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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. F value
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Mean time to replacement.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

2. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

3. Process check sheets
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Controlling quality at the source.
Is what induces the failure
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

4. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
50%

5. PFMEA
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Before production starts
The House of Quality.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

6. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Blame.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

7. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

8. What is Jidoka?
Controlling quality at the source.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

9. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
QFD
Central Limit Theorem
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

10. Test for constant variance
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
68%
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

11. List two components of prevention cost.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Variable.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

12. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
95%
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

13. Who is a process owner?
Producer risk.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

14. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Central Limit Theorem

15. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

16. What is muda
Waste.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

17. What is Type 1 Error?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
A scatterplot.

18. Define features.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Conformance to specifications.

19. What is a Gantt chart?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

20. Definition of Interaction
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
5%
Central Limit Theorem

21. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

22. Residual
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

23. What is DPMO?
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

24. Histogram by Hand
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

25. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
The cycle time required to meet demand.
68%
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

26. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
They move closer to the center line.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
The House of Quality.

27. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Variable.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

28. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
A scatterplot.
Pleasing to the senses.

29. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

30. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Workers - machines - materials.
Is what induces the failure

31. Define aesthetic quality.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Pleasing to the senses.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

32. Define conformance quality.
Mean time to failure.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

33. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Producer risk.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

34. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Variable.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

35. What is the role of a master black belt?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

36. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

37. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

38. What is poka yoke?
Mistake-proofing.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

39. How does Juran define quality?
Fitness for use.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

40. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Variable.

41. What is the role of a black belt?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Upper control limit.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

42. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Attribute.

43. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Critical to quality.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

44. What is Value Stream Mapping?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

45. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

46. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Variable.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

47. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
A scatterplot.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

48. What is a CAVE man?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Controlling quality at the source.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

49. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Consumer risk.

50. What does SIPOC stand for?
The US national quality award.
Taguchi
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.