Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Uses of regression - Control
Represents the behavior of a process
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

2. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
X-bar-bar
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Kaoru Ishikawa.

3. List two components of external failure.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
68%
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

4. What is Value Stream Mapping?
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Conformance to specifications.

5. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

6. Affinity Diagrams
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Producer risk.

7. What is the role of a black belt?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

8. Define serviceability.
100%
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
They move closer to the center line.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

9. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
QFD
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
100%

10. Presence of interaction effect
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

11. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Pleasing to the senses.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

12. What is a Pareto chart?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

13. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Controlling quality at the source.
Brand image.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Waste.

14. What is CTQ?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Critical to quality.

15. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

16. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

17. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Deming.

18. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

19. ANOVA

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

20. What is Type 1 Error?
Producer risk.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

21. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Waste.

22. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

23. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Before production starts
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Upper control limit.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

24. Define performance quality.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

25. Define conformance quality.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

26. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Mean time to replacement.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
No -- only if the process is also capable.
A scatterplot.

27. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

28. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

29. What is a histogram?
Central Limit Theorem
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

30. What is Kaizen?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Rapid improvement process.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

31. Failure cause
Represents the behavior of a process
Is what induces the failure
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
The US national quality award.

32. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

33. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Deming.
They move closer to the center line.
Outside.
Pleasing to the senses.

34. What are the four regression assumptions?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
X-bar-bar
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Can't tell without a Range chart.

35. Failure effect
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

36. In a Z table - what is Z?
Workers - machines - materials.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Rapid improvement process.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

37. Regression Analysis
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

38. Define durability.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Mean time to replacement.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

39. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Producer risk.

40. List two appraisal costs.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

41. Detection Criteria Ranking
10 if Almost impossible to detect
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

42. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Walter A. Shewhart
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

43. What is muda
Waste.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Is what induces the failure

44. Process occurance ranking
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Before production starts

45. What is the formula for standard deviation?
Before production starts
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

46. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

47. Regression
Central Limit Theorem
Represents the behavior of a process
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Variable.

48. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Lean (or JIT).
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

49. What is a network diagram?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

50. Failure Mode
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Mean time to failure.