Test your basic knowledge |

Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The Test Statistic (TS)
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
Pleasing to the senses.
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.

2. What is process capability?
No -- only if the process is also capable.
Consumer risk.
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

3. You have been plotting sample means on an x-bar chart and all points indicate normal - expected variation. Is the process in control?

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4. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
A scatterplot.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.

5. In your major - courses are pass-fail. Would you monitor performance using attribute or variable SPC?
Attribute
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

6. Define durability.
Mean time to replacement.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality

7. With Six Sigma capability - how many defects per million opportunities would you see?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Producer risk.
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.

8. What is Value Stream Mapping?
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

9. Taguchi's experimental designs are of this type.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
What the value of the dependent variable is when the independent variable is zero.
Is the way in which the failure is manifested.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.

10. What is poka yoke?
Mistake-proofing.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.

11. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Attribute.
Is the consequence of the failure.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Fitness for use.

12. What is the Baldrige Award?
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
The US national quality award.
Fitness for use.
Upper control limit.

13. Define yield.
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
An interaction is defined as a dependence relationship between the response and the levels of two or more variables
100%

14. What type of risk is associated with Type II Error?
If the Response vs. Levels graph if the response lines are not parallel (crossing)
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Consumer risk.
Fitness for use.

15. Complete this quality phrase: 'Fix the process - not the _____.'
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Blame.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
The House of Quality.

16. What is the Deming Prize?
Taguchi
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
The Japanese national quality award.
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

17. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 3 standard deviations from the mean?
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i
99.73%

18. For what is a p-chart used?
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
The Japanese national quality award.
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
They move closer to the center line.

19. What does a project prioritization matrix do?
Mean time to failure.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
Outside.
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

20. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Walter A. Shewhart
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Producer risk.

21. Based on what principal can we use the normal distribution assumptions for SPC?
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Central Limit Theorem
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan

22. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
50%
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
X-bar-bar
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

23. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)
68%
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Define - measure - analyze - improve - control.

24. Effect ranking (Severity of the Defect)
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
The gap between what customers expect and the service they receive.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

25. If you have calculated a Cpk - should you also calculate a Cp?
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does
To monitor a process when measurement by attribute is used.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.

26. In a Z table - what is Z?
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.

27. What is a spaghetti diagram?
Deming.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

28. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
5%
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

29. Uses of regression
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
The Japanese national quality award.
Can't tell without a Range chart.
Defects Per Million Opportunities

30. What does the abbreviation LCL stand for?
Lower control limit.
Controlling quality at the source.
A scatterplot.
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.

31. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
Before production starts
Lean (or JIT).
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
Lower skill requirements - faster - less chance for error.

32. What type of risk is associated with Type 1 Error?
Producer risk.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Brand image.

33. Manual Test for Nomality
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).

34. What does SIPOC stand for?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
System to reduce waste and optimize productivity through maintaining an orderly workplace and using visual cues to achieve more consistent operational results.
Critical to quality.
Brand image.

35. List two appraisal costs.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
Mean time to failure.
Critical to quality.
Look for the assignable cause of non-random variation.

36. If a Cp shows that a process is not capable - should you calculate Cpk?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
No -- if it is not the same - it can only be worse!
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
It's good -- but it's still out of control!

37. Define product reliability.
Mean time to failure.
Inventory = throughput x flow time.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Not necessarily.

38. Affinity Diagrams
Lower control limit.
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.
consists of plotting the residuals vs. the order of each experiment - If - as in the case of the constant variance a random horizontal band is obtained - the ______________ of the residuals is not rejected. (should be random above a below the line i

39. What is DMADV?
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Hold all input variables constant except one. Observe the response as you vary the single input.

40. Residual(eij)
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
Outside.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)

41. In a regression - what does the standard error of the estimate tell you?
Producer risk.
Walter A. Shewhart
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
How much variance you expect around the prediction; two SEs gives you a 95% confidence interval.

42. Affinity Diagrams
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions
A random variable that summarizes the information from the sample(s).
Defects Per Million Opportunities
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.

43. What is the role of a green belt?
To be a member of a Six Sigma project team.
= S x O x D S--> Severity O--> Occurrence D--> Detection Higher the number the worse it is
Brand image.
Fewer good units to sell - increased variable cost/unit.

44. What is an affinity diagram?
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.

45. Failure effect
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Workers - machines - materials.
Is the consequence of the failure.
50%

46. What is written on the "spines" of a fishbone diagram?
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
To manage the Six Sigma project.
The primary operating characteristics of a product.
Causes that lead to a particular effect.

47. Uses of regression - Control
Workers - machines - materials.
To obtain a certain desirable outcome from the process
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
Defects Per Million Opportunities

48. DOE
Mistake-proofing.
Mean time to failure.
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Different types of defects are listed (used for Pareto chart)

49. Does it ever make sense to accept a job when a process is incapable?
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.
Decomposing the total variation of data into: (a) the internal or "natural" or "within" groups variation - and (b) the "between" groups variation in such a way that when these two types of variation are compared - it's possible to determine if there
No -- the variation also has to be random and "expected."

50. To what does the Six in Six Sigma relate?
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.
Producer risk.
= yij - y(bar)i --> value minus sum of that treatment (of row)