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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
100%
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

2. What is the formula for standard deviation?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Before production starts
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Deming.

3. In a Z table - what is Z?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Before production starts
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

4. Define serviceability.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

5. What is a network diagram?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Taguchi

6. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
5%
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

7. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Mean time to failure.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
0.9^3 or 72.9%
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

8. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Consumer risk.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Fitness for use.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

9. What does DMAIC stand for?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

10. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
The House of Quality.
Represents the behavior of a process
Mistake-proofing.

11. Test for constant variance
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
X-bar-bar

12. Uses of regression
Rapid improvement process.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Producer risk.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

13. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Outside.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Lean (or JIT).
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

14. Risk Priority Number RPN
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
They move closer to the center line.

15. What is the center line of a p-chart?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

16. What is CTQ?
Critical to quality.
The House of Quality.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

17. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

18. Uses of regression - Control
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Is the consequence of the failure.

19. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
A scatterplot.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

20. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Outside.
Variable.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

21. What is process capability?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

22. Pareto Analysis
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Attribute

23. What is the role of a black belt?
The Japanese national quality award.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

24. Define product reliability.
Lean (or JIT).
Mean time to failure.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

25. Test for Independence
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

26. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
Taguchi
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

27. What is the Baldrige Award?
The US national quality award.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Waste.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

28. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Taguchi
Attribute
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

29. What is the Deming Prize?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
The Japanese national quality award.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

30. What is DMADV?
Is the consequence of the failure.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

31. What is Little's Law?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Lean (or JIT).

32. What are the four regression assumptions?
Consumer risk.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

33. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Fitness for use.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

34. Define takt time.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
The Japanese national quality award.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

35. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
A scatterplot.
Producer risk.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

36. Affinity Diagrams
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Mistake-proofing.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

37. Define features.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

38. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Outside.
Attribute.
They move closer to the center line.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

39. Define aesthetic quality.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Pleasing to the senses.

40. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Conformance to specifications.
Walter A. Shewhart
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

41. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Brand image.
They move closer to the center line.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

42. Failure Mode
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Workers - machines - materials.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

43. Daniel Test
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Producer risk.
Attribute.

44. What is a spaghetti diagram?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

45. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
Walter A. Shewhart
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
10 if Almost impossible to detect
50%

46. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

47. Residual
Represents the behavior of a process
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

48. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

49. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

50. Define yield.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Consumer risk.