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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define product reliability.
Mean time to failure.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Not necessarily.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

2. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Lower control limit.
95%
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

3. What is the Deming Prize?
Critical to quality.
Attribute.
The Japanese national quality award.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

4. Definition of Interaction
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Variable.

5. List two components of prevention cost.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
A scatterplot.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

6. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
99.73%
Consumer risk.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

7. Risk Priority Number RPN
Deming.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Producer risk.
Pleasing to the senses.

8. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
68%
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Mean time to failure.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

9. Uses of regression
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Outside.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

10. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Producer risk.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

11. DOE
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

12. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Variable.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

13. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

14. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Conformance to specifications.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
The Japanese national quality award.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

15. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Deming.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

16. DFMEA
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

17. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

18. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Mistake-proofing.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

19. What is the Baldrige Award?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
The US national quality award.

20. Regression
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Represents the behavior of a process
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

21. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Variable.

22. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Deming.
Upper control limit.

23. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

24. What is poka yoke?
The House of Quality.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Outside.
Mistake-proofing.

25. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Not necessarily.
The House of Quality.
Deming.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

26. What is a dashboard?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

27. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
0.9^3 or 72.9%
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

28. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Before production starts
A scatterplot.
QFD
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

29. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Is what induces the failure
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

30. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Taguchi
Upper control limit.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

31. Affinity Diagrams
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

32. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Walter A. Shewhart
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

33. Define aesthetic quality.
Pleasing to the senses.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

34. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
50%

35. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

36. The Test Statistic (TS)
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
0.9^3 or 72.9%
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

37. Define conformance quality.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

38. F value
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

39. Regression Analysis
95%
Conformance to specifications.
A scatterplot.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

40. Define yield.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

41. Define features.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
0.9^3 or 72.9%

42. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Conformance to specifications.
Pleasing to the senses.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

43. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
They move closer to the center line.

44. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Controlling quality at the source.
Central Limit Theorem
95%
Represents the behavior of a process

45. What is a run chart?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
95%
A time series plot.

46. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

47. What is a spaghetti diagram?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Workers - machines - materials.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

48. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
100%
Blame.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

49. When is Cpk used?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
A scatterplot.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

50. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Not necessarily.
Attribute.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Blame.