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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Test for Independence
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

2. Uses of regression
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
QFD

3. What is Jidoka?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Controlling quality at the source.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Attribute

4. DOE
Blame.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

5. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Outside.
Brand image.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

6. Define durability.
QFD
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Mean time to replacement.

7. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Taguchi
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

8. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Mean time to replacement.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

9. What is a CAVE man?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Critical to quality.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

10. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Producer risk.

11. Creating a Run Chart
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

12. What is poka yoke?
Mistake-proofing.
Variable.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

13. What is a histogram?
Upper control limit.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Rapid improvement process.

14. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Fitness for use.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

15. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
QFD
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Is the consequence of the failure.
Variable.

16. What is Type 1 Error?
Workers - machines - materials.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

17. Presence of interaction effect
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

18. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Lower control limit.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

19. What is a run chart?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
A time series plot.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
X-bar-bar

20. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Producer risk.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
They move closer to the center line.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

21. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

22. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Outside.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

23. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
The House of Quality.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

24. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
Pleasing to the senses.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

25. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

26. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
5%
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

27. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Brand image.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

28. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Taguchi
QFD
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

29. What is the 5S model?
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Controlling quality at the source.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

30. Regression
Represents the behavior of a process
Variable.
Is what induces the failure
The US national quality award.

31. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

32. For what is an x-bar chart used?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
50%

33. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
68%
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

34. List two components of external failure.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

35. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

36. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
A scatterplot.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

37. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

38. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Conformance to specifications.
QFD

39. Defect check sheets
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Is what induces the failure
Outside.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

40. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The US national quality award.
Blame.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

41. In a Z table - what is Z?
Mean time to failure.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

42. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
The House of Quality.
Controlling quality at the source.
68%
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

43. Regression Analysis
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

44. Pareto Analysis
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Lower control limit.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

45. What is muda
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Waste.
Controlling quality at the source.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

46. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Deming.

47. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Producer risk.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Lean (or JIT).

48. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Lower control limit.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

49. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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50. Risk Priority Number RPN
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Deming.
Workers - machines - materials.