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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Statistical Hypothesis
Outside.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

2. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
50%
Conformance to specifications.
A scatterplot.

3. Residual
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Central Limit Theorem
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

4. Define durability.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Before production starts
Mean time to replacement.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

5. What is a dashboard?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Brand image.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

6. What is a network diagram?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Not necessarily.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

7. Presence of interaction effect
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Fitness for use.
Controlling quality at the source.

8. DFMEA
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
No -- only if the process is also capable.

9. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Central Limit Theorem
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Is the consequence of the failure.

10. Define takt time.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Fitness for use.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

11. What is an affinity diagram?
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Variable.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

12. List two components of internal failure.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

13. Pareto Analysis
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
The Japanese national quality award.

14. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

15. Process check sheets
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

16. What is a histogram?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Mean time to replacement.
Fitness for use.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

17. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Critical to quality.
95%
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

18. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Outside.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

19. Failure Mode
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Variable.
Not necessarily.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

20. Defect location check sheets
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Blame.

21. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Consumer risk.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

22. What is process capability?
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Pleasing to the senses.

23. In a Z table - what is Z?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Deming.
Producer risk.

24. Detection Criteria Ranking
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Producer risk.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Central Limit Theorem

25. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Waste.
Mistake-proofing.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

26. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Deming.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Mean time to failure.

27. Affinity Diagrams
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Waste.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

28. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

29. Stratified defect check sheets
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Walter A. Shewhart

30. What is the center line of a p-chart?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

31. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Taguchi
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Variable.

32. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Consumer risk.

33. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Consumer risk.

34. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Represents the behavior of a process
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Variable.
100%

35. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

36. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
5%

37. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
0.9^3 or 72.9%

38. What is Jidoka?
Controlling quality at the source.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

39. Define conformance quality.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

40. FMEA
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

41. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Rapid improvement process.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Upper control limit.

42. List two components of prevention cost.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Mean time to failure.

43. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

44. ANOVA

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45. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

46. What is a CAVE man?
Central Limit Theorem
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

47. What is a spaghetti diagram?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Can't tell without a Range chart.

48. Affinity Diagrams
The Japanese national quality award.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
50%
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

49. What is a run chart?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
A time series plot.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

50. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.