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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
99.73%
Mistake-proofing.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.

2. Define features.
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Variable.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
A scatterplot.

3. For what is a p-chart used?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

4. What does the abbreviation UCL stand for?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Upper control limit.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

5. What does Crosby say about benchmarking?
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Lower control limit.

6. When either attribute or variable measures could be used for SPC - why might attribute measurement be preferred?
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Lower control limit.

7. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 3?
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.

8. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
A scatterplot.

9. What are the 5 Ss?
5%
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Taguchi
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.

10. Why do you need two control charts for variables SPC?
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
It looks to minimize the probability of a failure - or to minimize its effects
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

11. ANOVA

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12. Affinity Diagrams
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
Producer risk.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Mean time to failure.

13. Histogram by Hand
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

14. What is the Baldrige Award?
The US national quality award.
Taguchi
Is what induces the failure
A scatterplot.

15. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Defects Per Million Opportunities
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

16. In Juran's Cost of Quality model - which categories of costs balance which other categories?
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Taguchi
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.

17. What is the role of a master black belt?
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.

18. For what is an x-bar chart used?
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
Causes that lead to a particular effect.
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
To monitor a process when measurement by variables is used.

19. What quality tool formally incorporates the voice of the customer?
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
QFD

20. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
Variable.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)

21. Residual
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.

22. What is process capability?
QFD
Before production starts
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

23. What is Little's Law?
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
99.73%
The House of Quality.
A time series plot.

24. Risk Priority Number RPN
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Represents the behavior of a process
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

25. Who developed the fishbone diagram?
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Kaoru Ishikawa.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.

26. One factor at a time (OFAT)
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
Lean (or JIT).
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.

27. Residual(eij)
5%
X-bar-bar
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

28. Define aesthetic quality.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
The Japanese national quality award.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.
Pleasing to the senses.

29. What is the role of a black belt?
Not necessarily.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
50%
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median

30. There are two milling machines in the shop. Data has been collected on one to compute control limits for both. This is acceptable SPC practice - true or false and why?
Rapid improvement process.
False - because each machine will have different natural tolerances.
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

31. List Garvin's eight dimensions of product quality.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
To manage the Six Sigma project.

32. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Not necessarily.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Brand image.

33. Failure cause
Consumer risk.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Mean time to failure.
Is what induces the failure

34. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
1) Plot a Line chart of the data in time sequence 2) Draw a line at the median
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
68%
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations

35. What is a CAVE man?
Controlling quality at the source.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Before production starts
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

36. What is a Gage R&R?
Walter A. Shewhart
Speed - courtesy - competence - and ease of repair.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Initiated before or at design concept finalization

37. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 4?
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
The cycle time required to meet demand.
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.

38. How does Juran define quality?
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Fitness for use.
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem

39. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
Another way to assess the significance of the analyzed factors is through a graphic procedure developed by C. Daniel when only one replicate (a single observation) was obtained:
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."
Attribute.
Controlling quality at the source.

40. What is a network diagram?
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
Initiated before or at design concept finalization
Fitness for use.
A diagram that shows the relationships between activities in a project network.

41. What is Type II Error?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
Walter A. Shewhart
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Linearity - normality - homoscedasticity - independence.

42. What is DMADV?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

43. What is muda
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
Waste.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed

44. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Is what induces the failure
Walter A. Shewhart
Attribute

45. Statistical Hypothesis
Can't tell without a Range chart.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
The House of Quality.

46. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)
Outside.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none
Lower control limit.

47. What is DPMO?
Defects Per Million Opportunities
The Japanese national quality award.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
10 if Almost impossible to detect

48. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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49. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Variable.
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.

50. What is the center line of an X-bar chart?
QFD
Outside.
99.73%
X-bar-bar