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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Failure Mode
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Controlling quality at the source.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

2. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Is the consequence of the failure.

3. What is the 5S model?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

4. Define performance quality.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
A time series plot.

5. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

6. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Not necessarily.
Consumer risk.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

7. Define takt time.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Is what induces the failure
50%
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

8. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Critical to quality.
Taguchi
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

9. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
50%
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

10. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

11. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Lean (or JIT).
They move closer to the center line.
QFD
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

12. What is an affinity diagram?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

13. Regression Analysis
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Rapid improvement process.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
QFD

14. What is Value Stream Mapping?
The House of Quality.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

15. What is the role of a black belt?
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

16. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
68%
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

17. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

18. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

19. What is a dashboard?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

20. Define features.
Rapid improvement process.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

21. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

22. DFMEA
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

23. Define serviceability.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Can't tell without a Range chart.

24. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

25. Histogram by Hand
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The Japanese national quality award.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

26. What is a network diagram?
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Conformance to specifications.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

27. What is muda
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Waste.

28. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
They move closer to the center line.
Walter A. Shewhart
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

29. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Is what induces the failure
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

30. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
The Japanese national quality award.

31. What is a Gage R&R?
Producer risk.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

32. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
A scatterplot.

33. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Variable.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

34. What is Type II Error?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Is the consequence of the failure.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Producer risk.

35. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
Conformance to specifications.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
QFD
Upper control limit.

36. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
50%

37. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Taguchi
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Walter A. Shewhart

38. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
Waste.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

39. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Consumer risk.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Brand image.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

40. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

41. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Upper control limit.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

42. Uses of regression - Control
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
The Japanese national quality award.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

43. What is FMEA?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Brand image.

44. Define durability.
Outside.
The House of Quality.
Waste.
Mean time to replacement.

45. What is Little's Law?
Critical to quality.
Mean time to failure.
68%
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

46. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Upper control limit.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Taguchi
Central Limit Theorem

47. FMEA
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Variable.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

48. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Attribute.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

49. For what is a p-chart used?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

50. List two components of internal failure.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.