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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
X-bar-bar
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

2. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

3. What do you do when a process is out of control?
QFD
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

4. In a Z table - what is Z?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
50%
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Blame.

5. Regression Analysis
5%
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

6. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Walter A. Shewhart
95%
Blame.

7. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

8. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
QFD
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

9. DOE
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

10. What is a Pareto chart?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

11. Residual(eij)
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Represents the behavior of a process
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

12. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Represents the behavior of a process

13. Manual Test for Nomality
Workers - machines - materials.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Attribute
Lean (or JIT).

14. What is Jidoka?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Controlling quality at the source.

15. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Waste.
Lower control limit.
Not necessarily.

16. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Mistake-proofing.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Variable.

17. Define aesthetic quality.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Pleasing to the senses.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

18. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
A scatterplot.
68%
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

19. What is muda
Brand image.
Walter A. Shewhart
Waste.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

20. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

21. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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22. Failure effect
Is the consequence of the failure.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

23. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

24. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
68%
Not necessarily.

25. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Waste.

26. What is Value Stream Mapping?
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
A scatterplot.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

27. How does Juran define quality?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
95%
Fitness for use.

28. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

29. Test for Independence
The US national quality award.
Mistake-proofing.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

30. What is a histogram?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

31. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Mean time to replacement.
68%

32. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

33. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
X-bar-bar
5%

34. Define yield.
95%
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

35. List two components of internal failure.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Blame.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

36. Define conformance quality.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

37. What is a Gage R&R?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

38. Define serviceability.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

39. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Waste.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Fitness for use.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

40. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Upper control limit.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

41. What is DPMO?
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Defects Per Million Opportunities
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

42. What is Little's Law?
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Before production starts

43. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

44. Define takt time.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

45. Test for constant variance
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
The US national quality award.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

46. What is a Gantt chart?
68%
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

47. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
95%
Lean (or JIT).

48. What is the Deming Prize?
68%
The Japanese national quality award.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

49. Who is a process owner?
Consumer risk.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Mean time to failure.
A time series plot.

50. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Mean time to failure.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.