Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Daniel Test
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

2. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

3. What is a run chart?
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
A time series plot.
Upper control limit.

4. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

5. Residual(eij)
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
X-bar-bar

6. Creating a Run Chart
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Waste.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

7. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

8. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Blame.
68%

9. FMEA
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

10. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
Lean (or JIT).
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

11. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Mean time to failure.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

12. Process occurance ranking
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

13. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Pleasing to the senses.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

14. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Producer risk.
Blame.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

15. Define yield.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

16. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
They move closer to the center line.
50%
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

17. Define performance quality.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
68%
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

18. Who first studied randomness in industrial processes
Walter A. Shewhart
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

19. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
The Japanese national quality award.
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

20. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

21. What is a Gage R&R?
Deming.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Central Limit Theorem
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

22. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Workers - machines - materials.

23. What is a Gantt chart?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Conformance to specifications.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

24. What is a CAVE man?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

25. List two appraisal costs.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Not necessarily.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Mean time to failure.

26. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Variable.
50%

27. What is the role of a master black belt?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

28. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Taguchi
Not necessarily.

29. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Workers - machines - materials.

30. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
Variable.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

31. Uses of regression
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
A scatterplot.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

32. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
100%
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

33. ANOVA

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

34. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
95%
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

35. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Producer risk.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

36. Process check sheets
Is the consequence of the failure.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Mistake-proofing.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

37. What is the formula for standard deviation?
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

38. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
The cycle time required to meet demand.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

39. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
Pleasing to the senses.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

40. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
A time series plot.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
QFD

41. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
The House of Quality.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

42. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
They move closer to the center line.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

43. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Lower control limit.
Brand image.
Walter A. Shewhart

44. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
50%
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

45. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Lower control limit.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

46. What is muda
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
The House of Quality.
Waste.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

47. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Not necessarily.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

48. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
X-bar-bar
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
The House of Quality.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

49. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
X-bar-bar
A time series plot.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

50. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
They move closer to the center line.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.