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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

2. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Lower control limit.
5%
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

3. What is Type II Error?
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

4. What is a CAVE man?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

5. Risk Priority Number RPN
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Rapid improvement process.

6. Defect location check sheets
Conformance to specifications.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

7. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Defects Per Million Opportunities
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Lower control limit.

8. Creating a Run Chart
Brand image.
The Japanese national quality award.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

9. FMEA
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

10. Define durability.
Mean time to replacement.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

11. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
10 if Almost impossible to detect

12. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Producer risk.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

13. Residual
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

14. What is Kaizen?
Rapid improvement process.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Producer risk.

15. Presence of interaction effect
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Rapid improvement process.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

16. Who is a process owner?
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
The Japanese national quality award.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

17. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

18. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
5%
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Mistake-proofing.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

19. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
Consumer risk.
Attribute.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

20. What is CTQ?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Critical to quality.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Brand image.

21. What is a dashboard?
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

22. Detection Criteria Ranking
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

23. What is Value Stream Mapping?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

24. Stratified defect check sheets
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
X-bar-bar

25. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Workers - machines - materials.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Deming.

26. For what is a p-chart used?
Pleasing to the senses.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

27. Test for constant variance
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Attribute
Brand image.

28. What is Jidoka?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Controlling quality at the source.

29. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

30. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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31. What is Type 1 Error?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

32. Failure effect
Is the consequence of the failure.
Outside.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Variable.

33. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
A scatterplot.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Mean time to failure.

34. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Producer risk.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

35. Define features.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Controlling quality at the source.

36. Define yield.
Variable.
Walter A. Shewhart
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

37. What is a Gage R&R?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

38. What is muda
Waste.
Workers - machines - materials.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

39. What is a Pareto chart?
Fitness for use.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

40. Statistical Hypothesis
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Defects Per Million Opportunities

41. Defect check sheets
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Waste.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Is what induces the failure

42. Define performance quality.
Critical to quality.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Blame.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

43. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Represents the behavior of a process
Deming.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

44. What is the Baldrige Award?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
The US national quality award.
Pleasing to the senses.

45. What is the role of a green belt?
100%
A time series plot.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Lower control limit.

46. What are the 5 Ss?
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Central Limit Theorem

47. What is a run chart?
QFD
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
A time series plot.

48. One factor at a time (OFAT)
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

49. Define conformance quality.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Fitness for use.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

50. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.