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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the formula for standard deviation?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
They move closer to the center line.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

2. What is the 5S model?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

3. Histogram by Hand
Defects Per Million Opportunities
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

4. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
95%
Controlling quality at the source.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
They move closer to the center line.

5. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
The Japanese national quality award.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

6. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Blame.
Mean time to failure.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Workers - machines - materials.

7. What is muda
Consumer risk.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Waste.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

8. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Kaoru Ishikawa.

9. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Lean (or JIT).
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Workers - machines - materials.

10. Definition of Interaction
Workers - machines - materials.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Walter A. Shewhart
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

11. What does SIPOC stand for?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

12. Defect check sheets
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

13. Risk Priority Number RPN
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Rapid improvement process.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

14. How does Juran define quality?
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Fitness for use.

15. Failure effect
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Is the consequence of the failure.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Pleasing to the senses.

16. FMEA
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Upper control limit.
Lower control limit.
X-bar-bar

17. What is a Pareto chart?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
They move closer to the center line.
Waste.

18. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

19. Creating a Run Chart
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Outside.

20. What do you do when a process is out of control?
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Mean time to replacement.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

21. Define aesthetic quality.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Pleasing to the senses.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

22. For what is an x-bar chart used?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

23. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Upper control limit.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

24. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

25. Failure Mode
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

26. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

27. What are the four regression assumptions?
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

28. What is Type 1 Error?
Can't tell without a Range chart.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

29. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Lean (or JIT).
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
A scatterplot.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

30. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
68%
50%
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

31. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Central Limit Theorem

32. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
68%

33. List two appraisal costs.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

34. DOE
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
95%
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

35. What is a CAVE man?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

36. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

37. DFMEA
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Walter A. Shewhart

38. Process occurance ranking
Pleasing to the senses.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

39. Defect location check sheets
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

40. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

41. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Outside.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

42. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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43. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
X-bar-bar
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

44. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Not necessarily.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

45. The Test Statistic (TS)
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
The Japanese national quality award.

46. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Fitness for use.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

47. Define features.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

48. Uses of regression
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

49. What is an affinity diagram?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Not necessarily.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

50. Affinity Diagrams
Variable.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Mean time to replacement.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity