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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Consumer risk.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

2. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Defects Per Million Opportunities

3. Define yield.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

4. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Walter A. Shewhart
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

5. Histogram by Hand
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
68%

6. Define features.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Represents the behavior of a process
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

7. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
X-bar-bar
No -- only if the process is also capable.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

8. What is a Gantt chart?
The Japanese national quality award.
The House of Quality.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

9. Pareto Analysis
Before production starts
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

10. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
The Japanese national quality award.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

11. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

12. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Brand image.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

13. Define takt time.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
The cycle time required to meet demand.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

14. FMEA
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Can't tell without a Range chart.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

15. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

16. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
A scatterplot.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

17. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
95%

18. What is Type II Error?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

19. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Attribute

20. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
99.73%
Conformance to specifications.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

21. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Walter A. Shewhart
To manage the Six Sigma project.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Consumer risk.

22. Define performance quality.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

23. Creating a Run Chart
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

24. Regression Analysis
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

25. Process check sheets
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Upper control limit.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

26. What does SIPOC stand for?
Mistake-proofing.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Outside.

27. List two components of external failure.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
X-bar-bar

28. What is an affinity diagram?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Controlling quality at the source.

29. What is Jidoka?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Controlling quality at the source.

30. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
No -- only if the process is also capable.

31. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Consumer risk.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
95%
Before production starts

32. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Can't tell without a Range chart.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Attribute.

33. Define aesthetic quality.
Before production starts
Pleasing to the senses.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

34. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Controlling quality at the source.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Pleasing to the senses.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

35. Process occurance ranking
Mistake-proofing.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

36. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Mistake-proofing.

37. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

38. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Critical to quality.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

39. For what is a p-chart used?
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

40. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

41. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

42. ANOVA

43. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
5%
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

44. How does Juran define quality?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Fitness for use.

45. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

46. What is Kaizen?
Attribute.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Rapid improvement process.
Lower control limit.

47. Detection Criteria Ranking
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Brand image.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

48. What is muda
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Lower control limit.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Waste.

49. What is the 5S model?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Producer risk.
The cycle time required to meet demand.

50. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.