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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

2. What does DMAIC stand for?
Attribute.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Consumer risk.

3. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Lower control limit.

4. Test for Independence
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
QFD

5. What is Value Stream Mapping?
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
95%
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

6. Detection Criteria Ranking
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

7. What is the center line of a p-chart?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

8. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
95%
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

9. In a Z table - what is Z?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Workers - machines - materials.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

10. List two appraisal costs.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

11. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
68%
The cycle time required to meet demand.

12. Uses of regression
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
50%
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

13. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

14. Failure cause
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Is what induces the failure
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

15. List two components of prevention cost.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

16. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

17. Advantages of DOE
Deming.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

18. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Brand image.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

19. Affinity Diagrams
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Defects Per Million Opportunities

20. Risk Priority Number RPN
Lower control limit.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
68%
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

21. Failure Mode
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Is what induces the failure
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The Japanese national quality award.

22. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
The House of Quality.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

23. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
The US national quality award.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

24. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

25. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

26. FMEA
Critical to quality.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

27. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
68%
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

28. Define features.
Lean (or JIT).
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

29. What is the role of a green belt?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Can't tell without a Range chart.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

30. Process check sheets
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

31. For what is an x-bar chart used?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

32. What is Jidoka?
X-bar-bar
Controlling quality at the source.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

33. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
Waste.
99.73%
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

34. What does SIPOC stand for?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
99.73%
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

35. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Not necessarily.
Fitness for use.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
A scatterplot.

36. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
QFD

37. Disadvantages of DOE

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38. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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39. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
5%
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

40. One factor at a time (OFAT)
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Brand image.

41. F value
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Represents the behavior of a process
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

42. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
Attribute
X-bar-bar
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

43. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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44. Affinity Diagrams
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Mean time to replacement.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

45. Defect check sheets
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Rapid improvement process.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

46. What is the formula for standard deviation?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
68%

47. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Taguchi
Attribute.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Critical to quality.

48. What is DPMO?
Lean (or JIT).
Taguchi
Defects Per Million Opportunities
X-bar-bar

49. Residual
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

50. What is a histogram?
Central Limit Theorem
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

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