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Veterinary Technology Diseases Of Digestive System

Subjects : engineering, health-sciences, veterinary

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Diseases of Pancreas: cbc and chem
Debride ulcers and diseased tissue - possibly cryosurgery - may use medical tx first to decrease the size of the fistulas - then surgery
Hypoallergenic diets - low fat diets with high fiber; goal to control signs; may have frequent defecation chronically
Cbc - leukocytosis - increased PCV chem - azotemia - increased ALT - mils hypocalcemia - hyperlipemia - normal to increased amylase and lipase4
Supportive care: fluids and electrolyte balance; potassium if needed; NPO 3-4 days if vomiting; antiemetics; analgesia (Buprenorphine in cats; butorphanol in dogs) antibiotics: (enroflaxin - trimethaprin gluccocorticoids)

2. Intussusception cause
Potassium supplement if < 3 mEq monitor ecg treat w/ lidocaine or procanimade * surgery
DO NOT USE PHOSPHATE ENEMAS IN CATS OR SMALL DOGS DO NOT MIX DOCUSATE AND MINERAL OIL
Hypoallergenic diets - low fat diets with high fiber; goal to control signs; may have frequent defecation chronically
Unknown - but can result from parasites - foreign bodies - infections - neoplasia

3. Diseases of the Liver: what is cholangiohepatitis?
Use caution when removing feces from colon; manually use well lubricated gloved finger; x- ray after to ensure empty colon; use soothing ointment or cream around rectum post evacuation - and make sure patient is kept clean and dry after enema
Weakness - collapse - depression - nausea - non - productive retching - hypersalivation - abdominal pain and distension - increased hr and resp
Common hepatobiliary disorder of cats - less in dogs complex of disorders that involve cholangitis - cholangiohepatitis - and biliary cirrhosis - bile duct inflammation leads to hepatocyte involvement - progresses to cirrhosis
Inflammation of the pancreas; acute or chronic digestive enzymes are activated within the gland causes autodigestion - gland becomes inflamed resulting in tissue damage - high fat diets predispose - assoc w/ hepatic liidosis - drugs - parasites - tu

4. Megacolon Tx
Stool softeners - Ducolax - docusate - lactulose - enemas - Cisapride - correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances - antibiotics to protect against sepsis thru damaged colonic wall - treat any underlying disease
Treatment can be long and expensive - often not cured - monitor dogs and cats on long term antinflammatory therapy
Hypoproteinemia - hypoalbuminemia - decreased BUN - mildly increased ALT< ALP - increased serum bile acids - hyperammonemia
Unknown - but can result from parasites - foreign bodies - infections - neoplasia

5. Chronic Enteropathies
Chronic small intestinal inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs and cats chronic antigenic stimulation of the intestinal lumen (from many causes) causes and infiltration of lamina propria with lymphocytes and plasma cells (causes damage to mucosa a
CBC; nonregenerative anemia; stress neutrophilia lymphopenia
Anorexia - depression - lethargy - weakness - ataxia - head- pressing - circling - pacing - blindness - seizures - coma - hypersalivation and bizarre aggressive behavior in cats
PE often normal - edema or ascities if protein losing enteropathy - mdb - fecal - xray - endoscopy/biopsy (looking for lymphotic- plasmacytic infiltrates)

6. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) prevention
Debride ulcers and diseased tissue - possibly cryosurgery - may use medical tx first to decrease the size of the fistulas - then surgery
Avoid feeding one lg meal limit exercise after eating feed high quality - protein - low fat diet avoid easily fermentable food DX has 15-18% mortality rate; gastropexy no guarantee against future episodes
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested
Siamese - himalayans - abyssinians

7. Diseases of Pancreas: what/causes
Increase fiber - soft canned food - salt food to increase water intake
Inflammation of the pancreas; acute or chronic digestive enzymes are activated within the gland causes autodigestion - gland becomes inflamed resulting in tissue damage - high fat diets predispose - assoc w/ hepatic liidosis - drugs - parasites - tu
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested
Cellular infiltrates in or near bile ducts; +/- portal triad fibrosis (definative diagnosis)

8. Megacolon signs are?
Straining to defecate - vomiting - weakness - dehydration - anorexia - small hard feces+/- blood - mucus
Males have increased risk for melonoma and fibrosarcoma; dogs with pimented oral mucosa greater risk for melonoma
Hypoallergenic diets - low fat diets with high fiber; goal to control signs; may have frequent defecation chronically
Greatly increased ALP - increased ALT - AST - hyperbilirubinemia - hypoalbuminemia - increased serum bile acids

9. What is dietary treatment of large inflammatory bowel disease?
DO NOT USE PHOSPHATE ENEMAS IN CATS OR SMALL DOGS DO NOT MIX DOCUSATE AND MINERAL OIL
Males have increased risk for melonoma and fibrosarcoma; dogs with pimented oral mucosa greater risk for melonoma
Hypoallergenic diets - low fat diets with high fiber; goal to control signs; may have frequent defecation chronically
Pancreas loses acinar cells followed by inadequate production of digestive enzymes; usually asymptomatic until 85-90% of secretory ability has been lost; lack of normal pancreatic secretions affect mucosal lining of small intestine and decrease absor

10. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis prevention
Cbc - leukocytosis - increased PCV chem - azotemia - increased ALT - mils hypocalcemia - hyperlipemia - normal to increased amylase and lipase4
Cbc-- neutraophilia w/ left shift -- mild - regenerative anemia
Anorexia - depression - lethargy - weakness - ataxia - head- pressing - circling - pacing - blindness - seizures - coma - hypersalivation and bizarre aggressive behavior in cats
Avoid stress in obese cats - early intervention essential - a cat that usually eats well and just stops is at risk - prevent obesity cure rate 60-65% - may be long and $

11. Why is mineral oil and docusate enema for mega colon or constipation contraindicated?
Contraindicated because docusate will act as a surfacant on the mineral oil - allowing it to be absorbed by the colonic mucosa - and the mineral oil will prevent water from getting to feces
PE often normal - edema or ascities if protein losing enteropathy - mdb - fecal - xray - endoscopy/biopsy (looking for lymphotic- plasmacytic infiltrates)
Cause unknown; ascending biliary infections from GI tract and immune- mediated causes have been suggested; Persian cats predisposed; sometimes occurs in conjuction with pancreatitis and IBD in cats (Triaditis)
Occurs when smaller - proximal segment of intestine at ileocolic junction invaginates into larger - more distal segment of large intestine telescoping effect causes partial to complete blockage and compromises blood supply - causing necrosis

12. What is Feline Hepatic Lipidosis? who gets it?
PE often normal - edema or ascities if protein losing enteropathy - mdb - fecal - xray - endoscopy/biopsy (looking for lymphotic- plasmacytic infiltrates)
Idiopathic - most common hepatopathy in cats adult - obese cats any age - sex - breed
Cbc - microcytosis - target cells - poikilocytosis - mild regenerative anemia xray microhepatia
Siamese - himalayans - abyssinians

13. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis triggers
Causes pain - bleeding - self mutilation - dyschezia - anal stenosis - tenesmus - incontinence - licking perianal area - foul odor to anal area
Extract all premolars - molars - and retained roots - if still recurs remove remaining teeth; steroids
Surgical reduction or resection of necrotic bowel fluids and electrolytes; broad spectrum antobiotics post surgery; no solid food for 24 hrs - then bland diet for 10-24 days to allow healing of intestinal walls
Stress - diet changes - boarding - illness; enviro. change resulting in anorexia >2 wks - imbalance occurs between breakdown of peripheral lipids; lipid clearance w/in liver occurs; excess fat accumulation w/in hepatocytes

14. Intussusception TX
Based on HX and PE; cbc/chem (cbc may indicate stress leukogram and dehydration)
Ductus venosus remains patent after birth - the blood from abdominal viscera will continue to bypass liver - liver is unable to filter deleterious and toxic substances
Surgical reduction or resection of necrotic bowel fluids and electrolytes; broad spectrum antobiotics post surgery; no solid food for 24 hrs - then bland diet for 10-24 days to allow healing of intestinal walls
Subtotal colectomy if refractory to medical and dietary management; rehydrate and correct electrolyte imbalances before anesthsia

15. Why do cats get lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis?

16. Intussusception PX
Vomiting - anorexia - depression - diarrhea (often bloody)
Anorexia - depression - lethargy - weakness - ataxia - head- pressing - circling - pacing - blindness - seizures - coma - hypersalivation and bizarre aggressive behavior in cats
Potassium supplement if < 3 mEq monitor ecg treat w/ lidocaine or procanimade * surgery
Recurrence infrequent - prognosis depends on extent of damage - common in puppies with heavy parasitic infestation

17. Portosystemic shunts TX
Extract all premolars - molars - and retained roots - if still recurs remove remaining teeth; steroids
Unknown - but can result from parasites - foreign bodies - infections - neoplasia
Idiopathic - most common hepatopathy in cats adult - obese cats any age - sex - breed
Medical management seldom successful - low protein diet - lactilose - metronidazole - fluids - surgical ligation of shunt is preferred

18. what is acute diarrhea DX?
Antibiotics - ursodeoxycolic acid - prednisone - fluid and electrolyte corrections - vitamin and nutritional support - S- adenosylmethioonie
HX and pe demonstrate weak - shocky animal (long crt - abnormal mm) xray ecg - ventricular arrhthmia or sinus tach cbc/chem for correction of electrolye and ph imbalances - fluid therapy
Potassium supplement if < 3 mEq monitor ecg treat w/ lidocaine or procanimade * surgery
Rule out other causes (MDB); fecal sample direct and float; HCT to monitor hydration

19. Perineal hernias TX
Debride ulcers and diseased tissue - possibly cryosurgery - may use medical tx first to decrease the size of the fistulas - then surgery
PE often normal - edema or ascities if protein losing enteropathy - mdb - fecal - xray - endoscopy/biopsy (looking for lymphotic- plasmacytic infiltrates)
With stool softeners and enemas palliatively
Inflammation of the pancreas; acute or chronic digestive enzymes are activated within the gland causes autodigestion - gland becomes inflamed resulting in tissue damage - high fat diets predispose - assoc w/ hepatic liidosis - drugs - parasites - tu

20. Perineal hernias signs
Perineal swelling - tenesmus - dyschezia - constipation - possible urethral obstruction if bladder involved
With stool softeners and enemas palliatively
Common hepatobiliary disorder of cats - less in dogs complex of disorders that involve cholangitis - cholangiohepatitis - and biliary cirrhosis - bile duct inflammation leads to hepatocyte involvement - progresses to cirrhosis
Prognosis uncertain and variable; tx may be prolonged and expensive; permanent damage to liver my occur

21. Intussusception DX
Palpation of sausage- like mass in cranial abdomen; ultrasound shows multi- layered concentric rings representing large intestinal wall layers
Sulfasalizine (caution with cats and dry eye in dog with long term use) ( -Keratoconjunctivitis -KCS) - pred - metronidazole - azathioprine - tylosin - mesalamine(sim to sulfasalazine - anti inflammatory drug w/ free radicals
Straining to defecate - vomiting - weakness - dehydration - anorexia - small hard feces+/- blood - mucus
Older obese dogs with history of recent fatty meal; painful abdomen - anorexia - depression - dehydration - vomiting - diarrhea - fever - shock and collapse

22. Describe docusate enema for mega colon or constipation.
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!
Increase fiber - soft canned food - salt food to increase water intake
Possesses wetting and emulsifying properties - salts reduce surface tension and allow water and fat to penetrate the ingesta and formed feces - may have an effect on cells of the colonic mucosa allowing the ceels to more easily secrete water into lum
Anorexia - depression - lethargy - weakness - ataxia - head- pressing - circling - pacing - blindness - seizures - coma - hypersalivation and bizarre aggressive behavior in cats

23. Diseases of Rectum/Anus perineal hernias (who gets it/what it is)
Anorexia - depression - lethargy - weakness - ataxia - head- pressing - circling - pacing - blindness - seizures - coma - hypersalivation and bizarre aggressive behavior in cats
Common in intact older male dogs >8; atrophy of levator ani muscle causes herniation of rectum and pelvic organs into ischiorectal fossa
Cause unknown; ascending biliary infections from GI tract and immune- mediated causes have been suggested; Persian cats predisposed; sometimes occurs in conjuction with pancreatitis and IBD in cats (Triaditis)
PE often normal - edema or ascities if protein losing enteropathy - mdb - fecal - xray - endoscopy/biopsy (looking for lymphotic- plasmacytic infiltrates)

24. what is acute diarrhea TX?
Supportive and symptomatic fluid and electrolyte therapy - NPO 24-48 hrs - water if no vomiting - pepto bismol or loperamide - antibiotics - bland low fat diet
Possesses wetting and emulsifying properties - salts reduce surface tension and allow water and fat to penetrate the ingesta and formed feces - may have an effect on cells of the colonic mucosa allowing the ceels to more easily secrete water into lum
Contraindicated because docusate will act as a surfacant on the mineral oil - allowing it to be absorbed by the colonic mucosa - and the mineral oil will prevent water from getting to feces
Hepatomegaly or choleliths may be observed

25. Megacolon surgical
Subtotal colectomy if refractory to medical and dietary management; rehydrate and correct electrolyte imbalances before anesthsia
Emergency!! decompress stomach(18 g needle) - stabilize patient - prep for surgery stomach tube treat shock bicarbonate if total carbon dioxide <12 mEq IV antibiotics targeted against gram-/anaerobes - cefoxtin - ampicillin
Pred - azathioprine - metronidazole - intestinal protectants (sucralfate - H2 blockers) - vitamin therapy to replace fat- soluable vitamins - dietary modifications - limit carb - avoid lactose - low- fat diets - good quality protein diet
Cbc-- neutraophilia w/ left shift -- mild - regenerative anemia

26. What is Chronic Enteropathies TX
Cbc normal; increased ALT; decreased total lipid serum; trypsin - likeimmunoreactivity levels are decreased
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!
young german shepherds have predisposition to pancreatic acinar atrophy; in cats EPI often caused by chronic pancreatitis
Pred - azathioprine - metronidazole - intestinal protectants (sucralfate - H2 blockers) - vitamin therapy to replace fat- soluable vitamins - dietary modifications - limit carb - avoid lactose - low- fat diets - good quality protein diet

27. What are oral neoplasia melanomas?
Treatment can be long and expensive - often not cured - monitor dogs and cats on long term antinflammatory therapy
Rapidly growing tumors characterized by early bone involvement metastatisize to lungs
Supportive care: fluids and electrolyte balance; potassium if needed; NPO 3-4 days if vomiting; antiemetics; analgesia (Buprenorphine in cats; butorphanol in dogs) antibiotics: (enroflaxin - trimethaprin gluccocorticoids)
Hypoallergenic diets - low fat diets with high fiber; goal to control signs; may have frequent defecation chronically

28. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis signs
Cbc normal; increased ALT; decreased total lipid serum; trypsin - likeimmunoreactivity levels are decreased
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - spoadic vomiting - hepatomegaly - possible bleeding tendencies (petechiae - bleeding from gums0
Stool softeners - Ducolax - docusate - lactulose - enemas - Cisapride - correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances - antibiotics to protect against sepsis thru damaged colonic wall - treat any underlying disease
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!

29. How crazy Dr C is to think we can learn all of this SH*T!!!!!!
Enlarged stomach pushes against diaphragm - making breathing difficult blocks venous return thru hepatic portal vein and caudal vena cava increased pressure on gastric wall causes ischemia and necrosis Spleen may be involved (congestion) *hypovolemic
*gastric indiscretion (eating garbage) - spoiled food - change in diet - food allergy - infection(bacterial - viral - parasitic) - toxins - foreign object ingestion
Older animals
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!

30. What is perianal fistula (anal fistula)? who does it affect?
Hypoproteinemia - hypoalbuminemia - decreased BUN - mildly increased ALT< ALP - increased serum bile acids - hyperammonemia
Single or multiple ulcerated sinuses that involve perianal tissue; often large breed dogs
Cbc - leukocytosis - increased PCV chem - azotemia - increased ALT - mils hypocalcemia - hyperlipemia - normal to increased amylase and lipase4
Recurrence infrequent - prognosis depends on extent of damage - common in puppies with heavy parasitic infestation

31. Chronic Enteropathies signs
Vomiting - diarrhea - stunted growth - PU/PD/ urate urolithiasis - hematuria - ammonium biurate crystals in sediment - dilute urine
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!
With stool softeners and enemas palliatively
Often non specific - chronic intermittent vomit/ -+/- diarrhea - listlessness - weight loss - older animals - Borygmus (gas sounds in intestine) - halitosis - flatulence - signs progressive over time

32. Cholangiohepatitis DX: radiology
Idiopathic - most common hepatopathy in cats adult - obese cats any age - sex - breed
Cyclosporin +/- ketoconazole - tacrolimus 0.1% topical - prednisone - azathioprine stool softeners(lactolose) antimicrobials (adjunct for seconary dermatitus)
Hepatomegaly or choleliths may be observed
Increase fiber - soft canned food - salt food to increase water intake

33. What is megacolon? : who gets it?
Sulfasalizine (caution with cats and dry eye in dog with long term use) ( -Keratoconjunctivitis -KCS) - pred - metronidazole - azathioprine - tylosin - mesalamine(sim to sulfasalazine - anti inflammatory drug w/ free radicals
Fairly common in cats(middle- age to older cats); can occur from hypokalema - hypothyroidism - pelvic deformities; 62% of cases are idiopathic; believed to involve a defect in neurostimulation for colon evacuation
HX and pe demonstrate weak - shocky animal (long crt - abnormal mm) xray ecg - ventricular arrhthmia or sinus tach cbc/chem for correction of electrolye and ph imbalances - fluid therapy
Rule out other causes (MDB); fecal sample direct and float; HCT to monitor hydration

34. What is gastritis TX?
NPO 24-36 hrs - fluid therapy - feed low fat diet ie hills i/d cot cheese - chicken/rice antiemetics(chlorpromazine - metoclopramide - cerinia
Weakness - collapse - depression - nausea - non - productive retching - hypersalivation - abdominal pain and distension - increased hr and resp
Cause unknown; ascending biliary infections from GI tract and immune- mediated causes have been suggested; Persian cats predisposed; sometimes occurs in conjuction with pancreatitis and IBD in cats (Triaditis)
Often non specific - chronic intermittent vomit/ -+/- diarrhea - listlessness - weight loss - older animals - Borygmus (gas sounds in intestine) - halitosis - flatulence - signs progressive over time

35. What is lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis
Recurrence infrequent - prognosis depends on extent of damage - common in puppies with heavy parasitic infestation
Subtotal colectomy if refractory to medical and dietary management; rehydrate and correct electrolyte imbalances before anesthsia
Atypical immune response of unknown etiology?
Prognosis uncertain and variable; tx may be prolonged and expensive; permanent damage to liver my occur

36. Large inflammatory bowel disease: signs
Diarrhea w/o weight loss - increased frequency of defecation w/ decreased fecal volume - tenesmus - hematochezia (frank blood) - increased mucus - +/- dsschezia and mild fever
Older obese dogs with history of recent fatty meal; painful abdomen - anorexia - depression - dehydration - vomiting - diarrhea - fever - shock and collapse
Debride ulcers and diseased tissue - possibly cryosurgery - may use medical tx first to decrease the size of the fistulas - then surgery
Mdb - fecal - xray - colonoscopy with biopsy ( histo will show lymphocytes and plasma cells in large intestinal lamina propria)

37. What is the cause gastritis?
Supportive and symptomatic fluid and electrolyte therapy - NPO 24-48 hrs - water if no vomiting - pepto bismol or loperamide - antibiotics - bland low fat diet
Mucosa is damaged - inflammation occurs - signs develop
Cbc-- neutraophilia w/ left shift -- mild - regenerative anemia
Supplement pancreatic enzymes - give pancrezyme or Viokase-V - chopped - raw pig or ox pancreas; low fiber diet with high digestibility; rx: chain tryglyceride vitamins antibiotic therapy prednisone

38. Cholangiohepatitis DX : chem
Medical management seldom successful - low protein diet - lactilose - metronidazole - fluids - surgical ligation of shunt is preferred
Pe - distended colon is filled with firm - packed feces - x- ray show colon width greater than length of lumbar vertebra - mdb (possible dehydration - increased hct
Mild to moderate increase in ALT - normal to increased ALP - mild to moderate increase in GGT - normal to increased fasting serum bile acids - hypoalbuminemia -(later stages) - decreased BUN(later stages)
Treatment can be long and expensive - often not cured - monitor dogs and cats on long term antinflammatory therapy

39. Cholangiohepatitis DX: liver biopsy
NPO 24-36 hrs - fluid therapy - feed low fat diet ie hills i/d cot cheese - chicken/rice antiemetics(chlorpromazine - metoclopramide - cerinia
Lubricates feces and reduces water reabsorption of lumen
Cellular infiltrates in or near bile ducts; +/- portal triad fibrosis (definative diagnosis)
Toxocara canis - Toxascaris leonina - and Toxocara cati (roundworms) - Trichuris vulpis -(whipworms) Ancylostoma caninum - Isopora spp (coccidia) - Capillaria aerophila - Giardia spp - Tritrichomonas foetus

40. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) signs
Causes pain - bleeding - self mutilation - dyschezia - anal stenosis - tenesmus - incontinence - licking perianal area - foul odor to anal area
CBC; nonregenerative anemia; stress neutrophilia lymphopenia
Weakness - collapse - depression - nausea - non - productive retching - hypersalivation - abdominal pain and distension - increased hr and resp
Males have increased risk for melonoma and fibrosarcoma; dogs with pimented oral mucosa greater risk for melonoma

41. Diseases of Pancreas: who/signs
Emergency!! decompress stomach(18 g needle) - stabilize patient - prep for surgery stomach tube treat shock bicarbonate if total carbon dioxide <12 mEq IV antibiotics targeted against gram-/anaerobes - cefoxtin - ampicillin
Older obese dogs with history of recent fatty meal; painful abdomen - anorexia - depression - dehydration - vomiting - diarrhea - fever - shock and collapse
Cbc - leukocytosis - increased PCV chem - azotemia - increased ALT - mils hypocalcemia - hyperlipemia - normal to increased amylase and lipase4
Occurs when smaller - proximal segment of intestine at ileocolic junction invaginates into larger - more distal segment of large intestine telescoping effect causes partial to complete blockage and compromises blood supply - causing necrosis

42. Who is prone to lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis?
Unclear mechanism: diet and exercise - delayed gastric emptying - pyloric obstruction - aerophagia - and engorgement; possible gastric dysrhthmias; filling w/ air causes dilation (bloat); air filled stomach twisting on it axis causes volvulus
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested
PE often normal - edema or ascities if protein losing enteropathy - mdb - fecal - xray - endoscopy/biopsy (looking for lymphotic- plasmacytic infiltrates)
Siamese - himalayans - abyssinians

43. Cholangiohepatitis signs
Medical management seldom successful - low protein diet - lactilose - metronidazole - fluids - surgical ligation of shunt is preferred
Surgical removal - chemo - radiation poor prognosis
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - vomiting - dehydration - fever - jaundice - ascites - hepatomegaly
Perineal swelling - tenesmus - dyschezia - constipation - possible urethral obstruction if bladder involved

44. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis DX: Chem
Greatly increased ALP - increased ALT - AST - hyperbilirubinemia - hypoalbuminemia - increased serum bile acids
Vomiting - anorexia - depression - diarrhea (often bloody)
Fairly common in cats(middle- age to older cats); can occur from hypokalema - hypothyroidism - pelvic deformities; 62% of cases are idiopathic; believed to involve a defect in neurostimulation for colon evacuation
Hypoallergenic diets - low fat diets with high fiber; goal to control signs; may have frequent defecation chronically

45. How to treat lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis if condition recurs?
Excellent after surgical ligation; surgery yields best results if dog is less than one year - relapses may occur (more common in cats); animals with partial ligations of shunt may require low protein diet to avoid clinical signs of hepatic encephalop
Supportive care: fluids and electrolyte balance; potassium if needed; NPO 3-4 days if vomiting; antiemetics; analgesia (Buprenorphine in cats; butorphanol in dogs) antibiotics: (enroflaxin - trimethaprin gluccocorticoids)
Cbc - leukocytosis - increased PCV chem - azotemia - increased ALT - mils hypocalcemia - hyperlipemia - normal to increased amylase and lipase4
Extract all premolars - molars - and retained roots - if still recurs remove remaining teeth; steroids

46. What is Chronic Enteropathies DX
NPO 24-36 hrs - fluid therapy - feed low fat diet ie hills i/d cot cheese - chicken/rice antiemetics(chlorpromazine - metoclopramide - cerinia
Increase fiber - soft canned food - salt food to increase water intake
PE often normal - edema or ascities if protein losing enteropathy - mdb - fecal - xray - endoscopy/biopsy (looking for lymphotic- plasmacytic infiltrates)
Mucosa is damaged - inflammation occurs - signs develop

47. What are signs of lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis?
DO NOT USE PHOSPHATE ENEMAS IN CATS OR SMALL DOGS DO NOT MIX DOCUSATE AND MINERAL OIL
Siamese - himalayans - abyssinians
Vomiting - diarrhea - stunted growth - PU/PD/ urate urolithiasis - hematuria - ammonium biurate crystals in sediment - dilute urine
Inflamed gums - often with minor calculus

48. Megacolon DX
Common hepatobiliary disorder of cats - less in dogs complex of disorders that involve cholangitis - cholangiohepatitis - and biliary cirrhosis - bile duct inflammation leads to hepatocyte involvement - progresses to cirrhosis
Atypical immune response of unknown etiology?
Supplement pancreatic enzymes - give pancrezyme or Viokase-V - chopped - raw pig or ox pancreas; low fiber diet with high digestibility; rx: chain tryglyceride vitamins antibiotic therapy prednisone
Pe - distended colon is filled with firm - packed feces - x- ray show colon width greater than length of lumbar vertebra - mdb (possible dehydration - increased hct

49. Who is most prone to oral neoplasia?
Siamese - himalayans - abyssinians
Older animals
Lubricates feces and reduces water reabsorption of lumen
Pred - azathioprine - metronidazole - intestinal protectants (sucralfate - H2 blockers) - vitamin therapy to replace fat- soluable vitamins - dietary modifications - limit carb - avoid lactose - low- fat diets - good quality protein diet

50. What is the cause of cholangiohepatitis? who does it affect?
High protein - high calorie diet - feeding tube - (for up to 2 mos) - IV fluids - potassium supplementation - metaclopramide sq 15 min before feeding if vomiting occurs - wean cat off feeding tube
Causes pain - bleeding - self mutilation - dyschezia - anal stenosis - tenesmus - incontinence - licking perianal area - foul odor to anal area
Siamese - himalayans - abyssinians
Cause unknown; ascending biliary infections from GI tract and immune- mediated causes have been suggested; Persian cats predisposed; sometimes occurs in conjuction with pancreatitis and IBD in cats (Triaditis)