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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a Gantt chart?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Is what induces the failure
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

2. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Variable.

3. List two components of prevention cost.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

4. List two components of external failure.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Consumer risk.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

5. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
A scatterplot.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

6. DOE
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
95%
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

7. What is a network diagram?
Lower control limit.
50%
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

8. Regression
Is what induces the failure
Attribute.
Represents the behavior of a process
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

9. What is Kaizen?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
They move closer to the center line.
Rapid improvement process.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

10. Advantages of DOE
Variable.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Variable.

11. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Attribute.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

12. Definition of Interaction
Defects Per Million Opportunities
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

13. Process check sheets
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Conformance to specifications.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Pleasing to the senses.

14. What does DMAIC stand for?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Rapid improvement process.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

15. What is a Gage R&R?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

16. Creating a Run Chart
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

17. Define conformance quality.
Pleasing to the senses.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

18. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Conformance to specifications.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

19. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Variable.
99.73%

20. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

21. What is a spaghetti diagram?
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

22. What is FMEA?
Before production starts
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

23. Manual Test for Nomality
A scatterplot.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

24. Risk Priority Number RPN
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Conformance to specifications.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

25. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Variable.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

26. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
QFD
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

27. Test for Independence
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

28. Affinity Diagrams
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Attribute.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

29. Define benchmarking.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
The House of Quality.

30. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

31. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

32. Uses of regression - Control
Variable.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

33. Process occurance ranking
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Pleasing to the senses.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Rapid improvement process.

34. F value
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

35. What is poka yoke?
Central Limit Theorem
Mistake-proofing.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

36. What is DMADV?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Brand image.
Central Limit Theorem
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

37. What is the Deming Prize?
The Japanese national quality award.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

38. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

39. What is the formula for standard deviation?
Is what induces the failure
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

40. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Upper control limit.
Rapid improvement process.

41. Define yield.
5%
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

42. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

43. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Mistake-proofing.

44. Affinity Diagrams
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

45. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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46. For what is a p-chart used?
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

47. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
They move closer to the center line.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Lean (or JIT).

48. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Not necessarily.
Lower control limit.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

49. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
Taguchi
5%
Workers - machines - materials.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

50. Residual
Lean (or JIT).
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)