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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Risk Priority Number RPN
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Deming.

2. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
X-bar-bar
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Before production starts

3. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Attribute.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

4. The Test Statistic (TS)
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
The US national quality award.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).

5. What is the Baldrige Award?
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Central Limit Theorem
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
The US national quality award.

6. Process occurance ranking
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Blame.

7. Cause and Effect Diagrams
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

8. Where should specifications fall in relation to ± 3 sigma for the process in order for a process to be capable.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
The Japanese national quality award.
Outside.

9. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Conformance to specifications.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

10. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Blame.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

11. Defect location check sheets
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

12. Define durability.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Mean time to replacement.

13. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Consumer risk.
Attribute.

14. What is a run chart?
A time series plot.
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

15. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 5?
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.

16. List two components of external failure.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Blame.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

17. What is the 5S model?
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

18. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
Walter A. Shewhart
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

19. Define serviceability.
99.73%
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Controlling quality at the source.
95%

20. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Attribute
A scatterplot.

21. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Lean (or JIT).
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Pleasing to the senses.

22. Your production process meets customer specifications. Is your process in control?
Not necessarily.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Variable.
Deming.

23. Disadvantages of DOE

24. Define performance quality.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

25. What does DMAIC stand for?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

26. Stratified defect check sheets
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
A scatterplot.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

27. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity

28. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Lean (or JIT).
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

29. What happens to control limits on an SPC chart when sample size is increased?
They move closer to the center line.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
99.73%

30. Affinity Diagrams
Pleasing to the senses.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

31. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
The House of Quality.

32. An SPC chart shows no points outside the control limits. Does this mean the process is in control?
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Central Limit Theorem
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

33. What is a Pareto chart?
Kaoru Ishikawa.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

34. Regression Analysis
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.

35. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Lower control limit.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Kaoru Ishikawa.

36. Process check sheets
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

37. Uses of regression
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

38. Failure effect
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Is the consequence of the failure.

39. Define features.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Is what induces the failure
Mean time to failure.
Deming.

40. What is a network diagram?
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

41. For your SPC sample you weigh bags of potatoes. Is this variable or attribute SPC?
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Variable.

42. DFMEA
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
100%
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

43. What is Kaizen?
Rapid improvement process.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Attribute.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

44. F value
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
5%
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Central Limit Theorem

45. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Variable.
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process

46. ANOVA

47. Test for Independence
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Rapid improvement process.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

48. Advantages of DOE
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy

49. Define conformance quality.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Fitness for use.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)

50. Statistical Hypothesis
Controlling quality at the source.
50%
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations