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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is Type II Error?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

2. Definition of Interaction
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

3. Pareto Analysis
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

4. Failure Mode
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

5. What is Jidoka?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Controlling quality at the source.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

6. Test for Independence
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

7. List two components of prevention cost.
Conformance to specifications.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Consumer risk.

8. Residual
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Mean time to failure.

9. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Lower control limit.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Upper control limit.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

10. Defect location check sheets
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Deming.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
A time series plot.

11. What is the Baldrige Award?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
The US national quality award.
Walter A. Shewhart

12. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Brand image.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

13. DFMEA
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Outside.

14. Define serviceability.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Taguchi
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
68%

15. List two components of internal failure.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

16. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
They move closer to the center line.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

17. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
10 if Almost impossible to detect
The House of Quality.

18. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

19. Advantages of DOE
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Walter A. Shewhart
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

20. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Represents the behavior of a process

21. What is the Deming Prize?
A scatterplot.
The Japanese national quality award.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

22. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
X-bar-bar
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Rapid improvement process.
A time series plot.

23. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Mean time to failure.
Walter A. Shewhart

24. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

25. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Mean time to failure.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

26. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Not necessarily.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

27. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Consumer risk.
5%
Attribute

28. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Fitness for use.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

29. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Controlling quality at the source.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

30. Stratified defect check sheets
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

31. Process occurance ranking
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Upper control limit.
Before production starts

32. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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33. Manual Test for Nomality
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

34. Creating a Run Chart
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

35. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
QFD
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

36. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
QFD
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

37. Regression
Represents the behavior of a process
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

38. What is FMEA?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
The US national quality award.
A time series plot.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

39. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

40. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Brand image.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

41. Uses of regression - Control
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

42. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Variable.

43. What is the role of a green belt?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

44. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
Variable.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

45. For what is a p-chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Deming.

46. DOE
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

47. Daniel Test
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

48. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Mean time to failure.
Central Limit Theorem

49. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

50. List two components of external failure.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Causes that lead to a particular effect.