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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. List two components of prevention cost.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

2. List two appraisal costs.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

3. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Producer risk.
Attribute
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Lower control limit.

4. Uses of regression - Control
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

5. Presence of interaction effect
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
A time series plot.

6. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Lower control limit.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

7. What are the Five Dimensions of Service Quality?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Consumer risk.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

8. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
68%
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

9. What is the formula for standard deviation?
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

10. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Taguchi
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Attribute.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

11. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Producer risk.

12. When is Cpk used?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Pleasing to the senses.
Producer risk.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

13. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Consumer risk.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

14. What is muda
No -- only if the process is also capable.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Waste.

15. Test for constant variance
5%
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.

16. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Blame.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

17. What is the role of a green belt?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Deming.
Attribute.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

18. What is poka yoke?
Mistake-proofing.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

19. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

20. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

21. In a regression - what does the p value of F tell you?
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

22. Failure cause
Walter A. Shewhart
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Deming.
Is what induces the failure

23. What is the Deming Prize?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Deming.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
The Japanese national quality award.

24. What is the 5S model?
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Mistake-proofing.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

25. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Attribute
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

26. Detection Criteria Ranking
10 if Almost impossible to detect
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
0.9^3 or 72.9%

27. Define performance quality.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
10 if Almost impossible to detect

28. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.

29. When yields decrease - what are the two effects on contribution?
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

30. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Kaoru Ishikawa.
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

31. What is Jidoka?
Lean (or JIT).
Controlling quality at the source.
Walter A. Shewhart
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

32. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.

33. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

34. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Blame.

35. What is CTQ?
10 if Almost impossible to detect
100%
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Critical to quality.

36. Define aesthetic quality.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Pleasing to the senses.

37. What does SIPOC stand for?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Not necessarily.

38. DFMEA
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

39. Define product reliability.
Conformance to specifications.
Mean time to replacement.
The Japanese national quality award.
Mean time to failure.

40. What is Kaizen?
QFD
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Rapid improvement process.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

41. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

42. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
Is what induces the failure

43. DOE
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Pleasing to the senses.

44. What is a Gantt chart?
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Fitness for use.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

45. Definition of Interaction
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

46. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

47. What is DPMO?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

48. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
The House of Quality.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

49. What quality guru emphasizes management as a system?
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Deming.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

50. Define benchmarking.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Lean (or JIT).
Central Limit Theorem
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.