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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. For what is an x-bar chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

2. Define aesthetic quality.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Pleasing to the senses.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

3. Risk Priority Number RPN
Brand image.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

4. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Fitness for use.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

5. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Is the consequence of the failure.

6. Define conformance quality.
The Japanese national quality award.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

7. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Central Limit Theorem

8. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
Central Limit Theorem
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
99.73%

9. Failure effect
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Is the consequence of the failure.

10. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
95%
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

11. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
A time series plot.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
68%

12. Affinity Diagrams
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

13. Regression
Represents the behavior of a process
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Deming.

14. Who is a process owner?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

15. PFMEA
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Can't tell without a Range chart.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Before production starts

16. DOE
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Fitness for use.

17. What is an affinity diagram?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Blame.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

18. Define product reliability.
Mean time to replacement.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Mean time to failure.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

19. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

20. What is Jidoka?
Waste.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Controlling quality at the source.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

21. What is a CAVE man?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Lower control limit.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

22. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

23. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Pleasing to the senses.

24. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Waste.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Critical to quality.

25. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
Mean time to failure.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
0.9^3 or 72.9%

26. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
68%
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

27. What is a spaghetti diagram?
Mistake-proofing.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

28. What is process capability?
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Lean (or JIT).

29. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Brand image.
QFD
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Represents the behavior of a process

30. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Variable.
Conformance to specifications.

31. What does SIPOC stand for?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

32. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

33. What is Type II Error?
A scatterplot.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

34. Regression Analysis
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

35. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Outside.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

36. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
95%
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
They move closer to the center line.

37. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
A time series plot.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Consumer risk.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

38. Uses of regression - Control
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
50%
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

39. Presence of interaction effect
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Variable.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

40. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
The US national quality award.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Walter A. Shewhart
Rapid improvement process.

41. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Blame.
Attribute.
5%
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

42. Affinity Diagrams
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Pleasing to the senses.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

43. What is Kaizen?
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Rapid improvement process.

44. Manual Test for Nomality
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Deming.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

45. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Critical to quality.
Outside.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

46. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

47. Definition of Interaction
100%
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Upper control limit.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

48. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

49. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Waste.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
50%

50. What is the role of a master black belt?
Variable.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
A time series plot.