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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define benchmarking.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
A time series plot.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

2. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
Conformance to specifications.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

3. What does DMAIC stand for?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

4. Process check sheets
Represents the behavior of a process
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Lower control limit.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

5. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
50%
The House of Quality.

6. What are the 5 Ss?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

7. When is Cpk used?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

8. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

9. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Attribute.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

10. Statistical Hypothesis
50%
Before production starts
Brand image.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

11. List two components of external failure.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
X-bar-bar
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

12. Uses of regression - Control
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

13. What is the role of a black belt?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

14. Detection Criteria Ranking
10 if Almost impossible to detect
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

15. Risk Priority Number RPN
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
Consumer risk.

16. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
The US national quality award.
99.73%

17. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

18. Disadvantages of DOE

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19. Affinity Diagrams
Producer risk.
The House of Quality.
Before production starts
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

20. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Workers - machines - materials.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

21. Process occurance ranking
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

22. What is the role of a green belt?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

23. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

24. What is poka yoke?
Walter A. Shewhart
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Mistake-proofing.

25. Defect location check sheets
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

26. Failure Mode
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Controlling quality at the source.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
X-bar-bar

27. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
100%
95%
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

28. Regression Analysis
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Variable.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

29. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
Producer risk.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Deming.
Outside.

30. Definition of Interaction
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

31. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Conformance to specifications.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)

32. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Upper control limit.

33. Define conformance quality.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
The US national quality award.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

34. Define features.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

35. Manual Test for Nomality
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

36. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Critical to quality.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
99.73%

37. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

38. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Variable.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

39. What is Value Stream Mapping?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
50%
Producer risk.

40. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The House of Quality.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

41. What do you do when a process is out of control?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
68%
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

42. Define performance quality.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
QFD
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

43. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Variable.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Blame.

44. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

45. List two components of internal failure.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

46. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

47. Cause and Effect Diagrams
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

48. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
5%
Brand image.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

49. Define durability.
Mean time to replacement.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

50. FMEA
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
X-bar-bar
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.