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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Affinity Diagrams
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

2. Define features.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Deming.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

3. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Waste.
Variable.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

4. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Consumer risk.
Deming.

5. Statistical Hypothesis
Critical to quality.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
X-bar-bar

6. Define yield.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
X-bar-bar
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

7. Define serviceability.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
X-bar-bar

8. Residual
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Walter A. Shewhart
5%
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

9. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

10. Uses of regression - Control
Outside.
The Japanese national quality award.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

11. What is a CAVE man?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

12. Define benchmarking.
Waste.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

13. What is a run chart?
A time series plot.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
68%
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

14. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Represents the behavior of a process
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

15. Presence of interaction effect
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

16. What is a Gage R&R?
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

17. Process check sheets
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

18. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

19. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Attribute.
Represents the behavior of a process
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

20. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
100%
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Is what induces the failure

21. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
They move closer to the center line.
Walter A. Shewhart
68%

22. Risk Priority Number RPN
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
A time series plot.

23. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
68%
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Workers - machines - materials.
Upper control limit.

24. Disadvantages of DOE

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25. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Outside.
The House of Quality.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

26. Manual Test for Nomality
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

27. In a Z table - what is Z?
Mistake-proofing.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

28. What is Kaizen?
Is what induces the failure
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Rapid improvement process.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

29. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
QFD
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

30. Histogram by Hand
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
A scatterplot.
Outside.

31. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
QFD
68%
Blame.

32. What is an affinity diagram?
Conformance to specifications.
Critical to quality.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

33. What is Little's Law?
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Mean time to replacement.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

34. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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35. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Variable.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

36. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

37. How does Juran define quality?
Fitness for use.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

38. What is the Deming Prize?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
The Japanese national quality award.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

39. Failure cause
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Is what induces the failure
They move closer to the center line.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

40. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

41. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
The House of Quality.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

42. Stratified defect check sheets
100%
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

43. Affinity Diagrams
100%
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

44. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Kaoru Ishikawa.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

45. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Taguchi
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Lean (or JIT).

46. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

47. DFMEA
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Mistake-proofing.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

48. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Walter A. Shewhart
Upper control limit.
5%
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

49. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
The Japanese national quality award.
68%
To manage the Six Sigma project.

50. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Consumer risk.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."