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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Detection Criteria Ranking
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
99.73%
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

2. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Can't tell without a Range chart.
68%

3. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Waste.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Upper control limit.

4. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Lean (or JIT).
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

5. Define features.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Can't tell without a Range chart.

6. Define product reliability.
Mean time to failure.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

7. Presence of interaction effect
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

8. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Deming.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

9. What is the role of a green belt?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

10. Histogram by Hand
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Outside.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Lean (or JIT).

11. Uses of regression - Control
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

12. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Blame.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

13. Define yield.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Workers - machines - materials.

14. Residual
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

15. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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16. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Lower control limit.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

17. Advantages of DOE
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Lean (or JIT).
0.9^3 or 72.9%

18. What is DPMO?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Before production starts
Consumer risk.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

19. Process occurance ranking
Before production starts
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

20. Failure effect
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Is the consequence of the failure.
Attribute
Fitness for use.

21. What is an affinity diagram?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

22. Pareto Analysis
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Critical to quality.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

23. What is DMADV?
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
95%

24. List two components of external failure.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

25. Define performance quality.
Mistake-proofing.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

26. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
50%
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Controlling quality at the source.

27. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

28. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
Represents the behavior of a process
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

29. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

30. FMEA
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

31. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

32. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
The House of Quality.

33. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Not necessarily.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

34. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Workers - machines - materials.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

35. What is Kaizen?
Rapid improvement process.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

36. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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37. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

38. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Fitness for use.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
5%

39. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

40. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

41. Failure Mode
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

42. Statistical Hypothesis
Mean time to failure.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

43. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
95%
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

44. Manual Test for Nomality
Walter A. Shewhart
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Attribute
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

45. Regression
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
68%
Represents the behavior of a process
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

46. Process check sheets
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
The House of Quality.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

47. What is a network diagram?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

48. Define serviceability.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

49. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Consumer risk.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

50. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Variable.
Taguchi