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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
95%

2. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
No -- only if the process is also capable.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

3. What does DMAIC stand for?
Not necessarily.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Is what induces the failure

4. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Blame.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Pleasing to the senses.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

5. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Attribute.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

6. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

7. What is the role of a black belt?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
To manage the Six Sigma project.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

8. Define conformance quality.
Brand image.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

9. What is FMEA?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

10. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
95%
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Pleasing to the senses.
Upper control limit.

11. Histogram by Hand
Not necessarily.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

12. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Lean (or JIT).

13. What is a Gantt chart?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

14. How does Juran define quality?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Fitness for use.

15. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Attribute
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

16. Pareto Analysis
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

17. What is the Deming Prize?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
The Japanese national quality award.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

18. List two components of prevention cost.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
99.73%
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

19. What is Kaizen?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Rapid improvement process.

20. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
Pleasing to the senses.
They move closer to the center line.
Upper control limit.
A scatterplot.

21. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Mean time to failure.
Is what induces the failure

22. Uses of regression - Control
Defects Per Million Opportunities
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
The Japanese national quality award.
Brand image.

23. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Producer risk.
A scatterplot.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

24. What is the Baldrige Award?
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
The US national quality award.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

25. What is DMADV?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

26. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Taguchi
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

27. One factor at a time (OFAT)
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

28. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

29. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Central Limit Theorem
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
The House of Quality.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

30. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Not necessarily.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

31. Define aesthetic quality.
Pleasing to the senses.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

32. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Brand image.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

33. What is a spaghetti diagram?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

34. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Brand image.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
A time series plot.

35. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

36. For what is a p-chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Lower control limit.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

37. What is an affinity diagram?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

38. Who is a process owner?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

39. Risk Priority Number RPN
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.

40. Failure effect
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Is the consequence of the failure.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

41. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A time series plot.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

42. Uses of regression
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

43. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Critical to quality.

44. Residual
Is what induces the failure
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

45. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
50%
Deming.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

46. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
99.73%

47. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

48. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
The House of Quality.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

49. What is a run chart?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
A time series plot.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
QFD

50. Affinity Diagrams
Pleasing to the senses.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))