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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Regression
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Attribute
Pleasing to the senses.
Represents the behavior of a process

2. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

3. List two components of internal failure.
68%
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

4. In a Z table - what is Z?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

5. Uses of regression - Control
Conformance to specifications.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

6. Define conformance quality.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Deming.

7. Affinity Diagrams
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

8. Advantages of DOE
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

9. When is Cpk used?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Consumer risk.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

10. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Attribute.
Central Limit Theorem

11. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

12. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Workers - machines - materials.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

13. Affinity Diagrams
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Mean time to replacement.

14. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Attribute

15. Who is a process owner?
Conformance to specifications.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
The House of Quality.

16. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
A time series plot.

17. What is CTQ?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Variable.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Critical to quality.

18. What is a dashboard?
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

19. PFMEA
Rapid improvement process.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Before production starts

20. Creating a Run Chart
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

21. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
A scatterplot.
Is what induces the failure
To manage the Six Sigma project.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

22. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
X-bar-bar
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Brand image.

23. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
95%
The US national quality award.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

24. Define serviceability.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

25. Definition of Interaction
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Mistake-proofing.

26. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Conformance to specifications.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Outside.

27. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

28. List two appraisal costs.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Outside.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

29. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
50%
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

30. What is Type II Error?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Conformance to specifications.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

31. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Waste.
Producer risk.

32. Process check sheets
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

33. Uses of regression
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

34. List two components of prevention cost.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

35. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
A time series plot.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

36. What is DMADV?
Is the consequence of the failure.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

37. Failure cause
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Workers - machines - materials.
Is what induces the failure
Consumer risk.

38. Presence of interaction effect
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

39. What is an affinity diagram?
Outside.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Defects Per Million Opportunities

40. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Not necessarily.

41. For what is a p-chart used?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
The Japanese national quality award.
They move closer to the center line.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

42. What are the four regression assumptions?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
They move closer to the center line.
Lower control limit.
Is what induces the failure

43. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Represents the behavior of a process
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
The cycle time required to meet demand.

44. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Outside.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

45. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Deming.
Outside.

46. Define aesthetic quality.
Pleasing to the senses.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Rapid improvement process.
Mean time to replacement.

47. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
Walter A. Shewhart
To manage the Six Sigma project.
100%
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

48. Pareto Analysis
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

49. What does DMAIC stand for?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

50. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Variable.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Consumer risk.