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Test your basic knowledge |
Advanced Financial Reporting And Analysis
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Subject
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business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. I/S: COGS lower - EBT higher - Taxes: higher - NI: higher - B/S: INV: higher - W/C: higher - are/E: higher - CF: CFO: lower
FIFO results in: (assuming inflationary period)
Ending Inventory =
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
Straight-line depreciation (SL)
2. 1) Balance Sheet; 2) Comprehensive Income; 3) Change in Equity; 4) Cash Flow Statement; 5) Accounting policies and notes.
IFRS: Required F/S
Analyst Treaments of DTL
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Measurement of Elements...
Capitalization of Interest...
3. Total assets TO = Revenue/Avg. total asset - Fixed asset TO = Revenue/ Avg. net fixed assets - Working Cap TO = Revenue/Avg. working captial
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth above industry average
Measures of Operating Performance - Efficiency Ratios...
DBO Funded Status =
Impairments recognition (IFRS)
4. 1) Capitalize interst during construction period when building its own operating facility; 2) Interest must actually be paid by the firm; 3) Specific and general debt interest is capitalized
Capitalization of Interest...
Traditional DuPont Equation...
Steps of F/S Analysis
Form 8-K...
5. Tax liability based on taxable income as per TAX Report/RETURN
FIFO is appropriate
Defined Contribution Plans
Vertical Common Size Statements...
Taxation: Tax Payable
6. Small investment for div/capital gains purpose - If Secondary market: Held-to-maturity: Debt securities co intend to hold to maturity; Carried at Amortized cost. Available-for-sale: Sold to satisfy Debt/Equity Needs; Currrent or non-current; B/S @ MV
FIFO ending inventory =
% of Completion
Intercorporate Investment: < 20% votes...
B/S - Long-term Liabilities
7. Delay Supplier pymt: boost CFO; review days' sales in AP; Financing of payables: use N/P to pay off AP; manipulate timing of CFO; Securitization of A/are: accelerates appearance of collection - boosts CFO; Tax benefit of stock options: lower tax paid
Inventory Valuatoin (LCM)
Financial Assets: US GAAP/Fair Market Value
Operating Lease
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Technique
8. Carrying amount of the liability minus the amount that will be deductible in the future.
Tax base on a liability
Financial Ration based on B/S: Liquidity Ratios
Measures of Operating Performance - Efficiency Ratios...
Market Value (GAAP)...
9. GAAP: direct method must disclose adj to reconcile NI to CFO. reconciliation is NOT required for IFRS. IFRS: pymts for Int & Taxes MUST be disclosed separately in the CF Stmnt under direct or indirect. Under GAAP - this can be reported in CF stmnt or
Analysis: Market Value of Debt
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: underlying assumptions...
CFO Disclosure requirement...
Footnote disclosure of Reconciliation of opening and closing carrying values...
10. 1) Scale & Diversification - 2) Operational Efficiency - 3) Margin Stability - 4) Leverage
4 General Categories for Creditworthiness/Capacity...
Analysis: Market Value of Debt
Cash Flow From Investing (USA) (Assets)
Impact on the B/S of a Zero Coupon Bond...
11. 1) Results of operations and discussions of trend; 2) Capital resources - liquidity - and cash flow trends; 3) General business overview based on known trends; 4) Effects of trends - events - and uncertainties; 5) Discontinued operations - extraordin
MD&A contains...
An Increase in the Valuation Allowance Account...
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
Which set of accounting standards requires firms to disclose estimated amortization expense for the next five years on intangible assets?
12. Assets: lower - Liabilities: lower - NI (Early yrs): higher - CFO: lower (b/c entire pymt is classed as CFO) - CFF: higher - Total CF: Same
Effective Tax Rate
Implication for Analysts: Be aware of differences in tax reconcilation between periods
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
Effects of Lease Classification on F/S - Operating Lease
13. Inflow - (bringing bond UP to par)
LIFO is appropriate
Reasons to Lease...
Amortization of Bond Discount = (in/out flow) in the indirect method CFO
FIFO is appropriate
14. Actual cash outflow for taxes paid during current period
Income Tax Paid...
Return on total capital (ROTC)...
Return on Equity (ROE)...
days of inv. on hand =
15. Tax Rate down: DTL down -> Inc. Tax Exp down -> NI up - DTA down -> Inc. Tax Exp up -> NI down
Financial Implications of Capitalizing...
Disclosure for each segment...
To investigate the stability of that structure - Kilgore would be best served by looking at...
DTA/DTL: Effect on Net Income when Tax Rate decreases...
16. LT D-to-E = Total LT Debt / Total Equity - D-to-E = Total Debt / Total Equity - Financial leverage ratio = Total Assets/Total Equity - Total Debt Ratio = Total Debt / Total Asset - Debt-to-Capital = Total Debt/ Total Debt + SOE - All Solvency are ove
Activity Ratios
Form DEF-14A...
Sources of Differences: Temporary
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency ratio
17. It is Rare - but permitted for commodity producer/dealers B/S = NRV - I/S = unrealized gains/losses
Potentially Dillutive Securities
Inv. Valuation reporting Inventory ABOVE costs...
FIFO after-tax profit =
Free Cash Flow -CFO
18. 1) Intention to hold >1 year (e.g. debt or equity) valued @ cost or mkt value 2) Equity accounted investments
Defined Contribution Plans
Funded Status US GAAP & IFRS
B/S - investments
Not all CF increase are Sustainable. Example of how Mgmt can Manipulate Cash Flow Statement
19. Fair Value of Plan Assets - Defined Benefit Obligation (DBO) - Fair Value > DBO: overfunded (asset on B/S - GAAP) - Fair Value < DBO: underfunded (liability on B/S - GAAP) - (Funded Status = Economic Position of Plan)
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Motivation
DBO Funded Status =
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: objective of F/S
Warning Signs of Earnings Manipulation
20. 1) Start with NI 2) Sub Gains or add losses from financing or investing CFs 3) Add non-cash charges (depr't & amort'z) & sub all non cash revenue 4) Add/ Sub changes to related b/s operating accounts:
CFO - Indirect method steps...
Tax base on a liability
Not all CF increase are Sustainable. Example of how Mgmt can Manipulate Cash Flow Statement
Stock options: Use treasury stock method
21. Is more relevant than book value: Recent changes allow more liability to be recorded at FMV (IFRS & GAAP require disclosure of FMV) - Downward adj. in liability will Increase equity and decrease leverage ratio - Upward adj in liability will decrease
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Technique
Impact on the B/S of a Discount Bond...
Steps of F/S Analysis
Analysis: Market Value of Debt
22. PV of future obligation or the PV of the amount owed to employees for future pension benefits earned to date - Payments are determined based on expected final salary.
Defined Benefit Obligations (DBO)
Types of accounting changes: accounting estimate
Taxable Income
Valuation allowance
23. 1) Character: Mgmt reputation and history of repayment 2) Collateral: ability to pledge specific collateral reduces lender risk 3) Capacity: ability to replay debt. requires LT view of firms prospect.
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24. Both: purpose is to assist development & revision of accting stds - IASB: Firms must consider framework if no std exists - FASB: No express requirement to consider framework
Forecasting Financial Performance: Application
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: purpose of framework
B/S - investments
B/S - Long-term Liabilities
25. Income Tax Expense/Pretax Income (EBIT) Income Tax Exp. = Taxes payable + chg in deferred ta
Credit Rating Process...
Amortization of Bond Premium = (in/out flow) in the indirect method CFO
Effective Tax Rate
Vertical Common Size Statements...
26. Depreciation exp = (cost - accum depre)/useful life x 2 - Does NOT use residual value but depreciation stops when residual value has been reached - reduce EBIT - NI - Assets - Equity and decrease ROA & ROE
Return on total capital (ROTC)...
Double-decline balance (DDB)
Screening for Potential Equity Investment: Criteria
Depreciation Methods...
27. 1) Forecast GDP 2) Regress industry sales against GDP 3) Forecast industry sales 4) Cosider changes to firm's mkt share 5) Forecast firms sales 6) Use hisoric margins for stable firms or forecast individual expense items 7) Remove non-recurring items
MD&A contains...
Measures of Operating Performance - Efficiency Ratios...
Forecasting Financial Performance: Top Down Approach...
BASIC EPS
28. Any I/S subtotal is expressed a margin ratio (to revenues) - Gross profit margin = gross profit/ revenue - Net profit margin = Net Inc/revenue - Operating profit margin = EBIT/ revenue - Pre-tax margin = EBT/ revenue
CFI Analysis...
Taxation Disclosure Requirements
Fraud Triangle
Financial Ratio based on I/S...
29. 1) Risk & Reward transferred; 2) No continued control; 3) Reliable measurement; 4) Probable flow of benefits; 5) Cost verifiable
FIFO after-tax profit =
Valuation Allowance...
Return on Equity (ROE)...
IFRS Revenue Recognition
30. 1) Incentive/Pressure (the motive to commit fraud) 2) Opportunity (exists with weak internal controls) 3) Attitude/rationalization (mindset that fraud is justified)
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Motivation
Financial Implications of Capitalizing...
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth above industry average
Fraud Triangle
31. Return on Total Equity = NI/ Avg. Total Equity - Return on C/E = NI - Pref. Div/ Avg. Common Equity
Return on Equity (ROE)...
Types of accounting changes: accounting estimate
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency ratio
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth below industry average
32. 365/(AR T/O) = 365/(Rev/Avg. AR)
Barter (IASB & FASB)
days of sales o/s =
Valuation Allowance...
IASB
33. 1) Show each item as a % of Net Revenue 2) Show each inflow as a % of total inflows 3) Show each outflow as a % of total outflow
Common Size Statement
Lessor Accounting Capital Lease: Sales: Direct Financing Lease
Impairments recognition (IFRS)
Characteristics of an effective framework
34. Int. Coverage = EBIT/Interest Expense - Fixed Charged Coverage = (EBIT+Lease Pymts) / Int. exp + Lease payments
Net Realizable Value (NRV) (IFRS)
Inventory mangement: Low T/O (High DOH)...
B/S - Long-lived assets PP&E
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency (Coverage)
35. EU 1) Int'l Accounting Standards Board; 2) Unified int'l frameworks of accounting standards (IFRS); 3) Addopted by EU in 2005
days of inv. on hand =
IASB
Free Cash Flow -CFO
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Measurement of Elements...
36. 1) Nature of industry/entity operations: 3rd party transactions; Power of customer/supplier; Acct est subjective; Unusual transactions; International operations; International operations; Operations in tax havens. 2) Opportunity complex/unstable org.
Auditor/Audit Opinion
Fraud Triangle - 2) Opportunity
Operating Lease
Free Cash Flow to Equity - FCFE
37. NRV = Est. selling cost - Est. cost of complition - selling costs
Return on total capital (ROTC)...
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency (Coverage)
Net Realizable Value (NRV) (IFRS)
Deferred Tax Liability: (DTL)
38. FASB: Asset is a future economic benefit - IASB: Asset is a RESOURCE from which future economic benefit is expected to flow.
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: F/S elements...
Impact on the B/S of a Par Bond...
Tax base on a liability
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Premium Bond...
39. If any ONE out of the FOUR are met must be classifed as Financial Lease: 1) Title transfered to lessee at the end of lease; 2) Bargain purchase option at the end of the lease; 3) Lease period is at least 75% of asset's useful life; 4) The PV of least
Expensed Intangibles...
Finance (capital) Lease criteria (under US GAAP)
Operating vs. Non-operating Income
Ratios that directly affect choice of Inventory Account...
40. Interest Expense = Coupon + Amortization = PV of future CF x market yield @ issuance
Impact on the B/S of a Discount Bond...
Effects of Lease Classification on F/S - Finance Lease
Sustainable Growth
Disclosure for each segment...
41. Current Ratio (CA/CL): lower - Work. Cap (CA -CL): Lower - Asset TO: (Sales/TA): Lower - ROA (EAT/TA): Lower - ROE (EAT/E): Lower - Debt/Equity: Higher - Since Int. exp + depre > lease pymt in the early years. This decreases NI - and Profitability ra
B/S - Long-lived assets
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Finance Lease
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Discount Bond...
Which set of accounting standards requires firms to disclose estimated amortization expense for the next five years on intangible assets?
42. CV of Op. Inc = std dev. EBIT/ Mean EBIT - CV of Revenue: std. dev Rev/ mean Rev. - Operating Leverage = %chg in EBIT/ %chg in Sales
Defined Benefit Plans
Financial Ratio based on I/S...
FIFO after-tax profit =
Operating Risk Ratios...
43. Decreases DTA -> Decreases Net Income - [Decrease in Valuation Allowance; Increase DTA and Increases Net Income]
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Zero Coupon Bond...
FASB
An Increase in the Valuation Allowance Account...
Straight-line depreciation (SL)
44. 1) fair presentation; 2) going concern; 3) accrual basis; 4) consistency; 5) materiality
What is the economic substance of financial (capital) lease?
3 C's for Credit Analysis...
Fraud Triangle
Fundamental principles for PREPARING f/s under IFRS: (IAS No 10
45. Working Capital = CA - CL - Working Capital TO = Rev/Avg. Working Capital - Fixed Asset TO = Rev/Avg Net Fixed Assets
Barter (IASB & FASB)
Activity Ratios
Funded status of the pension plan (under US GAAP & IFRS) is reported where?
Deferred Tax Liability: (DTL)
46. CFO: cash interest expense - CFF: increased by amount rcvd at issuance and decreased by payment made at redemption - CFO is lower CFF is higher
Financial Ratio based on I/S...
B/S - short-term investments
IASB
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Premium Bond...
47. 1) Relevance vs. reliability; 2) Benefit > cost; 3) Excludes intangibles and non-quantifiable info.
B/S - Long-term Liabilities
Cash flow ratios
Trade-Offs Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: underlying assumptions...
48. For inventory that does not deteriorate with age.
Sarbanes-Oxley Management Report...
Motivation to Under-report Earnings
Inventory mangement: Low T/O (High DOH)...
LIFO is appropriate
49. 1) B/S asset increased to FMV 2) Increase above original cost to equity via revaluation surplus account (comprehensive Income)
Double-decline balance (DDB)
Financial Lease Reporting
Revaluation above historic cost...
Low Quality Earnings is result of...
50. + Service Costs (recurring costs (actual)) - + Interest Costs (recurring costs (actual)) - - Expected return on plan assets (smoothed event) - +/- Amort of (gains) and losses (smoothed event) - +/- Amort of prior service costs* (smoothed event) - +/-
Net Periodic Benefit Costs
Deferred Tax Liability: (DTL)
Measurement of A & L disclosure in footnotes
SEC guidance for Revenue Recognition