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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

2. Define benchmarking.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

3. Affinity Diagrams
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

4. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
95%
Deming.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

5. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Variable.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

6. Creating a Run Chart
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

7. Uses of regression - Control
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Is the consequence of the failure.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

8. PFMEA
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
A scatterplot.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Before production starts

9. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

10. Stratified defect check sheets
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
100%
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

11. What is Jidoka?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Controlling quality at the source.

12. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

13. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Attribute.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

14. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Waste.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
50%

15. What is the role of a black belt?
Variable.
Attribute
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
To manage the Six Sigma project.

16. Test for constant variance
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
100%
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

17. Regression
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Represents the behavior of a process

18. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Represents the behavior of a process
Lower control limit.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

19. What is Kaizen?
Rapid improvement process.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

20. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

21. What is a dashboard?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

22. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
A scatterplot.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

23. What is a Gage R&R?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Blame.

24. What does DMAIC stand for?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Controlling quality at the source.
Not necessarily.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

25. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
X-bar-bar
Outside.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

26. What is poka yoke?
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Mistake-proofing.
Consumer risk.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

27. What is DMADV?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Mean time to replacement.
Fitness for use.

28. Process occurance ranking
They move closer to the center line.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Blame.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

29. Define product reliability.
Attribute.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Mean time to failure.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

30. FMEA
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Conformance to specifications.
Controlling quality at the source.

31. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Attribute

32. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Mean time to replacement.

33. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Mean time to failure.
Lower control limit.

34. Detection Criteria Ranking
10 if Almost impossible to detect
50%
99.73%
Consumer risk.

35. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

36. When is Cpk used?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Lower control limit.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

37. What is a Pareto chart?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Central Limit Theorem
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

38. Process check sheets
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

39. What is the role of a master black belt?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
100%
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

40. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

41. Advantages of DOE
To manage the Six Sigma project.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
They move closer to the center line.
Lean (or JIT).

42. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Conformance to specifications.
Brand image.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

43. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Variable.

44. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

45. Presence of interaction effect
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

46. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

47. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Waste.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Brand image.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

48. What is the Baldrige Award?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
The US national quality award.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

49. For what is a p-chart used?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

50. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Producer risk.