Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define aesthetic quality.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Pleasing to the senses.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

2. What is a Pareto chart?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

3. What is the 5S model?
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

4. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

5. Regression Analysis
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
A time series plot.

6. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Taguchi
To manage the Six Sigma project.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

7. Risk Priority Number RPN
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

8. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

9. What is the role of a master black belt?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

10. What does SIPOC stand for?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Controlling quality at the source.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

11. What is DMADV?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Consumer risk.
95%
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

12. Pareto Analysis
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

13. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
The cycle time required to meet demand.

14. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Before production starts

15. Regression
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Represents the behavior of a process
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
The House of Quality.

16. Define benchmarking.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Mistake-proofing.

17. What is a Gage R&R?
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

18. What is Little's Law?
X-bar-bar
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

19. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
A scatterplot.
Attribute.

20. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Workers - machines - materials.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

21. How does Juran define quality?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Fitness for use.

22. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

23. Residual
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
QFD
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

24. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Variable.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

25. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

26. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

27. Process check sheets
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

28. Failure Mode
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

29. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
68%
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

30. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
Controlling quality at the source.
They move closer to the center line.
X-bar-bar
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

31. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Walter A. Shewhart
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

32. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
The House of Quality.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

33. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Variable.
Upper control limit.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Conformance to specifications.

34. Define conformance quality.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

35. Test for constant variance
Mean time to failure.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

36. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Workers - machines - materials.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Is what induces the failure

37. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

38. Failure effect
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Is the consequence of the failure.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

39. Uses of regression
Defects Per Million Opportunities
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Mean time to replacement.

40. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
99.73%
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

41. Creating a Run Chart
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Not necessarily.

42. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
68%
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
5%

43. What is CTQ?
Critical to quality.
Outside.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
A time series plot.

44. Who is a process owner?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
68%

45. List two components of external failure.
68%
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

46. Residual(eij)
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Consumer risk.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

47. ANOVA

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

48. What is Type 1 Error?
QFD
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

49. FMEA
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

50. Presence of interaction effect
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Deming.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.