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Veterinary Technology Diseases Of Digestive System

Subjects : engineering, health-sciences, veterinary

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Cholangiohepatitis DX : bw
Single or multiple ulcerated sinuses that involve perianal tissue; often large breed dogs
Hypoallergenic diets - low fat diets with high fiber; goal to control signs; may have frequent defecation chronically
Antibiotics - ursodeoxycolic acid - prednisone - fluid and electrolyte corrections - vitamin and nutritional support - S- adenosylmethioonie
Cbc-- neutraophilia w/ left shift -- mild - regenerative anemia

2. Perianal fistula (anal fistula) TX
Palpation of sausage- like mass in cranial abdomen; ultrasound shows multi- layered concentric rings representing large intestinal wall layers
Based on HX and PE; cbc/chem (cbc may indicate stress leukogram and dehydration)
Hypoallergenic diets - low fat diets with high fiber; goal to control signs; may have frequent defecation chronically
Cyclosporin +/- ketoconazole - tacrolimus 0.1% topical - prednisone - azathioprine stool softeners(lactolose) antimicrobials (adjunct for seconary dermatitus)

3. What is lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis
Most common diarrhea; change in diet - drug therapy - stressful situations causes disruption of normal bacterial flora signs abrupt onset diarrhea - +/- vomiting
Fairly common in cats(middle- age to older cats); can occur from hypokalema - hypothyroidism - pelvic deformities; 62% of cases are idiopathic; believed to involve a defect in neurostimulation for colon evacuation
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!
Atypical immune response of unknown etiology?

4. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis DX: CBC
Most common diarrhea; change in diet - drug therapy - stressful situations causes disruption of normal bacterial flora signs abrupt onset diarrhea - +/- vomiting
Older animals
CBC; nonregenerative anemia; stress neutrophilia lymphopenia
Hypoproteinemia - hypoalbuminemia - decreased BUN - mildly increased ALT< ALP - increased serum bile acids - hyperammonemia

5. Portosystemic shunts TX
Medical management seldom successful - low protein diet - lactilose - metronidazole - fluids - surgical ligation of shunt is preferred
Pe - distended colon is filled with firm - packed feces - x- ray show colon width greater than length of lumbar vertebra - mdb (possible dehydration - increased hct
Cbc normal; increased ALT; decreased total lipid serum; trypsin - likeimmunoreactivity levels are decreased
Supportive and symptomatic fluid and electrolyte therapy - NPO 24-48 hrs - water if no vomiting - pepto bismol or loperamide - antibiotics - bland low fat diet

6. What are Portosystemic shunts?
*gastric indiscretion (eating garbage) - spoiled food - change in diet - food allergy - infection(bacterial - viral - parasitic) - toxins - foreign object ingestion
CBC; nonregenerative anemia; stress neutrophilia lymphopenia
Common in intact older male dogs >8; atrophy of levator ani muscle causes herniation of rectum and pelvic organs into ischiorectal fossa
Ductus venosus remains patent after birth - the blood from abdominal viscera will continue to bypass liver - liver is unable to filter deleterious and toxic substances

7. what is acute diarrhea DX?
Pancreas loses acinar cells followed by inadequate production of digestive enzymes; usually asymptomatic until 85-90% of secretory ability has been lost; lack of normal pancreatic secretions affect mucosal lining of small intestine and decrease absor
Rule out other causes (MDB); fecal sample direct and float; HCT to monitor hydration
High protein - high calorie diet - feeding tube - (for up to 2 mos) - IV fluids - potassium supplementation - metaclopramide sq 15 min before feeding if vomiting occurs - wean cat off feeding tube
Lubricated red rubber feeding tube inserted and enema solution injected: pre- fabricated pet enemas are available: include warm - soapy water (avoid hexachlorophene); docusate (emollient); mineral oil(lubricant)

8. What is gastritis TX?
Common cause of vomiting in dogs
NPO 24-36 hrs - fluid therapy - feed low fat diet ie hills i/d cot cheese - chicken/rice antiemetics(chlorpromazine - metoclopramide - cerinia
Mild to marked weight loss; polyphagia - coprophagia - pica - diarrhea - fatty stoo; foul smelling poop; flatulence
Unknown - but can result from parasites - foreign bodies - infections - neoplasia

9. Totally useless facts about pancreas
Treatment can be long and expensive - often not cured - monitor dogs and cats on long term antinflammatory therapy
young german shepherds have predisposition to pancreatic acinar atrophy; in cats EPI often caused by chronic pancreatitis
Many cats have underlying disease that interferes with local immunity in gingava' cats should be screened for disease
Common hepatobiliary disorder of cats - less in dogs complex of disorders that involve cholangitis - cholangiohepatitis - and biliary cirrhosis - bile duct inflammation leads to hepatocyte involvement - progresses to cirrhosis

10. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis signs
Common hepatobiliary disorder of cats - less in dogs complex of disorders that involve cholangitis - cholangiohepatitis - and biliary cirrhosis - bile duct inflammation leads to hepatocyte involvement - progresses to cirrhosis
Anorexia - acute vomiting - +/- dehydration - +/- painful abdomen
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - spoadic vomiting - hepatomegaly - possible bleeding tendencies (petechiae - bleeding from gums0
Supplement pancreatic enzymes - give pancrezyme or Viokase-V - chopped - raw pig or ox pancreas; low fiber diet with high digestibility; rx: chain tryglyceride vitamins antibiotic therapy prednisone

11. What is gastritis?
Older animals
Common cause of vomiting in dogs
Idiopathic - most common hepatopathy in cats adult - obese cats any age - sex - breed
Pred - azathioprine - metronidazole - intestinal protectants (sucralfate - H2 blockers) - vitamin therapy to replace fat- soluable vitamins - dietary modifications - limit carb - avoid lactose - low- fat diets - good quality protein diet

12. Intussusception signs are...
Vomiting - anorexia - depression - diarrhea (often bloody)
Cbc - microcytosis - target cells - poikilocytosis - mild regenerative anemia xray microhepatia
Cbc normal; increased ALT; decreased total lipid serum; trypsin - likeimmunoreactivity levels are decreased
Subtotal colectomy if refractory to medical and dietary management; rehydrate and correct electrolyte imbalances before anesthsia

13. Parasitic Diarrhea
Straining to defecate - vomiting - weakness - dehydration - anorexia - small hard feces+/- blood - mucus
*gastric indiscretion (eating garbage) - spoiled food - change in diet - food allergy - infection(bacterial - viral - parasitic) - toxins - foreign object ingestion
Toxocara canis - Toxascaris leonina - and Toxocara cati (roundworms) - Trichuris vulpis -(whipworms) Ancylostoma caninum - Isopora spp (coccidia) - Capillaria aerophila - Giardia spp - Tritrichomonas foetus
High protein - high calorie diet - feeding tube - (for up to 2 mos) - IV fluids - potassium supplementation - metaclopramide sq 15 min before feeding if vomiting occurs - wean cat off feeding tube

14. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis triggers
Cbc normal; increased ALT; decreased total lipid serum; trypsin - likeimmunoreactivity levels are decreased
Prognosis uncertain and variable; tx may be prolonged and expensive; permanent damage to liver my occur
Use caution when removing feces from colon; manually use well lubricated gloved finger; x- ray after to ensure empty colon; use soothing ointment or cream around rectum post evacuation - and make sure patient is kept clean and dry after enema
Stress - diet changes - boarding - illness; enviro. change resulting in anorexia >2 wks - imbalance occurs between breakdown of peripheral lipids; lipid clearance w/in liver occurs; excess fat accumulation w/in hepatocytes

15. What are causes of acute gastritis?
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested
Mdb - fecal - xray - colonoscopy with biopsy ( histo will show lymphocytes and plasma cells in large intestinal lamina propria)
Prognosis uncertain and variable; tx may be prolonged and expensive; permanent damage to liver my occur
*gastric indiscretion (eating garbage) - spoiled food - change in diet - food allergy - infection(bacterial - viral - parasitic) - toxins - foreign object ingestion

16. Chronic Enteropathies
Medical management seldom successful - low protein diet - lactilose - metronidazole - fluids - surgical ligation of shunt is preferred
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - spoadic vomiting - hepatomegaly - possible bleeding tendencies (petechiae - bleeding from gums0
Chronic small intestinal inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs and cats chronic antigenic stimulation of the intestinal lumen (from many causes) causes and infiltration of lamina propria with lymphocytes and plasma cells (causes damage to mucosa a
Recurrence infrequent - prognosis depends on extent of damage - common in puppies with heavy parasitic infestation

17. What is gastritis DX?
Based on HX and PE; cbc/chem (cbc may indicate stress leukogram and dehydration)
Pred - azathioprine - metronidazole - intestinal protectants (sucralfate - H2 blockers) - vitamin therapy to replace fat- soluable vitamins - dietary modifications - limit carb - avoid lactose - low- fat diets - good quality protein diet
High protein - high calorie diet - feeding tube - (for up to 2 mos) - IV fluids - potassium supplementation - metaclopramide sq 15 min before feeding if vomiting occurs - wean cat off feeding tube
Surgical reduction or resection of necrotic bowel fluids and electrolytes; broad spectrum antobiotics post surgery; no solid food for 24 hrs - then bland diet for 10-24 days to allow healing of intestinal walls

18. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis prevention
Many cats have underlying disease that interferes with local immunity in gingava' cats should be screened for disease
Cbc - microcytosis - target cells - poikilocytosis - mild regenerative anemia xray microhepatia
Avoid stress in obese cats - early intervention essential - a cat that usually eats well and just stops is at risk - prevent obesity cure rate 60-65% - may be long and $
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested

19. Diseases of Small Intestine acute diarrhea what/why/ causes/signs
Irreversible - requires life long treatment; expensive (pancreatic enzyme replacements); give with every meal; most animals will regain weight and diarrhea will resolve
Chronic small intestinal inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs and cats chronic antigenic stimulation of the intestinal lumen (from many causes) causes and infiltration of lamina propria with lymphocytes and plasma cells (causes damage to mucosa a
Extract all premolars - molars - and retained roots - if still recurs remove remaining teeth; steroids
Most common diarrhea; change in diet - drug therapy - stressful situations causes disruption of normal bacterial flora signs abrupt onset diarrhea - +/- vomiting

20. Describe docusate enema for mega colon or constipation.
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested
Rule out other causes (MDB); fecal sample direct and float; HCT to monitor hydration
Possesses wetting and emulsifying properties - salts reduce surface tension and allow water and fat to penetrate the ingesta and formed feces - may have an effect on cells of the colonic mucosa allowing the ceels to more easily secrete water into lum
Straining to defecate - vomiting - weakness - dehydration - anorexia - small hard feces+/- blood - mucus

21. What is Feline Hepatic Lipidosis? who gets it?
HX and pe demonstrate weak - shocky animal (long crt - abnormal mm) xray ecg - ventricular arrhthmia or sinus tach cbc/chem for correction of electrolye and ph imbalances - fluid therapy
Clean teeth - antibiotics - oral antiseptics - daily brushing w/ antibacterial solutions - hard diet - rechecks
Vomiting - diarrhea - stunted growth - PU/PD/ urate urolithiasis - hematuria - ammonium biurate crystals in sediment - dilute urine
Idiopathic - most common hepatopathy in cats adult - obese cats any age - sex - breed

22. Diseases of Pancreas: cbc and chem
Based on HX and PE; cbc/chem (cbc may indicate stress leukogram and dehydration)
*gastric indiscretion (eating garbage) - spoiled food - change in diet - food allergy - infection(bacterial - viral - parasitic) - toxins - foreign object ingestion
Cbc - leukocytosis - increased PCV chem - azotemia - increased ALT - mils hypocalcemia - hyperlipemia - normal to increased amylase and lipase4
Excellent after surgical ligation; surgery yields best results if dog is less than one year - relapses may occur (more common in cats); animals with partial ligations of shunt may require low protein diet to avoid clinical signs of hepatic encephalop

23. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) physiology
young german shepherds have predisposition to pancreatic acinar atrophy; in cats EPI often caused by chronic pancreatitis
Cbc-- neutraophilia w/ left shift -- mild - regenerative anemia
Enlarged stomach pushes against diaphragm - making breathing difficult blocks venous return thru hepatic portal vein and caudal vena cava increased pressure on gastric wall causes ischemia and necrosis Spleen may be involved (congestion) *hypovolemic
Inflammation of the pancreas; acute or chronic digestive enzymes are activated within the gland causes autodigestion - gland becomes inflamed resulting in tissue damage - high fat diets predispose - assoc w/ hepatic liidosis - drugs - parasites - tu

24. Cholangiohepatitis DX: radiology
Hepatomegaly or choleliths may be observed
Straining to defecate - vomiting - weakness - dehydration - anorexia - small hard feces+/- blood - mucus
Hypoallergenic diets - low fat diets with high fiber; goal to control signs; may have frequent defecation chronically
Hypoproteinemia - hypoalbuminemia - decreased BUN - mildly increased ALT< ALP - increased serum bile acids - hyperammonemia

25. Who is prone to lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis?
Irreversible - requires life long treatment; expensive (pancreatic enzyme replacements); give with every meal; most animals will regain weight and diarrhea will resolve
Based on HX and PE; cbc/chem (cbc may indicate stress leukogram and dehydration)
Anorexia - depression - lethargy - weakness - ataxia - head- pressing - circling - pacing - blindness - seizures - coma - hypersalivation and bizarre aggressive behavior in cats
Siamese - himalayans - abyssinians

26. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis TX
Debride ulcers and diseased tissue - possibly cryosurgery - may use medical tx first to decrease the size of the fistulas - then surgery
Pancreas loses acinar cells followed by inadequate production of digestive enzymes; usually asymptomatic until 85-90% of secretory ability has been lost; lack of normal pancreatic secretions affect mucosal lining of small intestine and decrease absor
High protein - high calorie diet - feeding tube - (for up to 2 mos) - IV fluids - potassium supplementation - metaclopramide sq 15 min before feeding if vomiting occurs - wean cat off feeding tube
Often non specific - chronic intermittent vomit/ -+/- diarrhea - listlessness - weight loss - older animals - Borygmus (gas sounds in intestine) - halitosis - flatulence - signs progressive over time

27. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) signs
Recurrence infrequent - prognosis depends on extent of damage - common in puppies with heavy parasitic infestation
Weakness - collapse - depression - nausea - non - productive retching - hypersalivation - abdominal pain and distension - increased hr and resp
Cause unknown; ascending biliary infections from GI tract and immune- mediated causes have been suggested; Persian cats predisposed; sometimes occurs in conjuction with pancreatitis and IBD in cats (Triaditis)
Surgical reduction or resection of necrotic bowel fluids and electrolytes; broad spectrum antobiotics post surgery; no solid food for 24 hrs - then bland diet for 10-24 days to allow healing of intestinal walls

28. Cholangiohepatitis PX
Debride ulcers and diseased tissue - possibly cryosurgery - may use medical tx first to decrease the size of the fistulas - then surgery
Males have increased risk for melonoma and fibrosarcoma; dogs with pimented oral mucosa greater risk for melonoma
Pred - azathioprine - metronidazole - intestinal protectants (sucralfate - H2 blockers) - vitamin therapy to replace fat- soluable vitamins - dietary modifications - limit carb - avoid lactose - low- fat diets - good quality protein diet
Prognosis uncertain and variable; tx may be prolonged and expensive; permanent damage to liver my occur

29. What is the cause of cholangiohepatitis? who does it affect?
Older obese dogs with history of recent fatty meal; painful abdomen - anorexia - depression - dehydration - vomiting - diarrhea - fever - shock and collapse
Parvovirus - distemper - coroavirus - feline panleukopenia
Cause unknown; ascending biliary infections from GI tract and immune- mediated causes have been suggested; Persian cats predisposed; sometimes occurs in conjuction with pancreatitis and IBD in cats (Triaditis)
Very similar to small intestine diseases - excessive number of inflammatory cells in mucosa - unknown etiology - likely multi factorial - colonic inflammation disrupts mucosal integrity and results in decreased absorption of water and electrolytes

30. How crazy Dr C is to think we can learn all of this SH*T!!!!!!
Very similar to small intestine diseases - excessive number of inflammatory cells in mucosa - unknown etiology - likely multi factorial - colonic inflammation disrupts mucosal integrity and results in decreased absorption of water and electrolytes
Often non specific - chronic intermittent vomit/ -+/- diarrhea - listlessness - weight loss - older animals - Borygmus (gas sounds in intestine) - halitosis - flatulence - signs progressive over time
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!
DO NOT USE PHOSPHATE ENEMAS IN CATS OR SMALL DOGS DO NOT MIX DOCUSATE AND MINERAL OIL

31. Perianal fistula (anal fistula) signs
Perineal swelling - tenesmus - dyschezia - constipation - possible urethral obstruction if bladder involved
Hypoproteinemia - hypoalbuminemia - decreased BUN - mildly increased ALT< ALP - increased serum bile acids - hyperammonemia
Benign neoplasms (papilomas - epulides)
Causes pain - bleeding - self mutilation - dyschezia - anal stenosis - tenesmus - incontinence - licking perianal area - foul odor to anal area

32. Cholangiohepatitis signs
Single or multiple ulcerated sinuses that involve perianal tissue; often large breed dogs
Treatment can be long and expensive - often not cured - monitor dogs and cats on long term antinflammatory therapy
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - vomiting - dehydration - fever - jaundice - ascites - hepatomegaly
Cause unknown; ascending biliary infections from GI tract and immune- mediated causes have been suggested; Persian cats predisposed; sometimes occurs in conjuction with pancreatitis and IBD in cats (Triaditis)

33. Diseases of the Liver: what is cholangiohepatitis?
High protein - high calorie diet - feeding tube - (for up to 2 mos) - IV fluids - potassium supplementation - metaclopramide sq 15 min before feeding if vomiting occurs - wean cat off feeding tube
Hepatomegaly or choleliths may be observed
Common hepatobiliary disorder of cats - less in dogs complex of disorders that involve cholangitis - cholangiohepatitis - and biliary cirrhosis - bile duct inflammation leads to hepatocyte involvement - progresses to cirrhosis
Cbc - leukocytosis - increased PCV chem - azotemia - increased ALT - mils hypocalcemia - hyperlipemia - normal to increased amylase and lipase4

34. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis DX
Occurs when smaller - proximal segment of intestine at ileocolic junction invaginates into larger - more distal segment of large intestine telescoping effect causes partial to complete blockage and compromises blood supply - causing necrosis
Surgical reduction or resection of necrotic bowel fluids and electrolytes; broad spectrum antobiotics post surgery; no solid food for 24 hrs - then bland diet for 10-24 days to allow healing of intestinal walls
x- rays -- mild hepatomegaly ultrasound-- hyperechoic liver histopathology-- severley vacuolized hepatocytes
Common in intact older male dogs >8; atrophy of levator ani muscle causes herniation of rectum and pelvic organs into ischiorectal fossa

35. Why is mineral oil and docusate enema for mega colon or constipation contraindicated?
Cbc - leukocytosis - increased PCV chem - azotemia - increased ALT - mils hypocalcemia - hyperlipemia - normal to increased amylase and lipase4
Contraindicated because docusate will act as a surfacant on the mineral oil - allowing it to be absorbed by the colonic mucosa - and the mineral oil will prevent water from getting to feces
Anorexia - acute vomiting - +/- dehydration - +/- painful abdomen
Stool softeners - Ducolax - docusate - lactulose - enemas - Cisapride - correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances - antibiotics to protect against sepsis thru damaged colonic wall - treat any underlying disease

36. What are oral neoplasia melanomas?
Rapidly growing tumors characterized by early bone involvement metastatisize to lungs
Benign neoplasms (papilomas - epulides)
Prognosis uncertain and variable; tx may be prolonged and expensive; permanent damage to liver my occur
Weakness - collapse - depression - nausea - non - productive retching - hypersalivation - abdominal pain and distension - increased hr and resp

37. What are contradictions with enema for mega colon or constipation?
CBC; nonregenerative anemia; stress neutrophilia lymphopenia
DO NOT USE PHOSPHATE ENEMAS IN CATS OR SMALL DOGS DO NOT MIX DOCUSATE AND MINERAL OIL
Contraindicated because docusate will act as a surfacant on the mineral oil - allowing it to be absorbed by the colonic mucosa - and the mineral oil will prevent water from getting to feces
Clean teeth - antibiotics - oral antiseptics - daily brushing w/ antibacterial solutions - hard diet - rechecks

38. Cholangiohepatitis TX
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested
Based on HX and PE; cbc/chem (cbc may indicate stress leukogram and dehydration)
Idiopathic - most common hepatopathy in cats adult - obese cats any age - sex - breed
Antibiotics - ursodeoxycolic acid - prednisone - fluid and electrolyte corrections - vitamin and nutritional support - S- adenosylmethioonie

39. Megacolon Tx
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!
Stool softeners - Ducolax - docusate - lactulose - enemas - Cisapride - correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances - antibiotics to protect against sepsis thru damaged colonic wall - treat any underlying disease
With stool softeners and enemas palliatively
Cellular infiltrates in or near bile ducts; +/- portal triad fibrosis (definative diagnosis)

40. What is the cause gastritis?
Mild to marked weight loss; polyphagia - coprophagia - pica - diarrhea - fatty stoo; foul smelling poop; flatulence
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested
Mucosa is damaged - inflammation occurs - signs develop
Medical management seldom successful - low protein diet - lactilose - metronidazole - fluids - surgical ligation of shunt is preferred

41. Megacolon signs are?
Straining to defecate - vomiting - weakness - dehydration - anorexia - small hard feces+/- blood - mucus
Greatly increased ALP - increased ALT - AST - hyperbilirubinemia - hypoalbuminemia - increased serum bile acids
Common hepatobiliary disorder of cats - less in dogs complex of disorders that involve cholangitis - cholangiohepatitis - and biliary cirrhosis - bile duct inflammation leads to hepatocyte involvement - progresses to cirrhosis
Lubricated red rubber feeding tube inserted and enema solution injected: pre- fabricated pet enemas are available: include warm - soapy water (avoid hexachlorophene); docusate (emollient); mineral oil(lubricant)

42. Perineal hernias TX
Recurrence infrequent - prognosis depends on extent of damage - common in puppies with heavy parasitic infestation
Many cats have underlying disease that interferes with local immunity in gingava' cats should be screened for disease
With stool softeners and enemas palliatively
x- rays -- mild hepatomegaly ultrasound-- hyperechoic liver histopathology-- severley vacuolized hepatocytes

43. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) TX
Irreversible - requires life long treatment; expensive (pancreatic enzyme replacements); give with every meal; most animals will regain weight and diarrhea will resolve
Antibiotics - ursodeoxycolic acid - prednisone - fluid and electrolyte corrections - vitamin and nutritional support - S- adenosylmethioonie
Perineal swelling - tenesmus - dyschezia - constipation - possible urethral obstruction if bladder involved
Supplement pancreatic enzymes - give pancrezyme or Viokase-V - chopped - raw pig or ox pancreas; low fiber diet with high digestibility; rx: chain tryglyceride vitamins antibiotic therapy prednisone

44. Diseases of Pancreas TX
Occurs when smaller - proximal segment of intestine at ileocolic junction invaginates into larger - more distal segment of large intestine telescoping effect causes partial to complete blockage and compromises blood supply - causing necrosis
Toxocara canis - Toxascaris leonina - and Toxocara cati (roundworms) - Trichuris vulpis -(whipworms) Ancylostoma caninum - Isopora spp (coccidia) - Capillaria aerophila - Giardia spp - Tritrichomonas foetus
Common; melanomas and squamous cell carcinomas are most common: also fibrosarcomas
Supportive care: fluids and electrolyte balance; potassium if needed; NPO 3-4 days if vomiting; antiemetics; analgesia (Buprenorphine in cats; butorphanol in dogs) antibiotics: (enroflaxin - trimethaprin gluccocorticoids)

45. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) PX
Irreversible - requires life long treatment; expensive (pancreatic enzyme replacements); give with every meal; most animals will regain weight and diarrhea will resolve
Cbc - leukocytosis - increased PCV chem - azotemia - increased ALT - mils hypocalcemia - hyperlipemia - normal to increased amylase and lipase4
Toxocara canis - Toxascaris leonina - and Toxocara cati (roundworms) - Trichuris vulpis -(whipworms) Ancylostoma caninum - Isopora spp (coccidia) - Capillaria aerophila - Giardia spp - Tritrichomonas foetus
Males have increased risk for melonoma and fibrosarcoma; dogs with pimented oral mucosa greater risk for melonoma

46. Diseases of Pancreas: what/causes
x- rays -- mild hepatomegaly ultrasound-- hyperechoic liver histopathology-- severley vacuolized hepatocytes
Pred - azathioprine - metronidazole - intestinal protectants (sucralfate - H2 blockers) - vitamin therapy to replace fat- soluable vitamins - dietary modifications - limit carb - avoid lactose - low- fat diets - good quality protein diet
Antibiotics - ursodeoxycolic acid - prednisone - fluid and electrolyte corrections - vitamin and nutritional support - S- adenosylmethioonie
Inflammation of the pancreas; acute or chronic digestive enzymes are activated within the gland causes autodigestion - gland becomes inflamed resulting in tissue damage - high fat diets predispose - assoc w/ hepatic liidosis - drugs - parasites - tu

47. Diseases of Rectum/Anus perineal hernias (who gets it/what it is)
Common in intact older male dogs >8; atrophy of levator ani muscle causes herniation of rectum and pelvic organs into ischiorectal fossa
Many cats have underlying disease that interferes with local immunity in gingava' cats should be screened for disease
Occurs when smaller - proximal segment of intestine at ileocolic junction invaginates into larger - more distal segment of large intestine telescoping effect causes partial to complete blockage and compromises blood supply - causing necrosis
Common cause of vomiting in dogs

48. What is megacolon? : who gets it?
Very similar to small intestine diseases - excessive number of inflammatory cells in mucosa - unknown etiology - likely multi factorial - colonic inflammation disrupts mucosal integrity and results in decreased absorption of water and electrolytes
Inflammation of the pancreas; acute or chronic digestive enzymes are activated within the gland causes autodigestion - gland becomes inflamed resulting in tissue damage - high fat diets predispose - assoc w/ hepatic liidosis - drugs - parasites - tu
Fairly common in cats(middle- age to older cats); can occur from hypokalema - hypothyroidism - pelvic deformities; 62% of cases are idiopathic; believed to involve a defect in neurostimulation for colon evacuation
Sulfasalizine (caution with cats and dry eye in dog with long term use) ( -Keratoconjunctivitis -KCS) - pred - metronidazole - azathioprine - tylosin - mesalamine(sim to sulfasalazine - anti inflammatory drug w/ free radicals

49. What is large inflammatory bowel disease: TX
Ductus venosus remains patent after birth - the blood from abdominal viscera will continue to bypass liver - liver is unable to filter deleterious and toxic substances
Unclear mechanism: diet and exercise - delayed gastric emptying - pyloric obstruction - aerophagia - and engorgement; possible gastric dysrhthmias; filling w/ air causes dilation (bloat); air filled stomach twisting on it axis causes volvulus
*gastric indiscretion (eating garbage) - spoiled food - change in diet - food allergy - infection(bacterial - viral - parasitic) - toxins - foreign object ingestion
Sulfasalizine (caution with cats and dry eye in dog with long term use) ( -Keratoconjunctivitis -KCS) - pred - metronidazole - azathioprine - tylosin - mesalamine(sim to sulfasalazine - anti inflammatory drug w/ free radicals

50. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) signs
PE often normal - edema or ascities if protein losing enteropathy - mdb - fecal - xray - endoscopy/biopsy (looking for lymphotic- plasmacytic infiltrates)
Increase fiber - soft canned food - salt food to increase water intake
Mild to marked weight loss; polyphagia - coprophagia - pica - diarrhea - fatty stoo; foul smelling poop; flatulence
Hepatomegaly or choleliths may be observed