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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In a Z table - what is Z?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
68%
Attribute.
Mean time to replacement.

2. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
X-bar-bar
95%
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

3. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Controlling quality at the source.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

4. FMEA
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
5%
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

5. Definition of Interaction
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Kaoru Ishikawa.

6. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
Deming.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

7. Failure effect
Is the consequence of the failure.
X-bar-bar
Taguchi
Before production starts

8. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
95%
99.73%

9. Who is a process owner?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Before production starts
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

10. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
Walter A. Shewhart
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
5%
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

11. Define features.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Kaoru Ishikawa.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

12. What is Type II Error?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

13. What is Value Stream Mapping?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

14. What do you do when a process is out of control?
100%
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

15. Define conformance quality.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

16. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Variable.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

17. What is DPMO?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Upper control limit.
Fitness for use.

18. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Lower control limit.
Lean (or JIT).
They move closer to the center line.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

19. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Waste.
Lower control limit.
Lean (or JIT).
Variable.

20. List two components of external failure.
Lower control limit.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

21. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Pleasing to the senses.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Conformance to specifications.

22. Affinity Diagrams
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

23. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Blame.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

24. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

25. List two components of prevention cost.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
A time series plot.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

26. Uses of regression
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Central Limit Theorem

27. What is poka yoke?
Mistake-proofing.
68%
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

28. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
50%
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

29. What are the four regression assumptions?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

30. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Outside.
Blame.

31. What is a spaghetti diagram?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Represents the behavior of a process
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

32. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
They move closer to the center line.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

33. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
50%
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

34. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

35. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Central Limit Theorem
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
To manage the Six Sigma project.

36. What is a CAVE man?
Variable.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

37. F value
The Japanese national quality award.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

38. Statistical Hypothesis
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

39. How does Juran define quality?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Fitness for use.

40. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Can't tell without a Range chart.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Variable.
99.73%

41. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Producer risk.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

42. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Not necessarily.
Blame.

43. What does SIPOC stand for?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Fitness for use.

44. Pareto Analysis
Critical to quality.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

45. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
A scatterplot.

46. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

47. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Outside.

48. What is an affinity diagram?
Outside.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

49. ANOVA

50. What is FMEA?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis