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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Critical to quality.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

2. What is a histogram?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Blame.
QFD
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

3. Test for Independence
Rapid improvement process.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

4. Detection Criteria Ranking
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
10 if Almost impossible to detect
X-bar-bar
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

5. Affinity Diagrams
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Lean (or JIT).
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

6. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

7. What are the four regression assumptions?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Variable.

8. Daniel Test
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Lower control limit.

9. Uses of regression - Control
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Producer risk.

10. Stratified defect check sheets
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

11. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

12. Define benchmarking.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
0.9^3 or 72.9%
The Japanese national quality award.

13. F value
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

14. Creating a Run Chart
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
5%

15. What is an affinity diagram?
Blame.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
X-bar-bar

16. What is Kaizen?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Rapid improvement process.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
95%

17. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
The House of Quality.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

18. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Producer risk.
QFD
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

19. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
50%
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

20. Advantages of DOE
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Workers - machines - materials.
5%
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

21. Presence of interaction effect
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

22. What is the formula for standard deviation?
QFD
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Is the consequence of the failure.

23. List two components of external failure.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Outside.
Pleasing to the senses.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

24. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Variable.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

25. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
95%
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Taguchi
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

26. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Is the consequence of the failure.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

27. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Attribute.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

28. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Producer risk.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

29. Disadvantages of DOE

30. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Waste.
68%
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

31. For what is an x-bar chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

32. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Not necessarily.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
To manage the Six Sigma project.

33. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

34. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Lower control limit.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Is the consequence of the failure.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

35. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
QFD

36. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Lean (or JIT).
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

37. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Variable.
Rapid improvement process.

38. What is Value Stream Mapping?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Walter A. Shewhart

39. Define yield.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Taguchi
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
95%

40. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Attribute.
Blame.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Lower control limit.

41. Regression Analysis
Variable.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Walter A. Shewhart

42. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Is the consequence of the failure.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Walter A. Shewhart

43. What is a Pareto chart?
Attribute
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

44. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

45. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Blame.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Attribute

46. List two components of prevention cost.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Mistake-proofing.
Mean time to failure.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

47. The Test Statistic (TS)
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
QFD
50%

48. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Attribute
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

49. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

50. What is DPMO?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.