Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define benchmarking.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Mean time to failure.
Upper control limit.
A time series plot.

2. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

3. What is FMEA?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

4. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Fitness for use.

5. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Is the consequence of the failure.

6. Pareto Analysis
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

7. ANOVA

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

8. Defect check sheets
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

9. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Variable.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Controlling quality at the source.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

10. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

11. What is a Gage R&R?
Central Limit Theorem
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
68%
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

12. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Outside.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Rapid improvement process.

13. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
95%
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

14. Define performance quality.
Critical to quality.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
5%

15. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Lower control limit.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

16. Test for Independence
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Is what induces the failure

17. What is the Deming Prize?
The Japanese national quality award.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

18. Presence of interaction effect
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Producer risk.
Critical to quality.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

19. What is Value Stream Mapping?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
95%

20. Advantages of DOE
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

21. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Walter A. Shewhart

22. Daniel Test
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Upper control limit.

23. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Waste.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

24. Define aesthetic quality.
Pleasing to the senses.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Producer risk.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

25. The Test Statistic (TS)
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Mistake-proofing.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

26. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

27. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
99.73%
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

28. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
5%
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

29. What is Kaizen?
Rapid improvement process.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Not necessarily.
X-bar-bar

30. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
A scatterplot.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

31. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
QFD
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Lean (or JIT).

32. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Consumer risk.

33. What does SIPOC stand for?
Attribute
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

34. For what is a p-chart used?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Deming.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Upper control limit.

35. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
They move closer to the center line.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

36. What is poka yoke?
Mistake-proofing.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

37. What is muda
The House of Quality.
Waste.
They move closer to the center line.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

38. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

39. Histogram by Hand
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

40. For what is an x-bar chart used?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

41. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

42. What is DPMO?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

43. Regression
Represents the behavior of a process
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Fitness for use.

44. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Taguchi
Central Limit Theorem
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

45. Cause and Effect Diagrams
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Pleasing to the senses.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

46. Affinity Diagrams
0.9^3 or 72.9%
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

47. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

48. What are the 5 Ss?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Central Limit Theorem
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

49. Define conformance quality.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

50. List two components of external failure.
Fitness for use.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."