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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a histogram?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Is what induces the failure

2. Process occurance ranking
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

3. What are the 5 Ss?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Attribute.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

4. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Variable.
Central Limit Theorem

5. List two components of prevention cost.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

6. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Attribute
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

7. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
They move closer to the center line.
Variable.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

8. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

9. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Lower control limit.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

10. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
50%
Variable.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

11. What is Kaizen?
95%
Rapid improvement process.
Workers - machines - materials.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

12. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Attribute.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

13. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
100%
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

14. What is the Deming Prize?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
The Japanese national quality award.

15. What is a spaghetti diagram?
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Taguchi

16. What is a Gage R&R?
Taguchi
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

17. What is a run chart?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A time series plot.
Workers - machines - materials.
Waste.

18. Who is a process owner?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

19. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
A scatterplot.
The Japanese national quality award.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

20. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Attribute
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

21. Advantages of DOE
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Workers - machines - materials.
Taguchi

22. What is DMADV?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Represents the behavior of a process
Outside.

23. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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24. What is muda
Waste.
99.73%
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

25. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Pleasing to the senses.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

26. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

27. What is the role of a black belt?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
5%
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

28. Residual
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

29. Affinity Diagrams
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
68%
A scatterplot.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

30. What is a network diagram?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

31. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Mean time to failure.
95%
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

32. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

33. In a Z table - what is Z?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
They move closer to the center line.

34. What is a Gantt chart?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Mistake-proofing.

35. What are the four regression assumptions?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Variable.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

36. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
99.73%
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

37. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Pleasing to the senses.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
A scatterplot.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

38. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

39. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Producer risk.
Taguchi
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

40. What is CTQ?
Critical to quality.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Lower control limit.

41. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
X-bar-bar
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

42. What is the Baldrige Award?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The US national quality award.

43. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Mistake-proofing.

44. Define performance quality.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
68%
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

45. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Conformance to specifications.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

46. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

47. What is a CAVE man?
A scatterplot.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Pleasing to the senses.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

48. Statistical Hypothesis
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Outside.
Not necessarily.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

49. What is process capability?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

50. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Upper control limit.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.