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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define features.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

2. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Attribute
Mean time to replacement.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

3. What is the Baldrige Award?
The US national quality award.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Defects Per Million Opportunities
50%

4. Regression Analysis
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Before production starts

5. What do you do when a process is out of control?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Brand image.

6. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Variable.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
100%

7. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

8. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

9. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
100%
Mean time to failure.
The Japanese national quality award.
Deming.

10. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
100%

11. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

12. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Variable.

13. What is Type 1 Error?
Brand image.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Pleasing to the senses.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

14. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
QFD
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

15. List two components of internal failure.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Attribute
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

16. One factor at a time (OFAT)
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
100%
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

17. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
100%
Upper control limit.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

18. What is Value Stream Mapping?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Is what induces the failure

19. What is the role of a master black belt?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Critical to quality.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

20. Affinity Diagrams
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

21. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Fitness for use.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

22. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Defects Per Million Opportunities
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Blame.

23. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Mean time to failure.

24. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Producer risk.
Workers - machines - materials.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

25. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
99.73%
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

26. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
X-bar-bar
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

27. What is a network diagram?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

28. What is CTQ?
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Critical to quality.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

29. What is Type II Error?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

30. Define benchmarking.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

31. What is the role of a green belt?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

32. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

33. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Defects Per Million Opportunities

34. Who is a process owner?
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Before production starts

35. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
5%
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Producer risk.

36. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
99.73%
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Upper control limit.

37. Advantages of DOE
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

38. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

39. What is a Pareto chart?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Attribute.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

40. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Lean (or JIT).
Brand image.

41. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
Deming.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
QFD

42. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Is what induces the failure
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Lower control limit.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

43. What is a Gage R&R?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

44. Define aesthetic quality.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Blame.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Pleasing to the senses.

45. Daniel Test
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Represents the behavior of a process
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Conformance to specifications.

46. Test for constant variance
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Upper control limit.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

47. In a Z table - what is Z?
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

48. What is process capability?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Consumer risk.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

49. Define durability.
Mean time to replacement.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

50. Risk Priority Number RPN
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity