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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Process check sheets
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

2. Failure cause
Taguchi
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Is what induces the failure

3. List two appraisal costs.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

4. What are the four regression assumptions?
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

5. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Consumer risk.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

6. What is Value Stream Mapping?
50%
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
X-bar-bar

7. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

8. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
100%
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Attribute
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

9. Residual
No -- only if the process is also capable.
A scatterplot.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

10. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

11. PFMEA
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Before production starts
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

12. DFMEA
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

13. How does Juran define quality?
10 if Almost impossible to detect
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
The House of Quality.
Fitness for use.

14. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
The House of Quality.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

15. What is the Baldrige Award?
Walter A. Shewhart
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Rapid improvement process.
The US national quality award.

16. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Outside.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Central Limit Theorem
Upper control limit.

17. Regression
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Variable.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Represents the behavior of a process

18. FMEA
Not necessarily.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Rapid improvement process.

19. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
A scatterplot.
Walter A. Shewhart
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

20. Uses of regression - Control
A scatterplot.
Brand image.
100%
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

21. What is DMADV?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

22. What is Type 1 Error?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Brand image.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

23. Define performance quality.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Defects Per Million Opportunities
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

24. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Blame.
Critical to quality.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
They move closer to the center line.

25. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

26. The Test Statistic (TS)
Outside.
Controlling quality at the source.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

27. Failure Mode
Central Limit Theorem
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Workers - machines - materials.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

28. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Variable.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Central Limit Theorem
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

29. Define benchmarking.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

30. Define yield.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

31. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
50%
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Defects Per Million Opportunities
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

32. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

33. What is a CAVE man?
Waste.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A time series plot.

34. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
100%
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

35. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Conformance to specifications.

36. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
QFD
Outside.
Waste.

37. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Deming.
Is what induces the failure
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

38. What does DMAIC stand for?
68%
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

39. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
50%
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

40. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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41. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
99.73%
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
QFD

42. What is a network diagram?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

43. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Taguchi
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

44. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Attribute
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Central Limit Theorem
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

45. What is DPMO?
Variable.
Blame.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Defects Per Million Opportunities

46. F value
50%
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

47. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

48. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
X-bar-bar

49. Who is a process owner?
Walter A. Shewhart
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
50%
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

50. Uses of regression
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
95%
Observed variation in response is caused by the input