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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. When is Cpk used?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Central Limit Theorem

2. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
The House of Quality.

3. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Outside.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
A scatterplot.

4. What are the 5 Ss?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Producer risk.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
The cycle time required to meet demand.

5. What is the 5S model?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Mistake-proofing.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Rapid improvement process.

6. Residual
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Deming.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

7. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

8. Define conformance quality.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

9. What is the Deming Prize?
The Japanese national quality award.
Mean time to replacement.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

10. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

11. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

12. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
The House of Quality.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

13. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Workers - machines - materials.

14. Pareto Analysis
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

15. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
5%
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

16. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
95%

17. FMEA
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

18. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
100%
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

19. What is DMADV?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

20. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Critical to quality.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

21. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
They move closer to the center line.

22. Define benchmarking.
Upper control limit.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

23. Define takt time.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

24. Risk Priority Number RPN
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

25. What does SIPOC stand for?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

26. Define yield.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Before production starts

27. What is the Baldrige Award?
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
The US national quality award.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Represents the behavior of a process

28. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

29. What is the role of a master black belt?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Kaoru Ishikawa.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

30. What does DMAIC stand for?
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

31. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

32. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

33. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Variable.
Not necessarily.
Mean time to failure.

34. Define product reliability.
Rapid improvement process.
Brand image.
Mean time to failure.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

35. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
Mistake-proofing.
Lower control limit.
Is the consequence of the failure.
50%

36. Affinity Diagrams
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Mean time to failure.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

37. What is poka yoke?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
The US national quality award.
Mistake-proofing.

38. List two components of external failure.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
0.9^3 or 72.9%

39. Advantages of DOE
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

40. Failure cause
Is what induces the failure
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Represents the behavior of a process

41. What is a run chart?
Central Limit Theorem
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
A time series plot.

42. What is a CAVE man?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Defects Per Million Opportunities

43. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Central Limit Theorem
Conformance to specifications.

44. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Defects Per Million Opportunities
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Lean (or JIT).
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

45. What is CTQ?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Critical to quality.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

46. Define serviceability.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

47. Affinity Diagrams
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Pleasing to the senses.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

48. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
A scatterplot.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Attribute.

49. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Conformance to specifications.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

50. Detection Criteria Ranking
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
10 if Almost impossible to detect
They move closer to the center line.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.