Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define performance quality.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Taguchi
Not necessarily.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions

2. For what is a p-chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

3. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
5%
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

4. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Mean time to failure.

5. What is process capability?
Variable.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

6. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
100%
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Brand image.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

7. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Deming.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Walter A. Shewhart
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

8. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
Attribute
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
99.73%
Consumer risk.

9. List two appraisal costs.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

10. Failure Mode
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

11. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
68%
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)

12. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Not necessarily.

13. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Taguchi
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

14. Uses of regression
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Before production starts
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Lean (or JIT).

15. Disadvantages of DOE

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

16. The Test Statistic (TS)
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

17. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Outside.
Taguchi
Variable.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

18. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

19. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
A scatterplot.
Attribute.
Upper control limit.
The US national quality award.

20. Define durability.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Mean time to replacement.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

21. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Variable.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
They move closer to the center line.

22. List two components of prevention cost.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

23. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
The House of Quality.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

24. Residual(eij)
Walter A. Shewhart
Defects Per Million Opportunities
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
10 if Almost impossible to detect

25. Histogram by Hand
QFD
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

26. What is a Gantt chart?
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

27. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
5%
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

28. What is the Deming Prize?
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The Japanese national quality award.

29. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Kaoru Ishikawa.

30. Creating a Run Chart
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

31. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
The Japanese national quality award.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

32. Regression Analysis
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Is what induces the failure
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:

33. List two components of external failure.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
A time series plot.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

34. Failure effect
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Is the consequence of the failure.

35. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

36. What is a run chart?
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
A time series plot.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Upper control limit.

37. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
Mistake-proofing.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Consumer risk.

38. What is Type 1 Error?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Variable.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

39. What is CTQ?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
100%
Critical to quality.
Fitness for use.

40. Definition of Interaction
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
99.73%
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

41. F value
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Critical to quality.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

42. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Attribute
Upper control limit.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

43. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

44. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
Can't tell without a Range chart.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.

45. What is Little's Law?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Represents the behavior of a process
Central Limit Theorem
Inventory = throughput x flow time.

46. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Workers - machines - materials.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

47. Who is a process owner?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

48. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

49. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Variable.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Outside.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

50. What is the formula for standard deviation?
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is