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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Uses of regression
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

2. ANOVA

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3. What is process capability?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Rapid improvement process.
Mistake-proofing.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

4. What is a CAVE man?
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

5. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Conformance to specifications.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Outside.

6. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Taguchi
Mistake-proofing.

7. How does Juran define quality?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Fitness for use.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

8. Who is a process owner?
5%
Represents the behavior of a process
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

9. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Critical to quality.

10. Process check sheets
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

11. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Critical to quality.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

12. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
The House of Quality.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

13. What is the role of a black belt?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Consumer risk.

14. Define product reliability.
5%
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Mean time to failure.

15. DOE
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Not necessarily.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

16. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

17. What is a histogram?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
5%
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

18. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Lower control limit.
95%
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

19. Define serviceability.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Not necessarily.

20. Define benchmarking.
100%
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
To manage the Six Sigma project.

21. Pareto Analysis
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The House of Quality.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

22. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

23. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

24. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

25. What is muda
A time series plot.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Waste.

26. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Brand image.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

27. For what is a p-chart used?
Represents the behavior of a process
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
5%

28. The Test Statistic (TS)
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Workers - machines - materials.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Central Limit Theorem

29. What does SIPOC stand for?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

30. List two components of external failure.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Critical to quality.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

31. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Attribute
Represents the behavior of a process

32. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
99.73%
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

33. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Attribute
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Not necessarily.

34. What is the Baldrige Award?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
The US national quality award.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

35. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Consumer risk.

36. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Pleasing to the senses.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

37. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

38. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Attribute
Variable.
Is the consequence of the failure.

39. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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40. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
X-bar-bar
68%
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

41. Define performance quality.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Consumer risk.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

42. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
Mean time to replacement.

43. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
The House of Quality.

44. List two appraisal costs.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

45. What is a Pareto chart?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

46. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Lean (or JIT).
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

47. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Conformance to specifications.
Attribute

48. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

49. DFMEA
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
0.9^3 or 72.9%

50. Define conformance quality.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Lower control limit.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Consumer risk.