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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define product reliability.
Lower control limit.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
A time series plot.
Mean time to failure.

2. Histogram by Hand
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
X-bar-bar
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Consumer risk.

3. Daniel Test
Fitness for use.
Controlling quality at the source.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

4. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
50%
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Attribute
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

5. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Producer risk.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

6. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
A scatterplot.
Consumer risk.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

7. Stratified defect check sheets
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Consumer risk.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

8. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

9. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Attribute
Central Limit Theorem
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

10. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The Japanese national quality award.
Consumer risk.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

11. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Not necessarily.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

12. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
99.73%
Variable.
50%
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

13. Failure effect
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Is the consequence of the failure.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

14. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Fitness for use.
Pleasing to the senses.
A time series plot.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

15. What is poka yoke?
Is what induces the failure
Mistake-proofing.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
QFD

16. List two components of internal failure.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
100%
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

17. Residual(eij)
50%
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

18. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Not necessarily.

19. What is a Gage R&R?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Mistake-proofing.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

20. Regression Analysis
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

21. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Conformance to specifications.
Mean time to failure.
Variable.

22. In a Z table - what is Z?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

23. What is a Gantt chart?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
QFD
The Japanese national quality award.
Fitness for use.

24. How does Juran define quality?
Fitness for use.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Is the consequence of the failure.

25. What is a CAVE man?
Not necessarily.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Waste.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

26. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

27. Define conformance quality.
Waste.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

28. What does DMAIC stand for?
Taguchi
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

29. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Controlling quality at the source.

30. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
50%
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

31. ANOVA

32. Define yield.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Is what induces the failure

33. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
The House of Quality.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Mistake-proofing.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

34. What are the 5 Ss?
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

35. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Taguchi
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Mean time to replacement.
Critical to quality.

36. What is Type 1 Error?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

37. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

38. List two components of external failure.
Conformance to specifications.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

39. What is a spaghetti diagram?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Kaoru Ishikawa.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Producer risk.

40. What is the role of a black belt?
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Mean time to replacement.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
To manage the Six Sigma project.

41. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Not necessarily.

42. What is Kaizen?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
They move closer to the center line.
Rapid improvement process.

43. DFMEA
Waste.
The US national quality award.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

44. When is Cpk used?
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

45. Test for constant variance
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

46. Test for Independence
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
QFD
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

47. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
A time series plot.

48. What is Little's Law?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

49. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Taguchi
Variable.
Walter A. Shewhart

50. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).