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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In a Z table - what is Z?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Walter A. Shewhart
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

2. FMEA
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
No -- only if the process is also capable.

3. What is CTQ?
Is what induces the failure
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Critical to quality.
Attribute.

4. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
QFD
95%
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

5. Defect location check sheets
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

6. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

7. Define aesthetic quality.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Pleasing to the senses.
95%
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

8. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
A scatterplot.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

9. Define yield.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

10. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

11. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

12. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Waste.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

13. What is Type II Error?
Producer risk.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

14. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
QFD
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Consumer risk.

15. Definition of Interaction
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Deming.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

16. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Is what induces the failure
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Brand image.

17. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
Mistake-proofing.
Deming.
Rapid improvement process.
Consumer risk.

18. What is a Gage R&R?
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Central Limit Theorem
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

19. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Brand image.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

20. What are the four regression assumptions?
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Not necessarily.

21. Define conformance quality.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Central Limit Theorem
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

22. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Walter A. Shewhart
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Kaoru Ishikawa.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

23. Define features.
Variable.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
QFD
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

24. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Conformance to specifications.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

25. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Upper control limit.
Lower control limit.

26. Test for constant variance
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

27. What is FMEA?
Mean time to replacement.
50%
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

28. The Test Statistic (TS)
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Blame.
Walter A. Shewhart

29. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Lower control limit.
Blame.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Upper control limit.

30. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Controlling quality at the source.
A time series plot.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

31. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Walter A. Shewhart
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

32. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Waste.
Brand image.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

33. Failure Mode
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
QFD

34. Process occurance ranking
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
5%
Conformance to specifications.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

35. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

36. Define product reliability.
The US national quality award.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Mean time to failure.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

37. FMEA
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

38. What is the role of a master black belt?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
To manage the Six Sigma project.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Mean time to failure.

39. What do you do when a process is out of control?
50%
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

40. When is Cpk used?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

41. Affinity Diagrams
Is the consequence of the failure.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

42. What is the role of a black belt?
Mean time to failure.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Lean (or JIT).
To manage the Six Sigma project.

43. What is a Gantt chart?
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
5%

44. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
A scatterplot.

45. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
A time series plot.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
68%

46. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Producer risk.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

47. What is DPMO?
X-bar-bar
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Upper control limit.

48. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Variable.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

49. Failure cause
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The House of Quality.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Is what induces the failure

50. Manual Test for Nomality
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper