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Veterinary Technology Diseases Of Digestive System

Subjects : engineering, health-sciences, veterinary

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Why is mineral oil and docusate enema for mega colon or constipation contraindicated?
Contraindicated because docusate will act as a surfacant on the mineral oil - allowing it to be absorbed by the colonic mucosa - and the mineral oil will prevent water from getting to feces
PE often normal - edema or ascities if protein losing enteropathy - mdb - fecal - xray - endoscopy/biopsy (looking for lymphotic- plasmacytic infiltrates)
Based on HX and PE; cbc/chem (cbc may indicate stress leukogram and dehydration)
Parvovirus - distemper - coroavirus - feline panleukopenia

2. Viral Diarrhea
Parvovirus - distemper - coroavirus - feline panleukopenia
Unknown - but can result from parasites - foreign bodies - infections - neoplasia
Cbc normal; increased ALT; decreased total lipid serum; trypsin - likeimmunoreactivity levels are decreased
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - spoadic vomiting - hepatomegaly - possible bleeding tendencies (petechiae - bleeding from gums0

3. How crazy Dr C is to think we can learn all of this SH*T!!!!!!
Cbc normal; increased ALT; decreased total lipid serum; trypsin - likeimmunoreactivity levels are decreased
Common hepatobiliary disorder of cats - less in dogs complex of disorders that involve cholangitis - cholangiohepatitis - and biliary cirrhosis - bile duct inflammation leads to hepatocyte involvement - progresses to cirrhosis
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!
Older animals

4. Megacolon surgical (use caution)
Clean teeth - antibiotics - oral antiseptics - daily brushing w/ antibacterial solutions - hard diet - rechecks
Hypoallergenic diets - low fat diets with high fiber; goal to control signs; may have frequent defecation chronically
Use caution when removing feces from colon; manually use well lubricated gloved finger; x- ray after to ensure empty colon; use soothing ointment or cream around rectum post evacuation - and make sure patient is kept clean and dry after enema
Causes pain - bleeding - self mutilation - dyschezia - anal stenosis - tenesmus - incontinence - licking perianal area - foul odor to anal area

5. What is lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis
Stool softeners - Ducolax - docusate - lactulose - enemas - Cisapride - correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances - antibiotics to protect against sepsis thru damaged colonic wall - treat any underlying disease
Atypical immune response of unknown etiology?
Irreversible - requires life long treatment; expensive (pancreatic enzyme replacements); give with every meal; most animals will regain weight and diarrhea will resolve
Palpation of sausage- like mass in cranial abdomen; ultrasound shows multi- layered concentric rings representing large intestinal wall layers

6. Portosystemic shunts DX: chem
Common hepatobiliary disorder of cats - less in dogs complex of disorders that involve cholangitis - cholangiohepatitis - and biliary cirrhosis - bile duct inflammation leads to hepatocyte involvement - progresses to cirrhosis
Hypoproteinemia - hypoalbuminemia - decreased BUN - mildly increased ALT< ALP - increased serum bile acids - hyperammonemia
Sulfasalizine (caution with cats and dry eye in dog with long term use) ( -Keratoconjunctivitis -KCS) - pred - metronidazole - azathioprine - tylosin - mesalamine(sim to sulfasalazine - anti inflammatory drug w/ free radicals
Mild to moderate increase in ALT - normal to increased ALP - mild to moderate increase in GGT - normal to increased fasting serum bile acids - hypoalbuminemia -(later stages) - decreased BUN(later stages)

7. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) signs
Cellular infiltrates in or near bile ducts; +/- portal triad fibrosis (definative diagnosis)
Pe - distended colon is filled with firm - packed feces - x- ray show colon width greater than length of lumbar vertebra - mdb (possible dehydration - increased hct
Stress - diet changes - boarding - illness; enviro. change resulting in anorexia >2 wks - imbalance occurs between breakdown of peripheral lipids; lipid clearance w/in liver occurs; excess fat accumulation w/in hepatocytes
Mild to marked weight loss; polyphagia - coprophagia - pica - diarrhea - fatty stoo; foul smelling poop; flatulence

8. Cholangiohepatitis DX : bw
Perineal swelling - tenesmus - dyschezia - constipation - possible urethral obstruction if bladder involved
Increase fiber - soft canned food - salt food to increase water intake
Lubricates feces and reduces water reabsorption of lumen
Cbc-- neutraophilia w/ left shift -- mild - regenerative anemia

9. Parasitic Diarrhea
Toxocara canis - Toxascaris leonina - and Toxocara cati (roundworms) - Trichuris vulpis -(whipworms) Ancylostoma caninum - Isopora spp (coccidia) - Capillaria aerophila - Giardia spp - Tritrichomonas foetus
Sulfasalizine (caution with cats and dry eye in dog with long term use) ( -Keratoconjunctivitis -KCS) - pred - metronidazole - azathioprine - tylosin - mesalamine(sim to sulfasalazine - anti inflammatory drug w/ free radicals
Very similar to small intestine diseases - excessive number of inflammatory cells in mucosa - unknown etiology - likely multi factorial - colonic inflammation disrupts mucosal integrity and results in decreased absorption of water and electrolytes
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - spoadic vomiting - hepatomegaly - possible bleeding tendencies (petechiae - bleeding from gums0

10. Large inflammatory bowel disease: signs
Diarrhea w/o weight loss - increased frequency of defecation w/ decreased fecal volume - tenesmus - hematochezia (frank blood) - increased mucus - +/- dsschezia and mild fever
Most common diarrhea; change in diet - drug therapy - stressful situations causes disruption of normal bacterial flora signs abrupt onset diarrhea - +/- vomiting
Fairly common in cats(middle- age to older cats); can occur from hypokalema - hypothyroidism - pelvic deformities; 62% of cases are idiopathic; believed to involve a defect in neurostimulation for colon evacuation
Common hepatobiliary disorder of cats - less in dogs complex of disorders that involve cholangitis - cholangiohepatitis - and biliary cirrhosis - bile duct inflammation leads to hepatocyte involvement - progresses to cirrhosis

11. Who gets Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV)?
Toxocara canis - Toxascaris leonina - and Toxocara cati (roundworms) - Trichuris vulpis -(whipworms) Ancylostoma caninum - Isopora spp (coccidia) - Capillaria aerophila - Giardia spp - Tritrichomonas foetus
Increased serum trypsinogen - like immunoreactivity - pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) - and (fPLI)
Greatly increased ALP - increased ALT - AST - hyperbilirubinemia - hypoalbuminemia - increased serum bile acids
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested

12. Perianal fistula (anal fistula) SX
Surgical removal - chemo - radiation poor prognosis
Prognosis uncertain and variable; tx may be prolonged and expensive; permanent damage to liver my occur
Atypical immune response of unknown etiology?
Debride ulcers and diseased tissue - possibly cryosurgery - may use medical tx first to decrease the size of the fistulas - then surgery

13. What is oral neoplasia?
Common; melanomas and squamous cell carcinomas are most common: also fibrosarcomas
*gastric indiscretion (eating garbage) - spoiled food - change in diet - food allergy - infection(bacterial - viral - parasitic) - toxins - foreign object ingestion
Use caution when removing feces from colon; manually use well lubricated gloved finger; x- ray after to ensure empty colon; use soothing ointment or cream around rectum post evacuation - and make sure patient is kept clean and dry after enema
Hypoallergenic diets - low fat diets with high fiber; goal to control signs; may have frequent defecation chronically

14. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis TX
Pancreas loses acinar cells followed by inadequate production of digestive enzymes; usually asymptomatic until 85-90% of secretory ability has been lost; lack of normal pancreatic secretions affect mucosal lining of small intestine and decrease absor
Often non specific - chronic intermittent vomit/ -+/- diarrhea - listlessness - weight loss - older animals - Borygmus (gas sounds in intestine) - halitosis - flatulence - signs progressive over time
Enlarged stomach pushes against diaphragm - making breathing difficult blocks venous return thru hepatic portal vein and caudal vena cava increased pressure on gastric wall causes ischemia and necrosis Spleen may be involved (congestion) *hypovolemic
High protein - high calorie diet - feeding tube - (for up to 2 mos) - IV fluids - potassium supplementation - metaclopramide sq 15 min before feeding if vomiting occurs - wean cat off feeding tube

15. What are signs of lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis?
Males have increased risk for melonoma and fibrosarcoma; dogs with pimented oral mucosa greater risk for melonoma
Many cats have underlying disease that interferes with local immunity in gingava' cats should be screened for disease
Straining to defecate - vomiting - weakness - dehydration - anorexia - small hard feces+/- blood - mucus
Inflamed gums - often with minor calculus

16. Portosystemic shunts DX: cbc - x- ray
Cbc - microcytosis - target cells - poikilocytosis - mild regenerative anemia xray microhepatia
Surgical reduction or resection of necrotic bowel fluids and electrolytes; broad spectrum antobiotics post surgery; no solid food for 24 hrs - then bland diet for 10-24 days to allow healing of intestinal walls
Use caution when removing feces from colon; manually use well lubricated gloved finger; x- ray after to ensure empty colon; use soothing ointment or cream around rectum post evacuation - and make sure patient is kept clean and dry after enema
Cyclosporin +/- ketoconazole - tacrolimus 0.1% topical - prednisone - azathioprine stool softeners(lactolose) antimicrobials (adjunct for seconary dermatitus)

17. Intussusception DX
Anorexia - depression - lethargy - weakness - ataxia - head- pressing - circling - pacing - blindness - seizures - coma - hypersalivation and bizarre aggressive behavior in cats
Chronic small intestinal inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs and cats chronic antigenic stimulation of the intestinal lumen (from many causes) causes and infiltration of lamina propria with lymphocytes and plasma cells (causes damage to mucosa a
High protein - high calorie diet - feeding tube - (for up to 2 mos) - IV fluids - potassium supplementation - metaclopramide sq 15 min before feeding if vomiting occurs - wean cat off feeding tube
Palpation of sausage- like mass in cranial abdomen; ultrasound shows multi- layered concentric rings representing large intestinal wall layers

18. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) prevention
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested
Avoid feeding one lg meal limit exercise after eating feed high quality - protein - low fat diet avoid easily fermentable food DX has 15-18% mortality rate; gastropexy no guarantee against future episodes
Older animals
Avoid stress in obese cats - early intervention essential - a cat that usually eats well and just stops is at risk - prevent obesity cure rate 60-65% - may be long and $

19. What is the cause gastritis?
Mild to moderate increase in ALT - normal to increased ALP - mild to moderate increase in GGT - normal to increased fasting serum bile acids - hypoalbuminemia -(later stages) - decreased BUN(later stages)
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!
Mucosa is damaged - inflammation occurs - signs develop
Treatment can be long and expensive - often not cured - monitor dogs and cats on long term antinflammatory therapy

20. Totally useless facts about pancreas
Mdb - fecal - xray - colonoscopy with biopsy ( histo will show lymphocytes and plasma cells in large intestinal lamina propria)
Cbc - leukocytosis - increased PCV chem - azotemia - increased ALT - mils hypocalcemia - hyperlipemia - normal to increased amylase and lipase4
Chronic small intestinal inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs and cats chronic antigenic stimulation of the intestinal lumen (from many causes) causes and infiltration of lamina propria with lymphocytes and plasma cells (causes damage to mucosa a
young german shepherds have predisposition to pancreatic acinar atrophy; in cats EPI often caused by chronic pancreatitis

21. Megacolon signs are?
Straining to defecate - vomiting - weakness - dehydration - anorexia - small hard feces+/- blood - mucus
Subtotal colectomy if refractory to medical and dietary management; rehydrate and correct electrolyte imbalances before anesthsia
Rapidly growing tumors characterized by early bone involvement metastatisize to lungs
*gastric indiscretion (eating garbage) - spoiled food - change in diet - food allergy - infection(bacterial - viral - parasitic) - toxins - foreign object ingestion

22. Chronic Enteropathies signs
Inflamed gums - often with minor calculus
Recurrence infrequent - prognosis depends on extent of damage - common in puppies with heavy parasitic infestation
Often non specific - chronic intermittent vomit/ -+/- diarrhea - listlessness - weight loss - older animals - Borygmus (gas sounds in intestine) - halitosis - flatulence - signs progressive over time
Antibiotics - ursodeoxycolic acid - prednisone - fluid and electrolyte corrections - vitamin and nutritional support - S- adenosylmethioonie

23. Who is most prone to oral neoplasia?
Older animals
Rule out other causes (MDB); fecal sample direct and float; HCT to monitor hydration
Contraindicated because docusate will act as a surfacant on the mineral oil - allowing it to be absorbed by the colonic mucosa - and the mineral oil will prevent water from getting to feces
Excellent after surgical ligation; surgery yields best results if dog is less than one year - relapses may occur (more common in cats); animals with partial ligations of shunt may require low protein diet to avoid clinical signs of hepatic encephalop

24. What are contradictions with enema for mega colon or constipation?
Supportive care: fluids and electrolyte balance; potassium if needed; NPO 3-4 days if vomiting; antiemetics; analgesia (Buprenorphine in cats; butorphanol in dogs) antibiotics: (enroflaxin - trimethaprin gluccocorticoids)
HX and pe demonstrate weak - shocky animal (long crt - abnormal mm) xray ecg - ventricular arrhthmia or sinus tach cbc/chem for correction of electrolye and ph imbalances - fluid therapy
Stress - diet changes - boarding - illness; enviro. change resulting in anorexia >2 wks - imbalance occurs between breakdown of peripheral lipids; lipid clearance w/in liver occurs; excess fat accumulation w/in hepatocytes
DO NOT USE PHOSPHATE ENEMAS IN CATS OR SMALL DOGS DO NOT MIX DOCUSATE AND MINERAL OIL

25. Diseases of Large Intestine: large inflammatory bowel disease
Inflamed gums - often with minor calculus
Contraindicated because docusate will act as a surfacant on the mineral oil - allowing it to be absorbed by the colonic mucosa - and the mineral oil will prevent water from getting to feces
Very similar to small intestine diseases - excessive number of inflammatory cells in mucosa - unknown etiology - likely multi factorial - colonic inflammation disrupts mucosal integrity and results in decreased absorption of water and electrolytes
Unclear mechanism: diet and exercise - delayed gastric emptying - pyloric obstruction - aerophagia - and engorgement; possible gastric dysrhthmias; filling w/ air causes dilation (bloat); air filled stomach twisting on it axis causes volvulus

26. What are gastritis signs?
Anorexia - acute vomiting - +/- dehydration - +/- painful abdomen
Hypoproteinemia - hypoalbuminemia - decreased BUN - mildly increased ALT< ALP - increased serum bile acids - hyperammonemia
Common cause of vomiting in dogs
Use caution when removing feces from colon; manually use well lubricated gloved finger; x- ray after to ensure empty colon; use soothing ointment or cream around rectum post evacuation - and make sure patient is kept clean and dry after enema

27. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis DX: CBC
Cbc - leukocytosis - increased PCV chem - azotemia - increased ALT - mils hypocalcemia - hyperlipemia - normal to increased amylase and lipase4
CBC; nonregenerative anemia; stress neutrophilia lymphopenia
Irreversible - requires life long treatment; expensive (pancreatic enzyme replacements); give with every meal; most animals will regain weight and diarrhea will resolve
DO NOT USE PHOSPHATE ENEMAS IN CATS OR SMALL DOGS DO NOT MIX DOCUSATE AND MINERAL OIL

28. What is oral neoplasia squamous cell carcinoma?
With stool softeners and enemas palliatively
Ulcerative - erosive neoplasms; invade bone and metastisize to regional lymph nodes
Supportive care: fluids and electrolyte balance; potassium if needed; NPO 3-4 days if vomiting; antiemetics; analgesia (Buprenorphine in cats; butorphanol in dogs) antibiotics: (enroflaxin - trimethaprin gluccocorticoids)
Recurrence infrequent - prognosis depends on extent of damage - common in puppies with heavy parasitic infestation

29. What is gastritis TX?
Clean teeth - antibiotics - oral antiseptics - daily brushing w/ antibacterial solutions - hard diet - rechecks
Increased serum trypsinogen - like immunoreactivity - pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) - and (fPLI)
Weakness - collapse - depression - nausea - non - productive retching - hypersalivation - abdominal pain and distension - increased hr and resp
NPO 24-36 hrs - fluid therapy - feed low fat diet ie hills i/d cot cheese - chicken/rice antiemetics(chlorpromazine - metoclopramide - cerinia

30. What are oral neoplasia melanomas?
Often non specific - chronic intermittent vomit/ -+/- diarrhea - listlessness - weight loss - older animals - Borygmus (gas sounds in intestine) - halitosis - flatulence - signs progressive over time
Rapidly growing tumors characterized by early bone involvement metastatisize to lungs
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!
CBC; nonregenerative anemia; stress neutrophilia lymphopenia

31. What is Feline Hepatic Lipidosis? who gets it?
Idiopathic - most common hepatopathy in cats adult - obese cats any age - sex - breed
Hypoproteinemia - hypoalbuminemia - decreased BUN - mildly increased ALT< ALP - increased serum bile acids - hyperammonemia
Supportive care: fluids and electrolyte balance; potassium if needed; NPO 3-4 days if vomiting; antiemetics; analgesia (Buprenorphine in cats; butorphanol in dogs) antibiotics: (enroflaxin - trimethaprin gluccocorticoids)
CBC; nonregenerative anemia; stress neutrophilia lymphopenia

32. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) signs
Supportive care: fluids and electrolyte balance; potassium if needed; NPO 3-4 days if vomiting; antiemetics; analgesia (Buprenorphine in cats; butorphanol in dogs) antibiotics: (enroflaxin - trimethaprin gluccocorticoids)
Weakness - collapse - depression - nausea - non - productive retching - hypersalivation - abdominal pain and distension - increased hr and resp
Palpation of sausage- like mass in cranial abdomen; ultrasound shows multi- layered concentric rings representing large intestinal wall layers
Increased serum trypsinogen - like immunoreactivity - pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) - and (fPLI)

33. Cholangiohepatitis DX: liver biopsy
Cellular infiltrates in or near bile ducts; +/- portal triad fibrosis (definative diagnosis)
Treatment can be long and expensive - often not cured - monitor dogs and cats on long term antinflammatory therapy
Potassium supplement if < 3 mEq monitor ecg treat w/ lidocaine or procanimade * surgery
Extract all premolars - molars - and retained roots - if still recurs remove remaining teeth; steroids

34. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis prevention
Stool softeners - Ducolax - docusate - lactulose - enemas - Cisapride - correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances - antibiotics to protect against sepsis thru damaged colonic wall - treat any underlying disease
Inflamed gums - often with minor calculus
Avoid stress in obese cats - early intervention essential - a cat that usually eats well and just stops is at risk - prevent obesity cure rate 60-65% - may be long and $
Single or multiple ulcerated sinuses that involve perianal tissue; often large breed dogs

35. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) TX
Stress - diet changes - boarding - illness; enviro. change resulting in anorexia >2 wks - imbalance occurs between breakdown of peripheral lipids; lipid clearance w/in liver occurs; excess fat accumulation w/in hepatocytes
Mdb - fecal - xray - colonoscopy with biopsy ( histo will show lymphocytes and plasma cells in large intestinal lamina propria)
Lubricated red rubber feeding tube inserted and enema solution injected: pre- fabricated pet enemas are available: include warm - soapy water (avoid hexachlorophene); docusate (emollient); mineral oil(lubricant)
Emergency!! decompress stomach(18 g needle) - stabilize patient - prep for surgery stomach tube treat shock bicarbonate if total carbon dioxide <12 mEq IV antibiotics targeted against gram-/anaerobes - cefoxtin - ampicillin

36. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) physiology
Mild to moderate increase in ALT - normal to increased ALP - mild to moderate increase in GGT - normal to increased fasting serum bile acids - hypoalbuminemia -(later stages) - decreased BUN(later stages)
Enlarged stomach pushes against diaphragm - making breathing difficult blocks venous return thru hepatic portal vein and caudal vena cava increased pressure on gastric wall causes ischemia and necrosis Spleen may be involved (congestion) *hypovolemic
Cellular infiltrates in or near bile ducts; +/- portal triad fibrosis (definative diagnosis)
Parvovirus - distemper - coroavirus - feline panleukopenia

37. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) TX
Common hepatobiliary disorder of cats - less in dogs complex of disorders that involve cholangitis - cholangiohepatitis - and biliary cirrhosis - bile duct inflammation leads to hepatocyte involvement - progresses to cirrhosis
Rapidly growing tumors characterized by early bone involvement metastatisize to lungs
Siamese - himalayans - abyssinians
Supplement pancreatic enzymes - give pancrezyme or Viokase-V - chopped - raw pig or ox pancreas; low fiber diet with high digestibility; rx: chain tryglyceride vitamins antibiotic therapy prednisone

38. Diseases of Pancreas: who/signs
NPO 24-36 hrs - fluid therapy - feed low fat diet ie hills i/d cot cheese - chicken/rice antiemetics(chlorpromazine - metoclopramide - cerinia
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - vomiting - dehydration - fever - jaundice - ascites - hepatomegaly
Possesses wetting and emulsifying properties - salts reduce surface tension and allow water and fat to penetrate the ingesta and formed feces - may have an effect on cells of the colonic mucosa allowing the ceels to more easily secrete water into lum
Older obese dogs with history of recent fatty meal; painful abdomen - anorexia - depression - dehydration - vomiting - diarrhea - fever - shock and collapse

39. What is the cause of cholangiohepatitis? who does it affect?
Most common diarrhea; change in diet - drug therapy - stressful situations causes disruption of normal bacterial flora signs abrupt onset diarrhea - +/- vomiting
Cause unknown; ascending biliary infections from GI tract and immune- mediated causes have been suggested; Persian cats predisposed; sometimes occurs in conjuction with pancreatitis and IBD in cats (Triaditis)
x- rays -- mild hepatomegaly ultrasound-- hyperechoic liver histopathology-- severley vacuolized hepatocytes
Irreversible - requires life long treatment; expensive (pancreatic enzyme replacements); give with every meal; most animals will regain weight and diarrhea will resolve

40. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis DX
Excellent after surgical ligation; surgery yields best results if dog is less than one year - relapses may occur (more common in cats); animals with partial ligations of shunt may require low protein diet to avoid clinical signs of hepatic encephalop
x- rays -- mild hepatomegaly ultrasound-- hyperechoic liver histopathology-- severley vacuolized hepatocytes
Cellular infiltrates in or near bile ducts; +/- portal triad fibrosis (definative diagnosis)
Unclear mechanism: diet and exercise - delayed gastric emptying - pyloric obstruction - aerophagia - and engorgement; possible gastric dysrhthmias; filling w/ air causes dilation (bloat); air filled stomach twisting on it axis causes volvulus

41. Why do cats get lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis?

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42. Megacolon DX
Pe - distended colon is filled with firm - packed feces - x- ray show colon width greater than length of lumbar vertebra - mdb (possible dehydration - increased hct
Hypoproteinemia - hypoalbuminemia - decreased BUN - mildly increased ALT< ALP - increased serum bile acids - hyperammonemia
CBC; nonregenerative anemia; stress neutrophilia lymphopenia
Avoid feeding one lg meal limit exercise after eating feed high quality - protein - low fat diet avoid easily fermentable food DX has 15-18% mortality rate; gastropexy no guarantee against future episodes

43. Diseases of Small Intestine acute diarrhea what/why/ causes/signs
Recurrence infrequent - prognosis depends on extent of damage - common in puppies with heavy parasitic infestation
Most common diarrhea; change in diet - drug therapy - stressful situations causes disruption of normal bacterial flora signs abrupt onset diarrhea - +/- vomiting
Hepatomegaly or choleliths may be observed
High protein - high calorie diet - feeding tube - (for up to 2 mos) - IV fluids - potassium supplementation - metaclopramide sq 15 min before feeding if vomiting occurs - wean cat off feeding tube

44. what is acute diarrhea TX?
Mild to moderate increase in ALT - normal to increased ALP - mild to moderate increase in GGT - normal to increased fasting serum bile acids - hypoalbuminemia -(later stages) - decreased BUN(later stages)
x- rays -- mild hepatomegaly ultrasound-- hyperechoic liver histopathology-- severley vacuolized hepatocytes
Anorexia - depression - lethargy - weakness - ataxia - head- pressing - circling - pacing - blindness - seizures - coma - hypersalivation and bizarre aggressive behavior in cats
Supportive and symptomatic fluid and electrolyte therapy - NPO 24-48 hrs - water if no vomiting - pepto bismol or loperamide - antibiotics - bland low fat diet

45. Describe docusate enema for mega colon or constipation.
Mdb - fecal - xray - colonoscopy with biopsy ( histo will show lymphocytes and plasma cells in large intestinal lamina propria)
Treatment can be long and expensive - often not cured - monitor dogs and cats on long term antinflammatory therapy
Mucosa is damaged - inflammation occurs - signs develop
Possesses wetting and emulsifying properties - salts reduce surface tension and allow water and fat to penetrate the ingesta and formed feces - may have an effect on cells of the colonic mucosa allowing the ceels to more easily secrete water into lum

46. Diseases of Pancreas: what/causes
Inflammation of the pancreas; acute or chronic digestive enzymes are activated within the gland causes autodigestion - gland becomes inflamed resulting in tissue damage - high fat diets predispose - assoc w/ hepatic liidosis - drugs - parasites - tu
Toxocara canis - Toxascaris leonina - and Toxocara cati (roundworms) - Trichuris vulpis -(whipworms) Ancylostoma caninum - Isopora spp (coccidia) - Capillaria aerophila - Giardia spp - Tritrichomonas foetus
*gastric indiscretion (eating garbage) - spoiled food - change in diet - food allergy - infection(bacterial - viral - parasitic) - toxins - foreign object ingestion
Subtotal colectomy if refractory to medical and dietary management; rehydrate and correct electrolyte imbalances before anesthsia

47. What is treatment of oral neoplasia?
DO NOT USE PHOSPHATE ENEMAS IN CATS OR SMALL DOGS DO NOT MIX DOCUSATE AND MINERAL OIL
Unclear mechanism: diet and exercise - delayed gastric emptying - pyloric obstruction - aerophagia - and engorgement; possible gastric dysrhthmias; filling w/ air causes dilation (bloat); air filled stomach twisting on it axis causes volvulus
Surgical removal - chemo - radiation poor prognosis
Rapidly growing tumors characterized by early bone involvement metastatisize to lungs

48. What is the etiology of Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV)
Medical management seldom successful - low protein diet - lactilose - metronidazole - fluids - surgical ligation of shunt is preferred
Common; melanomas and squamous cell carcinomas are most common: also fibrosarcomas
Based on HX and PE; cbc/chem (cbc may indicate stress leukogram and dehydration)
Unclear mechanism: diet and exercise - delayed gastric emptying - pyloric obstruction - aerophagia - and engorgement; possible gastric dysrhthmias; filling w/ air causes dilation (bloat); air filled stomach twisting on it axis causes volvulus

49. What is Chronic Enteropathies TX
Common cause of vomiting in dogs
Subtotal colectomy if refractory to medical and dietary management; rehydrate and correct electrolyte imbalances before anesthsia
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - spoadic vomiting - hepatomegaly - possible bleeding tendencies (petechiae - bleeding from gums0
Pred - azathioprine - metronidazole - intestinal protectants (sucralfate - H2 blockers) - vitamin therapy to replace fat- soluable vitamins - dietary modifications - limit carb - avoid lactose - low- fat diets - good quality protein diet

50. What are Portosystemic shunts?
Possesses wetting and emulsifying properties - salts reduce surface tension and allow water and fat to penetrate the ingesta and formed feces - may have an effect on cells of the colonic mucosa allowing the ceels to more easily secrete water into lum
Ductus venosus remains patent after birth - the blood from abdominal viscera will continue to bypass liver - liver is unable to filter deleterious and toxic substances
Pe - distended colon is filled with firm - packed feces - x- ray show colon width greater than length of lumbar vertebra - mdb (possible dehydration - increased hct
NPO 24-36 hrs - fluid therapy - feed low fat diet ie hills i/d cot cheese - chicken/rice antiemetics(chlorpromazine - metoclopramide - cerinia