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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
X-bar-bar
Walter A. Shewhart
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

2. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

3. Who is a process owner?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

4. Regression
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Represents the behavior of a process
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

5. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
99.73%
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Blame.

6. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Attribute.
Taguchi
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

7. Advantages of DOE
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
10 if Almost impossible to detect
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

8. Affinity Diagrams
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

9. How does Juran define quality?
Deming.
Fitness for use.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
95%

10. What is a CAVE man?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

11. Define takt time.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
95%
Deming.

12. Define conformance quality.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
X-bar-bar
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

13. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
They move closer to the center line.

14. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

15. What is the formula for standard deviation?
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Critical to quality.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

16. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

17. Define aesthetic quality.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Pleasing to the senses.

18. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Lower control limit.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
X-bar-bar

19. F value
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
0.9^3 or 72.9%
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

20. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Walter A. Shewhart
5%

21. Failure effect
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Is the consequence of the failure.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

22. What is a network diagram?
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

23. Define features.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

24. Uses of regression
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

25. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Critical to quality.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

26. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

27. What are the 5 Ss?
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Walter A. Shewhart

28. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
QFD
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Variable.
Lower control limit.

29. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

30. Affinity Diagrams
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Defects Per Million Opportunities
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

31. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Variable.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

32. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Brand image.
Producer risk.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

33. Creating a Run Chart
The Japanese national quality award.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

34. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

35. What is poka yoke?
Brand image.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Mistake-proofing.

36. Test for Independence
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

37. Detection Criteria Ranking
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Represents the behavior of a process
Deming.
10 if Almost impossible to detect

38. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Is the consequence of the failure.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

39. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

40. What are the four regression assumptions?
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Blame.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

41. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
5%
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

42. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Producer risk.
Controlling quality at the source.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

43. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Attribute
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

44. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
95%
Is what induces the failure
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

45. Failure Mode
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Blame.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

46. List two appraisal costs.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

47. What is a spaghetti diagram?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

48. Define durability.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Mean time to replacement.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

49. List two components of internal failure.
Fitness for use.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
The Japanese national quality award.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

50. What does SIPOC stand for?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Lower control limit.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.