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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Deming.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
X-bar-bar

2. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
A time series plot.
Upper control limit.
Attribute
50%

3. Test for constant variance
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Deming.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

4. List two appraisal costs.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Mean time to replacement.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

5. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
They move closer to the center line.
The House of Quality.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

6. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

7. Presence of interaction effect
95%
Variable.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

8. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Lower control limit.
Is what induces the failure
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Kaoru Ishikawa.

9. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

10. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

11. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

12. Failure cause
Is what induces the failure
The US national quality award.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

13. Advantages of DOE
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

14. Uses of regression
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

15. PFMEA
Kaoru Ishikawa.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Before production starts
Workers - machines - materials.

16. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Taguchi
50%
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

17. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Not necessarily.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

18. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
The US national quality award.

19. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

20. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Fitness for use.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

21. FMEA
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Outside.
Represents the behavior of a process
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

22. Process check sheets
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

23. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Rapid improvement process.
Fitness for use.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

24. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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25. What is the Deming Prize?
The Japanese national quality award.
Consumer risk.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
The cycle time required to meet demand.

26. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

27. What is Kaizen?
Conformance to specifications.
50%
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Rapid improvement process.

28. What is a Pareto chart?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

29. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Walter A. Shewhart
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The House of Quality.

30. Regression
Attribute
A scatterplot.
Represents the behavior of a process
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

31. List two components of external failure.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
A time series plot.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

32. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Attribute.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

33. Define aesthetic quality.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Pleasing to the senses.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

34. What is muda
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Waste.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

35. The Test Statistic (TS)
Lower control limit.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

36. Define takt time.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Mistake-proofing.

37. Define serviceability.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

38. What is a histogram?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Variable.
The Japanese national quality award.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

39. What is Little's Law?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
A time series plot.

40. Process occurance ranking
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

41. What are the 5 Ss?
99.73%
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

42. List two components of internal failure.
Variable.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
The House of Quality.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

43. What is Value Stream Mapping?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

44. What is a Gage R&R?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

45. What is DPMO?
Consumer risk.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

46. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Lean (or JIT).
Upper control limit.

47. What is a network diagram?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

48. FMEA
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

49. What is the role of a green belt?
Attribute
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
A scatterplot.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

50. Define product reliability.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Mean time to failure.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces