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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Detection Criteria Ranking
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
50%
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

2. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

3. Test for constant variance
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

4. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Central Limit Theorem

5. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
The US national quality award.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

6. DFMEA
0.9^3 or 72.9%
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

7. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Brand image.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Workers - machines - materials.

8. Advantages of DOE
0.9^3 or 72.9%
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

9. Test for Independence
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

10. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
50%
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

11. What is the role of a master black belt?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
A scatterplot.

12. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

13. Process check sheets
Attribute.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

14. Regression
Represents the behavior of a process
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Walter A. Shewhart

15. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Controlling quality at the source.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

16. List two components of internal failure.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

17. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Deming.

18. What is FMEA?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

19. List two components of external failure.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

20. Define benchmarking.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Deming.

21. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Variable.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Mean time to replacement.

22. Failure Mode
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Taguchi
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
A time series plot.

23. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Represents the behavior of a process
68%
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

24. What is CTQ?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Producer risk.
Critical to quality.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

25. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
95%
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

26. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

27. What is a spaghetti diagram?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
QFD

28. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
0.9^3 or 72.9%

29. What is Type 1 Error?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

30. Define takt time.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Fitness for use.
Variable.

31. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Producer risk.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
5%

32. What is muda
Mistake-proofing.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Waste.

33. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
50%
100%
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

34. Stratified defect check sheets
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

35. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
A scatterplot.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Controlling quality at the source.

36. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Lower control limit.
Conformance to specifications.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

37. Definition of Interaction
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
5%
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

38. Daniel Test
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
The House of Quality.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
A time series plot.

39. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Workers - machines - materials.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

40. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Lean (or JIT).
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Attribute.

41. For what is a p-chart used?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
5%
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

42. When is Cpk used?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Central Limit Theorem
Waste.
Lower control limit.

43. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Blame.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

44. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
No -- only if the process is also capable.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
10 if Almost impossible to detect

45. What does SIPOC stand for?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Lower control limit.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

46. What is an affinity diagram?
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

47. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Conformance to specifications.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

48. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

49. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
QFD
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

50. Define durability.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Fitness for use.
99.73%
Mean time to replacement.