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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Daniel Test
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

2. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
The cycle time required to meet demand.

3. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Mean time to replacement.
They move closer to the center line.

4. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
X-bar-bar
Lower control limit.

5. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Producer risk.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

6. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
95%
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

7. What is the role of a green belt?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
100%

8. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
X-bar-bar
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

9. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Critical to quality.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

10. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Variable.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Fitness for use.

11. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

12. Residual(eij)
Waste.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
50%

13. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Is what induces the failure
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Attribute

14. Manual Test for Nomality
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Is what induces the failure
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Consumer risk.

15. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Variable.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

16. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

17. For what is a p-chart used?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
A scatterplot.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

18. Histogram by Hand
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Lean (or JIT).

19. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
99.73%
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

20. Define product reliability.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
They move closer to the center line.
Waste.
Mean time to failure.

21. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Critical to quality.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

22. Uses of regression
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Rapid improvement process.
A scatterplot.

23. Who is a process owner?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Pleasing to the senses.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

24. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
68%

25. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Deming.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

26. Stratified defect check sheets
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

27. What is a run chart?
Fitness for use.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
A time series plot.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

28. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
100%
Lean (or JIT).
Before production starts

29. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Consumer risk.
Is what induces the failure

30. DOE
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Producer risk.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

31. Process occurance ranking
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Brand image.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Waste.

32. What do you do when a process is out of control?
68%
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

33. Test for constant variance
No -- only if the process is also capable.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Before production starts

34. List two components of internal failure.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Before production starts
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

35. What is CTQ?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Critical to quality.
Pleasing to the senses.

36. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
A scatterplot.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

37. What is a dashboard?
Is what induces the failure
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Walter A. Shewhart

38. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Not necessarily.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Mistake-proofing.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

39. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Workers - machines - materials.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

40. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Conformance to specifications.
Workers - machines - materials.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

41. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
The Japanese national quality award.
Controlling quality at the source.

42. Define durability.
Mean time to replacement.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

43. What is the role of a master black belt?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
A scatterplot.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

44. What is a network diagram?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

45. PFMEA
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Before production starts
Taguchi

46. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Rapid improvement process.
Brand image.
Blame.

47. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

48. What is a Gage R&R?
Is what induces the failure
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

49. What is DPMO?
Waste.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Outside.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

50. Process check sheets
Conformance to specifications.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Is what induces the failure
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain