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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. For what is an x-bar chart used?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Outside.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

2. What is a dashboard?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

3. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Producer risk.
Blame.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

4. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Taguchi

5. Detection Criteria Ranking
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

6. Define durability.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Can't tell without a Range chart.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Mean time to replacement.

7. FMEA
Attribute.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

8. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
5%
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
95%
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

9. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Not necessarily.

10. What does DMAIC stand for?
Blame.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Attribute
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

11. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Conformance to specifications.
They move closer to the center line.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

12. What is the Deming Prize?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Attribute
The Japanese national quality award.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

13. F value
100%
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Attribute
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

14. Process occurance ranking
Consumer risk.
Central Limit Theorem
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
They move closer to the center line.

15. DOE
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
They move closer to the center line.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

16. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Mistake-proofing.

17. Failure effect
Is the consequence of the failure.
The Japanese national quality award.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

18. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Central Limit Theorem
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

19. What is the formula for standard deviation?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

20. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
Brand image.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
100%
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

21. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

22. What is the role of a green belt?
Variable.
99.73%
Workers - machines - materials.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

23. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
Attribute.
50%
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

24. What is an affinity diagram?
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Not necessarily.

25. What is Jidoka?
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Deming.
Controlling quality at the source.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

26. What is the role of a black belt?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

27. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
X-bar-bar
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Walter A. Shewhart

28. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

29. What is Type 1 Error?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Controlling quality at the source.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

30. For what is a p-chart used?
5%
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Is the consequence of the failure.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

31. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

32. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
50%
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

33. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Consumer risk.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

34. Defect check sheets
Fitness for use.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

35. What is the role of a master black belt?
Before production starts
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
0.9^3 or 72.9%

36. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Central Limit Theorem
Workers - machines - materials.

37. What is a run chart?
A time series plot.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
To manage the Six Sigma project.

38. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Lean (or JIT).
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
QFD
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

39. Who is a process owner?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

40. DFMEA
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Critical to quality.

41. Test for constant variance
Attribute.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

42. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Outside.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

43. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

44. Statistical Hypothesis
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

45. What is Type II Error?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Variable.
Consumer risk.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

46. ANOVA

47. What is the Baldrige Award?
The US national quality award.
Rapid improvement process.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Controlling quality at the source.

48. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

49. Daniel Test
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Before production starts

50. Creating a Run Chart
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem