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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does Juran define quality?
Fitness for use.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Lower control limit.
A scatterplot.

2. When is Cpk used?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Fitness for use.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Pleasing to the senses.

3. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Fitness for use.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Taguchi
Attribute

4. Risk Priority Number RPN
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Pleasing to the senses.
Controlling quality at the source.

5. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Workers - machines - materials.

6. Define product reliability.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Mean time to failure.
The House of Quality.
Before production starts

7. What is the role of a black belt?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Rapid improvement process.

8. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Attribute.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

9. What is Type II Error?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

10. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Variable.

11. For what is a p-chart used?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Represents the behavior of a process

12. Defect location check sheets
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

13. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Variable.

14. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

15. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
To manage the Six Sigma project.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

16. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
X-bar-bar
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

17. Failure Mode
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
95%
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

18. Residual
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Not necessarily.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

19. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

20. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

21. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Is the consequence of the failure.

22. In a Z table - what is Z?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Lean (or JIT).
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

23. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Lower control limit.
68%

24. Define durability.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Mean time to replacement.

25. Defect check sheets
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

26. What is Value Stream Mapping?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

27. What is the formula for standard deviation?
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

28. Define serviceability.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
They move closer to the center line.

29. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

30. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
The Japanese national quality award.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Walter A. Shewhart

31. What is Kaizen?
Rapid improvement process.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

32. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Walter A. Shewhart
Attribute

33. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Workers - machines - materials.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

34. What is the center line of a p-chart?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Mean time to failure.
Variable.

35. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Pleasing to the senses.
A scatterplot.
X-bar-bar

36. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

37. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
50%
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

38. Test for constant variance
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

39. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

40. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
Mean time to failure.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
68%

41. What is a Pareto chart?
QFD
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

42. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
QFD
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

43. Statistical Hypothesis
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

44. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Brand image.
5%
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

45. Residual(eij)
A scatterplot.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
68%
Taguchi

46. Uses of regression - Control
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Central Limit Theorem
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

47. What is Jidoka?
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Lower control limit.
Controlling quality at the source.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

48. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Mean time to failure.
They move closer to the center line.
Upper control limit.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

49. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
99.73%
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
95%
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

50. What does DMAIC stand for?
Is the consequence of the failure.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.