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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In a Z table - what is Z?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

2. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

3. Failure effect
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

4. Test for Independence
Is the consequence of the failure.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

5. Manual Test for Nomality
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Workers - machines - materials.

6. Define benchmarking.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Producer risk.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

7. What is Type 1 Error?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The US national quality award.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

8. Define yield.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Conformance to specifications.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

9. DFMEA
Producer risk.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Controlling quality at the source.

10. Cause and Effect Diagrams
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

11. Affinity Diagrams
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Consumer risk.
Not necessarily.

12. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Lean (or JIT).
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Variable.
Upper control limit.

13. For what is a p-chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Lean (or JIT).
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

14. Statistical Hypothesis
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

15. Define durability.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Mean time to replacement.
Can't tell without a Range chart.

16. Pareto Analysis
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Lean (or JIT).
Kaoru Ishikawa.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

17. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
95%
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Fitness for use.

18. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Walter A. Shewhart
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
100%
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

19. What is the 5S model?
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

20. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

21. ANOVA

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22. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Upper control limit.

23. What are the 5 Ss?
Producer risk.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

24. What is a spaghetti diagram?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
50%
Can't tell without a Range chart.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

25. When is Cpk used?
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Consumer risk.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

26. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Workers - machines - materials.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Blame.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

27. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Producer risk.

28. What is a CAVE man?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

29. Disadvantages of DOE

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30. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

31. For what is an x-bar chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

32. Daniel Test
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Variable.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

33. Define features.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

34. Affinity Diagrams
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Conformance to specifications.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

35. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

36. What is a histogram?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

37. Creating a Run Chart
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
The Japanese national quality award.

38. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

39. Failure cause
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Is what induces the failure
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

40. Regression Analysis
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Is what induces the failure
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

41. What is Little's Law?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

42. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Variable.

43. What is Type II Error?
Controlling quality at the source.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

44. What is an affinity diagram?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

45. What is the Baldrige Award?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The US national quality award.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

46. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

47. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Consumer risk.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

48. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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49. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Brand image.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

50. What is FMEA?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.