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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Rapid improvement process.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
They move closer to the center line.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

2. ANOVA

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3. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Producer risk.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Rapid improvement process.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

4. What is FMEA?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Upper control limit.
Workers - machines - materials.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

5. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
X-bar-bar

6. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

7. Define conformance quality.
Attribute
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

8. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

9. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Walter A. Shewhart
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

10. List two components of internal failure.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Rapid improvement process.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

11. Histogram by Hand
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

12. Creating a Run Chart
To manage the Six Sigma project.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

13. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
95%

14. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Consumer risk.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
The US national quality award.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

15. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Producer risk.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

16. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Defects Per Million Opportunities
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

17. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Consumer risk.
The Japanese national quality award.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

18. What is a Pareto chart?
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

19. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
99.73%
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

20. Define aesthetic quality.
Pleasing to the senses.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

21. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

22. When is Cpk used?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Upper control limit.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

23. What is a network diagram?
95%
A scatterplot.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

24. What is the 5S model?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Blame.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

25. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

26. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Variable.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

27. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Workers - machines - materials.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

28. What is Little's Law?
QFD
95%
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

29. Define performance quality.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

30. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Blame.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

31. Defect location check sheets
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

32. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
X-bar-bar
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
To manage the Six Sigma project.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

33. What is a dashboard?
Lower control limit.
5%
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

34. Define yield.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
5%
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

35. What is a Gage R&R?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
50%
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

36. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
5%
Taguchi
Outside.
Walter A. Shewhart

37. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
100%
Critical to quality.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

38. F value
Producer risk.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

39. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Is the consequence of the failure.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Variable.

40. What is a spaghetti diagram?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

41. What is the Deming Prize?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Blame.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
The Japanese national quality award.

42. List two components of prevention cost.
Workers - machines - materials.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Pleasing to the senses.

43. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
X-bar-bar
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

44. Define durability.
Fitness for use.
The Japanese national quality award.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Mean time to replacement.

45. Stratified defect check sheets
The US national quality award.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

46. Daniel Test
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

47. Advantages of DOE
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

48. How does Juran define quality?
5%
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Fitness for use.

49. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
The House of Quality.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

50. What is Value Stream Mapping?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
99.73%