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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a CAVE man?
Controlling quality at the source.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

2. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

3. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Variable.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

4. One factor at a time (OFAT)
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Lower control limit.

5. What are the four regression assumptions?
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Mean time to replacement.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

6. What is Type 1 Error?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Outside.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

7. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
A scatterplot.
Deming.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

8. What is process capability?
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

9. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Central Limit Theorem
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Is what induces the failure

10. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Blame.

11. Presence of interaction effect
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Mean time to replacement.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

12. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
95%
Represents the behavior of a process
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

13. Creating a Run Chart
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Fitness for use.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

14. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Taguchi
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

15. ANOVA

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16. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
68%
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

17. Define durability.
Mean time to replacement.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Fitness for use.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

18. What is a network diagram?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
95%
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

19. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Is what induces the failure
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

20. What is a Pareto chart?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Is what induces the failure
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

21. Pareto Analysis
Consumer risk.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

22. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
99.73%

23. How does Juran define quality?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Fitness for use.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

24. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Outside.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

25. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Not necessarily.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

26. Define product reliability.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Mean time to failure.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

27. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
X-bar-bar
Critical to quality.

28. DFMEA
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

29. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Fitness for use.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

30. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Mean time to failure.

31. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

32. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

33. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
A time series plot.
Mean time to replacement.

34. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Attribute

35. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Upper control limit.
Variable.
5%
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

36. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Fitness for use.

37. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Producer risk.

38. In a Z table - what is Z?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Pleasing to the senses.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

39. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Conformance to specifications.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

40. What is Type II Error?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Blame.

41. Uses of regression - Control
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

42. What is DPMO?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

43. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

44. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Producer risk.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

45. Risk Priority Number RPN
Is the consequence of the failure.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Critical to quality.

46. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Brand image.

47. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Lower control limit.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Upper control limit.

48. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
The House of Quality.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
They move closer to the center line.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

49. What is the role of a green belt?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
68%

50. What does SIPOC stand for?
A time series plot.
50%
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value