Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Detection Criteria Ranking
50%
10 if Almost impossible to detect
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Mistake-proofing.

2. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

3. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Not necessarily.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

4. Define performance quality.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

5. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

6. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

7. Affinity Diagrams
Is what induces the failure
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

8. What is Type II Error?
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

9. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Lean (or JIT).
They move closer to the center line.
Controlling quality at the source.

10. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
99.73%
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Attribute.

11. Define durability.
Mean time to replacement.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Outside.
5%

12. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Variable.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

13. For what is an x-bar chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

14. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

15. What is muda
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Waste.
Deming.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

16. Failure cause
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Is what induces the failure
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

17. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Outside.
Walter A. Shewhart
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

18. What are the 5 Ss?
Workers - machines - materials.
The US national quality award.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

19. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

20. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
0.9^3 or 72.9%
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

21. What is FMEA?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Variable.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

22. Failure Mode
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Mistake-proofing.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

23. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Central Limit Theorem
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

24. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Taguchi
The House of Quality.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

25. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

26. What is a Gantt chart?
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

27. What does SIPOC stand for?
Variable.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Is what induces the failure

28. Define product reliability.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Mean time to failure.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

29. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Lower control limit.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

30. What is the role of a master black belt?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Before production starts

31. What are the four regression assumptions?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Is what induces the failure

32. List two appraisal costs.
Taguchi
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

33. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
Attribute
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

34. What is DMADV?
The House of Quality.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Is the consequence of the failure.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

35. What is the center line of a p-chart?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Central Limit Theorem
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

36. What is the formula for standard deviation?
Mean time to replacement.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
The cycle time required to meet demand.

37. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

38. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Taguchi
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

39. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Upper control limit.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

40. What is a histogram?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

41. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Attribute
A scatterplot.

42. List two components of prevention cost.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
5%
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

43. Define features.
QFD
50%
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

44. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Is the consequence of the failure.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Blame.

45. What is the Baldrige Award?
The US national quality award.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

46. Residual
Upper control limit.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

47. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Represents the behavior of a process

48. The Test Statistic (TS)
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

49. Presence of interaction effect
Before production starts
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

50. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
The Japanese national quality award.