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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Test for constant variance
Taguchi
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

2. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Outside.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

3. The Test Statistic (TS)
Represents the behavior of a process
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Is what induces the failure
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

4. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Lean (or JIT).

5. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Before production starts

6. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

7. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

8. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Taguchi
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Upper control limit.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

9. What does SIPOC stand for?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Consumer risk.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

10. Define takt time.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

11. What is a histogram?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

12. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Central Limit Theorem

13. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Pleasing to the senses.

14. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Variable.
The House of Quality.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Producer risk.

15. Process check sheets
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
The Japanese national quality award.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
To manage the Six Sigma project.

16. Manual Test for Nomality
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
X-bar-bar
The Japanese national quality award.

17. PFMEA
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Before production starts
Critical to quality.

18. What is Type 1 Error?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Fitness for use.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

19. Creating a Run Chart
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Controlling quality at the source.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

20. What is the role of a black belt?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Upper control limit.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

21. What are the 5 Ss?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
They move closer to the center line.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

22. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
A scatterplot.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
They move closer to the center line.
Fitness for use.

23. Process occurance ranking
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

24. FMEA
Walter A. Shewhart
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

25. What is a Pareto chart?
Upper control limit.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Outside.

26. What does DMAIC stand for?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
They move closer to the center line.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

27. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

28. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Outside.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

29. What is poka yoke?
Deming.
Walter A. Shewhart
Mistake-proofing.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

30. What is a dashboard?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
10 if Almost impossible to detect

31. Who is a process owner?
Central Limit Theorem
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
QFD
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

32. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
Before production starts
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
95%
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

33. What is the role of a master black belt?
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

34. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

35. For what is an x-bar chart used?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

36. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
5%
Central Limit Theorem
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

37. Affinity Diagrams
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
The House of Quality.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

38. Uses of regression - Control
Represents the behavior of a process
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
5%

39. What is FMEA?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

40. Statistical Hypothesis
Blame.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

41. Advantages of DOE
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

42. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
The Japanese national quality award.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

43. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
They move closer to the center line.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Deming.

44. ANOVA

45. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
A scatterplot.

46. Risk Priority Number RPN
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

47. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

48. Failure Mode
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
X-bar-bar
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

49. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Is what induces the failure
The House of Quality.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

50. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Blame.