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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Brand image.

2. What is the Deming Prize?
The Japanese national quality award.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Mean time to failure.
Is what induces the failure

3. Define conformance quality.
99.73%
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

4. What is the 5S model?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Outside.

5. List two components of prevention cost.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Conformance to specifications.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

6. Manual Test for Nomality
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Is what induces the failure

7. Define aesthetic quality.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
The US national quality award.
Pleasing to the senses.

8. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Upper control limit.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

9. Regression
Pleasing to the senses.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Represents the behavior of a process
99.73%

10. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

11. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
Rapid improvement process.
A scatterplot.
100%
X-bar-bar

12. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Deming.
Producer risk.

13. What do you do when a process is out of control?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Is what induces the failure
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

14. Define product reliability.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Lean (or JIT).
Mean time to failure.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

15. What is a CAVE man?
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

16. What is Little's Law?
10 if Almost impossible to detect
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

17. The Test Statistic (TS)
They move closer to the center line.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

18. Uses of regression - Control
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
99.73%
50%
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

19. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Rapid improvement process.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

20. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

21. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Is the consequence of the failure.
Taguchi

22. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
Not necessarily.
Brand image.
5%
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

23. Residual(eij)
Walter A. Shewhart
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

24. What are the four regression assumptions?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

25. ANOVA

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26. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

27. Define durability.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Mean time to replacement.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

28. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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29. Define serviceability.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The Japanese national quality award.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Is what induces the failure

30. When is Cpk used?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

31. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

32. What are the 5 Ss?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Fitness for use.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

33. What is a Gage R&R?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
The US national quality award.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

34. Presence of interaction effect
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Before production starts
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

35. Definition of Interaction
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Is the consequence of the failure.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The Japanese national quality award.

36. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
X-bar-bar

37. Failure Mode
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Is the consequence of the failure.

38. What is an affinity diagram?
Central Limit Theorem
Brand image.
Mistake-proofing.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

39. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
50%
Mistake-proofing.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

40. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Attribute.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
They move closer to the center line.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

41. List two appraisal costs.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

42. Define yield.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
X-bar-bar
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

43. What is a network diagram?
Is what induces the failure
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

44. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Walter A. Shewhart
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
To manage the Six Sigma project.

45. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Conformance to specifications.

46. Failure effect
Critical to quality.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Is the consequence of the failure.

47. Define takt time.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
0.9^3 or 72.9%
The cycle time required to meet demand.
The Japanese national quality award.

48. In a Z table - what is Z?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
The cycle time required to meet demand.

49. Regression Analysis
Is what induces the failure
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

50. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Producer risk.
Brand image.
Upper control limit.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.