Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is poka yoke?
Mistake-proofing.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

2. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Mean time to failure.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Variable.

3. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

4. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Upper control limit.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

5. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Consumer risk.
Mistake-proofing.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
5%

6. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Central Limit Theorem

7. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Is what induces the failure
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

8. ANOVA

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

9. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
99.73%
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

10. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Brand image.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

11. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
Represents the behavior of a process
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
100%
Not necessarily.

12. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Producer risk.
Outside.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

13. PFMEA
Outside.
Before production starts
To manage the Six Sigma project.
They move closer to the center line.

14. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Waste.

15. Manual Test for Nomality
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

16. Detection Criteria Ranking
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
10 if Almost impossible to detect
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

17. What is an affinity diagram?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

18. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
The House of Quality.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

19. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
99.73%
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

20. For what is an x-bar chart used?
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

21. What is the 5S model?
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

22. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Deming.

23. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Fitness for use.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

24. What is the role of a black belt?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
To manage the Six Sigma project.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

25. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Lean (or JIT).

26. FMEA
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

27. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
A scatterplot.

28. Affinity Diagrams
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

29. Histogram by Hand
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Blame.
Attribute.

30. Defect check sheets
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

31. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

32. Defect location check sheets
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
10 if Almost impossible to detect

33. Residual(eij)
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

34. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
The House of Quality.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Mean time to failure.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

35. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

36. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Lower control limit.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

37. What is the Baldrige Award?
The US national quality award.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

38. Define product reliability.
Consumer risk.
Mean time to failure.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

39. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
5%

40. Affinity Diagrams
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

41. What are the four regression assumptions?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Can't tell without a Range chart.

42. Regression
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
100%
Is the consequence of the failure.
Represents the behavior of a process

43. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

44. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
50%

45. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

46. What is Kaizen?
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Rapid improvement process.

47. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Not necessarily.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

48. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
The cycle time required to meet demand.
X-bar-bar
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

49. Daniel Test
Not necessarily.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

50. Creating a Run Chart
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.