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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Attribute.

2. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Conformance to specifications.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

3. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
68%
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

4. What is the formula for standard deviation?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
50%

5. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Blame.

6. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
The US national quality award.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Brand image.

7. The Test Statistic (TS)
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

8. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Attribute
68%
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

9. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Central Limit Theorem
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

10. What is Little's Law?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Walter A. Shewhart
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

11. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
95%
Brand image.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Deming.

12. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Not necessarily.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Is what induces the failure
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

13. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Variable.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

14. Define features.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

15. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Taguchi

16. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

17. Affinity Diagrams
Walter A. Shewhart
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

18. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

19. DOE
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Defects Per Million Opportunities
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

20. Test for constant variance
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Central Limit Theorem
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

21. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Represents the behavior of a process
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

22. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

23. What are the four regression assumptions?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

24. What is the center line of a p-chart?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Consumer risk.

25. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
99.73%
The cycle time required to meet demand.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
95%

26. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Mean time to failure.
100%
Fitness for use.

27. Regression
5%
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Represents the behavior of a process

28. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Upper control limit.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

29. What is an affinity diagram?
Variable.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

30. What is muda
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Waste.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

31. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Is the consequence of the failure.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Fitness for use.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

32. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Fitness for use.
Lean (or JIT).

33. Define serviceability.
Fitness for use.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

34. In a Z table - what is Z?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

35. F value
50%
Deming.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

36. For what is a p-chart used?
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

37. Define yield.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

38. What is a Pareto chart?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
99.73%
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

39. What is a Gage R&R?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

40. Uses of regression - Control
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

41. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Conformance to specifications.

42. ANOVA

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43. Residual
0.9^3 or 72.9%
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

44. When is Cpk used?
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

45. Regression Analysis
The Japanese national quality award.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

46. What is a CAVE man?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
They move closer to the center line.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

47. Presence of interaction effect
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

48. What is the 5S model?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

49. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Variable.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Taguchi

50. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.