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Veterinary Technology Diseases Of Digestive System

Subjects : engineering, health-sciences, veterinary

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is Chronic Enteropathies DX
Potassium supplement if < 3 mEq monitor ecg treat w/ lidocaine or procanimade * surgery
PE often normal - edema or ascities if protein losing enteropathy - mdb - fecal - xray - endoscopy/biopsy (looking for lymphotic- plasmacytic infiltrates)
Surgical removal - chemo - radiation poor prognosis
Anorexia - acute vomiting - +/- dehydration - +/- painful abdomen

2. Diseases of Pancreas: who/signs
Weakness - collapse - depression - nausea - non - productive retching - hypersalivation - abdominal pain and distension - increased hr and resp
Occurs when smaller - proximal segment of intestine at ileocolic junction invaginates into larger - more distal segment of large intestine telescoping effect causes partial to complete blockage and compromises blood supply - causing necrosis
Surgical removal - chemo - radiation poor prognosis
Older obese dogs with history of recent fatty meal; painful abdomen - anorexia - depression - dehydration - vomiting - diarrhea - fever - shock and collapse

3. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) physiology
Supportive and symptomatic fluid and electrolyte therapy - NPO 24-48 hrs - water if no vomiting - pepto bismol or loperamide - antibiotics - bland low fat diet
Males have increased risk for melonoma and fibrosarcoma; dogs with pimented oral mucosa greater risk for melonoma
Surgical reduction or resection of necrotic bowel fluids and electrolytes; broad spectrum antobiotics post surgery; no solid food for 24 hrs - then bland diet for 10-24 days to allow healing of intestinal walls
Enlarged stomach pushes against diaphragm - making breathing difficult blocks venous return thru hepatic portal vein and caudal vena cava increased pressure on gastric wall causes ischemia and necrosis Spleen may be involved (congestion) *hypovolemic

4. Intussusception DX
Cellular infiltrates in or near bile ducts; +/- portal triad fibrosis (definative diagnosis)
Lubricates feces and reduces water reabsorption of lumen
Common cause of vomiting in dogs
Palpation of sausage- like mass in cranial abdomen; ultrasound shows multi- layered concentric rings representing large intestinal wall layers

5. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis prevention
HX and pe demonstrate weak - shocky animal (long crt - abnormal mm) xray ecg - ventricular arrhthmia or sinus tach cbc/chem for correction of electrolye and ph imbalances - fluid therapy
Stress - diet changes - boarding - illness; enviro. change resulting in anorexia >2 wks - imbalance occurs between breakdown of peripheral lipids; lipid clearance w/in liver occurs; excess fat accumulation w/in hepatocytes
Vomiting - anorexia - depression - diarrhea (often bloody)
Avoid stress in obese cats - early intervention essential - a cat that usually eats well and just stops is at risk - prevent obesity cure rate 60-65% - may be long and $

6. What is oral neoplasia?
Supplement pancreatic enzymes - give pancrezyme or Viokase-V - chopped - raw pig or ox pancreas; low fiber diet with high digestibility; rx: chain tryglyceride vitamins antibiotic therapy prednisone
Common; melanomas and squamous cell carcinomas are most common: also fibrosarcomas
Anorexia - depression - lethargy - weakness - ataxia - head- pressing - circling - pacing - blindness - seizures - coma - hypersalivation and bizarre aggressive behavior in cats
Rapidly growing tumors characterized by early bone involvement metastatisize to lungs

7. what is acute diarrhea TX?
Greatly increased ALP - increased ALT - AST - hyperbilirubinemia - hypoalbuminemia - increased serum bile acids
Supportive and symptomatic fluid and electrolyte therapy - NPO 24-48 hrs - water if no vomiting - pepto bismol or loperamide - antibiotics - bland low fat diet
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!
HX and pe demonstrate weak - shocky animal (long crt - abnormal mm) xray ecg - ventricular arrhthmia or sinus tach cbc/chem for correction of electrolye and ph imbalances - fluid therapy

8. What is megacolon? : who gets it?
Cyclosporin +/- ketoconazole - tacrolimus 0.1% topical - prednisone - azathioprine stool softeners(lactolose) antimicrobials (adjunct for seconary dermatitus)
Common cause of vomiting in dogs
Stress - diet changes - boarding - illness; enviro. change resulting in anorexia >2 wks - imbalance occurs between breakdown of peripheral lipids; lipid clearance w/in liver occurs; excess fat accumulation w/in hepatocytes
Fairly common in cats(middle- age to older cats); can occur from hypokalema - hypothyroidism - pelvic deformities; 62% of cases are idiopathic; believed to involve a defect in neurostimulation for colon evacuation

9. Intussusception - what is it?
Occurs when smaller - proximal segment of intestine at ileocolic junction invaginates into larger - more distal segment of large intestine telescoping effect causes partial to complete blockage and compromises blood supply - causing necrosis
HX and pe demonstrate weak - shocky animal (long crt - abnormal mm) xray ecg - ventricular arrhthmia or sinus tach cbc/chem for correction of electrolye and ph imbalances - fluid therapy
*gastric indiscretion (eating garbage) - spoiled food - change in diet - food allergy - infection(bacterial - viral - parasitic) - toxins - foreign object ingestion
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested

10. Cholangiohepatitis DX : bw
Enlarged stomach pushes against diaphragm - making breathing difficult blocks venous return thru hepatic portal vein and caudal vena cava increased pressure on gastric wall causes ischemia and necrosis Spleen may be involved (congestion) *hypovolemic
Cbc-- neutraophilia w/ left shift -- mild - regenerative anemia
Stress - diet changes - boarding - illness; enviro. change resulting in anorexia >2 wks - imbalance occurs between breakdown of peripheral lipids; lipid clearance w/in liver occurs; excess fat accumulation w/in hepatocytes
Increase fiber - soft canned food - salt food to increase water intake

11. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) TX
Contraindicated because docusate will act as a surfacant on the mineral oil - allowing it to be absorbed by the colonic mucosa - and the mineral oil will prevent water from getting to feces
Supplement pancreatic enzymes - give pancrezyme or Viokase-V - chopped - raw pig or ox pancreas; low fiber diet with high digestibility; rx: chain tryglyceride vitamins antibiotic therapy prednisone
Cyclosporin +/- ketoconazole - tacrolimus 0.1% topical - prednisone - azathioprine stool softeners(lactolose) antimicrobials (adjunct for seconary dermatitus)
Benign neoplasms (papilomas - epulides)

12. Who is most prone to oral neoplasia?
Very similar to small intestine diseases - excessive number of inflammatory cells in mucosa - unknown etiology - likely multi factorial - colonic inflammation disrupts mucosal integrity and results in decreased absorption of water and electrolytes
Many cats have underlying disease that interferes with local immunity in gingava' cats should be screened for disease
Cause unknown; ascending biliary infections from GI tract and immune- mediated causes have been suggested; Persian cats predisposed; sometimes occurs in conjuction with pancreatitis and IBD in cats (Triaditis)
Older animals

13. How crazy Dr C is to think we can learn all of this SH*T!!!!!!
Weakness - collapse - depression - nausea - non - productive retching - hypersalivation - abdominal pain and distension - increased hr and resp
Cbc - microcytosis - target cells - poikilocytosis - mild regenerative anemia xray microhepatia
Lubricates feces and reduces water reabsorption of lumen
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!

14. What are signs of lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis?
Vomiting - diarrhea - stunted growth - PU/PD/ urate urolithiasis - hematuria - ammonium biurate crystals in sediment - dilute urine
Supplement pancreatic enzymes - give pancrezyme or Viokase-V - chopped - raw pig or ox pancreas; low fiber diet with high digestibility; rx: chain tryglyceride vitamins antibiotic therapy prednisone
Inflamed gums - often with minor calculus
Antibiotics - ursodeoxycolic acid - prednisone - fluid and electrolyte corrections - vitamin and nutritional support - S- adenosylmethioonie

15. Perineal hernias signs
Antibiotics - ursodeoxycolic acid - prednisone - fluid and electrolyte corrections - vitamin and nutritional support - S- adenosylmethioonie
Perineal swelling - tenesmus - dyschezia - constipation - possible urethral obstruction if bladder involved
Irreversible - requires life long treatment; expensive (pancreatic enzyme replacements); give with every meal; most animals will regain weight and diarrhea will resolve
Parvovirus - distemper - coroavirus - feline panleukopenia

16. Chronic Enteropathies signs
PE often normal - edema or ascities if protein losing enteropathy - mdb - fecal - xray - endoscopy/biopsy (looking for lymphotic- plasmacytic infiltrates)
Single or multiple ulcerated sinuses that involve perianal tissue; often large breed dogs
Often non specific - chronic intermittent vomit/ -+/- diarrhea - listlessness - weight loss - older animals - Borygmus (gas sounds in intestine) - halitosis - flatulence - signs progressive over time
Parvovirus - distemper - coroavirus - feline panleukopenia

17. Viral Diarrhea
Diarrhea w/o weight loss - increased frequency of defecation w/ decreased fecal volume - tenesmus - hematochezia (frank blood) - increased mucus - +/- dsschezia and mild fever
Recurrence infrequent - prognosis depends on extent of damage - common in puppies with heavy parasitic infestation
Parvovirus - distemper - coroavirus - feline panleukopenia
Rapidly growing tumors characterized by early bone involvement metastatisize to lungs

18. What is gastritis?
Stool softeners - Ducolax - docusate - lactulose - enemas - Cisapride - correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances - antibiotics to protect against sepsis thru damaged colonic wall - treat any underlying disease
Surgical reduction or resection of necrotic bowel fluids and electrolytes; broad spectrum antobiotics post surgery; no solid food for 24 hrs - then bland diet for 10-24 days to allow healing of intestinal walls
Single or multiple ulcerated sinuses that involve perianal tissue; often large breed dogs
Common cause of vomiting in dogs

19. What are contradictions with enema for mega colon or constipation?
Ductus venosus remains patent after birth - the blood from abdominal viscera will continue to bypass liver - liver is unable to filter deleterious and toxic substances
Occurs when smaller - proximal segment of intestine at ileocolic junction invaginates into larger - more distal segment of large intestine telescoping effect causes partial to complete blockage and compromises blood supply - causing necrosis
DO NOT USE PHOSPHATE ENEMAS IN CATS OR SMALL DOGS DO NOT MIX DOCUSATE AND MINERAL OIL
Siamese - himalayans - abyssinians

20. How to treat megacolon with diet?
Most common diarrhea; change in diet - drug therapy - stressful situations causes disruption of normal bacterial flora signs abrupt onset diarrhea - +/- vomiting
Increase fiber - soft canned food - salt food to increase water intake
Common; melanomas and squamous cell carcinomas are most common: also fibrosarcomas
x- rays -- mild hepatomegaly ultrasound-- hyperechoic liver histopathology-- severley vacuolized hepatocytes

21. Cholangiohepatitis PX
Supplement pancreatic enzymes - give pancrezyme or Viokase-V - chopped - raw pig or ox pancreas; low fiber diet with high digestibility; rx: chain tryglyceride vitamins antibiotic therapy prednisone
Prognosis uncertain and variable; tx may be prolonged and expensive; permanent damage to liver my occur
Clean teeth - antibiotics - oral antiseptics - daily brushing w/ antibacterial solutions - hard diet - rechecks
Greatly increased ALP - increased ALT - AST - hyperbilirubinemia - hypoalbuminemia - increased serum bile acids

22. Cholangiohepatitis DX: liver biopsy
Surgical removal - chemo - radiation poor prognosis
Potassium supplement if < 3 mEq monitor ecg treat w/ lidocaine or procanimade * surgery
Cellular infiltrates in or near bile ducts; +/- portal triad fibrosis (definative diagnosis)
Anorexia - acute vomiting - +/- dehydration - +/- painful abdomen

23. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) TX (cont)
Older obese dogs with history of recent fatty meal; painful abdomen - anorexia - depression - dehydration - vomiting - diarrhea - fever - shock and collapse
Potassium supplement if < 3 mEq monitor ecg treat w/ lidocaine or procanimade * surgery
Inflamed gums - often with minor calculus
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!

24. Who gets Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV)?
Chronic small intestinal inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs and cats chronic antigenic stimulation of the intestinal lumen (from many causes) causes and infiltration of lamina propria with lymphocytes and plasma cells (causes damage to mucosa a
Mdb - fecal - xray - colonoscopy with biopsy ( histo will show lymphocytes and plasma cells in large intestinal lamina propria)
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested
Treatment can be long and expensive - often not cured - monitor dogs and cats on long term antinflammatory therapy

25. Portosystemic shunts signs
Anorexia - depression - lethargy - weakness - ataxia - head- pressing - circling - pacing - blindness - seizures - coma - hypersalivation and bizarre aggressive behavior in cats
Mild to moderate increase in ALT - normal to increased ALP - mild to moderate increase in GGT - normal to increased fasting serum bile acids - hypoalbuminemia -(later stages) - decreased BUN(later stages)
Atypical immune response of unknown etiology?
Diarrhea w/o weight loss - increased frequency of defecation w/ decreased fecal volume - tenesmus - hematochezia (frank blood) - increased mucus - +/- dsschezia and mild fever

26. Diseases of Large Intestine: large inflammatory bowel disease
Atypical immune response of unknown etiology?
Very similar to small intestine diseases - excessive number of inflammatory cells in mucosa - unknown etiology - likely multi factorial - colonic inflammation disrupts mucosal integrity and results in decreased absorption of water and electrolytes
Emergency!! decompress stomach(18 g needle) - stabilize patient - prep for surgery stomach tube treat shock bicarbonate if total carbon dioxide <12 mEq IV antibiotics targeted against gram-/anaerobes - cefoxtin - ampicillin
Prognosis uncertain and variable; tx may be prolonged and expensive; permanent damage to liver my occur

27. Perianal fistula (anal fistula) signs
Causes pain - bleeding - self mutilation - dyschezia - anal stenosis - tenesmus - incontinence - licking perianal area - foul odor to anal area
Potassium supplement if < 3 mEq monitor ecg treat w/ lidocaine or procanimade * surgery
Vomiting - anorexia - depression - diarrhea (often bloody)
Occurs when smaller - proximal segment of intestine at ileocolic junction invaginates into larger - more distal segment of large intestine telescoping effect causes partial to complete blockage and compromises blood supply - causing necrosis

28. What are gastritis signs?
Single or multiple ulcerated sinuses that involve perianal tissue; often large breed dogs
Siamese - himalayans - abyssinians
Atypical immune response of unknown etiology?
Anorexia - acute vomiting - +/- dehydration - +/- painful abdomen

29. Megacolon DX
Pe - distended colon is filled with firm - packed feces - x- ray show colon width greater than length of lumbar vertebra - mdb (possible dehydration - increased hct
Supportive and symptomatic fluid and electrolyte therapy - NPO 24-48 hrs - water if no vomiting - pepto bismol or loperamide - antibiotics - bland low fat diet
Unknown - but can result from parasites - foreign bodies - infections - neoplasia
Stool softeners - Ducolax - docusate - lactulose - enemas - Cisapride - correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances - antibiotics to protect against sepsis thru damaged colonic wall - treat any underlying disease

30. Diseases of Pancreas: cbc and chem
Cbc - leukocytosis - increased PCV chem - azotemia - increased ALT - mils hypocalcemia - hyperlipemia - normal to increased amylase and lipase4
Mild to marked weight loss; polyphagia - coprophagia - pica - diarrhea - fatty stoo; foul smelling poop; flatulence
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - vomiting - dehydration - fever - jaundice - ascites - hepatomegaly
Single or multiple ulcerated sinuses that involve perianal tissue; often large breed dogs

31. Megacolon signs are?
Straining to defecate - vomiting - weakness - dehydration - anorexia - small hard feces+/- blood - mucus
Most common diarrhea; change in diet - drug therapy - stressful situations causes disruption of normal bacterial flora signs abrupt onset diarrhea - +/- vomiting
Very similar to small intestine diseases - excessive number of inflammatory cells in mucosa - unknown etiology - likely multi factorial - colonic inflammation disrupts mucosal integrity and results in decreased absorption of water and electrolytes
Enlarged stomach pushes against diaphragm - making breathing difficult blocks venous return thru hepatic portal vein and caudal vena cava increased pressure on gastric wall causes ischemia and necrosis Spleen may be involved (congestion) *hypovolemic

32. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) PX
Males have increased risk for melonoma and fibrosarcoma; dogs with pimented oral mucosa greater risk for melonoma
Emergency!! decompress stomach(18 g needle) - stabilize patient - prep for surgery stomach tube treat shock bicarbonate if total carbon dioxide <12 mEq IV antibiotics targeted against gram-/anaerobes - cefoxtin - ampicillin
Irreversible - requires life long treatment; expensive (pancreatic enzyme replacements); give with every meal; most animals will regain weight and diarrhea will resolve
Recurrence infrequent - prognosis depends on extent of damage - common in puppies with heavy parasitic infestation

33. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis DX: CBC
Rule out other causes (MDB); fecal sample direct and float; HCT to monitor hydration
Very similar to small intestine diseases - excessive number of inflammatory cells in mucosa - unknown etiology - likely multi factorial - colonic inflammation disrupts mucosal integrity and results in decreased absorption of water and electrolytes
CBC; nonregenerative anemia; stress neutrophilia lymphopenia
Lubricates feces and reduces water reabsorption of lumen

34. What conditions are common with oral neoplasia?
Benign neoplasms (papilomas - epulides)
Extract all premolars - molars - and retained roots - if still recurs remove remaining teeth; steroids
Causes pain - bleeding - self mutilation - dyschezia - anal stenosis - tenesmus - incontinence - licking perianal area - foul odor to anal area
Cbc - microcytosis - target cells - poikilocytosis - mild regenerative anemia xray microhepatia

35. Perianal fistula (anal fistula) SX
Debride ulcers and diseased tissue - possibly cryosurgery - may use medical tx first to decrease the size of the fistulas - then surgery
Avoid feeding one lg meal limit exercise after eating feed high quality - protein - low fat diet avoid easily fermentable food DX has 15-18% mortality rate; gastropexy no guarantee against future episodes
Increased serum trypsinogen - like immunoreactivity - pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) - and (fPLI)
Inflamed gums - often with minor calculus

36. What is Feline Hepatic Lipidosis? who gets it?
Pred - azathioprine - metronidazole - intestinal protectants (sucralfate - H2 blockers) - vitamin therapy to replace fat- soluable vitamins - dietary modifications - limit carb - avoid lactose - low- fat diets - good quality protein diet
Hepatomegaly or choleliths may be observed
Avoid feeding one lg meal limit exercise after eating feed high quality - protein - low fat diet avoid easily fermentable food DX has 15-18% mortality rate; gastropexy no guarantee against future episodes
Idiopathic - most common hepatopathy in cats adult - obese cats any age - sex - breed

37. Who is at increased risk for oral neoplasia?
Medical management seldom successful - low protein diet - lactilose - metronidazole - fluids - surgical ligation of shunt is preferred
Clean teeth - antibiotics - oral antiseptics - daily brushing w/ antibacterial solutions - hard diet - rechecks
Common cause of vomiting in dogs
Males have increased risk for melonoma and fibrosarcoma; dogs with pimented oral mucosa greater risk for melonoma

38. What is gastritis DX?
Based on HX and PE; cbc/chem (cbc may indicate stress leukogram and dehydration)
Stool softeners - Ducolax - docusate - lactulose - enemas - Cisapride - correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances - antibiotics to protect against sepsis thru damaged colonic wall - treat any underlying disease
Recurrence infrequent - prognosis depends on extent of damage - common in puppies with heavy parasitic infestation
NPO 24-36 hrs - fluid therapy - feed low fat diet ie hills i/d cot cheese - chicken/rice antiemetics(chlorpromazine - metoclopramide - cerinia

39. What is lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis
Atypical immune response of unknown etiology?
Unknown - but can result from parasites - foreign bodies - infections - neoplasia
Rule out other causes (MDB); fecal sample direct and float; HCT to monitor hydration
young german shepherds have predisposition to pancreatic acinar atrophy; in cats EPI often caused by chronic pancreatitis

40. Diseases of Pancreas TX
Benign neoplasms (papilomas - epulides)
Mild to marked weight loss; polyphagia - coprophagia - pica - diarrhea - fatty stoo; foul smelling poop; flatulence
Supportive care: fluids and electrolyte balance; potassium if needed; NPO 3-4 days if vomiting; antiemetics; analgesia (Buprenorphine in cats; butorphanol in dogs) antibiotics: (enroflaxin - trimethaprin gluccocorticoids)
Common; melanomas and squamous cell carcinomas are most common: also fibrosarcomas

41. Why is mineral oil and docusate enema for mega colon or constipation contraindicated?
Medical management seldom successful - low protein diet - lactilose - metronidazole - fluids - surgical ligation of shunt is preferred
Avoid stress in obese cats - early intervention essential - a cat that usually eats well and just stops is at risk - prevent obesity cure rate 60-65% - may be long and $
Cbc - microcytosis - target cells - poikilocytosis - mild regenerative anemia xray microhepatia
Contraindicated because docusate will act as a surfacant on the mineral oil - allowing it to be absorbed by the colonic mucosa - and the mineral oil will prevent water from getting to feces

42. How to treat lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis if condition recurs?
Mild to moderate increase in ALT - normal to increased ALP - mild to moderate increase in GGT - normal to increased fasting serum bile acids - hypoalbuminemia -(later stages) - decreased BUN(later stages)
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested
Extract all premolars - molars - and retained roots - if still recurs remove remaining teeth; steroids
NPO 24-36 hrs - fluid therapy - feed low fat diet ie hills i/d cot cheese - chicken/rice antiemetics(chlorpromazine - metoclopramide - cerinia

43. Portosystemic shunts TX
Debride ulcers and diseased tissue - possibly cryosurgery - may use medical tx first to decrease the size of the fistulas - then surgery
Vomiting - anorexia - depression - diarrhea (often bloody)
Inflammation of the pancreas; acute or chronic digestive enzymes are activated within the gland causes autodigestion - gland becomes inflamed resulting in tissue damage - high fat diets predispose - assoc w/ hepatic liidosis - drugs - parasites - tu
Medical management seldom successful - low protein diet - lactilose - metronidazole - fluids - surgical ligation of shunt is preferred

44. Describe docusate enema for mega colon or constipation.
CBC; nonregenerative anemia; stress neutrophilia lymphopenia
Perineal swelling - tenesmus - dyschezia - constipation - possible urethral obstruction if bladder involved
Possesses wetting and emulsifying properties - salts reduce surface tension and allow water and fat to penetrate the ingesta and formed feces - may have an effect on cells of the colonic mucosa allowing the ceels to more easily secrete water into lum
Cyclosporin +/- ketoconazole - tacrolimus 0.1% topical - prednisone - azathioprine stool softeners(lactolose) antimicrobials (adjunct for seconary dermatitus)

45. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) DX
HX and pe demonstrate weak - shocky animal (long crt - abnormal mm) xray ecg - ventricular arrhthmia or sinus tach cbc/chem for correction of electrolye and ph imbalances - fluid therapy
Older obese dogs with history of recent fatty meal; painful abdomen - anorexia - depression - dehydration - vomiting - diarrhea - fever - shock and collapse
High protein - high calorie diet - feeding tube - (for up to 2 mos) - IV fluids - potassium supplementation - metaclopramide sq 15 min before feeding if vomiting occurs - wean cat off feeding tube
Contraindicated because docusate will act as a surfacant on the mineral oil - allowing it to be absorbed by the colonic mucosa - and the mineral oil will prevent water from getting to feces

46. Diseases of Pancreas: what/causes
Inflammation of the pancreas; acute or chronic digestive enzymes are activated within the gland causes autodigestion - gland becomes inflamed resulting in tissue damage - high fat diets predispose - assoc w/ hepatic liidosis - drugs - parasites - tu
Supplement pancreatic enzymes - give pancrezyme or Viokase-V - chopped - raw pig or ox pancreas; low fiber diet with high digestibility; rx: chain tryglyceride vitamins antibiotic therapy prednisone
Causes pain - bleeding - self mutilation - dyschezia - anal stenosis - tenesmus - incontinence - licking perianal area - foul odor to anal area
Benign neoplasms (papilomas - epulides)

47. Megacolon Tx
Anorexia - depression - lethargy - weakness - ataxia - head- pressing - circling - pacing - blindness - seizures - coma - hypersalivation and bizarre aggressive behavior in cats
Stool softeners - Ducolax - docusate - lactulose - enemas - Cisapride - correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances - antibiotics to protect against sepsis thru damaged colonic wall - treat any underlying disease
Many cats have underlying disease that interferes with local immunity in gingava' cats should be screened for disease
Pe - distended colon is filled with firm - packed feces - x- ray show colon width greater than length of lumbar vertebra - mdb (possible dehydration - increased hct

48. Cholangiohepatitis DX: radiology
Hepatomegaly or choleliths may be observed
Use caution when removing feces from colon; manually use well lubricated gloved finger; x- ray after to ensure empty colon; use soothing ointment or cream around rectum post evacuation - and make sure patient is kept clean and dry after enema
Single or multiple ulcerated sinuses that involve perianal tissue; often large breed dogs
Benign neoplasms (papilomas - epulides)

49. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) signs
Cbc - microcytosis - target cells - poikilocytosis - mild regenerative anemia xray microhepatia
Weakness - collapse - depression - nausea - non - productive retching - hypersalivation - abdominal pain and distension - increased hr and resp
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!
Prognosis uncertain and variable; tx may be prolonged and expensive; permanent damage to liver my occur

50. Portosystemic shunts more signs
Vomiting - anorexia - depression - diarrhea (often bloody)
young german shepherds have predisposition to pancreatic acinar atrophy; in cats EPI often caused by chronic pancreatitis
Extract all premolars - molars - and retained roots - if still recurs remove remaining teeth; steroids
Vomiting - diarrhea - stunted growth - PU/PD/ urate urolithiasis - hematuria - ammonium biurate crystals in sediment - dilute urine