Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does SIPOC stand for?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

2. What is the formula for standard deviation?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
The US national quality award.

3. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Producer risk.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

4. Failure effect
Is the consequence of the failure.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

5. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
100%
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Lower control limit.

6. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

7. What is Type II Error?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Upper control limit.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

8. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Conformance to specifications.
99.73%
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

9. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
The House of Quality.

10. What is FMEA?
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

11. DFMEA
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Attribute.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

12. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

13. What is a network diagram?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Before production starts
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

14. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

15. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
50%
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Mean time to failure.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

16. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Fitness for use.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
They move closer to the center line.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

17. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
The US national quality award.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

18. Manual Test for Nomality
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

19. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Mistake-proofing.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

20. PFMEA
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Before production starts
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
A scatterplot.

21. Define serviceability.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

22. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Not necessarily.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

23. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Variable.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Controlling quality at the source.
The US national quality award.

24. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Kaoru Ishikawa.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
The Japanese national quality award.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

25. Test for Independence
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Walter A. Shewhart

26. FMEA
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
5%
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

27. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
99.73%
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

28. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Lower control limit.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

29. Who is a process owner?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

30. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Blame.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
A time series plot.

31. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Mistake-proofing.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
68%

32. Disadvantages of DOE

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

33. Defect check sheets
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Critical to quality.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

34. What is process capability?
5%
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Conformance to specifications.

35. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Mistake-proofing.
Pleasing to the senses.

36. What is a Gantt chart?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

37. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Conformance to specifications.

38. DOE
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Mean time to failure.

39. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Deming.
95%
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
No -- only if the process is also capable.

40. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

41. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Critical to quality.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

42. What is a dashboard?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Not necessarily.

43. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

44. Test for constant variance
Brand image.
100%
Producer risk.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

45. Definition of Interaction
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Controlling quality at the source.

46. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Can't tell without a Range chart.

47. What is Jidoka?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Controlling quality at the source.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

48. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Outside.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

49. Regression
Represents the behavior of a process
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Blame.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

50. What is a CAVE man?
Mistake-proofing.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.