Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is DPMO?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Controlling quality at the source.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

2. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Represents the behavior of a process
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

3. The Test Statistic (TS)
Producer risk.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

4. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Workers - machines - materials.

5. List two appraisal costs.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Taguchi
Controlling quality at the source.

6. What is an affinity diagram?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

7. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
95%
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

8. Disadvantages of DOE

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

9. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Attribute.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

10. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Lean (or JIT).
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

11. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Blame.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

12. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
68%
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

13. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
Deming.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
The House of Quality.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

14. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

15. What are the 5 Ss?
The Japanese national quality award.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Waste.
Conformance to specifications.

16. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

17. Residual
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Lower control limit.

18. What is the formula for standard deviation?
Blame.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

19. What is a Gantt chart?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

20. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Upper control limit.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

21. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
99.73%
Mistake-proofing.

22. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The Japanese national quality award.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

23. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

24. What is the role of a master black belt?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

25. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

26. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Workers - machines - materials.
Consumer risk.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Before production starts

27. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

28. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Waste.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Not necessarily.

29. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

30. What is the Deming Prize?
Attribute.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The Japanese national quality award.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

31. ANOVA

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

32. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Conformance to specifications.
Producer risk.

33. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
They move closer to the center line.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
99.73%

34. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

35. Uses of regression
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
QFD

36. What is a Gage R&R?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Taguchi
Brand image.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

37. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

38. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Fitness for use.
68%
50%

39. What is the role of a black belt?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Upper control limit.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

40. Define yield.
The US national quality award.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Consumer risk.

41. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Kaoru Ishikawa.

42. What is a histogram?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

43. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
QFD
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

44. Failure Mode
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Upper control limit.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

45. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Mean time to replacement.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Taguchi
Walter A. Shewhart

46. What are the four regression assumptions?
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Represents the behavior of a process

47. What is FMEA?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

48. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Brand image.
Lean (or JIT).
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

49. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
5%
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

50. Pareto Analysis
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Represents the behavior of a process
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem