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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does SIPOC stand for?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Brand image.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

2. Process occurance ranking
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

3. What is a Pareto chart?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

4. What is Type 1 Error?
Can't tell without a Range chart.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

5. What is a dashboard?
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

6. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
68%
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

7. FMEA
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Not necessarily.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Is what induces the failure

8. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Variable.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

9. Defect check sheets
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

10. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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11. What is a Gage R&R?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Brand image.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

12. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Conformance to specifications.
Represents the behavior of a process
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

13. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
They move closer to the center line.

14. What is Kaizen?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Rapid improvement process.
Not necessarily.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

15. What is a spaghetti diagram?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

16. Define yield.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

17. What is Little's Law?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

18. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

19. Define durability.
Mean time to replacement.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Waste.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

20. What is the formula for standard deviation?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Is the consequence of the failure.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

21. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Producer risk.
Critical to quality.
Central Limit Theorem
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

22. What is DMADV?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

23. What is a histogram?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

24. Statistical Hypothesis
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Defects Per Million Opportunities

25. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
A scatterplot.

26. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
Fitness for use.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

27. What is a network diagram?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
68%
A scatterplot.

28. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Attribute.

29. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Before production starts

30. Define conformance quality.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

31. For what is an x-bar chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Taguchi
Outside.

32. Manual Test for Nomality
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Outside.

33. What is the 5S model?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

34. What are the four regression assumptions?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

35. Uses of regression
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
A time series plot.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Conformance to specifications.

36. Who is a process owner?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

37. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Is the consequence of the failure.
5%
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

38. What is DPMO?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
99.73%
Defects Per Million Opportunities

39. What does DMAIC stand for?
95%
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Attribute.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

40. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Blame.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Consumer risk.
Represents the behavior of a process

41. Define features.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

42. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

43. Failure cause
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Is what induces the failure
95%
Deming.

44. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

45. Affinity Diagrams
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
They move closer to the center line.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

46. Disadvantages of DOE

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47. List two components of external failure.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

48. PFMEA
Workers - machines - materials.
Before production starts
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
The Japanese national quality award.

49. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Not necessarily.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

50. When is Cpk used?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects