
68%
Mean time to replacement.
Lean (or JIT).
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

15. Statistical Hypothesis
Workers - machines - materials.
Mistake-proofing.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

16. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

17. Who is a process owner?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

18. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Pleasing to the senses.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

19. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

20. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Fitness for use.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
They move closer to the center line.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

21. What is FMEA?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Variable.

22. What is the 5S model?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
5%
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

23. What is a network diagram?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Conformance to specifications.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

24. List two components of internal failure.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

25. What is process capability?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

26. Pareto Analysis
QFD
Workers - machines - materials.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

27. What is the center line of a p-chart?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Blame.

28. Define takt time.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

29. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

30. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Workers - machines - materials.
Producer risk.

31. Creating a Run Chart
5%
Upper control limit.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

32. Advantages of DOE
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Variable.

33. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

34. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
Not necessarily.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

35. FMEA
Consumer risk.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

36. Defect check sheets
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

37. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
5%
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Central Limit Theorem

38. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
QFD
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
68%
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

39. F value
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

40. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Mistake-proofing.

41. In a Z table - what is Z?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Controlling quality at the source.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

42. What is Type 1 Error?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

43. What is CTQ?
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Critical to quality.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

44. What is Kaizen?
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Upper control limit.
Rapid improvement process.
Producer risk.

45. Define durability.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Mean time to replacement.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

46. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
50%
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

47. PFMEA
Attribute.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
5%
Before production starts

48. Process occurance ranking
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Critical to quality.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

49. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Variable.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Waste.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

50. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Deming.
Rapid improvement process.