Test your basic knowledge |

Veterinary Technology Diseases Of Digestive System

Subjects : engineering, health-sciences, veterinary

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How to treat megacolon with diet?
Many cats have underlying disease that interferes with local immunity in gingava' cats should be screened for disease
Anorexia - acute vomiting - +/- dehydration - +/- painful abdomen
Increase fiber - soft canned food - salt food to increase water intake
Chronic small intestinal inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs and cats chronic antigenic stimulation of the intestinal lumen (from many causes) causes and infiltration of lamina propria with lymphocytes and plasma cells (causes damage to mucosa a

2. Diseases of Pancreas: DX: tests
Vomiting - diarrhea - stunted growth - PU/PD/ urate urolithiasis - hematuria - ammonium biurate crystals in sediment - dilute urine
Increased serum trypsinogen - like immunoreactivity - pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) - and (fPLI)
Cyclosporin +/- ketoconazole - tacrolimus 0.1% topical - prednisone - azathioprine stool softeners(lactolose) antimicrobials (adjunct for seconary dermatitus)
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested

3. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) DX
Emergency!! decompress stomach(18 g needle) - stabilize patient - prep for surgery stomach tube treat shock bicarbonate if total carbon dioxide <12 mEq IV antibiotics targeted against gram-/anaerobes - cefoxtin - ampicillin
HX and pe demonstrate weak - shocky animal (long crt - abnormal mm) xray ecg - ventricular arrhthmia or sinus tach cbc/chem for correction of electrolye and ph imbalances - fluid therapy
Use caution when removing feces from colon; manually use well lubricated gloved finger; x- ray after to ensure empty colon; use soothing ointment or cream around rectum post evacuation - and make sure patient is kept clean and dry after enema
Toxocara canis - Toxascaris leonina - and Toxocara cati (roundworms) - Trichuris vulpis -(whipworms) Ancylostoma caninum - Isopora spp (coccidia) - Capillaria aerophila - Giardia spp - Tritrichomonas foetus

4. Portosystemic shunts more signs
Mild to moderate increase in ALT - normal to increased ALP - mild to moderate increase in GGT - normal to increased fasting serum bile acids - hypoalbuminemia -(later stages) - decreased BUN(later stages)
Surgical reduction or resection of necrotic bowel fluids and electrolytes; broad spectrum antobiotics post surgery; no solid food for 24 hrs - then bland diet for 10-24 days to allow healing of intestinal walls
Stress - diet changes - boarding - illness; enviro. change resulting in anorexia >2 wks - imbalance occurs between breakdown of peripheral lipids; lipid clearance w/in liver occurs; excess fat accumulation w/in hepatocytes
Vomiting - diarrhea - stunted growth - PU/PD/ urate urolithiasis - hematuria - ammonium biurate crystals in sediment - dilute urine

5. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) prevention
Avoid feeding one lg meal limit exercise after eating feed high quality - protein - low fat diet avoid easily fermentable food DX has 15-18% mortality rate; gastropexy no guarantee against future episodes
Single or multiple ulcerated sinuses that involve perianal tissue; often large breed dogs
Occurs when smaller - proximal segment of intestine at ileocolic junction invaginates into larger - more distal segment of large intestine telescoping effect causes partial to complete blockage and compromises blood supply - causing necrosis
Older animals

6. Cholangiohepatitis DX: liver biopsy
Cellular infiltrates in or near bile ducts; +/- portal triad fibrosis (definative diagnosis)
Fairly common in cats(middle- age to older cats); can occur from hypokalema - hypothyroidism - pelvic deformities; 62% of cases are idiopathic; believed to involve a defect in neurostimulation for colon evacuation
Ulcerative - erosive neoplasms; invade bone and metastisize to regional lymph nodes
Hypoallergenic diets - low fat diets with high fiber; goal to control signs; may have frequent defecation chronically

7. Diseases of Large Intestine: large inflammatory bowel disease
Potassium supplement if < 3 mEq monitor ecg treat w/ lidocaine or procanimade * surgery
Cbc normal; increased ALT; decreased total lipid serum; trypsin - likeimmunoreactivity levels are decreased
Cbc - leukocytosis - increased PCV chem - azotemia - increased ALT - mils hypocalcemia - hyperlipemia - normal to increased amylase and lipase4
Very similar to small intestine diseases - excessive number of inflammatory cells in mucosa - unknown etiology - likely multi factorial - colonic inflammation disrupts mucosal integrity and results in decreased absorption of water and electrolytes

8. What is treatment of oral neoplasia?
Mild to moderate increase in ALT - normal to increased ALP - mild to moderate increase in GGT - normal to increased fasting serum bile acids - hypoalbuminemia -(later stages) - decreased BUN(later stages)
Surgical removal - chemo - radiation poor prognosis
Rule out other causes (MDB); fecal sample direct and float; HCT to monitor hydration
Hypoproteinemia - hypoalbuminemia - decreased BUN - mildly increased ALT< ALP - increased serum bile acids - hyperammonemia

9. What are causes of acute gastritis?
Rule out other causes (MDB); fecal sample direct and float; HCT to monitor hydration
*gastric indiscretion (eating garbage) - spoiled food - change in diet - food allergy - infection(bacterial - viral - parasitic) - toxins - foreign object ingestion
Straining to defecate - vomiting - weakness - dehydration - anorexia - small hard feces+/- blood - mucus
High protein - high calorie diet - feeding tube - (for up to 2 mos) - IV fluids - potassium supplementation - metaclopramide sq 15 min before feeding if vomiting occurs - wean cat off feeding tube

10. Totally useless facts about pancreas
Straining to defecate - vomiting - weakness - dehydration - anorexia - small hard feces+/- blood - mucus
Often non specific - chronic intermittent vomit/ -+/- diarrhea - listlessness - weight loss - older animals - Borygmus (gas sounds in intestine) - halitosis - flatulence - signs progressive over time
young german shepherds have predisposition to pancreatic acinar atrophy; in cats EPI often caused by chronic pancreatitis
Sulfasalizine (caution with cats and dry eye in dog with long term use) ( -Keratoconjunctivitis -KCS) - pred - metronidazole - azathioprine - tylosin - mesalamine(sim to sulfasalazine - anti inflammatory drug w/ free radicals

11. Cholangiohepatitis TX
Excellent after surgical ligation; surgery yields best results if dog is less than one year - relapses may occur (more common in cats); animals with partial ligations of shunt may require low protein diet to avoid clinical signs of hepatic encephalop
HX and pe demonstrate weak - shocky animal (long crt - abnormal mm) xray ecg - ventricular arrhthmia or sinus tach cbc/chem for correction of electrolye and ph imbalances - fluid therapy
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - spoadic vomiting - hepatomegaly - possible bleeding tendencies (petechiae - bleeding from gums0
Antibiotics - ursodeoxycolic acid - prednisone - fluid and electrolyte corrections - vitamin and nutritional support - S- adenosylmethioonie

12. Perianal fistula (anal fistula) signs
Cbc - microcytosis - target cells - poikilocytosis - mild regenerative anemia xray microhepatia
Causes pain - bleeding - self mutilation - dyschezia - anal stenosis - tenesmus - incontinence - licking perianal area - foul odor to anal area
Enlarged stomach pushes against diaphragm - making breathing difficult blocks venous return thru hepatic portal vein and caudal vena cava increased pressure on gastric wall causes ischemia and necrosis Spleen may be involved (congestion) *hypovolemic
Atypical immune response of unknown etiology?

13. Who is prone to lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis?
Hypoallergenic diets - low fat diets with high fiber; goal to control signs; may have frequent defecation chronically
Siamese - himalayans - abyssinians
Hepatomegaly or choleliths may be observed
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!

14. Why do cats get lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

15. Megacolon DX
Common in intact older male dogs >8; atrophy of levator ani muscle causes herniation of rectum and pelvic organs into ischiorectal fossa
Debride ulcers and diseased tissue - possibly cryosurgery - may use medical tx first to decrease the size of the fistulas - then surgery
Pe - distended colon is filled with firm - packed feces - x- ray show colon width greater than length of lumbar vertebra - mdb (possible dehydration - increased hct
NPO 24-36 hrs - fluid therapy - feed low fat diet ie hills i/d cot cheese - chicken/rice antiemetics(chlorpromazine - metoclopramide - cerinia

16. What is Chronic Enteropathies TX
Greatly increased ALP - increased ALT - AST - hyperbilirubinemia - hypoalbuminemia - increased serum bile acids
Pred - azathioprine - metronidazole - intestinal protectants (sucralfate - H2 blockers) - vitamin therapy to replace fat- soluable vitamins - dietary modifications - limit carb - avoid lactose - low- fat diets - good quality protein diet
Cellular infiltrates in or near bile ducts; +/- portal triad fibrosis (definative diagnosis)
PE often normal - edema or ascities if protein losing enteropathy - mdb - fecal - xray - endoscopy/biopsy (looking for lymphotic- plasmacytic infiltrates)

17. What are signs of lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis?
Inflamed gums - often with minor calculus
Ulcerative - erosive neoplasms; invade bone and metastisize to regional lymph nodes
Males have increased risk for melonoma and fibrosarcoma; dogs with pimented oral mucosa greater risk for melonoma
Debride ulcers and diseased tissue - possibly cryosurgery - may use medical tx first to decrease the size of the fistulas - then surgery

18. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) signs
Stool softeners - Ducolax - docusate - lactulose - enemas - Cisapride - correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances - antibiotics to protect against sepsis thru damaged colonic wall - treat any underlying disease
Inflammation of the pancreas; acute or chronic digestive enzymes are activated within the gland causes autodigestion - gland becomes inflamed resulting in tissue damage - high fat diets predispose - assoc w/ hepatic liidosis - drugs - parasites - tu
Weakness - collapse - depression - nausea - non - productive retching - hypersalivation - abdominal pain and distension - increased hr and resp
Subtotal colectomy if refractory to medical and dietary management; rehydrate and correct electrolyte imbalances before anesthsia

19. Portosystemic shunts PX
Parvovirus - distemper - coroavirus - feline panleukopenia
Common; melanomas and squamous cell carcinomas are most common: also fibrosarcomas
Excellent after surgical ligation; surgery yields best results if dog is less than one year - relapses may occur (more common in cats); animals with partial ligations of shunt may require low protein diet to avoid clinical signs of hepatic encephalop
Cbc normal; increased ALT; decreased total lipid serum; trypsin - likeimmunoreactivity levels are decreased

20. What is treatment for lymphatic plasmacytic stomatitis?
Clean teeth - antibiotics - oral antiseptics - daily brushing w/ antibacterial solutions - hard diet - rechecks
Debride ulcers and diseased tissue - possibly cryosurgery - may use medical tx first to decrease the size of the fistulas - then surgery
Often non specific - chronic intermittent vomit/ -+/- diarrhea - listlessness - weight loss - older animals - Borygmus (gas sounds in intestine) - halitosis - flatulence - signs progressive over time
young german shepherds have predisposition to pancreatic acinar atrophy; in cats EPI often caused by chronic pancreatitis

21. Perianal fistula (anal fistula) TX
Cyclosporin +/- ketoconazole - tacrolimus 0.1% topical - prednisone - azathioprine stool softeners(lactolose) antimicrobials (adjunct for seconary dermatitus)
Surgical reduction or resection of necrotic bowel fluids and electrolytes; broad spectrum antobiotics post surgery; no solid food for 24 hrs - then bland diet for 10-24 days to allow healing of intestinal walls
Medical management seldom successful - low protein diet - lactilose - metronidazole - fluids - surgical ligation of shunt is preferred
Rapidly growing tumors characterized by early bone involvement metastatisize to lungs

22. Megacolon Tx
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - spoadic vomiting - hepatomegaly - possible bleeding tendencies (petechiae - bleeding from gums0
Emergency!! decompress stomach(18 g needle) - stabilize patient - prep for surgery stomach tube treat shock bicarbonate if total carbon dioxide <12 mEq IV antibiotics targeted against gram-/anaerobes - cefoxtin - ampicillin
Stool softeners - Ducolax - docusate - lactulose - enemas - Cisapride - correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances - antibiotics to protect against sepsis thru damaged colonic wall - treat any underlying disease
Single or multiple ulcerated sinuses that involve perianal tissue; often large breed dogs

23. Chronic Enteropathies signs
Common in intact older male dogs >8; atrophy of levator ani muscle causes herniation of rectum and pelvic organs into ischiorectal fossa
Single or multiple ulcerated sinuses that involve perianal tissue; often large breed dogs
Often non specific - chronic intermittent vomit/ -+/- diarrhea - listlessness - weight loss - older animals - Borygmus (gas sounds in intestine) - halitosis - flatulence - signs progressive over time
Increased serum trypsinogen - like immunoreactivity - pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) - and (fPLI)

24. Large inflammatory bowel disease: signs
Diarrhea w/o weight loss - increased frequency of defecation w/ decreased fecal volume - tenesmus - hematochezia (frank blood) - increased mucus - +/- dsschezia and mild fever
High protein - high calorie diet - feeding tube - (for up to 2 mos) - IV fluids - potassium supplementation - metaclopramide sq 15 min before feeding if vomiting occurs - wean cat off feeding tube
Causes pain - bleeding - self mutilation - dyschezia - anal stenosis - tenesmus - incontinence - licking perianal area - foul odor to anal area
Increase fiber - soft canned food - salt food to increase water intake

25. Cholangiohepatitis DX : chem
Mild to moderate increase in ALT - normal to increased ALP - mild to moderate increase in GGT - normal to increased fasting serum bile acids - hypoalbuminemia -(later stages) - decreased BUN(later stages)
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!
Pred - azathioprine - metronidazole - intestinal protectants (sucralfate - H2 blockers) - vitamin therapy to replace fat- soluable vitamins - dietary modifications - limit carb - avoid lactose - low- fat diets - good quality protein diet
Subtotal colectomy if refractory to medical and dietary management; rehydrate and correct electrolyte imbalances before anesthsia

26. Portosystemic shunts TX
Hepatomegaly or choleliths may be observed
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - spoadic vomiting - hepatomegaly - possible bleeding tendencies (petechiae - bleeding from gums0
Vomiting - diarrhea - stunted growth - PU/PD/ urate urolithiasis - hematuria - ammonium biurate crystals in sediment - dilute urine
Medical management seldom successful - low protein diet - lactilose - metronidazole - fluids - surgical ligation of shunt is preferred

27. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) TX (cont)
DO NOT USE PHOSPHATE ENEMAS IN CATS OR SMALL DOGS DO NOT MIX DOCUSATE AND MINERAL OIL
Pe - distended colon is filled with firm - packed feces - x- ray show colon width greater than length of lumbar vertebra - mdb (possible dehydration - increased hct
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - vomiting - dehydration - fever - jaundice - ascites - hepatomegaly
Potassium supplement if < 3 mEq monitor ecg treat w/ lidocaine or procanimade * surgery

28. What are contradictions with enema for mega colon or constipation?
Prognosis uncertain and variable; tx may be prolonged and expensive; permanent damage to liver my occur
Benign neoplasms (papilomas - epulides)
Cyclosporin +/- ketoconazole - tacrolimus 0.1% topical - prednisone - azathioprine stool softeners(lactolose) antimicrobials (adjunct for seconary dermatitus)
DO NOT USE PHOSPHATE ENEMAS IN CATS OR SMALL DOGS DO NOT MIX DOCUSATE AND MINERAL OIL

29. Cholangiohepatitis PX
Prognosis uncertain and variable; tx may be prolonged and expensive; permanent damage to liver my occur
Treatment can be long and expensive - often not cured - monitor dogs and cats on long term antinflammatory therapy
Siamese - himalayans - abyssinians
Unclear mechanism: diet and exercise - delayed gastric emptying - pyloric obstruction - aerophagia - and engorgement; possible gastric dysrhthmias; filling w/ air causes dilation (bloat); air filled stomach twisting on it axis causes volvulus

30. Perineal hernias TX
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - vomiting - dehydration - fever - jaundice - ascites - hepatomegaly
Contraindicated because docusate will act as a surfacant on the mineral oil - allowing it to be absorbed by the colonic mucosa - and the mineral oil will prevent water from getting to feces
With stool softeners and enemas palliatively
Rapidly growing tumors characterized by early bone involvement metastatisize to lungs

31. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis prevention
Clean teeth - antibiotics - oral antiseptics - daily brushing w/ antibacterial solutions - hard diet - rechecks
Avoid stress in obese cats - early intervention essential - a cat that usually eats well and just stops is at risk - prevent obesity cure rate 60-65% - may be long and $
Unknown - but can result from parasites - foreign bodies - infections - neoplasia
Hypoproteinemia - hypoalbuminemia - decreased BUN - mildly increased ALT< ALP - increased serum bile acids - hyperammonemia

32. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) TX
Males have increased risk for melonoma and fibrosarcoma; dogs with pimented oral mucosa greater risk for melonoma
Supplement pancreatic enzymes - give pancrezyme or Viokase-V - chopped - raw pig or ox pancreas; low fiber diet with high digestibility; rx: chain tryglyceride vitamins antibiotic therapy prednisone
Cyclosporin +/- ketoconazole - tacrolimus 0.1% topical - prednisone - azathioprine stool softeners(lactolose) antimicrobials (adjunct for seconary dermatitus)
Cellular infiltrates in or near bile ducts; +/- portal triad fibrosis (definative diagnosis)

33. Gastric Dilation/Volvulus (GDV) physiology
Enlarged stomach pushes against diaphragm - making breathing difficult blocks venous return thru hepatic portal vein and caudal vena cava increased pressure on gastric wall causes ischemia and necrosis Spleen may be involved (congestion) *hypovolemic
Single or multiple ulcerated sinuses that involve perianal tissue; often large breed dogs
Idiopathic - most common hepatopathy in cats adult - obese cats any age - sex - breed
Anorexia - depression - lethargy - weakness - ataxia - head- pressing - circling - pacing - blindness - seizures - coma - hypersalivation and bizarre aggressive behavior in cats

34. How crazy Dr C is to think we can learn all of this SH*T!!!!!!
Atypical immune response of unknown etiology?
CERTIFIABLE! OMG!
Common cause of vomiting in dogs
Straining to defecate - vomiting - weakness - dehydration - anorexia - small hard feces+/- blood - mucus

35. What is the cause of cholangiohepatitis? who does it affect?
Mucosa is damaged - inflammation occurs - signs develop
DO NOT USE PHOSPHATE ENEMAS IN CATS OR SMALL DOGS DO NOT MIX DOCUSATE AND MINERAL OIL
Toxocara canis - Toxascaris leonina - and Toxocara cati (roundworms) - Trichuris vulpis -(whipworms) Ancylostoma caninum - Isopora spp (coccidia) - Capillaria aerophila - Giardia spp - Tritrichomonas foetus
Cause unknown; ascending biliary infections from GI tract and immune- mediated causes have been suggested; Persian cats predisposed; sometimes occurs in conjuction with pancreatitis and IBD in cats (Triaditis)

36. What does mineral oil enema for mega colon or constipation do?
Increase fiber - soft canned food - salt food to increase water intake
Weakness - collapse - depression - nausea - non - productive retching - hypersalivation - abdominal pain and distension - increased hr and resp
Lubricates feces and reduces water reabsorption of lumen
Possesses wetting and emulsifying properties - salts reduce surface tension and allow water and fat to penetrate the ingesta and formed feces - may have an effect on cells of the colonic mucosa allowing the ceels to more easily secrete water into lum

37. Intussusception cause
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - spoadic vomiting - hepatomegaly - possible bleeding tendencies (petechiae - bleeding from gums0
Unknown - but can result from parasites - foreign bodies - infections - neoplasia
Single or multiple ulcerated sinuses that involve perianal tissue; often large breed dogs
Hypoproteinemia - hypoalbuminemia - decreased BUN - mildly increased ALT< ALP - increased serum bile acids - hyperammonemia

38. What is gastritis DX?
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - vomiting - dehydration - fever - jaundice - ascites - hepatomegaly
PE often normal - edema or ascities if protein losing enteropathy - mdb - fecal - xray - endoscopy/biopsy (looking for lymphotic- plasmacytic infiltrates)
Contraindicated because docusate will act as a surfacant on the mineral oil - allowing it to be absorbed by the colonic mucosa - and the mineral oil will prevent water from getting to feces
Based on HX and PE; cbc/chem (cbc may indicate stress leukogram and dehydration)

39. What is oral neoplasia?
Cbc normal; increased ALT; decreased total lipid serum; trypsin - likeimmunoreactivity levels are decreased
Common in intact older male dogs >8; atrophy of levator ani muscle causes herniation of rectum and pelvic organs into ischiorectal fossa
Common; melanomas and squamous cell carcinomas are most common: also fibrosarcomas
Very similar to small intestine diseases - excessive number of inflammatory cells in mucosa - unknown etiology - likely multi factorial - colonic inflammation disrupts mucosal integrity and results in decreased absorption of water and electrolytes

40. What is Chronic Enteropathies DX
Siamese - himalayans - abyssinians
Rule out other causes (MDB); fecal sample direct and float; HCT to monitor hydration
PE often normal - edema or ascities if protein losing enteropathy - mdb - fecal - xray - endoscopy/biopsy (looking for lymphotic- plasmacytic infiltrates)
Supplement pancreatic enzymes - give pancrezyme or Viokase-V - chopped - raw pig or ox pancreas; low fiber diet with high digestibility; rx: chain tryglyceride vitamins antibiotic therapy prednisone

41. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis DX
x- rays -- mild hepatomegaly ultrasound-- hyperechoic liver histopathology-- severley vacuolized hepatocytes
Stool softeners - Ducolax - docusate - lactulose - enemas - Cisapride - correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances - antibiotics to protect against sepsis thru damaged colonic wall - treat any underlying disease
Rapidly growing tumors characterized by early bone involvement metastatisize to lungs
Fairly common in cats(middle- age to older cats); can occur from hypokalema - hypothyroidism - pelvic deformities; 62% of cases are idiopathic; believed to involve a defect in neurostimulation for colon evacuation

42. Describe docusate enema for mega colon or constipation.
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested
Possesses wetting and emulsifying properties - salts reduce surface tension and allow water and fat to penetrate the ingesta and formed feces - may have an effect on cells of the colonic mucosa allowing the ceels to more easily secrete water into lum
Vomiting - diarrhea - stunted growth - PU/PD/ urate urolithiasis - hematuria - ammonium biurate crystals in sediment - dilute urine
Cellular infiltrates in or near bile ducts; +/- portal triad fibrosis (definative diagnosis)

43. Why is mineral oil and docusate enema for mega colon or constipation contraindicated?
Contraindicated because docusate will act as a surfacant on the mineral oil - allowing it to be absorbed by the colonic mucosa - and the mineral oil will prevent water from getting to feces
HX and pe demonstrate weak - shocky animal (long crt - abnormal mm) xray ecg - ventricular arrhthmia or sinus tach cbc/chem for correction of electrolye and ph imbalances - fluid therapy
Enlarged stomach pushes against diaphragm - making breathing difficult blocks venous return thru hepatic portal vein and caudal vena cava increased pressure on gastric wall causes ischemia and necrosis Spleen may be involved (congestion) *hypovolemic
Sulfasalizine (caution with cats and dry eye in dog with long term use) ( -Keratoconjunctivitis -KCS) - pred - metronidazole - azathioprine - tylosin - mesalamine(sim to sulfasalazine - anti inflammatory drug w/ free radicals

44. What is large inflammatory bowel disease: TX
Fairly common in cats(middle- age to older cats); can occur from hypokalema - hypothyroidism - pelvic deformities; 62% of cases are idiopathic; believed to involve a defect in neurostimulation for colon evacuation
Stress - diet changes - boarding - illness; enviro. change resulting in anorexia >2 wks - imbalance occurs between breakdown of peripheral lipids; lipid clearance w/in liver occurs; excess fat accumulation w/in hepatocytes
Sulfasalizine (caution with cats and dry eye in dog with long term use) ( -Keratoconjunctivitis -KCS) - pred - metronidazole - azathioprine - tylosin - mesalamine(sim to sulfasalazine - anti inflammatory drug w/ free radicals
Parvovirus - distemper - coroavirus - feline panleukopenia

45. What is megacolon? : who gets it?
Anorexia - depression - weight loss - spoadic vomiting - hepatomegaly - possible bleeding tendencies (petechiae - bleeding from gums0
Fairly common in cats(middle- age to older cats); can occur from hypokalema - hypothyroidism - pelvic deformities; 62% of cases are idiopathic; believed to involve a defect in neurostimulation for colon evacuation
Clean teeth - antibiotics - oral antiseptics - daily brushing w/ antibacterial solutions - hard diet - rechecks
Debride ulcers and diseased tissue - possibly cryosurgery - may use medical tx first to decrease the size of the fistulas - then surgery

46. What is gastritis?
Cyclosporin +/- ketoconazole - tacrolimus 0.1% topical - prednisone - azathioprine stool softeners(lactolose) antimicrobials (adjunct for seconary dermatitus)
Common; melanomas and squamous cell carcinomas are most common: also fibrosarcomas
Common cause of vomiting in dogs
Based on HX and PE; cbc/chem (cbc may indicate stress leukogram and dehydration)

47. Intussusception signs are...
Palpation of sausage- like mass in cranial abdomen; ultrasound shows multi- layered concentric rings representing large intestinal wall layers
Recurrence infrequent - prognosis depends on extent of damage - common in puppies with heavy parasitic infestation
With stool softeners and enemas palliatively
Vomiting - anorexia - depression - diarrhea (often bloody)

48. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis TX
Mdb - fecal - xray - colonoscopy with biopsy ( histo will show lymphocytes and plasma cells in large intestinal lamina propria)
Stress - diet changes - boarding - illness; enviro. change resulting in anorexia >2 wks - imbalance occurs between breakdown of peripheral lipids; lipid clearance w/in liver occurs; excess fat accumulation w/in hepatocytes
High protein - high calorie diet - feeding tube - (for up to 2 mos) - IV fluids - potassium supplementation - metaclopramide sq 15 min before feeding if vomiting occurs - wean cat off feeding tube
Hypoallergenic diets - low fat diets with high fiber; goal to control signs; may have frequent defecation chronically

49. Perineal hernias signs
Antibiotics - ursodeoxycolic acid - prednisone - fluid and electrolyte corrections - vitamin and nutritional support - S- adenosylmethioonie
Emergency!! decompress stomach(18 g needle) - stabilize patient - prep for surgery stomach tube treat shock bicarbonate if total carbon dioxide <12 mEq IV antibiotics targeted against gram-/anaerobes - cefoxtin - ampicillin
Stress - diet changes - boarding - illness; enviro. change resulting in anorexia >2 wks - imbalance occurs between breakdown of peripheral lipids; lipid clearance w/in liver occurs; excess fat accumulation w/in hepatocytes
Perineal swelling - tenesmus - dyschezia - constipation - possible urethral obstruction if bladder involved

50. Intussusception - what is it?
x- rays -- mild hepatomegaly ultrasound-- hyperechoic liver histopathology-- severley vacuolized hepatocytes
Stress - diet changes - boarding - illness; enviro. change resulting in anorexia >2 wks - imbalance occurs between breakdown of peripheral lipids; lipid clearance w/in liver occurs; excess fat accumulation w/in hepatocytes
Occurs when smaller - proximal segment of intestine at ileocolic junction invaginates into larger - more distal segment of large intestine telescoping effect causes partial to complete blockage and compromises blood supply - causing necrosis
Disease of dogs 2-10 - large and giant breed - deep chested