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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is Jidoka?
Controlling quality at the source.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

2. ANOVA

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3. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
The House of Quality.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

4. Define benchmarking.
Is what induces the failure
100%
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Upper control limit.

5. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Is what induces the failure
Variable.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

6. What is the role of a master black belt?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

7. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

8. What is a CAVE man?
Is the consequence of the failure.
50%
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

9. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
X-bar-bar
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

10. Failure Mode
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

11. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

12. What is muda
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Waste.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
99.73%

13. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Waste.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

14. List two components of prevention cost.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

15. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
X-bar-bar
Lower control limit.
The US national quality award.

16. What are the four regression assumptions?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

17. Define product reliability.
Mean time to failure.
Producer risk.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

18. What is the formula for standard deviation?
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

19. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
The House of Quality.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

20. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

21. FMEA
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Pleasing to the senses.
Variable.

22. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Variable.

23. Define aesthetic quality.
Pleasing to the senses.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

24. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

25. Process check sheets
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
The US national quality award.

26. The Test Statistic (TS)
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
They move closer to the center line.

27. What is DMADV?
Outside.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

28. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Central Limit Theorem
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

29. What does SIPOC stand for?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

30. Manual Test for Nomality
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

31. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

32. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

33. What is a dashboard?
68%
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Walter A. Shewhart

34. List two components of internal failure.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

35. Define performance quality.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Controlling quality at the source.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

36. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Conformance to specifications.

37. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Consumer risk.
A scatterplot.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

38. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Blame.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

39. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
The House of Quality.
Fitness for use.

40. What is the role of a black belt?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
To manage the Six Sigma project.

41. Define features.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
99.73%

42. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Producer risk.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Rapid improvement process.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

43. Process occurance ranking
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

44. What is DPMO?
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Walter A. Shewhart
Defects Per Million Opportunities
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

45. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Upper control limit.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

46. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

47. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

48. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
99.73%
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

49. What is Type II Error?
Brand image.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

50. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Not necessarily.
The cycle time required to meet demand.