Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
A scatterplot.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Lean (or JIT).

2. Pareto Analysis
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Attribute
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

3. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Variable.
Brand image.

4. List two components of internal failure.
Conformance to specifications.
Producer risk.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Is the consequence of the failure.

5. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Is what induces the failure
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Not necessarily.

6. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
X-bar-bar
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

7. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Controlling quality at the source.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

8. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Variable.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

9. What are the four regression assumptions?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

10. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Not necessarily.

11. Defect check sheets
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
The House of Quality.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

12. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
The Japanese national quality award.

13. What is Type II Error?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

14. For what is a p-chart used?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

15. One factor at a time (OFAT)
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Is what induces the failure

16. Test for constant variance
68%
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Variable.

17. What is the formula for standard deviation?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

18. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Rapid improvement process.
99.73%
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

19. Affinity Diagrams
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Deming.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

20. Statistical Hypothesis
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
The House of Quality.

21. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

22. What does SIPOC stand for?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

23. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Mean time to replacement.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

24. What is the role of a black belt?
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

25. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Consumer risk.

26. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Central Limit Theorem

27. Manual Test for Nomality
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Waste.

28. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
The Japanese national quality award.
50%
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

29. In a Z table - what is Z?
Fitness for use.
Mean time to replacement.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

30. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
A scatterplot.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Producer risk.

31. What is muda
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Waste.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

32. DFMEA
Attribute
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Mean time to replacement.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

33. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Outside.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Attribute
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

34. List two appraisal costs.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

35. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Mistake-proofing.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

36. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Attribute
Attribute.

37. Who is a process owner?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

38. The Test Statistic (TS)
Is what induces the failure
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Rapid improvement process.
Lower control limit.

39. What is a CAVE man?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

40. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

41. Residual(eij)
Waste.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

42. What is CTQ?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Critical to quality.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

43. Daniel Test
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Deming.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Mistake-proofing.

44. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
The cycle time required to meet demand.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Blame.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

45. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

46. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

47. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

48. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

49. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
95%
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

50. FMEA
Attribute.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.