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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
50%
68%
The US national quality award.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

2. What is the role of a green belt?
Taguchi
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
No -- only if the process is also capable.

3. What is a dashboard?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

4. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Can't tell without a Range chart.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
95%
10 if Almost impossible to detect

5. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
Taguchi
Waste.
The House of Quality.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

6. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

7. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Brand image.

8. List two components of internal failure.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

9. What is the role of a master black belt?
A time series plot.
Brand image.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
50%

10. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Controlling quality at the source.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

11. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Mean time to replacement.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

12. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Not necessarily.
Walter A. Shewhart

13. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
The House of Quality.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
99.73%

14. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

15. What is FMEA?
The House of Quality.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

16. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

17. Define product reliability.
Mean time to failure.
Taguchi
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

18. What is an affinity diagram?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

19. What is the 5S model?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

20. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

21. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
5%
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Waste.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

22. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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23. Regression Analysis
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

24. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

25. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

26. List two appraisal costs.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Lean (or JIT).
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

27. Test for Independence
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Kaoru Ishikawa.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

28. What is Jidoka?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Controlling quality at the source.

29. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
10 if Almost impossible to detect
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
X-bar-bar
QFD

30. What is a Pareto chart?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Variable.

31. Residual(eij)
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Blame.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

32. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Consumer risk.
Variable.
95%

33. Define features.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
50%
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Attribute.

34. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Lower control limit.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Attribute

35. What is a CAVE man?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

36. Manual Test for Nomality
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Upper control limit.

37. What is a Gantt chart?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Walter A. Shewhart

38. Failure cause
Is what induces the failure
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

39. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

40. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

41. Residual
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

42. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

43. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
QFD
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

44. FMEA
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Waste.

45. Failure Mode
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Central Limit Theorem

46. Creating a Run Chart
Blame.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
To manage the Six Sigma project.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

47. What is a run chart?
A time series plot.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Rapid improvement process.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

48. FMEA
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Critical to quality.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

49. Pareto Analysis
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Kaoru Ishikawa.

50. What is the Baldrige Award?
The US national quality award.
5%
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.