Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a Gage R&R?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

2. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

3. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

4. Residual
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Blame.

5. What is Little's Law?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
99.73%
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

6. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Variable.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

7. What is a dashboard?
Mean time to failure.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

8. What is a histogram?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Mean time to replacement.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

9. List two components of external failure.
Taguchi
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Attribute

10. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Waste.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Lean (or JIT).
To manage the Six Sigma project.

11. What are the four regression assumptions?
68%
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

12. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Mistake-proofing.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

13. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Lean (or JIT).

14. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Walter A. Shewhart
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

15. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Controlling quality at the source.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

16. In a Z table - what is Z?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Attribute.

17. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Blame.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

18. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
The House of Quality.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
The US national quality award.

19. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Controlling quality at the source.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

20. What is a run chart?
A time series plot.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
A scatterplot.

21. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
They move closer to the center line.
A time series plot.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Central Limit Theorem

22. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Conformance to specifications.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
100%
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

23. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Attribute

24. Manual Test for Nomality
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Is the consequence of the failure.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

25. Defect location check sheets
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

26. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
Deming.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

27. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Blame.
Consumer risk.

28. Daniel Test
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Attribute.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

29. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

30. Test for constant variance
Producer risk.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

31. What is process capability?
Rapid improvement process.
Pleasing to the senses.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

32. The Test Statistic (TS)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Lower control limit.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

33. Who is a process owner?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

34. What is a network diagram?
Fitness for use.
QFD
Blame.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

35. Define yield.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Conformance to specifications.
The House of Quality.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

36. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Represents the behavior of a process

37. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Fitness for use.
They move closer to the center line.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

38. List two components of prevention cost.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

39. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Conformance to specifications.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

40. Statistical Hypothesis
Pleasing to the senses.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

41. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
The Japanese national quality award.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

42. What is a Pareto chart?
Lower control limit.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

43. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Taguchi

44. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Variable.
100%
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

45. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
A scatterplot.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

46. What is Type 1 Error?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Producer risk.

47. Define durability.
Mean time to replacement.
Waste.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
The US national quality award.

48. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Producer risk.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Walter A. Shewhart
Mean time to failure.

49. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

50. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.