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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

2. Who is a process owner?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Variable.
Before production starts

3. What is FMEA?
Before production starts
Is what induces the failure
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

4. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
100%
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

5. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
X-bar-bar
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

6. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

7. Process check sheets
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

8. What is the role of a green belt?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Attribute.

9. DFMEA
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Consumer risk.

10. FMEA
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Walter A. Shewhart

11. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

12. What are the four regression assumptions?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

13. What is Type II Error?
Fitness for use.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

14. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

15. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Is the consequence of the failure.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
They move closer to the center line.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

16. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
QFD
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
The Japanese national quality award.

17. What is process capability?
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

18. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

19. FMEA
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Defects Per Million Opportunities

20. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
99.73%
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

21. What are the 5 Ss?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
100%

22. What is the role of a black belt?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
To manage the Six Sigma project.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

23. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Central Limit Theorem
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Mistake-proofing.
QFD

24. How does Juran define quality?
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Fitness for use.

25. PFMEA
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Attribute
Before production starts
Represents the behavior of a process

26. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Deming.
Attribute
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

27. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
50%
Consumer risk.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

28. Disadvantages of DOE

29. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

30. What is a run chart?
Is the consequence of the failure.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
A time series plot.

31. What is a CAVE man?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
X-bar-bar
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

32. For what is a p-chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Workers - machines - materials.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

33. What is an affinity diagram?
95%
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

34. Histogram by Hand
Deming.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

35. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
The House of Quality.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Represents the behavior of a process

36. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

37. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Taguchi
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Attribute.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

38. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
95%
Attribute
The cycle time required to meet demand.

39. Test for Independence
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
100%
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Consumer risk.

40. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Mean time to replacement.

41. Statistical Hypothesis
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
The US national quality award.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

42. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

43. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

44. Daniel Test
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Is the consequence of the failure.

45. What is CTQ?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Critical to quality.

46. ANOVA

47. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
QFD
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

48. What is muda
Waste.
68%
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

49. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

50. Define conformance quality.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
50%
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)