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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is CTQ?
They move closer to the center line.
Critical to quality.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

2. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Consumer risk.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

3. What is a network diagram?
Lower control limit.
99.73%
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

4. Failure effect
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Is the consequence of the failure.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Attribute.

5. When is Cpk used?
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

6. List two components of prevention cost.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

7. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

8. What are the 5 Ss?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Pleasing to the senses.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

9. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

10. Statistical Hypothesis
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

11. What is the Deming Prize?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
The Japanese national quality award.

12. Affinity Diagrams
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

13. FMEA
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

14. FMEA
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
10 if Almost impossible to detect
The cycle time required to meet demand.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

15. For what is an x-bar chart used?
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
A time series plot.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

16. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
They move closer to the center line.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

17. Regression Analysis
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
X-bar-bar
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

18. Define performance quality.
Represents the behavior of a process
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Consumer risk.

19. The Test Statistic (TS)
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Before production starts
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The Japanese national quality award.

20. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
95%
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

21. What is poka yoke?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Mistake-proofing.
Is the consequence of the failure.

22. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Not necessarily.

23. DFMEA
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

24. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Rapid improvement process.

25. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
A time series plot.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
5%

26. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

27. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
The House of Quality.

28. Failure cause
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Is what induces the failure
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Workers - machines - materials.

29. What is a CAVE man?
A scatterplot.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

30. What is the Baldrige Award?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
The US national quality award.
The Japanese national quality award.

31. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

32. List two appraisal costs.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
95%
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

33. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

34. Pareto Analysis
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
The Japanese national quality award.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

35. What does SIPOC stand for?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

36. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Outside.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

37. Define yield.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Workers - machines - materials.

38. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

39. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
The House of Quality.

40. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
A time series plot.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Taguchi

41. Daniel Test
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
QFD
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

42. What is muda
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Waste.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Lower control limit.

43. Test for Independence
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Critical to quality.
The House of Quality.

44. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Before production starts
A scatterplot.

45. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Producer risk.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

46. Define conformance quality.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
QFD
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

47. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Fitness for use.
Central Limit Theorem
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

48. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Brand image.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

49. What is a histogram?
Pleasing to the senses.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

50. What is the role of a black belt?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
To manage the Six Sigma project.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median