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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Lower control limit.
Pleasing to the senses.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

2. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

3. What is CTQ?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
68%
5%
Critical to quality.

4. Define durability.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Mean time to replacement.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

5. Manual Test for Nomality
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Central Limit Theorem
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

6. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Is the consequence of the failure.

7. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Brand image.
Walter A. Shewhart

8. Define benchmarking.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

9. What is an affinity diagram?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

10. What is a run chart?
A time series plot.
Workers - machines - materials.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

11. List two components of internal failure.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

12. What is Type 1 Error?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Critical to quality.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

13. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

14. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Deming.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Not necessarily.
Variable.

15. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Lower control limit.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

16. What is Type II Error?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

17. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

18. For what is a p-chart used?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Attribute
Mean time to replacement.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

19. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Consumer risk.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Lower control limit.

20. Disadvantages of DOE

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21. Who is a process owner?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

22. Statistical Hypothesis
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

23. Histogram by Hand
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Brand image.

24. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
99.73%
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

25. What is the role of a green belt?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Attribute
100%

26. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Not necessarily.
Consumer risk.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

27. Define aesthetic quality.
Variable.
Pleasing to the senses.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Before production starts

28. Daniel Test
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

29. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
QFD
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

30. List two components of external failure.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

31. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

32. What is FMEA?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Attribute.
A time series plot.

33. What is a network diagram?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

34. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Is what induces the failure
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

35. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

36. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Brand image.
X-bar-bar

37. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Represents the behavior of a process
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

38. The Test Statistic (TS)
Workers - machines - materials.
Brand image.
Mean time to replacement.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

39. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

40. What are the four regression assumptions?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

41. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

42. Define features.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Attribute

43. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Waste.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Deming.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

44. What is a Gage R&R?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Pleasing to the senses.
The Japanese national quality award.

45. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
QFD

46. What does DMAIC stand for?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

47. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
The cycle time required to meet demand.

48. Risk Priority Number RPN
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Lower control limit.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

49. When is Cpk used?
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
The House of Quality.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

50. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Workers - machines - materials.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Blame.