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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Process check sheets
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

2. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
A time series plot.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Blame.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

3. What is a CAVE man?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

4. Affinity Diagrams
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

5. Defect location check sheets
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
They move closer to the center line.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

6. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Attribute
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

7. Advantages of DOE
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

8. What is the role of a green belt?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
The Japanese national quality award.
Brand image.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

9. List two appraisal costs.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
99.73%
Mean time to replacement.

10. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Not necessarily.
5%
The House of Quality.

11. What does DMAIC stand for?
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

12. Failure cause
Is what induces the failure
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

13. F value
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
A time series plot.

14. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
A time series plot.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

15. What is an affinity diagram?
Attribute
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
A time series plot.

16. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Taguchi
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

17. What is Little's Law?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

18. FMEA
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

19. Pareto Analysis
Waste.
Is the consequence of the failure.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

20. What is Jidoka?
Variable.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Controlling quality at the source.

21. In a Z table - what is Z?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
95%

22. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

23. What is DMADV?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

24. Uses of regression - Control
Consumer risk.
The US national quality award.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Workers - machines - materials.

25. Defect check sheets
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

26. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Variable.
The House of Quality.

27. Uses of regression
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

28. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
Upper control limit.
5%
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

29. PFMEA
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Before production starts

30. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Attribute.
Waste.
Variable.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

31. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
68%

32. What is a Gage R&R?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

33. Define product reliability.
68%
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Central Limit Theorem
Mean time to failure.

34. What is the formula for standard deviation?
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

35. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Pleasing to the senses.

36. Disadvantages of DOE

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37. Test for Independence
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

38. What is muda
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Waste.

39. Define benchmarking.
Rapid improvement process.
Is what induces the failure
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

40. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Is what induces the failure
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

41. What is the Deming Prize?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The Japanese national quality award.

42. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
100%
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

43. List two components of internal failure.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
They move closer to the center line.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

44. Test for constant variance
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

45. What is the 5S model?
Mean time to failure.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

46. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Conformance to specifications.
X-bar-bar

47. Define serviceability.
Waste.
Deming.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

48. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Controlling quality at the source.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

49. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Brand image.

50. Process occurance ranking
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Deming.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.