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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define conformance quality.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Producer risk.

2. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Attribute

3. Advantages of DOE
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
They move closer to the center line.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

4. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Is what induces the failure
The cycle time required to meet demand.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

5. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Mistake-proofing.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Upper control limit.

6. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
A scatterplot.
Outside.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

7. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Is the consequence of the failure.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Deming.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

8. What is the formula for standard deviation?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
The Japanese national quality award.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

9. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Workers - machines - materials.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

10. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
5%
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

11. FMEA
They move closer to the center line.
Is what induces the failure
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

12. List two appraisal costs.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Lean (or JIT).
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Critical to quality.

13. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Rapid improvement process.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

14. List two components of prevention cost.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Is what induces the failure
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

15. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Lower control limit.
Upper control limit.
Brand image.

16. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Lower control limit.
X-bar-bar
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

17. Affinity Diagrams
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Waste.
Outside.

18. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
68%
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

19. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
68%
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

20. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
They move closer to the center line.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Deming.

21. What is DPMO?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

22. What is muda
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Waste.

23. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
The Japanese national quality award.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

24. Residual(eij)
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
The US national quality award.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

25. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
QFD
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

26. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
95%
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

27. What is a spaghetti diagram?
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
The US national quality award.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

28. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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29. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
50%
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
The House of Quality.

30. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Central Limit Theorem
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

31. What is DMADV?
Mean time to replacement.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Rapid improvement process.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

32. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Rapid improvement process.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

33. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
They move closer to the center line.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

34. Define takt time.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Variable.
Mean time to failure.

35. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Fitness for use.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Consumer risk.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

36. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Rapid improvement process.
The US national quality award.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

37. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

38. What does SIPOC stand for?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

39. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

40. Affinity Diagrams
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Producer risk.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

41. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

42. Statistical Hypothesis
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Attribute.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Defects Per Million Opportunities

43. What is a dashboard?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

44. What is the role of a green belt?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

45. What is the 5S model?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

46. What is Jidoka?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Controlling quality at the source.

47. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Taguchi
Workers - machines - materials.
Variable.

48. What is Type 1 Error?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

49. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Variable.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

50. Pareto Analysis
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.