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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Creating a Run Chart
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

2. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

3. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Variable.

4. What is a histogram?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Represents the behavior of a process

5. Residual
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

6. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
A scatterplot.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

7. Failure cause
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Is what induces the failure
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

8. Define takt time.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
The cycle time required to meet demand.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

9. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
Controlling quality at the source.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Taguchi
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

10. What is a network diagram?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Producer risk.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

11. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Outside.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

12. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Walter A. Shewhart
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

13. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

14. Define aesthetic quality.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Pleasing to the senses.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

15. What is the role of a black belt?
Before production starts
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

16. Uses of regression - Control
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Conformance to specifications.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

17. Process check sheets
Controlling quality at the source.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

18. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Attribute.

19. What is DPMO?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
The cycle time required to meet demand.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

20. What is Type 1 Error?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

21. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
95%
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Mistake-proofing.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

22. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Controlling quality at the source.
Pleasing to the senses.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

23. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
The Japanese national quality award.
Before production starts
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Upper control limit.

24. Detection Criteria Ranking
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
A time series plot.

25. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
A scatterplot.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

26. List two components of internal failure.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Outside.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Not necessarily.

27. What is the center line of a p-chart?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

28. Stratified defect check sheets
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
A scatterplot.

29. Affinity Diagrams
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

30. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
Waste.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

31. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
68%

32. Define features.
Is what induces the failure
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

33. Test for constant variance
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

34. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Deming.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

35. What does DMAIC stand for?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

36. Failure effect
Is the consequence of the failure.
Fitness for use.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

37. Test for Independence
A time series plot.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

38. What is a Gantt chart?
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

39. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Mistake-proofing.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

40. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
Mean time to replacement.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
50%
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

41. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
68%
Producer risk.
Lower control limit.

42. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Lean (or JIT).
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

43. What is the Baldrige Award?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
The US national quality award.

44. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

45. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
Blame.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
68%
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

46. What is DMADV?
Waste.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Blame.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

47. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Variable.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Represents the behavior of a process

48. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Lower control limit.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Workers - machines - materials.

49. For what is an x-bar chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Outside.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

50. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
95%
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.