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Test your basic knowledge |
Six Sigma
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
certifications
,
six-sigma
,
business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is the formula for standard deviation?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
2. Define benchmarking.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Critical to quality.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
3. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Pleasing to the senses.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Mean time to replacement.
4. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Mistake-proofing.
Taguchi
5%
99.73%
5. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Variable.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
6. Uses of regression - Control
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Is what induces the failure
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
7. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Blame.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
8. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
100%
Defects Per Million Opportunities
9. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Blame.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
QFD
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
10. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
11. What is an affinity diagram?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
A scatterplot.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
12. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Consumer risk.
Producer risk.
68%
Outside.
13. List two appraisal costs.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
14. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
15. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
QFD
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
A scatterplot.
16. Pareto Analysis
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Outside.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
17. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Pleasing to the senses.
18. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Outside.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
19. Affinity Diagrams
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Before production starts
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
20. What is process capability?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Controlling quality at the source.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
21. What is a Gage R&R?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
22. What is a network diagram?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Is what induces the failure
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
23. Affinity Diagrams
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Walter A. Shewhart
Brand image.
24. Daniel Test
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
0.9^3 or 72.9%
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
25. Manual Test for Nomality
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
26. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
No -- only if the process is also capable.
27. What is FMEA?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
99.73%
28. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Outside.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Attribute
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
29. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
5%
95%
Attribute
30. Who is a process owner?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
31. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Before production starts
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
32. ANOVA
33. PFMEA
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Before production starts
Fitness for use.
34. Presence of interaction effect
Mistake-proofing.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
35. In a Z table - what is Z?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
36. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Mean time to failure.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
37. What is the center line of a p-chart?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
38. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
39. What is CTQ?
Critical to quality.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Fitness for use.
40. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
41. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
The US national quality award.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
95%
42. FMEA
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Attribute
Lean (or JIT).
43. Define features.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Variable.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
44. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Upper control limit.
45. Define takt time.
Outside.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
46. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Deming.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
47. Disadvantages of DOE
48. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
95%
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
49. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Lower control limit.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
50. What is the role of a black belt?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets