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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the Deming Prize?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Pleasing to the senses.
The Japanese national quality award.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

2. Define aesthetic quality.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Pleasing to the senses.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

3. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Mean time to failure.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

4. For what is a p-chart used?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

5. Stratified defect check sheets
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

6. Disadvantages of DOE

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7. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
50%
5%
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
A time series plot.

8. Uses of regression - Control
Before production starts
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
A scatterplot.

9. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Conformance to specifications.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

10. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

11. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
99.73%

12. Failure effect
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Is the consequence of the failure.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

13. What is a dashboard?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Blame.
The Japanese national quality award.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

14. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Brand image.
A scatterplot.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

15. Define product reliability.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Mean time to failure.

16. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Pleasing to the senses.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Upper control limit.
Deming.

17. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

18. What is Type 1 Error?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Blame.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

19. Detection Criteria Ranking
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

20. What is a network diagram?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

21. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Workers - machines - materials.
The House of Quality.
99.73%
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

22. List two components of prevention cost.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Conformance to specifications.

23. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
They move closer to the center line.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

24. In a Z table - what is Z?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

25. What are the 5 Ss?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

26. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
The House of Quality.
Walter A. Shewhart

27. DOE
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Rapid improvement process.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

28. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Attribute
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Controlling quality at the source.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

29. What is poka yoke?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Mistake-proofing.
Mean time to replacement.

30. Cause and Effect Diagrams
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Mean time to failure.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

31. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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32. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

33. Manual Test for Nomality
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Workers - machines - materials.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

34. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
68%
Defects Per Million Opportunities

35. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Mistake-proofing.

36. What is a spaghetti diagram?
Outside.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
10 if Almost impossible to detect
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

37. The Test Statistic (TS)
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

38. What is a run chart?
A time series plot.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

39. What is Kaizen?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Rapid improvement process.
Lower control limit.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

40. Regression
Represents the behavior of a process
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
5%
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

41. What is a Pareto chart?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

42. FMEA
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

43. For what is an x-bar chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

44. Affinity Diagrams
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

45. What is the 5S model?
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
They move closer to the center line.

46. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
50%
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

47. What is the formula for standard deviation?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Mean time to replacement.

48. What is a histogram?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

49. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Outside.

50. What is DMADV?
Workers - machines - materials.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.