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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. For what is an x-bar chart used?
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Before production starts

2. Define performance quality.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Variable.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

3. Defect location check sheets
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Brand image.
A time series plot.

4. What does DMAIC stand for?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

5. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Before production starts
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Consumer risk.
A scatterplot.

6. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

7. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Consumer risk.

8. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Workers - machines - materials.

9. FMEA
Taguchi
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

10. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

11. Creating a Run Chart
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

12. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Brand image.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

13. What is the role of a master black belt?
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

14. Failure effect
Is the consequence of the failure.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
95%
Defects Per Million Opportunities

15. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Taguchi
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Walter A. Shewhart

16. Define features.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Deming.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

17. Define conformance quality.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Mean time to failure.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

18. What is the Baldrige Award?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Attribute.
The US national quality award.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

19. Uses of regression - Control
Can't tell without a Range chart.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

20. What is DMADV?
50%
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Taguchi
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

21. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Is what induces the failure
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Attribute.
The US national quality award.

22. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Conformance to specifications.
A scatterplot.
Variable.

23. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

24. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
QFD
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

25. Affinity Diagrams
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

26. What is muda
Waste.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

27. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
X-bar-bar

28. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Waste.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Blame.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

29. Define yield.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
50%
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

30. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
100%
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

31. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Producer risk.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

32. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
Central Limit Theorem
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

33. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
A time series plot.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Critical to quality.

34. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Before production starts
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Outside.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

35. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Attribute
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

36. What is a CAVE man?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Mistake-proofing.
Upper control limit.

37. ANOVA

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38. Residual(eij)
Producer risk.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

39. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

40. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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41. DOE
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Walter A. Shewhart
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

42. Define benchmarking.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Upper control limit.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

43. What is Type II Error?
Deming.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

44. What is a run chart?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
A time series plot.
They move closer to the center line.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

45. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Consumer risk.

46. Define serviceability.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Workers - machines - materials.

47. What is process capability?
Lean (or JIT).
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

48. Manual Test for Nomality
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Brand image.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

49. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Walter A. Shewhart
X-bar-bar

50. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Critical to quality.
Conformance to specifications.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
100%