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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Central Limit Theorem
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

2. What is the role of a black belt?
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
99.73%
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
To manage the Six Sigma project.

3. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The Japanese national quality award.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

4. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
The House of Quality.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Attribute

5. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Walter A. Shewhart

6. What is a histogram?
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The House of Quality.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

7. What is the Baldrige Award?
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
The US national quality award.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

8. Uses of regression
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

9. What is the Deming Prize?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
The Japanese national quality award.
Central Limit Theorem

10. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

11. Residual
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
X-bar-bar
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

12. Define conformance quality.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

13. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Attribute.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

14. What is DPMO?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Defects Per Million Opportunities
68%

15. Who is a process owner?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
100%
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
They move closer to the center line.

16. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Controlling quality at the source.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

17. Defect location check sheets
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

18. What is a Gage R&R?
Brand image.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

19. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
5%
99.73%
Represents the behavior of a process
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

20. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
QFD
Before production starts
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

21. What is a run chart?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
A time series plot.

22. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

23. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Taguchi
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

24. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Taguchi
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

25. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
The House of Quality.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

26. In a Z table - what is Z?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
The House of Quality.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

27. What is process capability?
Waste.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Variable.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

28. What do you do when a process is out of control?
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

29. Define performance quality.
Lower control limit.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
No -- only if the process is also capable.

30. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Central Limit Theorem
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

31. What is DMADV?
Variable.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

32. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Upper control limit.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Pleasing to the senses.

33. Definition of Interaction
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

34. Pareto Analysis
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

35. Residual(eij)
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

36. What is Value Stream Mapping?
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

37. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
Can't tell without a Range chart.
X-bar-bar
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

38. Risk Priority Number RPN
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Brand image.

39. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

40. For what is a p-chart used?
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
The US national quality award.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

41. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
The House of Quality.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Producer risk.
Lean (or JIT).

42. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

43. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
They move closer to the center line.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Fitness for use.

44. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
50%
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

45. Failure cause
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Pleasing to the senses.
Is what induces the failure

46. List two components of internal failure.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

47. What is the 5S model?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

48. Process occurance ranking
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Upper control limit.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

49. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Brand image.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

50. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Not necessarily.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.