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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Uses of regression
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

2. FMEA
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Conformance to specifications.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

3. Define aesthetic quality.
Waste.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
Pleasing to the senses.

4. Residual
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
5%

5. What is DPMO?
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
They move closer to the center line.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.

6. What are the 5 Ss?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

7. Define features.
Mean time to replacement.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

8. A process is operating "in control." Does this mean the customer's requirements are met?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Is what induces the failure
Taguchi
No -- only if the process is also capable.

9. Uses of regression - Control
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Represents the behavior of a process

10. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

11. In a regression - what does the coefficient of the intercept tell you
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.

12. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Conformance to specifications.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

13. Residual(eij)
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

14. What is DMADV?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Walter A. Shewhart
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

15. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."

16. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
Critical to quality.
Is what induces the failure
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.

17. What is the role of a master black belt?
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

18. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
100%
50%
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

19. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
They move closer to the center line.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Can't tell without a Range chart.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

20. What is a spaghetti diagram?
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

21. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
5%
Not necessarily.

22. How are LQL and AQL determined in an acceptance sampling plan?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

23. What is an affinity diagram?
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

24. Pareto Analysis
The process of ranking opportunities to determine which of many potential opportunities should be pursued first.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).

25. What is Kaizen?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Attribute
Rapid improvement process.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

26. What does DMAIC stand for?
68%
Central Limit Theorem
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

27. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
Blame.
Variable.

28. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
The House of Quality.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

29. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

30. What is the Deming Prize?
50%
The Japanese national quality award.
A scatterplot.
Is the consequence of the failure.

31. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Mean time to replacement.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

32. What is Type II Error?
Controlling quality at the source.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.

33. Process check sheets
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Pleasing to the senses.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

34. Failure Mode
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Taguchi
The US national quality award.

35. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
68%
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
X-bar-bar

36. Design of Experiments (DOE) approach
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Consumer risk.

37. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
100%
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.

38. PFMEA
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Before production starts
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
They move closer to the center line.

39. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

40. List two components of internal failure.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

41. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
95%
Blame.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects

42. For what is a p-chart used?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Represents the behavior of a process
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

43. Define yield.
Upper control limit.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

44. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.
95%
0.9^3 or 72.9%
QFD

45. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
X-bar-bar
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

46. What are the three main categories of assignable cause?
Workers - machines - materials.
A scatterplot.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Is the consequence of the failure.

47. What is a run chart?
A time series plot.
Attribute.
Blame.
100%

48. Failure effect
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Walter A. Shewhart
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Is the consequence of the failure.

49. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
99.73%
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Is what induces the failure
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

50. Defect check sheets
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)
No -- only if the process is also capable.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Is the consequence of the failure.