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Veterinary Technology Diseases Of Digestive System

Subjects : engineering, health-sciences, veterinary

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Diseases of Pancreas TX
Occurs when smaller - proximal segment of intestine at ileocolic junction invaginates into larger - more distal segment of large intestine telescoping effect causes partial to complete blockage and compromises blood supply - causing necrosis
Supportive care: fluids and electrolyte balance; potassium if needed; NPO 3-4 days if vomiting; antiemetics; analgesia (Buprenorphine in cats; butorphanol in dogs) antibiotics: (enroflaxin - trimethaprin gluccocorticoids)
Pe - distended colon is filled with firm - packed feces - x- ray show colon width greater than length of lumbar vertebra - mdb (possible dehydration - increased hct
Lubricates feces and reduces water reabsorption of lumen

2. What is treatment of oral neoplasia?
Many cats have underlying disease that interferes with local immunity in gingava' cats should be screened for disease
Mdb - fecal - xray - colonoscopy with biopsy ( histo will show lymphocytes and plasma cells in large intestinal lamina propria)
Hepatomegaly or choleliths may be observed
Surgical removal - chemo - radiation poor prognosis

3. What is treatment for lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis?
Prognosis uncertain and variable; tx may be prolonged and expensive; permanent damage to liver my occur
Recurrence infrequent - prognosis depends on extent of damage - common in puppies with heavy parasitic infestation
Clean teeth - antibiotics - oral antiseptics - daily brushing w/ antibacterial solutions - hard diet - rechecks
CBC; nonregenerative anemia; stress neutrophilia lymphopenia

4. Intussusception TX
Surgical reduction or resection of necrotic bowel fluids and electrolytes; broad spectrum antobiotics post surgery; no solid food for 24 hrs - then bland diet for 10-24 days to allow healing of intestinal walls
Pancreas loses acinar cells followed by inadequate production of digestive enzymes; usually asymptomatic until 85-90% of secretory ability has been lost; lack of normal pancreatic secretions affect mucosal lining of small intestine and decrease absor
Common hepatobiliary disorder of cats - less in dogs complex of disorders that involve cholangitis - cholangiohepatitis - and biliary cirrhosis - bile duct inflammation leads to hepatocyte involvement - progresses to cirrhosis
Mild to moderate increase in ALT - normal to increased ALP - mild to moderate increase in GGT - normal to increased fasting serum bile acids - hypoalbuminemia -(later stages) - decreased BUN(later stages)

5. Who is prone to lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis?
Siamese - himalayans - abyssinians
CBC; nonregenerative anemia; stress neutrophilia lymphopenia
Emergency!! decompress stomach(18 g needle) - stabilize patient - prep for surgery stomach tube treat shock bicarbonate if total carbon dioxide <12 mEq IV antibiotics targeted against gram-/anaerobes - cefoxtin - ampicillin
Perineal swelling - tenesmus - dyschezia - constipation - possible urethral obstruction if bladder involved

6. what is acute diarrhea DX?
Unclear mechanism: diet and exercise - delayed gastric emptying - pyloric obstruction - aerophagia - and engorgement; possible gastric dysrhthmias; filling w/ air causes dilation (bloat); air filled stomach twisting on it axis causes volvulus
Causes pain - bleeding - self mutilation - dyschezia - anal stenosis - tenesmus - incontinence - licking perianal area - foul odor to anal area
Rule out other causes (MDB); fecal sample direct and float; HCT to monitor hydration
Cellular infiltrates in or near bile ducts; +/- portal triad fibrosis (definative diagnosis)

7. Diseases of Pancreas: who/signs
PE often normal - edema or ascities if protein losing enteropathy - mdb - fecal - xray - endoscopy/biopsy (looking for lymphotic- plasmacytic infiltrates)
*gastric indiscretion (eating garbage) - spoiled food - change in diet - food allergy - infection(bacterial - viral - parasitic) - toxins - foreign object ingestion
Parvovirus - distemper - coroavirus - feline panleukopenia
Older obese dogs with history of recent fatty meal; painful abdomen - anorexia - depression - dehydration - vomiting - diarrhea - fever - shock and collapse

8. Who is most prone to oral neoplasia?
Older animals
With stool softeners and enemas palliatively
Vomiting - anorexia - depression - diarrhea (often bloody)
High protein - high calorie diet - feeding tube - (for up to 2 mos) - IV fluids - potassium supplementation - metaclopramide sq 15 min before feeding if vomiting occurs - wean cat off feeding tube

9. Describe docusate enema for mega colon or constipation.
Older obese dogs with history of recent fatty meal; painful abdomen - anorexia - depression - dehydration - vomiting - diarrhea - fever - shock and collapse
Pancreas loses acinar cells followed by inadequate production of digestive enzymes; usually asymptomatic until 85-90% of secretory ability has been lost; lack of normal pancreatic secretions affect mucosal lining of small intestine and decrease absor
Possesses wetting and emulsifying properties - salts reduce surface tension and allow water and fat to penetrate the ingesta and formed feces - may have an effect on cells of the colonic mucosa allowing the ceels to more easily secrete water into lum
Pe - distended colon is filled with firm - packed feces - x- ray show colon width greater than length of lumbar vertebra - mdb (possible dehydration - increased hct

10. How to treat lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis if condition recurs?
Idiopathic - most common hepatopathy in cats adult - obese cats any age - sex - breed
Siamese - himalayans - abyssinians
Surgical removal - chemo - radiation poor prognosis
Extract all premolars - molars - and retained roots - if still recurs remove remaining teeth; steroids

11. Intussusception cause
Unknown - but can result from parasites - foreign bodies - infections - neoplasia
With stool softeners and enemas palliatively
Vomiting - anorexia - depression - diarrhea (often bloody)
Enlarged stomach pushes against diaphragm - making breathing difficult blocks venous return thru hepatic portal vein and caudal vena cava increased pressure on gastric wall causes ischemia and necrosis Spleen may be involved (congestion) *hypovolemic

12. Intussusception signs are...
Vomiting - anorexia - depression - diarrhea (often bloody)
Based on HX and PE; cbc/chem (cbc may indicate stress leukogram and dehydration)
Vomiting - diarrhea - stunted growth - PU/PD/ urate urolithiasis - hematuria - ammonium biurate crystals in sediment - dilute urine
Supportive and symptomatic fluid and electrolyte therapy - NPO 24-48 hrs - water if no vomiting - pepto bismol or loperamide - antibiotics - bland low fat diet

13. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis signs
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - spoadic vomiting - hepatomegaly - possible bleeding tendencies (petechiae - bleeding from gums0
Very similar to small intestine diseases - excessive number of inflammatory cells in mucosa - unknown etiology - likely multi factorial - colonic inflammation disrupts mucosal integrity and results in decreased absorption of water and electrolytes
Treatment can be long and expensive - often not cured - monitor dogs and cats on long term antinflammatory therapy
Males have increased risk for melonoma and fibrosarcoma; dogs with pimented oral mucosa greater risk for melonoma

14. Who gets Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV)?
Benign neoplasms (papilomas - epulides)
Mdb - fecal - xray - colonoscopy with biopsy ( histo will show lymphocytes and plasma cells in large intestinal lamina propria)
Cbc-- neutraophilia w/ left shift -- mild - regenerative anemia
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested

15. Viral Diarrhea
Surgical reduction or resection of necrotic bowel fluids and electrolytes; broad spectrum antobiotics post surgery; no solid food for 24 hrs - then bland diet for 10-24 days to allow healing of intestinal walls
Chronic small intestinal inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs and cats chronic antigenic stimulation of the intestinal lumen (from many causes) causes and infiltration of lamina propria with lymphocytes and plasma cells (causes damage to mucosa a
Parvovirus - distemper - coroavirus - feline panleukopenia
Possesses wetting and emulsifying properties - salts reduce surface tension and allow water and fat to penetrate the ingesta and formed feces - may have an effect on cells of the colonic mucosa allowing the ceels to more easily secrete water into lum

16. Parasitic Diarrhea
Toxocara canis - Toxascaris leonina - and Toxocara cati (roundworms) - Trichuris vulpis -(whipworms) Ancylostoma caninum - Isopora spp (coccidia) - Capillaria aerophila - Giardia spp - Tritrichomonas foetus
Unclear mechanism: diet and exercise - delayed gastric emptying - pyloric obstruction - aerophagia - and engorgement; possible gastric dysrhthmias; filling w/ air causes dilation (bloat); air filled stomach twisting on it axis causes volvulus
Treatment can be long and expensive - often not cured - monitor dogs and cats on long term antinflammatory therapy
Pancreas loses acinar cells followed by inadequate production of digestive enzymes; usually asymptomatic until 85-90% of secretory ability has been lost; lack of normal pancreatic secretions affect mucosal lining of small intestine and decrease absor

17. Why is mineral oil and docusate enema for mega colon or constipation contraindicated?
With stool softeners and enemas palliatively
Pred - azathioprine - metronidazole - intestinal protectants (sucralfate - H2 blockers) - vitamin therapy to replace fat- soluable vitamins - dietary modifications - limit carb - avoid lactose - low- fat diets - good quality protein diet
Increased serum trypsinogen - like immunoreactivity - pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) - and (fPLI)
Contraindicated because docusate will act as a surfacant on the mineral oil - allowing it to be absorbed by the colonic mucosa - and the mineral oil will prevent water from getting to feces

18. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) DX
Cbc normal; increased ALT; decreased total lipid serum; trypsin - likeimmunoreactivity levels are decreased
young german shepherds have predisposition to pancreatic acinar atrophy; in cats EPI often caused by chronic pancreatitis
Surgical reduction or resection of necrotic bowel fluids and electrolytes; broad spectrum antobiotics post surgery; no solid food for 24 hrs - then bland diet for 10-24 days to allow healing of intestinal walls
PE often normal - edema or ascities if protein losing enteropathy - mdb - fecal - xray - endoscopy/biopsy (looking for lymphotic- plasmacytic infiltrates)

19. Cholangiohepatitis PX
Prognosis uncertain and variable; tx may be prolonged and expensive; permanent damage to liver my occur
*gastric indiscretion (eating garbage) - spoiled food - change in diet - food allergy - infection(bacterial - viral - parasitic) - toxins - foreign object ingestion
Supportive care: fluids and electrolyte balance; potassium if needed; NPO 3-4 days if vomiting; antiemetics; analgesia (Buprenorphine in cats; butorphanol in dogs) antibiotics: (enroflaxin - trimethaprin gluccocorticoids)
Cbc - leukocytosis - increased PCV chem - azotemia - increased ALT - mils hypocalcemia - hyperlipemia - normal to increased amylase and lipase4

20. Exocrine Pancreatic Insuffciency (what it is and then some...)
Ulcerative - erosive neoplasms; invade bone and metastisize to regional lymph nodes
Pancreas loses acinar cells followed by inadequate production of digestive enzymes; usually asymptomatic until 85-90% of secretory ability has been lost; lack of normal pancreatic secretions affect mucosal lining of small intestine and decrease absor
Cbc - leukocytosis - increased PCV chem - azotemia - increased ALT - mils hypocalcemia - hyperlipemia - normal to increased amylase and lipase4
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - vomiting - dehydration - fever - jaundice - ascites - hepatomegaly

21. Large inflammatory bowel disease: signs
Pe - distended colon is filled with firm - packed feces - x- ray show colon width greater than length of lumbar vertebra - mdb (possible dehydration - increased hct
Diarrhea w/o weight loss - increased frequency of defecation w/ decreased fecal volume - tenesmus - hematochezia (frank blood) - increased mucus - +/- dsschezia and mild fever
CBC; nonregenerative anemia; stress neutrophilia lymphopenia
Causes pain - bleeding - self mutilation - dyschezia - anal stenosis - tenesmus - incontinence - licking perianal area - foul odor to anal area

22. Diseases of Rectum/Anus perineal hernias (who gets it/what it is)
Idiopathic - most common hepatopathy in cats adult - obese cats any age - sex - breed
Stool softeners - Ducolax - docusate - lactulose - enemas - Cisapride - correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances - antibiotics to protect against sepsis thru damaged colonic wall - treat any underlying disease
Common in intact older male dogs >8; atrophy of levator ani muscle causes herniation of rectum and pelvic organs into ischiorectal fossa
Most common diarrhea; change in diet - drug therapy - stressful situations causes disruption of normal bacterial flora signs abrupt onset diarrhea - +/- vomiting

23. Chronic Enteropathies
Older obese dogs with history of recent fatty meal; painful abdomen - anorexia - depression - dehydration - vomiting - diarrhea - fever - shock and collapse
Chronic small intestinal inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs and cats chronic antigenic stimulation of the intestinal lumen (from many causes) causes and infiltration of lamina propria with lymphocytes and plasma cells (causes damage to mucosa a
Males have increased risk for melonoma and fibrosarcoma; dogs with pimented oral mucosa greater risk for melonoma
Avoid feeding one lg meal limit exercise after eating feed high quality - protein - low fat diet avoid easily fermentable food DX has 15-18% mortality rate; gastropexy no guarantee against future episodes

24. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) signs
Inflamed gums - often with minor calculus
Weakness - collapse - depression - nausea - non - productive retching - hypersalivation - abdominal pain and distension - increased hr and resp
young german shepherds have predisposition to pancreatic acinar atrophy; in cats EPI often caused by chronic pancreatitis
Cause unknown; ascending biliary infections from GI tract and immune- mediated causes have been suggested; Persian cats predisposed; sometimes occurs in conjuction with pancreatitis and IBD in cats (Triaditis)

25. Cholangiohepatitis DX : chem
Clean teeth - antibiotics - oral antiseptics - daily brushing w/ antibacterial solutions - hard diet - rechecks
Cbc - microcytosis - target cells - poikilocytosis - mild regenerative anemia xray microhepatia
Inflammation of the pancreas; acute or chronic digestive enzymes are activated within the gland causes autodigestion - gland becomes inflamed resulting in tissue damage - high fat diets predispose - assoc w/ hepatic liidosis - drugs - parasites - tu
Mild to moderate increase in ALT - normal to increased ALP - mild to moderate increase in GGT - normal to increased fasting serum bile acids - hypoalbuminemia -(later stages) - decreased BUN(later stages)

26. What is the cause gastritis?
Mucosa is damaged - inflammation occurs - signs develop
Antibiotics - ursodeoxycolic acid - prednisone - fluid and electrolyte corrections - vitamin and nutritional support - S- adenosylmethioonie
Older animals
Based on HX and PE; cbc/chem (cbc may indicate stress leukogram and dehydration)

27. What are gastritis signs?
Common; melanomas and squamous cell carcinomas are most common: also fibrosarcomas
Lubricates feces and reduces water reabsorption of lumen
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!
Anorexia - acute vomiting - +/- dehydration - +/- painful abdomen

28. Perineal hernias signs
Mild to moderate increase in ALT - normal to increased ALP - mild to moderate increase in GGT - normal to increased fasting serum bile acids - hypoalbuminemia -(later stages) - decreased BUN(later stages)
Prognosis uncertain and variable; tx may be prolonged and expensive; permanent damage to liver my occur
Single or multiple ulcerated sinuses that involve perianal tissue; often large breed dogs
Perineal swelling - tenesmus - dyschezia - constipation - possible urethral obstruction if bladder involved

29. What is dietary treatment of large inflammatory bowel disease?
Hypoallergenic diets - low fat diets with high fiber; goal to control signs; may have frequent defecation chronically
Anorexia - depression - lethargy - weakness - ataxia - head- pressing - circling - pacing - blindness - seizures - coma - hypersalivation and bizarre aggressive behavior in cats
Cellular infiltrates in or near bile ducts; +/- portal triad fibrosis (definative diagnosis)
Sulfasalizine (caution with cats and dry eye in dog with long term use) ( -Keratoconjunctivitis -KCS) - pred - metronidazole - azathioprine - tylosin - mesalamine(sim to sulfasalazine - anti inflammatory drug w/ free radicals

30. What is oral neoplasia?
Increased serum trypsinogen - like immunoreactivity - pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) - and (fPLI)
Occurs when smaller - proximal segment of intestine at ileocolic junction invaginates into larger - more distal segment of large intestine telescoping effect causes partial to complete blockage and compromises blood supply - causing necrosis
Treatment can be long and expensive - often not cured - monitor dogs and cats on long term antinflammatory therapy
Common; melanomas and squamous cell carcinomas are most common: also fibrosarcomas

31. What is oral neoplasia squamous cell carcinoma?
Atypical immune response of unknown etiology?
Supplement pancreatic enzymes - give pancrezyme or Viokase-V - chopped - raw pig or ox pancreas; low fiber diet with high digestibility; rx: chain tryglyceride vitamins antibiotic therapy prednisone
Common cause of vomiting in dogs
Ulcerative - erosive neoplasms; invade bone and metastisize to regional lymph nodes

32. What is lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis
Atypical immune response of unknown etiology?
Anorexia - depression - lethargy - weakness - ataxia - head- pressing - circling - pacing - blindness - seizures - coma - hypersalivation and bizarre aggressive behavior in cats
Toxocara canis - Toxascaris leonina - and Toxocara cati (roundworms) - Trichuris vulpis -(whipworms) Ancylostoma caninum - Isopora spp (coccidia) - Capillaria aerophila - Giardia spp - Tritrichomonas foetus
Diarrhea w/o weight loss - increased frequency of defecation w/ decreased fecal volume - tenesmus - hematochezia (frank blood) - increased mucus - +/- dsschezia and mild fever

33. Diseases of Pancreas: cbc and chem
Lubricates feces and reduces water reabsorption of lumen
Cbc - leukocytosis - increased PCV chem - azotemia - increased ALT - mils hypocalcemia - hyperlipemia - normal to increased amylase and lipase4
Older obese dogs with history of recent fatty meal; painful abdomen - anorexia - depression - dehydration - vomiting - diarrhea - fever - shock and collapse
Vomiting - diarrhea - stunted growth - PU/PD/ urate urolithiasis - hematuria - ammonium biurate crystals in sediment - dilute urine

34. How crazy Dr C is to think we can learn all of this SH*T!!!!!!
Hypoallergenic diets - low fat diets with high fiber; goal to control signs; may have frequent defecation chronically
High protein - high calorie diet - feeding tube - (for up to 2 mos) - IV fluids - potassium supplementation - metaclopramide sq 15 min before feeding if vomiting occurs - wean cat off feeding tube
Mild to moderate increase in ALT - normal to increased ALP - mild to moderate increase in GGT - normal to increased fasting serum bile acids - hypoalbuminemia -(later stages) - decreased BUN(later stages)
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!

35. Megacolon signs are?
Excellent after surgical ligation; surgery yields best results if dog is less than one year - relapses may occur (more common in cats); animals with partial ligations of shunt may require low protein diet to avoid clinical signs of hepatic encephalop
Straining to defecate - vomiting - weakness - dehydration - anorexia - small hard feces+/- blood - mucus
Antibiotics - ursodeoxycolic acid - prednisone - fluid and electrolyte corrections - vitamin and nutritional support - S- adenosylmethioonie
Rapidly growing tumors characterized by early bone involvement metastatisize to lungs

36. What are Portosystemic shunts?
Greatly increased ALP - increased ALT - AST - hyperbilirubinemia - hypoalbuminemia - increased serum bile acids
Ductus venosus remains patent after birth - the blood from abdominal viscera will continue to bypass liver - liver is unable to filter deleterious and toxic substances
Supportive care: fluids and electrolyte balance; potassium if needed; NPO 3-4 days if vomiting; antiemetics; analgesia (Buprenorphine in cats; butorphanol in dogs) antibiotics: (enroflaxin - trimethaprin gluccocorticoids)
Benign neoplasms (papilomas - epulides)

37. Portosystemic shunts signs
Weakness - collapse - depression - nausea - non - productive retching - hypersalivation - abdominal pain and distension - increased hr and resp
Anorexia - depression - lethargy - weakness - ataxia - head- pressing - circling - pacing - blindness - seizures - coma - hypersalivation and bizarre aggressive behavior in cats
young german shepherds have predisposition to pancreatic acinar atrophy; in cats EPI often caused by chronic pancreatitis
Use caution when removing feces from colon; manually use well lubricated gloved finger; x- ray after to ensure empty colon; use soothing ointment or cream around rectum post evacuation - and make sure patient is kept clean and dry after enema

38. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis DX: Chem
Greatly increased ALP - increased ALT - AST - hyperbilirubinemia - hypoalbuminemia - increased serum bile acids
Hypoallergenic diets - low fat diets with high fiber; goal to control signs; may have frequent defecation chronically
Straining to defecate - vomiting - weakness - dehydration - anorexia - small hard feces+/- blood - mucus
Supportive care: fluids and electrolyte balance; potassium if needed; NPO 3-4 days if vomiting; antiemetics; analgesia (Buprenorphine in cats; butorphanol in dogs) antibiotics: (enroflaxin - trimethaprin gluccocorticoids)

39. What is gastritis?
Increased serum trypsinogen - like immunoreactivity - pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) - and (fPLI)
Common; melanomas and squamous cell carcinomas are most common: also fibrosarcomas
Atypical immune response of unknown etiology?
Common cause of vomiting in dogs

40. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) TX
Prognosis uncertain and variable; tx may be prolonged and expensive; permanent damage to liver my occur
Emergency!! decompress stomach(18 g needle) - stabilize patient - prep for surgery stomach tube treat shock bicarbonate if total carbon dioxide <12 mEq IV antibiotics targeted against gram-/anaerobes - cefoxtin - ampicillin
Avoid feeding one lg meal limit exercise after eating feed high quality - protein - low fat diet avoid easily fermentable food DX has 15-18% mortality rate; gastropexy no guarantee against future episodes
Ulcerative - erosive neoplasms; invade bone and metastisize to regional lymph nodes

41. Perianal fistula (anal fistula) signs
Stress - diet changes - boarding - illness; enviro. change resulting in anorexia >2 wks - imbalance occurs between breakdown of peripheral lipids; lipid clearance w/in liver occurs; excess fat accumulation w/in hepatocytes
Causes pain - bleeding - self mutilation - dyschezia - anal stenosis - tenesmus - incontinence - licking perianal area - foul odor to anal area
Recurrence infrequent - prognosis depends on extent of damage - common in puppies with heavy parasitic infestation
Surgical removal - chemo - radiation poor prognosis

42. How to give enemas for mega colon or constipation?
Mucosa is damaged - inflammation occurs - signs develop
Idiopathic - most common hepatopathy in cats adult - obese cats any age - sex - breed
Medical management seldom successful - low protein diet - lactilose - metronidazole - fluids - surgical ligation of shunt is preferred
Lubricated red rubber feeding tube inserted and enema solution injected: pre- fabricated pet enemas are available: include warm - soapy water (avoid hexachlorophene); docusate (emollient); mineral oil(lubricant)

43. Why do cats get lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis?

44. Perianal fistula (anal fistula) TX
Unknown - but can result from parasites - foreign bodies - infections - neoplasia
Increase fiber - soft canned food - salt food to increase water intake
Cyclosporin +/- ketoconazole - tacrolimus 0.1% topical - prednisone - azathioprine stool softeners(lactolose) antimicrobials (adjunct for seconary dermatitus)
Cbc normal; increased ALT; decreased total lipid serum; trypsin - likeimmunoreactivity levels are decreased

45. What is the etiology of Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV)
Unclear mechanism: diet and exercise - delayed gastric emptying - pyloric obstruction - aerophagia - and engorgement; possible gastric dysrhthmias; filling w/ air causes dilation (bloat); air filled stomach twisting on it axis causes volvulus
Very similar to small intestine diseases - excessive number of inflammatory cells in mucosa - unknown etiology - likely multi factorial - colonic inflammation disrupts mucosal integrity and results in decreased absorption of water and electrolytes
PE often normal - edema or ascities if protein losing enteropathy - mdb - fecal - xray - endoscopy/biopsy (looking for lymphotic- plasmacytic infiltrates)
Anorexia - acute vomiting - +/- dehydration - +/- painful abdomen

46. What is the cause of cholangiohepatitis? who does it affect?
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!
Cause unknown; ascending biliary infections from GI tract and immune- mediated causes have been suggested; Persian cats predisposed; sometimes occurs in conjuction with pancreatitis and IBD in cats (Triaditis)
Cbc normal; increased ALT; decreased total lipid serum; trypsin - likeimmunoreactivity levels are decreased
High protein - high calorie diet - feeding tube - (for up to 2 mos) - IV fluids - potassium supplementation - metaclopramide sq 15 min before feeding if vomiting occurs - wean cat off feeding tube

47. How to treat megacolon with diet?
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested
Increase fiber - soft canned food - salt food to increase water intake
Cellular infiltrates in or near bile ducts; +/- portal triad fibrosis (definative diagnosis)
Inflamed gums - often with minor calculus

48. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis prevention
Mild to marked weight loss; polyphagia - coprophagia - pica - diarrhea - fatty stoo; foul smelling poop; flatulence
Unclear mechanism: diet and exercise - delayed gastric emptying - pyloric obstruction - aerophagia - and engorgement; possible gastric dysrhthmias; filling w/ air causes dilation (bloat); air filled stomach twisting on it axis causes volvulus
Avoid stress in obese cats - early intervention essential - a cat that usually eats well and just stops is at risk - prevent obesity cure rate 60-65% - may be long and $
CBC; nonregenerative anemia; stress neutrophilia lymphopenia

49. What are oral neoplasia melanomas?
Inflammation of the pancreas; acute or chronic digestive enzymes are activated within the gland causes autodigestion - gland becomes inflamed resulting in tissue damage - high fat diets predispose - assoc w/ hepatic liidosis - drugs - parasites - tu
HX and pe demonstrate weak - shocky animal (long crt - abnormal mm) xray ecg - ventricular arrhthmia or sinus tach cbc/chem for correction of electrolye and ph imbalances - fluid therapy
Very similar to small intestine diseases - excessive number of inflammatory cells in mucosa - unknown etiology - likely multi factorial - colonic inflammation disrupts mucosal integrity and results in decreased absorption of water and electrolytes
Rapidly growing tumors characterized by early bone involvement metastatisize to lungs

50. Diseases of the Liver: what is cholangiohepatitis?
Fairly common in cats(middle- age to older cats); can occur from hypokalema - hypothyroidism - pelvic deformities; 62% of cases are idiopathic; believed to involve a defect in neurostimulation for colon evacuation
Common hepatobiliary disorder of cats - less in dogs complex of disorders that involve cholangitis - cholangiohepatitis - and biliary cirrhosis - bile duct inflammation leads to hepatocyte involvement - progresses to cirrhosis
Stress - diet changes - boarding - illness; enviro. change resulting in anorexia >2 wks - imbalance occurs between breakdown of peripheral lipids; lipid clearance w/in liver occurs; excess fat accumulation w/in hepatocytes
young german shepherds have predisposition to pancreatic acinar atrophy; in cats EPI often caused by chronic pancreatitis