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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Uses of regression
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Taguchi
5%

2. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

3. Affinity Diagrams
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
No -- only if the process is also capable.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

4. What is an affinity diagram?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

5. What is the formula for standard deviation?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

6. What is the Deming Prize?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
The Japanese national quality award.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

7. PFMEA
Outside.
68%
Before production starts
Not necessarily.

8. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

9. Pareto Analysis
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Consumer risk.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

10. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

11. What is Jidoka?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Controlling quality at the source.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

12. Disadvantages of DOE

13. What is process capability?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Critical to quality.

14. Define features.
5%
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
X-bar-bar
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

15. ANOVA

16. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Fitness for use.

17. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
95%
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

18. Failure cause
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Is what induces the failure
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

19. Statistical Hypothesis
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Blame.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

20. What is the 5S model?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Outside.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

21. What does SIPOC stand for?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

22. Stratified defect check sheets
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Outside.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

23. Define performance quality.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

24. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Producer risk.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Lean (or JIT).

25. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

26. Define yield.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Not necessarily.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

27. FMEA
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

28. What is the role of a black belt?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

29. How does Juran define quality?
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Consumer risk.
Fitness for use.

30. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
X-bar-bar
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

31. What is CTQ?
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
The House of Quality.
Critical to quality.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

32. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

33. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
Lower control limit.
99.73%
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Taguchi

34. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
95%

35. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Variable.
Walter A. Shewhart
Lean (or JIT).
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

36. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

37. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Producer risk.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

38. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
68%

39. What is Little's Law?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

40. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

41. What is a Pareto chart?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
50%
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

42. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Taguchi
Workers - machines - materials.
Is the consequence of the failure.

43. Define benchmarking.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

44. The Test Statistic (TS)
Can't tell without a Range chart.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

45. List two appraisal costs.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

46. What is DMADV?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

47. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Conformance to specifications.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Mean time to replacement.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

48. Test for Independence
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

49. What is Value Stream Mapping?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

50. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.