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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Statistical Hypothesis
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
50%
Workers - machines - materials.

2. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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3. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Mean time to failure.
The House of Quality.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

4. Define features.
Mean time to failure.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

5. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Mean time to failure.

6. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Brand image.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

7. What is a histogram?
Rapid improvement process.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

8. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Workers - machines - materials.
Upper control limit.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

9. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Deming.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

10. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

11. In a Z table - what is Z?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

12. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

13. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Before production starts

14. What does DMAIC stand for?
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
QFD
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

15. Define conformance quality.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

16. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
Central Limit Theorem
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

17. Affinity Diagrams
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

18. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
5%
100%
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

19. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

20. What is Value Stream Mapping?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Upper control limit.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

21. List two appraisal costs.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

22. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
0.9^3 or 72.9%
To manage the Six Sigma project.

23. Creating a Run Chart
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

24. What is FMEA?
Mistake-proofing.
Variable.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

25. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
5%
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Controlling quality at the source.
Workers - machines - materials.

26. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
5%
Mean time to replacement.

27. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Central Limit Theorem
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

28. Define serviceability.
Represents the behavior of a process
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

29. Stratified defect check sheets
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
68%

30. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Lower control limit.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

31. Defect check sheets
Waste.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

32. Process occurance ranking
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

33. What are the 5 Ss?
99.73%
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Outside.
Is what induces the failure

34. What is a Gage R&R?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

35. Define aesthetic quality.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Pleasing to the senses.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

36. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

37. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
100%
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

38. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Critical to quality.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

39. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
Represents the behavior of a process
50%
Critical to quality.
Variable.

40. What is the role of a black belt?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

41. Definition of Interaction
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Consumer risk.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

42. Pareto Analysis
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
The US national quality award.

43. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Is what induces the failure
QFD

44. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Lean (or JIT).
Brand image.

45. What is an affinity diagram?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

46. What is a Gantt chart?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

47. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Lean (or JIT).
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

48. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
The cycle time required to meet demand.

49. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
X-bar-bar
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

50. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
They move closer to the center line.
Producer risk.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.