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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

2. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Controlling quality at the source.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

3. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Consumer risk.
Blame.
95%
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

4. What is the role of a black belt?
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
A scatterplot.

5. Stratified defect check sheets
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
QFD
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

6. What is an affinity diagram?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

7. What is the Deming Prize?
The Japanese national quality award.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Central Limit Theorem

8. Cause and Effect Diagrams
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

9. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Represents the behavior of a process
Walter A. Shewhart
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

10. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Mean time to replacement.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

11. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
Outside.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
99.73%
Is the consequence of the failure.

12. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
5%

13. What is Kaizen?
Rapid improvement process.
Waste.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

14. Who is a process owner?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Is the consequence of the failure.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

15. Define yield.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

16. What is DPMO?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Variable.

17. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Deming.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Consumer risk.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

18. What does DMAIC stand for?
Workers - machines - materials.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Before production starts

19. What is the Baldrige Award?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
The US national quality award.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

20. What is a histogram?
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Mean time to failure.

21. FMEA
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

22. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
Blame.
Variable.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

23. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Critical to quality.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

24. What is Type 1 Error?
68%
They move closer to the center line.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

25. What is Little's Law?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

26. What is a Pareto chart?
Outside.
The US national quality award.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

27. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Taguchi
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

28. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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29. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Variable.
Upper control limit.

30. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Brand image.
Attribute.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

31. Define performance quality.
50%
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

32. What is DMADV?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

33. Histogram by Hand
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

34. Advantages of DOE
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
0.9^3 or 72.9%
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

35. Affinity Diagrams
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Taguchi

36. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Taguchi
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

37. List two components of external failure.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
95%
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

38. What does SIPOC stand for?
QFD
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

39. What is a spaghetti diagram?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Blame.

40. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

41. What is process capability?
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Can't tell without a Range chart.

42. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Pleasing to the senses.
Attribute

43. Regression
Pleasing to the senses.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Represents the behavior of a process
Conformance to specifications.

44. Affinity Diagrams
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
95%
Blame.

45. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
X-bar-bar
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

46. How does Juran define quality?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Mean time to failure.
Fitness for use.

47. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

48. What is the 5S model?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
A time series plot.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

49. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Taguchi
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

50. Failure effect
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Is the consequence of the failure.