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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Producer risk.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

2. What is the 5S model?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

3. What is an affinity diagram?
QFD
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Lower control limit.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

4. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Outside.

5. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
50%
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Attribute
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

6. Presence of interaction effect
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Can't tell without a Range chart.

7. ANOVA

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8. What are the 5 Ss?
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Taguchi
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

9. Statistical Hypothesis
Not necessarily.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

10. What is a Pareto chart?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

11. Manual Test for Nomality
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Taguchi
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

12. What is process capability?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

13. What is a dashboard?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

14. What is the formula for standard deviation?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

15. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Attribute
Consumer risk.
Walter A. Shewhart
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

16. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
QFD
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

17. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Is what induces the failure

18. What is Kaizen?
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Rapid improvement process.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

19. Define takt time.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Mistake-proofing.

20. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

21. Test for constant variance
Can't tell without a Range chart.
The Japanese national quality award.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Attribute

22. Risk Priority Number RPN
Critical to quality.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

23. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

24. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

25. What is the role of a green belt?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Lower control limit.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

26. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Workers - machines - materials.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
X-bar-bar
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

27. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

28. What is Value Stream Mapping?
They move closer to the center line.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
68%

29. Defect check sheets
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Brand image.

30. Define performance quality.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
100%

31. Failure Mode
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

32. Regression Analysis
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Walter A. Shewhart
A scatterplot.
Deming.

33. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Lower control limit.

34. Daniel Test
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
95%
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

35. What is a CAVE man?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
The House of Quality.

36. Failure effect
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Before production starts
Is the consequence of the failure.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

37. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
50%
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
The House of Quality.

38. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
X-bar-bar
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

39. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
100%
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

40. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
95%
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

41. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Attribute.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

42. Creating a Run Chart
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

43. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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44. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Fitness for use.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
They move closer to the center line.
Variable.

45. Affinity Diagrams
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Taguchi
Rapid improvement process.

46. What is DMADV?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The Japanese national quality award.
95%

47. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
A scatterplot.
The House of Quality.
The US national quality award.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

48. Define features.
Upper control limit.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

49. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
They move closer to the center line.
Is what induces the failure

50. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
100%
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.