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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Deming.
Conformance to specifications.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

2. In a Z table - what is Z?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

3. ANOVA

4. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
5%
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Central Limit Theorem
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

5. What is a spaghetti diagram?
Attribute.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Pleasing to the senses.
Central Limit Theorem

6. Define takt time.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

7. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
99.73%

8. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Attribute
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

9. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Kaoru Ishikawa.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

10. Manual Test for Nomality
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

11. What is the 5S model?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Lean (or JIT).
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

12. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Rapid improvement process.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

13. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
QFD
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Producer risk.

14. Histogram by Hand
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Mean time to replacement.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

15. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
X-bar-bar
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

16. The Test Statistic (TS)
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

17. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
50%
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

18. What is Jidoka?
Lean (or JIT).
Defects Per Million Opportunities
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Controlling quality at the source.

19. What is the role of a black belt?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Not necessarily.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

20. What is Little's Law?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

21. Test for Independence
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
The cycle time required to meet demand.

22. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Taguchi
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

23. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
QFD
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

24. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

25. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
The Japanese national quality award.
68%
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

26. What is Value Stream Mapping?
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Variable.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

27. List two appraisal costs.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Lean (or JIT).
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

28. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

29. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Kaoru Ishikawa.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

30. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
68%
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

31. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

32. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Variable.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

33. What is CTQ?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Critical to quality.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

34. What is Type II Error?
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

35. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
QFD
A scatterplot.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

36. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
QFD
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

37. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Variable.
Outside.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

38. List two components of external failure.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

39. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Lower control limit.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

40. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

41. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
QFD
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Mean time to failure.
Variable.

42. Failure cause
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Is what induces the failure
Before production starts

43. What is a CAVE man?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

44. Residual(eij)
X-bar-bar
Controlling quality at the source.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

45. Detection Criteria Ranking
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
10 if Almost impossible to detect
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

46. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

47. What are the four regression assumptions?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

48. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Walter A. Shewhart
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Variable.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

49. Failure Mode
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

50. FMEA
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

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Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Search BasicVersity Tests

Browse BasicVersity

3d Computer Modeling

Actionscript

Adobe Flash

Adobe Illustrator

Adobe Illustrator Shortcuts

Adobe Indesign Publishing

Adobe Photoshop CS 2 - CS 3

Adobe Photoshop CS 5

Adobe Photoshop CS 5 Keyboard Shortcuts

Adobe Photoshop Graphic Design

Adobe Photoshop Tools And Commands

Adobe Premiere Keyboard Shortcuts

Adobe Premiere Pro

After Effects Keyboard Shortcuts

Agile Development

Agile Scrum Methodology

Ajax

Android Programming

Animation

Asp.net Programming