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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define features.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Conformance to specifications.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Mean time to replacement.

2. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
They move closer to the center line.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

3. Presence of interaction effect
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The US national quality award.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

4. Daniel Test
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

5. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

6. Regression
The cycle time required to meet demand.
99.73%
Critical to quality.
Represents the behavior of a process

7. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

8. Define serviceability.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Central Limit Theorem
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

9. Defect check sheets
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Producer risk.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
A scatterplot.

10. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Outside.
Deming.

11. What is Jidoka?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Controlling quality at the source.

12. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Is the consequence of the failure.
Workers - machines - materials.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The Japanese national quality award.

13. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

14. What is Value Stream Mapping?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
100%
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

15. Cause and Effect Diagrams
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

16. PFMEA
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Before production starts
To manage the Six Sigma project.

17. For what is an x-bar chart used?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Workers - machines - materials.

18. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
68%
Is what induces the failure
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Blame.

19. Define yield.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
99.73%
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

20. What does DMAIC stand for?
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

21. F value
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

22. When is Cpk used?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Lower control limit.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

23. Stratified defect check sheets
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

24. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
95%
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

25. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

26. Define durability.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Mean time to replacement.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

27. Failure effect
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Controlling quality at the source.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Conformance to specifications.

28. What is the Baldrige Award?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Lean (or JIT).
68%
The US national quality award.

29. What is DMADV?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Waste.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

30. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

31. What does SIPOC stand for?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Deming.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
68%

32. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
68%
Is what induces the failure

33. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

34. What is the 5S model?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

35. What is a network diagram?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

36. Histogram by Hand
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Attribute
They move closer to the center line.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

37. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
The House of Quality.
They move closer to the center line.

38. Risk Priority Number RPN
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
0.9^3 or 72.9%
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

39. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Blame.
The US national quality award.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Workers - machines - materials.

40. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
50%
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Mistake-proofing.

41. What is the Deming Prize?
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The Japanese national quality award.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Attribute

42. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

43. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

44. Failure cause
The Japanese national quality award.
Is what induces the failure
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Pleasing to the senses.

45. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Upper control limit.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

46. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Not necessarily.
Central Limit Theorem

47. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

48. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Consumer risk.
Producer risk.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

49. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Consumer risk.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

50. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Central Limit Theorem