Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
68%
The Japanese national quality award.
Not necessarily.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

2. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Brand image.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

3. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Mean time to replacement.
Variable.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

4. Define durability.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Mean time to replacement.
Fitness for use.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

5. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Kaoru Ishikawa.

6. Define features.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Taguchi

7. What is CTQ?
Lean (or JIT).
Walter A. Shewhart
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Critical to quality.

8. Regression Analysis
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Can't tell without a Range chart.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

9. Residual(eij)
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
The House of Quality.

10. Process check sheets
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Outside.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

11. Statistical Hypothesis
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Taguchi
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

12. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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13. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

14. What is the Deming Prize?
The Japanese national quality award.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Variable.

15. Presence of interaction effect
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

16. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
Conformance to specifications.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

17. Pareto Analysis
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Outside.
Is what induces the failure

18. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Rapid improvement process.
Upper control limit.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

19. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Blame.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Fitness for use.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

20. What is a Gage R&R?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

21. What is a spaghetti diagram?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

22. Failure cause
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Is what induces the failure
Workers - machines - materials.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

23. Regression
Represents the behavior of a process
68%
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

24. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Consumer risk.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

25. List two components of external failure.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

26. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Not necessarily.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

27. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Variable.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
95%

28. What are the four regression assumptions?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Attribute.
Controlling quality at the source.

29. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

30. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

31. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Conformance to specifications.
Blame.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Producer risk.

32. Define serviceability.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
QFD

33. What is the role of a black belt?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
X-bar-bar
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

34. What is a network diagram?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Controlling quality at the source.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

35. Definition of Interaction
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

36. Define yield.
Conformance to specifications.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

37. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Rapid improvement process.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

38. Who is a process owner?
The House of Quality.
X-bar-bar
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

39. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Conformance to specifications.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

40. Test for Independence
Variable.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

41. List two appraisal costs.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

42. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Mean time to replacement.
Central Limit Theorem
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

43. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
95%
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

44. Failure Mode
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Waste.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

45. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
Deming.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

46. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Represents the behavior of a process
Workers - machines - materials.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

47. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Can't tell without a Range chart.
X-bar-bar
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

48. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
Deming.
A time series plot.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

49. What is a histogram?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Before production starts
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

50. Defect location check sheets
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Conformance to specifications.