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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Histogram by Hand
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Attribute
Variable.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

2. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
Consumer risk.
50%
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Pleasing to the senses.

3. Statistical Hypothesis
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Mean time to replacement.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Workers - machines - materials.

4. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Lean (or JIT).
Not necessarily.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

5. What are the four regression assumptions?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Central Limit Theorem

6. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Critical to quality.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

7. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Lower control limit.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

8. What does DMAIC stand for?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Upper control limit.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

9. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Attribute
Can't tell without a Range chart.

10. Who is a process owner?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
They move closer to the center line.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

11. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

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12. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
A time series plot.
Outside.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

13. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Taguchi
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

14. Creating a Run Chart
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Rapid improvement process.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

15. What is a Gage R&R?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Pleasing to the senses.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

16. Manual Test for Nomality
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Fitness for use.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

17. Define conformance quality.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

18. Test for constant variance
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

19. Define performance quality.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Central Limit Theorem
Represents the behavior of a process

20. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Outside.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

21. List two components of internal failure.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
The US national quality award.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

22. Risk Priority Number RPN
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
X-bar-bar

23. What is a dashboard?
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

24. Residual(eij)
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
QFD
Represents the behavior of a process

25. Define product reliability.
Producer risk.
Outside.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Mean time to failure.

26. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Controlling quality at the source.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

27. What is Kaizen?
Attribute
A time series plot.
Rapid improvement process.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

28. DFMEA
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
A scatterplot.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

29. What does SIPOC stand for?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Deming.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

30. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Is the consequence of the failure.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Consumer risk.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

31. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Mean time to replacement.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

32. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

33. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
The House of Quality.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
5%

34. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

35. What is Little's Law?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Lower control limit.
Can't tell without a Range chart.

36. Daniel Test
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

37. Defect location check sheets
Mean time to replacement.
Pleasing to the senses.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

38. Process check sheets
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

39. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Controlling quality at the source.
Pleasing to the senses.
Walter A. Shewhart
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

40. Advantages of DOE
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

41. Define benchmarking.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
68%
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.

42. What is a CAVE man?
Brand image.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Workers - machines - materials.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

43. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
95%
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

44. What is the role of a master black belt?
Lean (or JIT).
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Walter A. Shewhart

45. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
Waste.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
X-bar-bar
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

46. What is DMADV?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
100%
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

47. What is the role of a green belt?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Consumer risk.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

48. Test for Independence
Pleasing to the senses.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

49. What is process capability?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Variable.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
100%

50. What is FMEA?
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.