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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define serviceability.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Before production starts

2. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

3. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
The US national quality award.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

4. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Rapid improvement process.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

5. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
A scatterplot.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

6. Definition of Interaction
Workers - machines - materials.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

7. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
A time series plot.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

8. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

9. Define takt time.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Defects Per Million Opportunities
The cycle time required to meet demand.

10. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

11. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

12. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

13. What is the Deming Prize?
The Japanese national quality award.
100%
Lower control limit.
68%

14. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Variable.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

15. What is DMADV?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Central Limit Theorem
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

16. For what is a p-chart used?
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
100%
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

17. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Not necessarily.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

18. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
Conformance to specifications.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Workers - machines - materials.
50%

19. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Brand image.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Not necessarily.

20. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Variable.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

21. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Brand image.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

22. What is Jidoka?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Controlling quality at the source.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

23. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
The cycle time required to meet demand.

24. Test for constant variance
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

25. What is the role of a green belt?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Taguchi

26. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Workers - machines - materials.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
99.73%

27. List two appraisal costs.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

28. Regression
Taguchi
100%
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Represents the behavior of a process

29. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
68%

30. Statistical Hypothesis
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
A scatterplot.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

31. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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32. What is muda
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Waste.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

33. Residual
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Waste.

34. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Represents the behavior of a process
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
They move closer to the center line.

35. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Attribute.

36. Histogram by Hand
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

37. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Producer risk.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

38. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Upper control limit.
X-bar-bar

39. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Represents the behavior of a process
Central Limit Theorem
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

40. What is a Pareto chart?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
The House of Quality.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

41. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
100%

42. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Blame.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

43. Failure effect
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Is what induces the failure
Is the consequence of the failure.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

44. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

45. What is a Gage R&R?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

46. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

47. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Walter A. Shewhart

48. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Conformance to specifications.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

49. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Workers - machines - materials.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

50. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.