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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the Baldrige Award?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
The US national quality award.

2. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
The House of Quality.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

3. PFMEA
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
50%
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Before production starts

4. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

5. What is Jidoka?
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Controlling quality at the source.

6. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
5%
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Attribute

7. Define aesthetic quality.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Mean time to failure.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Pleasing to the senses.

8. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
95%
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Conformance to specifications.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

9. Pareto Analysis
Kaoru Ishikawa.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

10. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Is what induces the failure
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

11. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

12. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
Waste.
Blame.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

13. What is Kaizen?
Rapid improvement process.
Lean (or JIT).
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
A time series plot.

14. One factor at a time (OFAT)
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
95%
Attribute.

15. Residual(eij)
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

16. Define conformance quality.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
A time series plot.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Fitness for use.

17. ANOVA

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18. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
68%
Variable.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

19. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Producer risk.
QFD
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

20. Define yield.
Lower control limit.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

21. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
The Japanese national quality award.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

22. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
68%
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

23. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Critical to quality.
Variable.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

24. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

25. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

26. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Walter A. Shewhart
68%
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Consumer risk.

27. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

28. What is a Gage R&R?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Before production starts
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

29. For what is a p-chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
They move closer to the center line.

30. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

31. What is DMADV?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

32. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
100%
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

33. What is an affinity diagram?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

34. List two components of external failure.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Consumer risk.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

35. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Variable.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Lower control limit.
Waste.

36. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Before production starts
Producer risk.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

37. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

38. What does SIPOC stand for?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

39. What is CTQ?
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Critical to quality.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

40. What is a dashboard?
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

41. Disadvantages of DOE

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42. Failure cause
Mistake-proofing.
Is what induces the failure
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

43. What is a Pareto chart?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
95%

44. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Upper control limit.
50%

45. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

46. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

47. What is Type II Error?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Producer risk.

48. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
A time series plot.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

49. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
68%

50. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."