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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the 5 Ss?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Controlling quality at the source.
X-bar-bar

2. List two components of external failure.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

3. Residual(eij)
Taguchi
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

4. Define yield.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

5. List two components of internal failure.
The Japanese national quality award.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
A time series plot.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

6. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Taguchi
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

7. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
95%
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

8. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

9. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
68%
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

10. In a Z table - what is Z?
Workers - machines - materials.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Not necessarily.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

11. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
The US national quality award.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

12. Test for Independence
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

13. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
10 if Almost impossible to detect

14. Creating a Run Chart
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

15. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
Walter A. Shewhart
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
The Japanese national quality award.

16. What is a Pareto chart?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

17. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Taguchi
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

18. Process occurance ranking
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Can't tell without a Range chart.

19. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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20. FMEA
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

21. Affinity Diagrams
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Central Limit Theorem
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

22. Defect check sheets
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

23. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Conformance to specifications.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

24. How does Juran define quality?
Fitness for use.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Attribute
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

25. Who is a process owner?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Fitness for use.
Consumer risk.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

26. Uses of regression
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Attribute.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

27. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
5%
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
They move closer to the center line.

28. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Mean time to failure.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

29. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Outside.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Variable.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

30. For what is an x-bar chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Blame.

31. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

32. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
Fitness for use.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Outside.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

33. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
Deming.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

34. PFMEA
Before production starts
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

35. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

36. What is DMADV?
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

37. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

38. Manual Test for Nomality
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

39. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Variable.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

40. Define takt time.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The US national quality award.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The cycle time required to meet demand.

41. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Variable.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

42. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Outside.
Critical to quality.

43. Define benchmarking.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Can't tell without a Range chart.

44. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Lower control limit.
A time series plot.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

45. Define performance quality.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Mean time to replacement.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
X-bar-bar

46. What is CTQ?
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Critical to quality.

47. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Variable.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

48. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

49. Process check sheets
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
95%
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Variable.

50. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Upper control limit.