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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Disadvantages of DOE

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2. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Workers - machines - materials.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Represents the behavior of a process

3. Uses of regression
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

4. Process check sheets
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

5. When is Cpk used?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

6. Failure cause
Before production starts
Brand image.
Is what induces the failure
Mean time to replacement.

7. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Upper control limit.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
The House of Quality.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

8. Test for constant variance
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

9. Failure effect
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Is the consequence of the failure.
They move closer to the center line.

10. What is process capability?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Upper control limit.

11. What is the Deming Prize?
The US national quality award.
Is the consequence of the failure.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
The Japanese national quality award.

12. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Before production starts

13. What is a network diagram?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

14. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
X-bar-bar

15. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

16. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
99.73%
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Controlling quality at the source.
Taguchi

17. Statistical Hypothesis
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Walter A. Shewhart
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

18. Risk Priority Number RPN
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

19. Failure Mode
Variable.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Workers - machines - materials.

20. Defect location check sheets
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Not necessarily.

21. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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22. What is a spaghetti diagram?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Attribute
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

23. What are the four regression assumptions?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Variable.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
A scatterplot.

24. What is DPMO?
Before production starts
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Defects Per Million Opportunities
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

25. List two components of internal failure.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
50%
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

26. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
95%
Lower control limit.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

27. Test for Independence
95%
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Deming.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

28. Advantages of DOE
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Variable.

29. Define product reliability.
Mean time to failure.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Controlling quality at the source.
Walter A. Shewhart

30. For what is a p-chart used?
Mistake-proofing.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Taguchi

31. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Taguchi
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
No -- only if the process is also capable.

32. ANOVA

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33. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Workers - machines - materials.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

34. What does DMAIC stand for?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

35. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

36. Define conformance quality.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

37. What is an affinity diagram?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Mean time to failure.

38. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Mean time to failure.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

39. Define aesthetic quality.
Pleasing to the senses.
5%
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

40. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Attribute.

41. What is the role of a black belt?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

42. What is a CAVE man?
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Is what induces the failure
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

43. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

44. Affinity Diagrams
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Variable.
Outside.

45. What is the role of a green belt?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
The Japanese national quality award.

46. Cause and Effect Diagrams
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Conformance to specifications.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

47. What is a dashboard?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Pleasing to the senses.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

48. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Fitness for use.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

49. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Conformance to specifications.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

50. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Represents the behavior of a process
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.