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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Variable.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

2. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

3. When is Cpk used?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Workers - machines - materials.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

4. Uses of regression - Control
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Waste.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

5. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
68%
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Is the consequence of the failure.

6. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Outside.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
They move closer to the center line.

7. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

8. Residual
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

9. What is a spaghetti diagram?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Lean (or JIT).

10. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Brand image.

11. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Attribute
Attribute.
The Japanese national quality award.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

12. Detection Criteria Ranking
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
10 if Almost impossible to detect
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

13. What is the role of a master black belt?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

14. What do you do when a process is out of control?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Is the consequence of the failure.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

15. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Mean time to failure.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

16. List two appraisal costs.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

17. Regression Analysis
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Variable.

18. What is DMADV?
95%
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
100%

19. F value
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

20. Statistical Hypothesis
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

21. What is the role of a green belt?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Before production starts
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

22. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

23. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Workers - machines - materials.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
A scatterplot.

24. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Lower control limit.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

25. Defect location check sheets
0.9^3 or 72.9%
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

26. Manual Test for Nomality
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

27. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

28. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Conformance to specifications.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
99.73%
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

29. The Test Statistic (TS)
Mean time to replacement.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

30. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
A scatterplot.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

31. Definition of Interaction
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

32. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
The House of Quality.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
A scatterplot.
Before production starts

33. Regression
Represents the behavior of a process
X-bar-bar
Workers - machines - materials.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

34. What does SIPOC stand for?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

35. Define performance quality.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Upper control limit.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

36. What is the Deming Prize?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
The Japanese national quality award.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

37. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
The US national quality award.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
The House of Quality.

38. Who is a process owner?
The Japanese national quality award.
Taguchi
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

39. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Taguchi

40. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Controlling quality at the source.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

41. Define benchmarking.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Mean time to failure.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

42. Test for constant variance
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
A time series plot.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

43. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Before production starts
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Variable.

44. What is the formula for standard deviation?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

45. Affinity Diagrams
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Not necessarily.
Attribute.
99.73%

46. What is a dashboard?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Controlling quality at the source.

47. Failure cause
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Is what induces the failure
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

48. What is FMEA?
Consumer risk.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

49. For what is a p-chart used?
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

50. List two components of internal failure.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.