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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Deming.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

2. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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3. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

4. FMEA
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

5. Define performance quality.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

6. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Conformance to specifications.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
X-bar-bar

7. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
Consumer risk.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
99.73%
50%

8. What is the Baldrige Award?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
The Japanese national quality award.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
The US national quality award.

9. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Upper control limit.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

10. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Critical to quality.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

11. Presence of interaction effect
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
A time series plot.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

12. Define takt time.
100%
The cycle time required to meet demand.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

13. What is a dashboard?
Rapid improvement process.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

14. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Deming.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

15. Affinity Diagrams
They move closer to the center line.
Outside.
68%
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

16. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

17. Define durability.
Mean time to replacement.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
68%
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

18. Test for constant variance
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Rapid improvement process.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

19. What is a spaghetti diagram?
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

20. What is Value Stream Mapping?
Attribute.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Mean time to failure.

21. Daniel Test
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Critical to quality.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

22. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Variable.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

23. Definition of Interaction
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
A time series plot.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

24. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Is what induces the failure

25. Define aesthetic quality.
Pleasing to the senses.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The Japanese national quality award.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

26. Who is a process owner?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
5%
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

27. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Brand image.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

28. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
QFD
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

29. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Producer risk.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

30. What is a Gage R&R?
The Japanese national quality award.
Attribute
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

31. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Workers - machines - materials.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

32. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The House of Quality.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

33. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
A scatterplot.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The Japanese national quality award.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

34. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Walter A. Shewhart
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

35. Detection Criteria Ranking
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
To manage the Six Sigma project.
10 if Almost impossible to detect

36. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

37. What is a CAVE man?
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
The Japanese national quality award.
Before production starts
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

38. What does DMAIC stand for?
Not necessarily.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Workers - machines - materials.

39. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
The US national quality award.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

40. What is muda
Waste.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Before production starts
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

41. Manual Test for Nomality
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

42. What is Little's Law?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Critical to quality.
Conformance to specifications.

43. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Consumer risk.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Conformance to specifications.

44. When is Cpk used?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

45. What is a Pareto chart?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

46. Regression Analysis
Deming.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Attribute.

47. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Workers - machines - materials.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Outside.

48. What is an affinity diagram?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Producer risk.

49. Disadvantages of DOE

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50. What is the role of a black belt?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v