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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the four regression assumptions?
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Lean (or JIT).

2. What is DMADV?
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
Central Limit Theorem

3. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Blame.
Before production starts

4. Which type of SPC measurement is more precise - variable or attribute?
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
Variable.

5. Non-random patterns (Run Charts)
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events

6. Regression Analysis
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)

7. Test for Independence
95%
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

8. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
50%
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
Mean time to replacement.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

9. Define conformance quality.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
50%

10. What is Type 1 Error?
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

11. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

12. Simple Regression Analysis (one factor regression model)
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
The US national quality award.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
Pleasing to the senses.

13. What is a CAVE man?
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

14. List two appraisal costs.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
99.73%
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there

15. What is the 5S model?
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
50%

16. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
Attribute.
Mean time to failure.
Consumer risk.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"

17. What is the role of a master black belt?
Is the consequence of the failure.
Waste.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.

18. What is Type II Error?
Blame.
100%
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
QFD

19. Definition of Interaction
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables

20. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!

21. Uses of regression
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value

22. What is the role of a green belt?
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

23. Failure cause
Is what induces the failure
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

24. Process occurance ranking
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Walter A. Shewhart
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v

25. What is the center line of a p-chart?
Attribute.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

26. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Attribute
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.

27. What are the 5 Ss?
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Vary two or more variables simultaneously - Multiple measurements are obtained under the same experimental conditions
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain

28. Disadvantages of DOE

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29. Defect location check sheets
Critical to quality.
Variable.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

30. Stratified defect check sheets
The US national quality award.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

31. What is a Gantt chart?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

32. What is an affinity diagram?
Conformance to specifications.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

33. Define product reliability.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Mean time to failure.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Blame.

34. What is the difference between Lean and Six Sigma?
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Deming.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

35. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables

36. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
50%
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

37. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions

38. Daniel Test
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
Outside.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

39. What is poka yoke?
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Variable.
Mistake-proofing.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

40. Statistical Hypothesis
Lower control limit.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

41. What are the four categories of costs in Juran's framework?
95%
Critical to quality.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is

42. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Controlling quality at the source.
Producer risk.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

43. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
The House of Quality.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.

44. Define serviceability.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

45. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

46. F value
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Mean time to replacement.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
Central Limit Theorem

47. In a Z table - what is Z?
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

48. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
X-bar-bar
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Central Limit Theorem

49. What is a network diagram?
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

50. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will you have to inspect to find defectives?
100%
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis