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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Attribute
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Mean time to replacement.

2. Pareto Analysis
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
50%
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

3. What is a network diagram?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Walter A. Shewhart
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

4. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Variable.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

5. Histogram by Hand
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

6. Define aesthetic quality.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Pleasing to the senses.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

7. For what is a p-chart used?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

8. What is a dashboard?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
5%
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

9. Failure effect
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Is the consequence of the failure.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

10. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Is the consequence of the failure.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

11. Who is a process owner?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Blame.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

12. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
95%

13. Manual Test for Nomality
Mean time to failure.
The House of Quality.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

14. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Rapid improvement process.

15. What is Value Stream Mapping?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

16. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

17. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

18. What is Little's Law?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

19. In a Z table - what is Z?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Blame.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

20. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

21. FMEA
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

22. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
100%
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Deming.

23. What is the formula for standard deviation?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Taguchi

24. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
68%

25. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Conformance to specifications.
A scatterplot.
A time series plot.
The House of Quality.

26. Definition of Interaction
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Mean time to replacement.

27. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

28. What is a run chart?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
A time series plot.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

29. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Lean (or JIT).
Conformance to specifications.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

30. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
The cycle time required to meet demand.

31. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

32. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
68%
A scatterplot.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

33. What is an affinity diagram?
Pleasing to the senses.
100%
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

34. What is Jidoka?
Rapid improvement process.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Central Limit Theorem
Controlling quality at the source.

35. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

36. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

37. F value
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
0.9^3 or 72.9%

38. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Workers - machines - materials.

39. What is the Deming Prize?
Attribute
Workers - machines - materials.
The Japanese national quality award.
68%

40. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
They move closer to the center line.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

41. Process occurance ranking
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Taguchi

42. Define yield.
A time series plot.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

43. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

44. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
99.73%
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

45. What is a Gantt chart?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
100%
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

46. Uses of regression
Attribute.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

47. How does Juran define quality?
Fitness for use.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

48. What is Type 1 Error?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

49. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

50. What is the role of a green belt?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
The US national quality award.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.