Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Producer risk.
X-bar-bar
Attribute

2. FMEA
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
100%

3. What is muda
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Waste.
QFD
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

4. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Not necessarily.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

5. List two components of internal failure.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Blame.
QFD

6. ANOVA

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

7. Manual Test for Nomality
The House of Quality.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

8. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
The Japanese national quality award.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

9. Defect check sheets
Critical to quality.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

10. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

11. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Represents the behavior of a process
Blame.

12. What do you do when a process is out of control?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

13. What is the Baldrige Award?
The US national quality award.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
95%
0.9^3 or 72.9%

14. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
Upper control limit.
The House of Quality.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

15. Define aesthetic quality.
Pleasing to the senses.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Fitness for use.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

16. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
68%
Deming.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

17. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Variable.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

18. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Waste.

19. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

20. DFMEA
95%
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

21. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

22. Defect location check sheets
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

23. Affinity Diagrams
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Not necessarily.

24. What is the role of a green belt?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Workers - machines - materials.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

25. Define yield.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Blame.

26. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Lean (or JIT).
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Critical to quality.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

27. Define benchmarking.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

28. Residual(eij)
Walter A. Shewhart
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

29. Process occurance ranking
Fitness for use.
Lean (or JIT).
They move closer to the center line.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

30. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Taguchi
Variable.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

31. Detection Criteria Ranking
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Lower control limit.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

32. The Test Statistic (TS)
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

33. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

34. Disadvantages of DOE

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

35. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

36. Failure effect
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Is the consequence of the failure.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Attribute

37. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Workers - machines - materials.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

38. Histogram by Hand
50%
Mistake-proofing.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

39. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

40. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

41. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Attribute
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

42. What is poka yoke?
The Japanese national quality award.
Mistake-proofing.
Critical to quality.
Mean time to failure.

43. Define product reliability.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Mean time to failure.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

44. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Central Limit Theorem
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
A scatterplot.

45. What is Kaizen?
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Rapid improvement process.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

46. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

47. What is the 5S model?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

48. Pareto Analysis
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

49. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Blame.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
No -- only if the process is also capable.

50. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Upper control limit.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none