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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Consumer risk.

2. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Upper control limit.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

3. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Central Limit Theorem
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

4. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Mistake-proofing.
Conformance to specifications.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

5. Defect check sheets
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

6. What is the Deming Prize?
The Japanese national quality award.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Is the consequence of the failure.

7. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
The House of Quality.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
X-bar-bar

8. Creating a Run Chart
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
X-bar-bar
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

9. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Deming.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

10. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

11. Residual(eij)
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Variable.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Fitness for use.

12. Define durability.
68%
Attribute
Mean time to replacement.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

13. The Test Statistic (TS)
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

14. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

15. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Blame.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

16. What is a dashboard?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Deming.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

17. List two components of prevention cost.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Brand image.

18. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
50%
Not necessarily.

19. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Workers - machines - materials.
Lean (or JIT).

20. Failure Mode
The Japanese national quality award.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Deming.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

21. F value
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

22. PFMEA
Is what induces the failure
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Before production starts

23. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Outside.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
The cycle time required to meet demand.

24. Regression
Variable.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Represents the behavior of a process
Not necessarily.

25. Process occurance ranking
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Upper control limit.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

26. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Producer risk.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

27. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Brand image.
Waste.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

28. For what is a p-chart used?
Critical to quality.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Is what induces the failure
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

29. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Variable.
Rapid improvement process.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

30. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Upper control limit.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

31. List two components of internal failure.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Before production starts
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

32. Failure effect
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Variable.
Brand image.

33. DFMEA
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
They move closer to the center line.
Outside.

34. What is CTQ?
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Critical to quality.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

35. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
The Japanese national quality award.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

36. Manual Test for Nomality
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

37. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
5%

38. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
Consumer risk.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

39. What is a Gage R&R?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Critical to quality.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

40. What is process capability?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

41. What are the four regression assumptions?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

42. Statistical Hypothesis
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

43. Presence of interaction effect
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

44. What is DPMO?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
X-bar-bar
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Producer risk.

45. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
QFD
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
50%
Rapid improvement process.

46. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Taguchi
Variable.

47. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

48. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

49. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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50. List two components of external failure.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Upper control limit.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.