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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Brand image.
A time series plot.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

2. For what is an x-bar chart used?
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Producer risk.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

3. Define serviceability.
X-bar-bar
A time series plot.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

4. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Central Limit Theorem
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Lower control limit.

5. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Blame.
Producer risk.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

6. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Blame.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

7. What is Type 1 Error?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
95%
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

8. Creating a Run Chart
Outside.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Variable.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

9. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

10. Uses of regression
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Central Limit Theorem
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Defects Per Million Opportunities

11. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

12. What is the role of a green belt?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
QFD
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

13. What is process capability?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Lower control limit.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

14. Define product reliability.
Mean time to failure.
They move closer to the center line.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

15. Who is a process owner?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Not necessarily.
Attribute.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

16. List two components of external failure.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Walter A. Shewhart

17. What is the role of a black belt?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

18. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
They move closer to the center line.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

19. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
X-bar-bar
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

20. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Deming.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

21. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Variable.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

22. FMEA
Workers - machines - materials.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Is what induces the failure
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

23. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Deming.

24. Defect check sheets
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Controlling quality at the source.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

25. What is a network diagram?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Consumer risk.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
95%

26. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Mean time to failure.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

27. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
99.73%
Workers - machines - materials.

28. Define durability.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Mean time to replacement.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

29. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

30. DFMEA
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

31. FMEA
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

32. Regression Analysis
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Walter A. Shewhart
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

33. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

34. What is Jidoka?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Controlling quality at the source.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

35. What does DMAIC stand for?
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Can't tell without a Range chart.

36. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Mistake-proofing.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Deming.

37. Affinity Diagrams
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

38. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Mistake-proofing.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Workers - machines - materials.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

39. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Workers - machines - materials.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

40. What is a dashboard?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Represents the behavior of a process
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
A scatterplot.

41. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
A time series plot.
Before production starts
Attribute.

42. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
A time series plot.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

43. ANOVA

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44. The Test Statistic (TS)
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

45. Test for Independence
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
No -- only if the process is also capable.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

46. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

47. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Is the consequence of the failure.

48. List two components of internal failure.
X-bar-bar
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

49. What is a Gantt chart?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Consumer risk.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

50. What is Little's Law?
They move closer to the center line.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process