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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Rapid improvement process.
Consumer risk.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

2. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Consumer risk.

3. Creating a Run Chart
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
A time series plot.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

4. What is a CAVE man?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

5. DFMEA
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Rapid improvement process.

6. What is the formula for standard deviation?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

7. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
Fitness for use.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
5%

8. What is Type II Error?
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Walter A. Shewhart
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

9. Advantages of DOE
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Walter A. Shewhart
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

10. What is the 5S model?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
50%

11. Pareto Analysis
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

12. Definition of Interaction
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

13. What is Jidoka?
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Controlling quality at the source.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

14. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Waste.
Represents the behavior of a process
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

15. For what is a p-chart used?
Outside.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

16. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
QFD
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

17. What is an affinity diagram?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
X-bar-bar
95%

18. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
QFD
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

19. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Brand image.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

20. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Walter A. Shewhart
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

21. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

22. What is Value Stream Mapping?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
100%
Deming.
The cycle time required to meet demand.

23. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Controlling quality at the source.

24. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Brand image.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Variable.

25. What is a run chart?
10 if Almost impossible to detect
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Before production starts
A time series plot.

26. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Attribute.
Brand image.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

27. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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28. Daniel Test
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

29. Process check sheets
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Attribute.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

30. Presence of interaction effect
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Pleasing to the senses.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

31. Test for Independence
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Fitness for use.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

32. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Fitness for use.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

33. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Brand image.

34. FMEA
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
QFD
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

35. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Not necessarily.
Walter A. Shewhart
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

36. What is Little's Law?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Attribute.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
100%

37. What are the 5 Ss?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

38. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Lean (or JIT).
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

39. Define product reliability.
Workers - machines - materials.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Mean time to failure.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

40. List two components of external failure.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Controlling quality at the source.
QFD

41. ANOVA

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42. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Lean (or JIT).
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

43. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Producer risk.
Rapid improvement process.
50%

44. What is Type 1 Error?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

45. Disadvantages of DOE

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46. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
X-bar-bar
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

47. Define yield.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Before production starts
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

48. Uses of regression
Blame.
The US national quality award.
Taguchi
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

49. Uses of regression - Control
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

50. Defect location check sheets
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed