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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Test for Independence
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
The Japanese national quality award.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

2. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

3. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Is the consequence of the failure.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Conformance to specifications.

4. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Controlling quality at the source.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

5. What is the 5S model?
Fitness for use.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

6. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
Is the consequence of the failure.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
99.73%
X-bar-bar

7. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

8. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
X-bar-bar
Mistake-proofing.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

9. The Test Statistic (TS)
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Critical to quality.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

10. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Variable.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

11. What is CTQ?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Critical to quality.

12. Stratified defect check sheets
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

13. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
Not necessarily.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
68%

14. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
A time series plot.

15. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Not necessarily.
Variable.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Central Limit Theorem

16. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Lean (or JIT).
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

17. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Not necessarily.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

18. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

19. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

20. List two components of prevention cost.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

21. What is DMADV?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
95%
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Can't tell without a Range chart.

22. List two components of internal failure.
Lower control limit.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

23. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Brand image.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Controlling quality at the source.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

24. What is the center line of a p-chart?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

25. PFMEA
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Before production starts

26. What is a Gantt chart?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
100%

27. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Fitness for use.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

28. What is an affinity diagram?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Walter A. Shewhart
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Deming.

29. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
The House of Quality.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

30. Define yield.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
The Japanese national quality award.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Lean (or JIT).

31. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
The US national quality award.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

32. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Workers - machines - materials.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

33. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
They move closer to the center line.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

34. ANOVA

35. Define serviceability.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Is what induces the failure

36. Creating a Run Chart
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

37. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

38. What is poka yoke?
Mistake-proofing.
Pleasing to the senses.
Blame.
Central Limit Theorem

39. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Blame.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Upper control limit.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

40. What is the role of a black belt?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

41. Uses of regression - Control
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
QFD
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

42. What is the Deming Prize?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
The Japanese national quality award.

43. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

44. What does SIPOC stand for?
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Kaoru Ishikawa.

45. Daniel Test
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

46. Definition of Interaction
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

47. What do you do when a process is out of control?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Can't tell without a Range chart.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper

48. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Attribute
Attribute.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

49. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

50. Statistical Hypothesis
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Outside.
100%