Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. When is Cpk used?
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

2. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
50%
Critical to quality.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

3. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
5%
Waste.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

4. Define performance quality.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

5. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
Conformance to specifications.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Upper control limit.
Not necessarily.

6. What is a Gage R&R?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

7. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Conformance to specifications.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

8. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

9. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
The US national quality award.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

10. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Lean (or JIT).
Is what induces the failure
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

11. Affinity Diagrams
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Brand image.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

12. Failure Mode
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

13. In a Z table - what is Z?
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

14. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Not necessarily.
Rapid improvement process.

15. What is Type 1 Error?
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Walter A. Shewhart
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

16. Define features.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

17. Advantages of DOE
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
10 if Almost impossible to detect
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

18. DFMEA
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

19. Define durability.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Mean time to replacement.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

20. Define yield.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
68%
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

21. List two components of internal failure.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

22. Disadvantages of DOE

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

23. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Conformance to specifications.

24. Cause and Effect Diagrams
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Variable.
95%

25. Definition of Interaction
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
95%

26. Process check sheets
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Brand image.

27. Define takt time.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Pleasing to the senses.
The cycle time required to meet demand.

28. What is a histogram?
99.73%
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

29. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

30. Define aesthetic quality.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The House of Quality.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Pleasing to the senses.

31. Manual Test for Nomality
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
The Japanese national quality award.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

32. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
A scatterplot.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

33. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Variable.
A time series plot.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

34. Define serviceability.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

35. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Consumer risk.
The US national quality award.
Controlling quality at the source.
Fitness for use.

36. List two components of external failure.
Consumer risk.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

37. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

38. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

39. DOE
Conformance to specifications.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Is what induces the failure

40. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
A time series plot.
Taguchi
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

41. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Critical to quality.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

42. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Lean (or JIT).
Upper control limit.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Pleasing to the senses.

43. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Brand image.
Fitness for use.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

44. What is a Pareto chart?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
5%
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

45. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Lean (or JIT).

46. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
They move closer to the center line.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
100%
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

47. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Lower control limit.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

48. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Conformance to specifications.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
100%

49. The Test Statistic (TS)
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Upper control limit.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

50. Residual
100%
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i