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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a network diagram?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Defects Per Million Opportunities
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

2. Failure effect
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Is the consequence of the failure.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

3. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Walter A. Shewhart
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

4. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
A scatterplot.
Blame.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

5. What do you do when a process is out of control?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Taguchi
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

6. Histogram by Hand
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

7. Uses of regression
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

8. Test for Independence
The House of Quality.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

9. Statistical Hypothesis
Workers - machines - materials.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Outside.

10. DFMEA
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

11. What are the four regression assumptions?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Is the consequence of the failure.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

12. Define benchmarking.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Outside.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

13. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Waste.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

14. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Controlling quality at the source.

15. In a Z table - what is Z?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Conformance to specifications.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

16. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

17. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Blame.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

18. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Walter A. Shewhart
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

19. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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20. What is a Gage R&R?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Lower control limit.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

21. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

22. One factor at a time (OFAT)
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Deming.

23. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Attribute.
The Japanese national quality award.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

24. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
95%
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Taguchi

25. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
The Japanese national quality award.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Lean (or JIT).

26. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Brand image.
Attribute.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

27. For what is an x-bar chart used?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

28. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Workers - machines - materials.
Conformance to specifications.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

29. What is FMEA?
Brand image.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Outside.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

30. What is an affinity diagram?
Before production starts
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

31. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Not necessarily.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

32. Define product reliability.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Outside.
Mean time to failure.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

33. Pareto Analysis
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Can't tell without a Range chart.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

34. Process occurance ranking
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Critical to quality.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

35. Define aesthetic quality.
Attribute.
Pleasing to the senses.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

36. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Waste.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

37. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Critical to quality.
They move closer to the center line.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

38. Uses of regression - Control
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
They move closer to the center line.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
50%

39. Define durability.
The US national quality award.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Mean time to replacement.

40. What is a CAVE man?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Can't tell without a Range chart.

41. What is muda
95%
Waste.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

42. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Central Limit Theorem
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

43. Advantages of DOE
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Producer risk.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

44. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
They move closer to the center line.
Deming.
5%

45. Residual
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
They move closer to the center line.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

46. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
Pleasing to the senses.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Consumer risk.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

47. What does SIPOC stand for?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

48. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

49. Detection Criteria Ranking
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Walter A. Shewhart
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

50. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.