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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. F value
Variable.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

2. What is a run chart?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
A time series plot.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

3. How does Juran define quality?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Walter A. Shewhart
Fitness for use.

4. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Brand image.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

5. Detection Criteria Ranking
10 if Almost impossible to detect
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Critical to quality.
Lower control limit.

6. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
They move closer to the center line.
Critical to quality.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

7. Test for Independence
5%
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Blame.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

8. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
50%
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
The House of Quality.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

9. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
A time series plot.
Workers - machines - materials.

10. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
100%
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Controlling quality at the source.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

11. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
50%
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Pleasing to the senses.
Deming.

12. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
95%
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

13. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Lean (or JIT).
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

14. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Attribute
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

15. What is poka yoke?
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Mistake-proofing.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

16. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

17. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

18. PFMEA
Before production starts
Attribute.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.

19. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Is the consequence of the failure.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Variable.

20. Residual(eij)
X-bar-bar
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

21. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Producer risk.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
X-bar-bar
Not necessarily.

22. List two components of external failure.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
50%
Is the consequence of the failure.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

23. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
95%
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

24. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

25. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Taguchi
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

26. Presence of interaction effect
95%
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Rapid improvement process.

27. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Variable.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Mistake-proofing.

28. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Deming.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

29. What is Jidoka?
Lean (or JIT).
Controlling quality at the source.
68%
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

30. What do you do when a process is out of control?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

31. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Lower control limit.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

32. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
Mean time to replacement.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
5%
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

33. Which quality guru developed the concept of loss to society?
Taguchi
68%
Consumer risk.
QFD

34. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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35. When Crosby said - "Quality is free -" what dimension of quality was he referring to?
Conformance to specifications.
Producer risk.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
50%

36. What is process capability?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
X-bar-bar
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

37. Define serviceability.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

38. What is the role of a master black belt?
50%
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Represents the behavior of a process

39. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

40. What are the four regression assumptions?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Central Limit Theorem

41. Failure effect
Is what induces the failure
Is the consequence of the failure.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Fitness for use.

42. What is Type 1 Error?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Producer risk.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

43. Residual
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
95%
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Is what induces the failure

44. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Producer risk.
They move closer to the center line.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

45. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
The Japanese national quality award.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Controlling quality at the source.

46. ANOVA

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47. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
The House of Quality.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
99.73%

48. Define yield.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Blame.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
QFD

49. Stratified defect check sheets
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

50. Define performance quality.
Deming.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.