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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Represents the behavior of a process

2. Defect location check sheets
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The US national quality award.
They move closer to the center line.

3. What are the 5 Ss?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

4. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Conformance to specifications.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

5. What is a run chart?
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
A time series plot.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

6. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Outside.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

7. Define yield.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
10 if Almost impossible to detect

8. What is the Baldrige Award?
The US national quality award.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Mean time to failure.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

9. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
The Japanese national quality award.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

10. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Attribute.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

11. What is Little's Law?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Outside.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

12. Test for Independence
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

13. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Lean (or JIT).

14. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Workers - machines - materials.
Conformance to specifications.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

15. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

16. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Blame.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Controlling quality at the source.

17. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Mean time to replacement.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

18. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
100%
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

19. Regression Analysis
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

20. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

21. What is a Pareto chart?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

22. Failure cause
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Is what induces the failure

23. Who is a process owner?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Not necessarily.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

24. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
X-bar-bar
Rapid improvement process.

25. PFMEA
Before production starts
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Defects Per Million Opportunities
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

26. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
QFD

27. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Pleasing to the senses.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

28. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

29. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
A scatterplot.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

30. What is a histogram?
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

31. Failure effect
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Is the consequence of the failure.

32. Process occurance ranking
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
50%
Outside.
The US national quality award.

33. Define performance quality.
Blame.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

34. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

35. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
100%
A time series plot.
Variable.
Is the consequence of the failure.

36. What is the Deming Prize?
The Japanese national quality award.
A scatterplot.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

37. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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38. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Variable.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Central Limit Theorem

39. List two components of external failure.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
The House of Quality.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

40. What is muda
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Waste.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

41. What is Type II Error?
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

42. Residual(eij)
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

43. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Not necessarily.
Lean (or JIT).

44. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
Lower control limit.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Workers - machines - materials.
68%

45. Affinity Diagrams
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

46. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

47. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Mean time to replacement.
Brand image.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

48. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
0.9^3 or 72.9%

49. What is a Gage R&R?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Conformance to specifications.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

50. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Walter A. Shewhart
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

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