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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define yield.
Before production starts
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

2. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Waste.
Lower control limit.
Variable.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

3. Define benchmarking.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

4. List two components of prevention cost.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
The Japanese national quality award.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Fitness for use.

5. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
X-bar-bar
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

6. What is Type 1 Error?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Conformance to specifications.

7. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

8. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Blame.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

9. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Critical to quality.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

10. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Pleasing to the senses.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

11. What is a spaghetti diagram?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
The Japanese national quality award.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

12. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Upper control limit.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

13. Defect check sheets
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

14. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

15. Daniel Test
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Walter A. Shewhart
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
68%

16. Failure effect
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Is the consequence of the failure.

17. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Blame.

18. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Blame.
Taguchi

19. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Is the consequence of the failure.

20. What is CTQ?
Critical to quality.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

21. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Conformance to specifications.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
QFD

22. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
They move closer to the center line.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

23. What are the 5 Ss?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

24. What is the role of a green belt?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Variable.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
The House of Quality.

25. In a Z table - what is Z?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Mistake-proofing.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

26. Who is a process owner?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Not necessarily.
Mistake-proofing.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

27. Process occurance ranking
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

28. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
A scatterplot.

29. Uses of regression
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

30. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
95%
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

31. Affinity Diagrams
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

32. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

33. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Producer risk.

34. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
X-bar-bar
Mean time to failure.

35. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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36. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
The House of Quality.

37. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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38. Define serviceability.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

39. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
5%
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

40. Definition of Interaction
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
100%
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

41. Residual
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
0.9^3 or 72.9%

42. Define durability.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Mean time to replacement.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

43. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
Walter A. Shewhart
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

44. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Lower control limit.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

45. What is the Baldrige Award?
The US national quality award.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

46. Statistical Hypothesis
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Lower control limit.
Mean time to failure.

47. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

48. List two appraisal costs.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

49. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Walter A. Shewhart
Variable.
Mean time to replacement.

50. Define aesthetic quality.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Pleasing to the senses.