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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Lower control limit.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

2. Define serviceability.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

3. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
Is the consequence of the failure.
X-bar-bar
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

4. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
The House of Quality.
99.73%

5. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
A time series plot.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

6. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
100%
50%
Conformance to specifications.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

7. Statistical Hypothesis
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
They move closer to the center line.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

8. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Central Limit Theorem
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

9. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Attribute.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

10. For what is a p-chart used?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Controlling quality at the source.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

11. Presence of interaction effect
68%
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

12. What is FMEA?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Attribute.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

13. Failure cause
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
50%
Is what induces the failure
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

14. What is the Baldrige Award?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
The US national quality award.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Consumer risk.

15. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Critical to quality.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Consumer risk.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

16. Stratified defect check sheets
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Is the consequence of the failure.

17. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
68%
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Pleasing to the senses.

18. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Waste.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
QFD

19. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Workers - machines - materials.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

20. Failure effect
Attribute
Variable.
Is the consequence of the failure.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

21. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Upper control limit.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

22. Regression Analysis
The US national quality award.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

23. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

24. Daniel Test
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

25. What are the 5 Ss?
95%
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

26. Define aesthetic quality.
Pleasing to the senses.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Mistake-proofing.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

27. Define conformance quality.
Before production starts
Lower control limit.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

28. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
They move closer to the center line.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

29. What is Kaizen?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Rapid improvement process.
Consumer risk.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

30. What is the formula for standard deviation?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

31. How does Juran define quality?
The Japanese national quality award.
Fitness for use.
They move closer to the center line.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

32. Risk Priority Number RPN
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

33. What is DMADV?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

34. What is CTQ?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Critical to quality.

35. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Represents the behavior of a process
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

36. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Consumer risk.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

37. Detection Criteria Ranking
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

38. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Workers - machines - materials.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

39. What is a histogram?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

40. What is the center line of a p-chart?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

41. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Lean (or JIT).
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

42. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Waste.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
99.73%

43. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Blame.

44. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Not necessarily.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

45. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Fitness for use.
Outside.

46. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
The House of Quality.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Walter A. Shewhart
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

47. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
The US national quality award.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

48. What is a Gantt chart?
99.73%
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Deming.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

49. Define takt time.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

50. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Lower control limit.
QFD
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Workers - machines - materials.