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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Attribute
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

2. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

3. Advantages of DOE
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

4. Regression Analysis
Waste.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

5. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
X-bar-bar
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Rapid improvement process.

6. Manual Test for Nomality
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

7. Uses of regression
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
5%
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

8. Define performance quality.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Controlling quality at the source.
Mean time to replacement.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

9. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
QFD
Upper control limit.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

10. DOE
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

11. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
95%
99.73%
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

12. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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13. What is an affinity diagram?
The House of Quality.
Critical to quality.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

14. List two components of prevention cost.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

15. What is Little's Law?
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

16. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
X-bar-bar
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
68%

17. Define benchmarking.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
100%
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

18. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
The Japanese national quality award.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

19. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
100%
No -- only if the process is also capable.

20. What is process capability?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
The House of Quality.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

21. F value
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

22. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Not necessarily.
Blame.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

23. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
99.73%
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

24. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
The House of Quality.
QFD
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

25. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Fitness for use.
Represents the behavior of a process
Upper control limit.

26. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Brand image.
Attribute.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

27. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
X-bar-bar
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

28. What is Type 1 Error?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

29. What does SIPOC stand for?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Attribute
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

30. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

31. Detection Criteria Ranking
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Blame.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

32. What is DMADV?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

33. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
95%
Lower control limit.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

34. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

35. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

36. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

37. Residual
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

38. What is a dashboard?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

39. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Variable.
Waste.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

40. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Rapid improvement process.
Taguchi
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

41. One factor at a time (OFAT)
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

42. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
A scatterplot.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

43. Process occurance ranking
99.73%
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

44. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

45. Risk Priority Number RPN
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

46. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Critical to quality.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

47. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
50%
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Lean (or JIT).
Conformance to specifications.

48. Statistical Hypothesis
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

49. Failure effect
The US national quality award.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Is the consequence of the failure.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

50. What is a spaghetti diagram?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Producer risk.