Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. ANOVA

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

2. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Brand image.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Mistake-proofing.

3. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
5%
Consumer risk.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

4. What does DMAIC stand for?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Variable.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

5. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
They move closer to the center line.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

6. Process occurance ranking
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Attribute.

7. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

8. What is muda
Outside.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Waste.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

9. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

10. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Upper control limit.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

11. Test for constant variance
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

12. What is Type II Error?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

13. For what is a p-chart used?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

14. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

15. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
99.73%
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

16. Detection Criteria Ranking
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
10 if Almost impossible to detect

17. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

18. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Variable.
100%

19. Define yield.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Lean (or JIT).

20. PFMEA
Workers - machines - materials.
Lower control limit.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Before production starts

21. Defect location check sheets
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Outside.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

22. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

23. One factor at a time (OFAT)
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
To manage the Six Sigma project.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

24. What are the four regression assumptions?
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

25. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Is the consequence of the failure.

26. Presence of interaction effect
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

27. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Producer risk.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

28. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

29. Who is a process owner?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Variable.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Taguchi

30. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Controlling quality at the source.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

31. What is Kaizen?
Rapid improvement process.
The US national quality award.
Outside.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

32. Failure Mode
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Central Limit Theorem
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

33. What is the 5S model?
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Before production starts

34. What is a network diagram?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Before production starts

35. Residual
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Variable.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

36. What is a run chart?
A time series plot.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

37. DOE
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Controlling quality at the source.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

38. Affinity Diagrams
Waste.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Not necessarily.

39. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

40. What is Type 1 Error?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

41. Stratified defect check sheets
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Workers - machines - materials.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

42. List two components of prevention cost.
5%
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
QFD

43. What is Jidoka?
The Japanese national quality award.
Controlling quality at the source.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Is the consequence of the failure.

44. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Conformance to specifications.
100%
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

45. Define benchmarking.
A scatterplot.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

46. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Consumer risk.
Walter A. Shewhart
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

47. What is a spaghetti diagram?
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

48. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Attribute.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

49. Manual Test for Nomality
68%
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

50. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Mistake-proofing.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
QFD
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.