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Test your basic knowledge |
Social Psychology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
humanities
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. An unpleasant state caused by people's awareness of inconsistency among various beliefs - attitudes or actions. We are motivated to achieve and maintain cognitive consistency to avoid dissonance.
Prejudice
Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger 1957)
Need For Cognition NFC
Cons of Categorization
2. Primed words associated with stereotypes of blacks - or nonsense syllables.Then read description of person with traits related to stereotypes. Effects higher for those with high anti black prejudice.
Extrinsic Motivation
Stereotypes include many different types of information.
(Lepore & Brown) Primed Words
Self Presentation
3. Tend to shape their behavior for their audience and situations.
(Twenge and Crocker) Self Esteem in groups
Subtype
High Self Monitors
Big 3 Categories
4. Called students at the U of Hawaii and asked their opinion about a new university festival. Students then heard statement about the festival and asked if they agreed or not. 1/2 were rewarded with 'good' when said good things - 1/2 when said bad.
Reasons of End of Attitude Research
Peripheral Route
Big 3 Categories
Insko (1965)
5. Pair neutral objects with stimuli that already bring about desired response. EX Mothballs->Grandparents->Pleasant feelin Mothball-->Pleasant Feeling.
Classical Conditioning
Steps in Persuasion According To MLA
Modern research on stereotypes
Terror Management Theory
6. Avoid effortful thinking.
Individuals Low in NFC
Behavioral= Discrimination
Self Concept
Low Elaboration (Peripheral Route)
7. Measured extent of white preference for a white vs black stimulus person.85% of 6 year old's preferred whites. 70%-10 year olds - 50% of adults.
Why AOD?
Common Peripheral Cues
(Baron & Banaji) White vs Black
(Payne) Weapon or Tool
8. 1/2 told 60% answers right - 1/2 told 40%. Also told either that their average was 20% better or worse. People like more that they were better than average.
(PCG) Source Expertise Manipulation
(Klein) False Feedback
Self Handicapped
Big 3 Categories
9. Had subjects spend an hour performing really boring repetitive tasks. 1/3 received $20 to tell next subject that task was fun. 1/3 only received $1 - last 1/3 not asked to lie.
(Correll) Quick Decision Kill
Social Learning Explanation
Classic Dissonance Exp. Festinger & Carlsmith (1959)
Cons of Categorization
10. Refers to the performance of the activity in order to obtain an outcome.
Extrinsic Motivation
'Hot' Prejudice
ABC Model
(Linville) Self Esteem in Success/Failure
11. The people we want to be.
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12. High Personal relevance had higher agreement if had strong argument vs weaker - which was also higher for strong arguments.
Leaning Theories
(PCG) Results
Discrimination
(Linville) Self Esteem in Success/Failure
13. Randomly assigned morning types and evening types - and led experiment during morning - noon - and evening. Subjects read evidence about Robert Garner - and Roberto Garcia - found Roberto Garcia rated more negatively at morning time.
'Ideal' selves
(Bodenhausen) Tested Circadian Rhythm
Stereotype
Behavioral= Discrimination
14. Stereotyping Increases as.
Self-Discrepancy Theory
Rebound Effect
Effectiveness of The Persuasive Appeal
As Cognitive Capacity Decreases
15. We tend to attribute our own behaviors to situational causes while seeing others behaviors as caused by internal characteristics. Especially when behaviors are negative.
Message Processing and Persuasion Predominant Theory
Affective= Prejudice
Self Complexity
Actor Observer Differences in Attribution
16. Peripheral Route - Superficial Processing.
Low End of the Continuum
Social Learning Explanation
Leaning Theories
Common Peripheral Cues
17. Relies on subtle methods: Disguised questionaires -Elaborate cover stories -Physiological measures -Implicit reaction times.
Modern research on stereotypes
Petty - Cacioppo - & Goldman (1981) (PCG)
Classical Conditioning
Staats and Staats (1957)
18. Found that people were frieghtened into thinking they would receive shocks sought others in the same situation- influenced behavior.
Need For Cognition NFC
(Shaetner) Shocks
Two Factor Theory of emotion
Social Comparison Theory
19. Specific Responses are followed by positive or negative consequences.
Problems of MLA
Reasons of End of Attitude Research
Operant Conditioning
Reliance of Peripheral Cues Increases
20. When people believe that some groups don't have what it takes and should be excluded from desirable positions - wealth - and power.
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21. Subjects had to decide appropriately - results found they were more likely to misidentify blacks with having a weapon.
(Payne) Weapon or Tool
(Lepper) Kids and Math Games
Self Discrepancy Theory Predicts
(Twenge and Crocker) Self Esteem in groups
22. Nonsense syllables visually and paired with positive or negative words via audio. Ex saw nonsense word but saw either 'sweet' or 'ugly'. Results showed people formed attitudes based on pairing of +/- words.
Central Route
Staats and Staats (1957)
(Payne) Weapon or Tool
(Linville) Self Esteem in Success/Failure
23. An unpleasant state caused by people's awareness of inconsistency among various beliefs - attitudes or actions. We are motivated to achieve and maintain cognitive consistency to avoid dissonance.
Self Expression
Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger 1957)
High Elaboration (Central Route
Cognitive= Stereotypes
24. Extreme hatred for other groups.
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25. Measured extent of white preference for a white vs black stimulus person.85% of 6 year old's preferred whites. 70%-10 year olds - 50% of adults.
Key Factor of MLA
(Baron & Banaji) White vs Black
Self-Discrepancy Theory
Central Route
26. 1 week later in the survey showed students were more favorable about the festival if rewarded for being favorable - and less for being unfavorable.
Insko (1965) Results
Over Justification Effect
Self Expression
Common Peripheral Cues
27. Conditional (Classical/Operant) - Mere exposure effect - Self-perception effects.
Big 3 Categories
Low Elaboration (Peripheral Route)
High Self Monitors
Classical Conditioning
28. Had subjects hear an audio message in favor of 'Senior Comprehensive Exams'. 1/2 given strong argument vs Weak.
Classic Dissonance Exp. Festinger & Carlsmith (1959)
Berkowitz & Knurek (1969)
Self Expression
Petty - Cacioppo - & Goldman (1981) (PCG)
29. A motive for choosing behaviors that are intended to elicit a desired impression of the self.
Cacioppo (1983) UI
(Linville) Self Esteem in Success/Failure
Self Presentation
Common Peripheral Cues
30. Found similar effects as Payne - in a video game simulation. Found all subjects include blacks were more likely to shoot a black holding a tool.`
High End of the Continuum
High Elaboration (Central Route
Subtype
(Correll) Quick Decision Kill
31. Discrepancy - Emotional Reactions - Long-Term Effects.
'Hot' Prejudice
Self Discrepancy Theory Predicts
Social Learning Explanation
(Payne) Weapon or Tool
32. Process of identifying individuals as members of a social group because they share typical features of a group. When people are perceived as members of a group not as individuals.
Social Categorization
ABC Model
(Amabile) Adult Participants
Reasons of End of Attitude Research
33. Gave British subjects photos of a day in the life of a skinhead - told to write about him. 1/2 told to avoid stereotypes. Then were told they would meet him in a room - but He was out - they then measured how far they sat. Those that were told to avo
(Macrae) Suppress stereotypical expectancies
Individuals High in NFC
Terror Management Theory
Contact Hypothesis
34. Found similar effects as Payne - in a video game simulation. Found all subjects include blacks were more likely to shoot a black holding a tool.`
(Correll) Quick Decision Kill
Stereotyping is generally associated with
Social Learning Explanation
The Elaboration Continuum
35. Physical appearance - interest and goals - preferred activities - attitudes.
Two Factor Theory of emotion
Stereotypes include many different types of information.
According to SPT
(Baron & Banaji) White vs Black
36. Message Learning Approach
Steps in Persuasion According To MLA
Leaning Theories
Self Discrepancy Theory Predicts
Problems of MLA
37. An individual's overall image of himself or herself.
How does our self self concept and self esteem shaped by our social environment?
Self Enhancing Bias`
Self Concept
Message Processing Theories
38. We are biologically programmed for self preservation - but we are always in fear of our own death. Self-Esteem serves as a buffer for this.
(Shaetner) Shocks
Terror Management Theory
(Twenge and Crocker) Self Esteem in groups
Prejudice
39. As a ability or motivation is lacking. Similar to relying on stereotypes when not thinking.
Low End of the Continuum
Berkowitz & Knurek (1969)
Reliance of Peripheral Cues Increases
Self-Discrepancy Theory
40. A motive for choosing behaviors that are intended to reflect and express the self concept.
Cacioppo (1983) UI
Terror Management Theory
Self Expression
Leaning Theories
41. The individual must perceive the action as inconsistent; Must take personal responsibility for the act; Must experience physiological arousal; Must attribute the arousal to the action.
2 Components of The Social Self
Self Esteem
'Ideal' selves
Cognitive Dissonance Steps
42. Central Route - Systematic Processing
Cognitive Consistency Theories
Berkowitz & Knurek (1969)
Message Learning Approach
High End of the Continuum
43. Makes all members of a group seem more similar to each other than if they were not categorized. Also - categorization can also exaggerate differences between groups.
(Heatherton & Vohs) Self Esteem Intelligence Test
(Correll) Quick Decision Kill
Cons of Categorization
(Lepore & Brown) Primed Words
44. We make inferences about our attitudes by observing our own behaviors when 'internal cues' are weak or ambiguous.
Cognitive= Stereotypes
Big 3 Categories
(PCG) Personal Relevance Manipulation
Self-Perception Theory
45. We desire self esteem - to be aligned with other people to make ourselves feel better about ourselves.
Low Self Monitors
Behavioral= Discrimination
Message Processing Theories
The Need to Belong
46. When people do not elaborate on the arguments of a communication but are instead swayed by factors that are peripheral to the message.
Message Processing and Persuasion Predominant Theory
Is Prejudice Hardwired?
Social Categorization
Peripheral Route
47. Gave British subjects photos of a day in the life of a skinhead - told to write about him. 1/2 told to avoid stereotypes. Then were told they would meet him in a room - but He was out - they then measured how far they sat. Those that were told to avo
Central Route
'Hot' Prejudice
(Macrae) Suppress stereotypical expectancies
(Lepper) Kids and Math Games
48. The theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others.
Cognitive Consistency Theories
Self Esteem
Social Comparison Theory
(Linville) Self Esteem in Success/Failure
49. A motive for choosing behaviors that are intended to elicit a desired impression of the self.
Self Presentation
Extrinsic Motivation
Social Categorization
According to Self-perception Theory
50. Physical appearance - interest and goals - preferred activities - attitudes.
Low Elaboration (Peripheral Route)
Stereotypes include many different types of information.
Implicit Egoism
Social Comparison Theory