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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. DFMEA
Brand image.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Represents the behavior of a process

2. What is a Gage R&R?
Is the consequence of the failure.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

3. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
99.73%
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Producer risk.

4. Statistical Hypothesis
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

5. What is a spaghetti diagram?
50%
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

6. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
Is the consequence of the failure.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

7. What is muda
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Waste.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

8. Pareto Analysis
The US national quality award.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Is what induces the failure
50%

9. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
5%

10. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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11. How does Juran define quality?
Fitness for use.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

12. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Defects Per Million Opportunities
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

13. Define benchmarking.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

14. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Fitness for use.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Central Limit Theorem

15. List two components of prevention cost.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

16. Test for constant variance
No -- only if the process is also capable.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
The Japanese national quality award.

17. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Deming.

18. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Workers - machines - materials.
Pleasing to the senses.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

19. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Variable.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Brand image.

20. Regression Analysis
Conformance to specifications.
Pleasing to the senses.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

21. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Lean (or JIT).
Not necessarily.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

22. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

23. FMEA
100%
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

24. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

25. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
The House of Quality.

26. Uses of regression
The US national quality award.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Central Limit Theorem

27. Detection Criteria Ranking
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

28. What is Little's Law?
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

29. Define performance quality.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Is what induces the failure

30. Presence of interaction effect
Consumer risk.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

31. Advantages of DOE
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Variable.

32. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Attribute.
68%
Consumer risk.

33. Residual
Rapid improvement process.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Lower control limit.

34. What is the role of a black belt?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
A scatterplot.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

35. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Waste.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

36. F value
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Walter A. Shewhart
10 if Almost impossible to detect

37. What is Type II Error?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
The US national quality award.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

38. What is Type 1 Error?
The US national quality award.
Before production starts
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

39. Creating a Run Chart
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Central Limit Theorem

40. Affinity Diagrams
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

41. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Mean time to failure.
Lower control limit.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Variable.

42. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

43. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

44. What is poka yoke?
Mistake-proofing.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Conformance to specifications.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

45. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
QFD

46. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Lean (or JIT).
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Rapid improvement process.

47. What is CTQ?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Critical to quality.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Mistake-proofing.

48. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Lower control limit.

49. What is a histogram?
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

50. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
95%
5%
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.