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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. ANOVA

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2. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
Deming.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Conformance to specifications.

3. Statistical Hypothesis
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

4. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Deming.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

5. What is Kaizen?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Rapid improvement process.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

6. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Walter A. Shewhart
To manage the Six Sigma project.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

7. Test for Independence
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Lower control limit.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

8. Residual
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

9. What is a spaghetti diagram?
Upper control limit.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
X-bar-bar

10. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Lower control limit.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Taguchi

11. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Taguchi
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

12. What is muda
100%
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Waste.
Producer risk.

13. Define yield.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Before production starts
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

14. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
X-bar-bar
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

15. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Blame.

16. Uses of regression - Control
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Blame.

17. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
50%
A time series plot.
Upper control limit.
They move closer to the center line.

18. Defect check sheets
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

19. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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20. Creating a Run Chart
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Workers - machines - materials.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

21. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

22. Define conformance quality.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

23. What is Value Stream Mapping?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
The cycle time required to meet demand.

24. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
They move closer to the center line.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Waste.

25. When is Cpk used?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

26. Presence of interaction effect
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

27. What is the center line of a p-chart?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

28. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Variable.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

29. What is FMEA?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

30. What does SIPOC stand for?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

31. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Not necessarily.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Upper control limit.

32. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

33. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
A scatterplot.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

34. Definition of Interaction
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
68%
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

35. What is the Baldrige Award?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
The US national quality award.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
A scatterplot.

36. What is DPMO?
Variable.
Variable.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

37. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

38. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

39. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Outside.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Waste.
Lean (or JIT).

40. How does Juran define quality?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Fitness for use.

41. What is a CAVE man?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
The House of Quality.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

42. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Workers - machines - materials.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
The US national quality award.

43. One factor at a time (OFAT)
A time series plot.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

44. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Attribute

45. Histogram by Hand
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Controlling quality at the source.

46. Define takt time.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

47. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Producer risk.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

48. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

49. Define benchmarking.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Conformance to specifications.
A scatterplot.

50. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
The US national quality award.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.