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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Regression Analysis
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
99.73%
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

2. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Lower control limit.
Upper control limit.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

3. What is muda
Is the consequence of the failure.
Waste.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

4. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Waste.
Critical to quality.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

5. What do you do when a process is out of control?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Fitness for use.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

6. Failure cause
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Is what induces the failure
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

7. Failure effect
Central Limit Theorem
Is the consequence of the failure.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
The cycle time required to meet demand.

8. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
QFD
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
99.73%

9. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Fitness for use.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

10. Risk Priority Number RPN
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Defects Per Million Opportunities
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

11. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Producer risk.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
99.73%

12. Define benchmarking.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Represents the behavior of a process

13. What is Kaizen?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
99.73%
Represents the behavior of a process
Rapid improvement process.

14. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
Deming.
50%
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

15. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

16. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
X-bar-bar
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
They move closer to the center line.

17. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Consumer risk.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Waste.
95%

18. Test for constant variance
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
68%
Can't tell without a Range chart.

19. Define yield.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

20. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Deming.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

21. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
Central Limit Theorem
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

22. Statistical Hypothesis
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Conformance to specifications.

23. Process occurance ranking
Attribute
Before production starts
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

24. What are the 5 Ss?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

25. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
Not necessarily.
X-bar-bar
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

26. What are the four regression assumptions?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

27. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Taguchi
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

28. In a Z table - what is Z?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

29. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Central Limit Theorem

30. What is a dashboard?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

31. DOE
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

32. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
10 if Almost impossible to detect

33. Affinity Diagrams
Variable.
A time series plot.
50%
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

34. DFMEA
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

35. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
95%
Represents the behavior of a process
Variable.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

36. Pareto Analysis
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
X-bar-bar
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

37. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
5%
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

38. The Test Statistic (TS)
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
10 if Almost impossible to detect

39. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Rapid improvement process.

40. F value
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Taguchi

41. What is the Baldrige Award?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
The US national quality award.

42. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

43. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Consumer risk.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
They move closer to the center line.

44. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

45. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
The Japanese national quality award.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

46. List two components of external failure.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

47. What is Type 1 Error?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

48. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
50%
100%

49. What does DMAIC stand for?
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

50. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
5%
Observed variation in response is caused by the input