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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Failure cause
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Is what induces the failure

2. Defect location check sheets
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The Japanese national quality award.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Outside.

3. What is the Baldrige Award?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
The US national quality award.

4. When is Cpk used?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

5. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Lean (or JIT).
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Central Limit Theorem

6. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
68%
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

7. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Rapid improvement process.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

8. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Consumer risk.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

9. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Mean time to replacement.
95%
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Not necessarily.

10. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

11. Creating a Run Chart
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

12. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Taguchi
The House of Quality.
Variable.
Consumer risk.

13. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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14. How does Juran define quality?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Fitness for use.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

15. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
50%
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
A time series plot.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

16. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Central Limit Theorem
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
The House of Quality.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

17. What is the center line of a p-chart?
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

18. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Outside.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

19. What is Value Stream Mapping?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

20. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Pleasing to the senses.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
They move closer to the center line.

21. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

22. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
QFD

23. What is a CAVE man?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
5%
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

24. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

25. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

26. Affinity Diagrams
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Deming.

27. For what is a p-chart used?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

28. What does DMAIC stand for?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
QFD
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

29. List two appraisal costs.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

30. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

31. What is the role of a black belt?
Mean time to failure.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

32. DFMEA
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

33. FMEA
Represents the behavior of a process
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

34. List two components of prevention cost.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

35. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Taguchi

36. What is the role of a green belt?
Mean time to failure.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

37. Detection Criteria Ranking
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Mean time to replacement.
Outside.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

38. List two components of external failure.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Not necessarily.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

39. What is a spaghetti diagram?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

40. What is poka yoke?
Mistake-proofing.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Mean time to replacement.

41. Definition of Interaction
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
95%
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

42. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

43. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

44. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
99.73%
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

45. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Blame.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

46. What is a run chart?
A time series plot.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Waste.
Can't tell without a Range chart.

47. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Producer risk.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Mean time to failure.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

48. What is process capability?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

49. What is FMEA?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Taguchi
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

50. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Attribute.
Kaoru Ishikawa.