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Six Sigma

Subjects : certifications, six-sigma, business-skills

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Explain the difference between technical and functional service quality.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.
Represents the behavior of a process
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
QFD

2. List two components of external failure.
Producer risk.
0.9^3 or 72.9%
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Complaint adjustment - returned material - warranty charges - allowances - loss of future business.

3. What graphical tool is used to show the relationship between two numerical variables?
The Japanese national quality award.
Lean is waste reduction - Six Sigma is variation reduction.
Pleasing to the senses.
A scatterplot.

4. What is a CAVE man?
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
A chart that breaks the range of data into equal intervals and then shows the count of occurrences in each interval.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

5. What size should samples be for attribute SPC?
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Large enough to find two of the attribute - on average.
Producer risk.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.

6. Stratified defect check sheets
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
Stratify a particular defect type according to logical criteria

7. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 2?
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Represent the errors which are random variables with an assumed normal distribution with mean zero and a constant variance σ2.
Is what induces the failure

8. What is the Deming Prize?
Reliability - Assurance - Responsiveness - Tangibles - Empathy
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."
The Japanese national quality award.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.

9. Name the structure associated with Quality Function Deployment.
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
The House of Quality.
Prediction and estimation. based on an unknown x value - estimation is based on a known x value
Assigns scores to weighted criteria for each project under consideration.

10. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 2 standard deviations from the mean?
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
95%
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Data reduction to put a large number of qualitative inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions

11. Approximately what percent of a normal distribution falls between ± 1 standard deviations from the mean?
68%
X-bar-bar
10 if Almost impossible to detect
The manager in charge of a process being improved in a Six Sigma project.

12. What is the role of a black belt?
A scatterplot.
Walter A. Shewhart
10 if Almost impossible to detect
To manage the Six Sigma project.

13. Define features.
Rapid improvement process.
Variable.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
The secondary characteristics of a product; "bells and whistles."

14. List two appraisal costs.
68%
Attribute.
Incoming materials inspection - inspection and testing - maintaining test equipment - materials/services consumed
The target number of standard deviations from the mean for specifications.

15. What is the formula for standard deviation?
To manage the Six Sigma project.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
100%
=sqrt(Σ(x-x-bar)^2)/(n-1))

16. Process check sheets
Upper control limit.
Rapid improvement process.
It usually isn't possible to hold all other variables constant - There is no way to account for the effect of joint variation of independent variables - such as interaction - There is no way to account for experimental error - including measurement v
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets

17. What is Type 1 Error?
p-bar - the long-run percent defective.
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
How likely it is to have an F statistic of that value if there really is no relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable(s).
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.

18. In a Z table - what is Z?
3.4 (assuming 1.5 sigma shift in the mean)
Used to create frequency distribution tally sheets
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.

19. What is Type II Error?
Concluding there has not been an effect/change when there has.
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.
Sort - Set in Order - Shine - Standardize - Sustain
Observed variation in response is caused by the input

20. TWO-DIMENTIONAL SCATTER PLOT
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.
Waste.

21. If a three-stage process has 90% yields at each stage - what is the overall yield?
0.9^3 or 72.9%
Kaoru Ishikawa.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Walter A. Shewhart

22. If your process is capable at two sigma - what percentage of the output will be defective (assuming the process is in control)?
Because the mean and standard deviation are independent of each other.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
5%
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.

23. What is DMADV?
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
Mean time to failure.
Lean (or JIT).
Define - measure - analyze - design - verify.

24. Advantages of DOE
1.Interactions can be detected and measured 2.Each value does the work of several values 3.Experimental error is quantified and used to determine the confidence the experimenter has in the conclusions
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Critical to quality.
Fitness for use.

25. Define perceived quality (Garvin's framework).
Rapid improvement process.
Observed variation in response is caused by the input
An assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations
Brand image.

26. What percentage of a normal distribution lies above the mean?
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
50%
Attribute.
= y = Beta(0) + Beta(1)X + epsilon y=dependent variable (response) x=independent variable (predictor of y) - epsilon=error component - Beta(not)=intersection. If data include zero - it represents the mean of the distribution of y when - x=0. It does

27. Failure cause
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Walter A. Shewhart
The number of standard deviations some value is from the mean.
Is what induces the failure

28. In the Service Quality Gap Model - what is Gap 1?
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Blame.
The gap between what management thinks customers want and what customers really want.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

29. F value
Shifts - Trends - Repeating patterns - Correlation with known events
Concluding there has been an effect/change when there has not.
They move closer to the center line.
F_alpha - df(tr) - df (error)

30. Detection Criteria Ranking
10 if Almost impossible to detect
Deming.
Workers - machines - materials.
Actual drawings - layouts - maps - etc which show where a defect occurs

31. What inventory approach contributes to process quality by "lowering the river to find the rocks?"
The gap between what management thinks customers want and the process specifications.
Through producer/consumer negotiation.
Lean (or JIT).
Central Limit Theorem

32. Define yield.
Is what induces the failure
Defects Per Million Opportunities
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.

33. Affinity Diagrams
Prevention and appraisal costs are balanced against internal and external failure.
Fractional factorial designs (orthogonal arrays)
Organize ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity
Is what induces the failure

34. What is the difference between the way sampling is done for SPC and for acceptance sampling?
Central Limit Theorem
Sampling for SPC is done real time.
Not necessarily.
1) Identify the Range (Max Value - Min Value) 2) Determine # of bins 3) Determine the Width of each bin --> (Range / # Bins) 4) Put values in correct Bin

35. What are the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
The ratio of outputs to inputs; 1-scrap.
99.73%
5%

36. What is CTQ?
Producer risk.
Look to your customer - not to other firms. "You can always find someone shorter - fatter and balder!"
Critical to quality.
A brainstorming tool that shows the connections between ideas.

37. Regression Analysis
Technique used to relate through a model - one or more independent variables and a dependent variable (response)
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
Mean time to failure.
The Japanese national quality award.

38. In a regression - what does R-square tell you?
An experiment where one or more variables believed to have an effect on an experimental outcome are identified and manipulated according to a plan
Method developed by Ishikawa to graphically display the causes of any given problem
1) Obtain Residuals 2) Fill out table --> y coordinates: F = 100 (i-.5)/N x coordinates: Ordered Residual 3) Plot on Normal Probability Paper
The amount of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable(s).

39. Define conformance quality.
The degree to which a product meets pre-established standards.
Plot the residuals vs. the fitted values (mean of each group - y(hat) = y (bar)i ) - Assumption of ____________not rejected if the dispersion of every group is approximately the same.
68%
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

40. What is a spaghetti diagram?
It's good -- but it's still out of control!
To mentor/coach (and sometimes train) black belts.
A tool that shows the physical flows through a space.
Lean (or JIT).

41. If you can only collect categorical data - what type of SPC charting can you do?
A tool that shows performance along key dimensions all at once.
95%
Attribute.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process

42. The data points on an SPC p-chart of defective percent plot below the mean. Is this good or bad?

43. What is a Gage R&R?
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.
A tools that is used to measure the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device (repeatability) and the people taking the measurement (reproducibility).
The gap between what is promised and what is delivered.
To do a capability study for a non-centered process.

44. What is process capability?
A descending order-sorted bar chart with a cumulative percentage line.
The ability of a process to consistently meet customer specifications.
Financial - customer - internal process - innovation and learning.
Yes - when there are opportunities to improve - when contribution margin is adequate - when achieving market share is important.

45. What are two other names for an Ishikawa diagram?
Fishbone - cause-and-effect diagram.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces
Someone who is consistently against virtually everything.

46. Define benchmarking.
A systemized group of activities designed to 1. recognize and evaluate the potential failure of product/process and its effects 2. Identify actions which could eliminate or reduce the chance of potential failure ocurring 3. document the process
Studying firms with the best performance in a particular area.
No; if the process is centered - Cp will be the same; if not - Cpk is what you need to determine capabilty.
Supplier - input - process - output - customer.

47. What is Value Stream Mapping?
The gap between specifications and how service is performed.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.
A simple graph between two variables - visualize the type - degree of strength and shape of the relationship between two variables
Rapid improvement process.

48. What is Jidoka?
Controlling quality at the source.
Prevention - appraisal - internal failure - external failure.
Quality planning - design review - education and training - process control - IS costs - quality reporting - improvement project costs - working with suppliers before production.
10 for Hazardous without warning 1 for none

49. What is the formula for the standard deviation of a proportion?
5%
=sqrt((p*(1-p)/n)
Technical quality is the "what" of the service; functional quality is the "how."
Rank of 10 if there is >= 100 per 1000 piece Rank of 1 if there is <=.01 per 1000 pieces

50. What is a Gantt chart?
Performance - features - conformance - reliability - durability - serviceability - aesthetics - perceived quality
Shows the temporal flow of activities in a project network.
Scrap - rework - retest - downtime - yield losses - disposition costs.
A tool that shows where there is waste in a process.