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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Attribute.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Variable.

2. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Rapid improvement process.
Outside.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
The House of Quality.

3. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
50%
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

4. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Attribute.
Central Limit Theorem
Consumer risk.
5%

5. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
Before production starts
Lean (or JIT).
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

6. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
The House of Quality.
Pleasing to the senses.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
X-bar-bar

7. What is the role of a black belt?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Mistake-proofing.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Before production starts

8. Definition of Interaction
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
10 if Almost impossible to detect

9. Advantages of DOE
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
99.73%
Attribute.

10. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
The US national quality award.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

11. Defect location check sheets
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

12. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

13. What is the Baldrige Award?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Taguchi
The US national quality award.
50%

14. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
5%

15. Detection Criteria Ranking
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
100%
10 if Almost impossible to detect

16. What is a Gage R&R?
Lower control limit.
The Japanese national quality award.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

17. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Conformance to specifications.

18. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
They move closer to the center line.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

19. Test for Independence
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

20. Uses of regression
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Controlling quality at the source.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

21. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Deming.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

22. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Producer risk.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

23. Residual(eij)
Is what induces the failure
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

24. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Walter A. Shewhart
99.73%
5%
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

25. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
The Japanese national quality award.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Brand image.

26. Creating a Run Chart
Controlling quality at the source.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

27. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
A scatterplot.

28. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
5%
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

29. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Attribute.

30. ANOVA

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31. Who is a process owner?
Is the consequence of the failure.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
100%
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

32. Regression Analysis
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

33. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Walter A. Shewhart
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

34. What are the 5 Ss?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

35. What is the 5S model?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

36. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
99.73%

37. Process check sheets
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Conformance to specifications.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

38. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
The House of Quality.

39. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Deming.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

40. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
95%
Brand image.

41. What does SIPOC stand for?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
A scatterplot.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

42. What is a run chart?
A time series plot.
Conformance to specifications.
Brand image.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

43. What is a Gantt chart?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

44. What is the formula for standard deviation?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
The Japanese national quality award.
Represents the behavior of a process
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

45. What is Little's Law?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
68%

46. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
10 if Almost impossible to detect
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
A scatterplot.

47. Affinity Diagrams
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

48. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
5%
Critical to quality.
Outside.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

49. Test for constant variance
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Attribute.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

50. Risk Priority Number RPN
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Fitness for use.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does