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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
The US national quality award.

2. Creating a Run Chart
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

3. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Mean time to failure.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

4. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Represents the behavior of a process
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

5. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
The Japanese national quality award.
They move closer to the center line.

6. Regression
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Represents the behavior of a process
Brand image.

7. Affinity Diagrams
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Is the consequence of the failure.

8. What is the 5S model?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Mean time to failure.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

9. ANOVA

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10. When is Cpk used?
Lean (or JIT).
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
The cycle time required to meet demand.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

11. Define takt time.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

12. What are the 5 Ss?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

13. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Before production starts
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

14. Define yield.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Attribute.

15. Defect location check sheets
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
No -- only if the process is also capable.

16. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
50%
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Variable.

17. List two components of prevention cost.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Waste.
Represents the behavior of a process
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

18. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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19. Define conformance quality.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

20. Define product reliability.
Mean time to failure.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

21. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Conformance to specifications.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Central Limit Theorem
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

22. In a Z table - what is Z?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Mean time to failure.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

23. The Test Statistic (TS)
50%
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Consumer risk.
Central Limit Theorem

24. What is a dashboard?
Fitness for use.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

25. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Walter A. Shewhart
Taguchi
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

26. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Taguchi
Not necessarily.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Mistake-proofing.

27. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Conformance to specifications.
Brand image.

28. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
100%
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Conformance to specifications.
Workers - machines - materials.

29. What is an affinity diagram?
The House of Quality.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

30. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

31. What is the Deming Prize?
Walter A. Shewhart
The Japanese national quality award.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

32. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
QFD
A scatterplot.
Attribute
To manage the Six Sigma project.

33. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

34. What is DPMO?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
The US national quality award.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

35. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Rapid improvement process.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Not necessarily.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

36. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Workers - machines - materials.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

37. Defect check sheets
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Consumer risk.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

38. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
95%
Walter A. Shewhart
X-bar-bar

39. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
Walter A. Shewhart
Outside.
100%
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

40. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

41. What is Type 1 Error?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
QFD

42. What is a Gantt chart?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Not necessarily.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

43. Statistical Hypothesis
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Rapid improvement process.

44. Process check sheets
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
QFD
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

45. List two components of internal failure.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
X-bar-bar
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

46. What is the formula for standard deviation?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Before production starts
Central Limit Theorem
Producer risk.

47. What is a histogram?
Is the consequence of the failure.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Brand image.

48. Daniel Test
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
X-bar-bar
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

49. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Upper control limit.
QFD
Attribute.

50. What is a network diagram?
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

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