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Test your basic knowledge |
Advanced Financial Reporting And Analysis
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Subject
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business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1) installment sales (If collection is certain - rev is recognized at time of sale) 2) installment method: (if collection cannot be estimated) 3) cost recovery (if collectability is highly uncertain)
# of days payable =
Effective Tax Rate
Sales Basis Revenue Recognitions
Fraud Triangle
2. US 1) Financial Accounting Standards Board; 2) Standards form GAAP; 3) Aims - useful - relevant - reliable - consistent and comparable; 4) SEC deems FASB standard authoritative
FASB
Roles of financial reporting & analysis include...
4 General Categories for Creditworthiness/Capacity...
Activity Based Restrictions
3. It is Rare - but permitted for commodity producer/dealers B/S = NRV - I/S = unrealized gains/losses
Market Value (GAAP)...
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Finance Lease
Implication for Analysts: Be aware of differences in tax reconcilation between periods
Inv. Valuation reporting Inventory ABOVE costs...
4. 1) Nature of industry/entity operations: 3rd party transactions; Power of customer/supplier; Acct est subjective; Unusual transactions; International operations; International operations; Operations in tax havens. 2) Opportunity complex/unstable org.
Types of accounting changes...
Cash Flow From Investing (USA) (Assets)
Fraud Triangle - 2) Opportunity
Intercorporate Investment: < 20% votes...
5. Companies must file this form to disclose material events including significant asset acquisitions and disposals - changes in management or corporate governance - or matters related to its accountants - financial statements - or the markets on which
Return on Assets ROA...
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Motivation
Form 8-K...
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
6. Total assets TO = Revenue/Avg. total asset - Fixed asset TO = Revenue/ Avg. net fixed assets - Working Cap TO = Revenue/Avg. working captial
Comprehensive income...
Revaluation above historic cost...
Measures of Operating Performance - Efficiency Ratios...
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Finance Lease
7. 1) 3rd party pressure: 1) analyst/institutional expectations; 2) need to obtain finance; 3) listing requirements; 4) Debt covenants; 5) Transactions 2) Directors' Financial Position: 1) Equity interest; 2) Stock options; 3) Personal debt guarantees.
Which of the following characteristics should be of least concerned about management's opportunities to commit fraud?
Finance (capital) Lease criteria (under US GAAP)
Fraud Triangle - 1) Incentive/Pressure
Cost included in Inventory on b/s...
8. Means that at least ONE of the following is true: Company has poor profit margin; Company has poor asset TO; Company is underleveraged
B/S - Long-lived assets
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: objective of F/S
ROE interpretation: if ROE is low...
BASIC EPS
9. Assets - liabilities - and equity are presented in a single column.
The report format of B/S
BASIC EPS
Cash Flow From Investing (USA) (Assets)
MD&A contains...
10. Ineffective corp. ethical values; non-financial managers invovled in selection of accounting principles/estimates; History of violation; Focus on stock price and earning trends; Commitment to unrealistic/aggressive forecasts; Failure to correct known
Fraud Triangle - 3) Attitude/rationalization
B/S - investments
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency ratio
Tax Loss Carryforward...
11. 1) is a contra asset account used to reduce the value of a DTA - 2) it is used to reduce the asset when future taxable income is deemed to be insefficient to fully use the DTA.
Screening for Potential Equity Investment: Criteria
Free Cash Flow to the Firm - FCFF
Valuation allowance
Vertical Common Size Statements...
12. 1) Aggregation where appropriate; 2) No offsetting assets against liabilities or income against exp.; 3) Classifed B/S; 4) Minimum Info on face; 5) Minimum disclosure; 6) Comparative info.
Dilutive Securities
Fraud Triangle
IFRS: Presentation Requirements
Defined Benefit Obligations (DBO)
13. I/S: COGS higher - EBT lower - Taxes: lower - NI: Lower - B/S: INV: lower - W/C: Lower - are/E: lower - CF: CFO: higher
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of FASB...
Footnote disclosure of Reconciliation of opening and closing carrying values...
FIFO after-tax profit =
LIFO results in: (assuming inflationary period)
14. Contributed capital = c/s @ par plus add'l paid-in capital - Treasury stock (reaquired by frim but not yet retired) - are/E = Accum' NI less dividends - Minority (non-controlling) interest - Comprehensive income items: all chg in SOE not in I/S or fr
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15. 1) Diff tax rate in diff. tax jurisdictions (countries) (continuous)2) Permanent tax differences: tax credit - tax-exempt income - nondeductible expenses - & tax diff between capital gains and operating income. (continuous) 3)in tax rates and legisl
Unusual OR Infrequent items...
Analyzing Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation
Effects of Lease Classification on F/S - Finance Lease
IFRS: Required F/S
16. Same as other ratios using NI in this case substitut NI for CFO.
Operating Lease
Cash flow ratios
FIFO results in: (assuming inflationary period)
Finance (capital) Lease criteria GAAP vs. IFRS
17. GAAP: direct method must disclose adj to reconcile NI to CFO. reconciliation is NOT required for IFRS. IFRS: pymts for Int & Taxes MUST be disclosed separately in the CF Stmnt under direct or indirect. Under GAAP - this can be reported in CF stmnt or
BASIC EPS
Statement of Cash Flow - relevance...
Fraud Triangle - 1) Incentive/Pressure
CFO Disclosure requirement...
18. 1)DTL - DTA - valuation allowance - Net ? in valutaion allowance over the period 2) unrecognized DTL or undistributed earning from subsidiaries & JVs 3) Current yr tax effect of each type of temp difference 4)Components of Inc Tax Expense 5)Tax loss
Screening for Potential Equity Investment: Criteria
Taxation Disclosure Requirements
One major difference between the presentation of deferred tax assets and liabilities under IFRS and under U.S. GAAP is that...
CFO Analysis...
19. 'Equity' -Chg in debt - Cash raised from equity and debt - -Chg in c/s - Cash spent on repurchasing equity or redeeming debt -Dividends paid - Calculate dividend declared: NI -*Div.Declared = chg in are/E - Div. Declared +(-) chg in div. payable = c
Cash Flow From Financing (USA) (Source of Cash)
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Recognition of Elements...
Installment Method...
Funded status of the pension plan (under US GAAP & IFRS) is reported where?
20. Off B/S asset or liability = Footnotes disclosure - Lease payments are expensed when due via I/S - Payments are CFO outflows
Dilutive Securities
Operating vs. Non-operating Income
Operating Lease
Types of accounting changes: prior period adjustments
21. Fair Value of Plan Assets - Defined Benefit Obligation (DBO) - Fair Value > DBO: overfunded (asset on B/S - GAAP) - Fair Value < DBO: underfunded (liability on B/S - GAAP) - (Funded Status = Economic Position of Plan)
DBO Funded Status =
Effects of Lease Classification on F/S - Finance Lease
Intercorporate Investment: > 50% votes...
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Zero Coupon Bond...
22. Trading securities - Available-for-sale - Derivatives (standalone or embedded in non-derivative intrument) - Assets with fair value exposure hedged by derivatives
Fraud Triangle - 3) Attitude/rationalization
Financial Assets: US GAAP/Fair Market Value
Double-decline balance (DDB)
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth below industry average
23. 1) B/S asset increased to FMV 2) Increase above original cost to equity via revaluation surplus account (comprehensive Income)
Revaluation above historic cost...
Analysis: Market Value of Debt
Sources of Differences betweent F/S & T/
Cost included in Inventory on b/s...
24. When Statutory tax rate does NOT equal Effective tax rate - Tax expense does note equal pretax income x statutory rate
Sources of Differences: Permanent
The best indicator of overstating its profits is...
B/S - Long-term Liabilities
Gross Reporting of Revenue
25. PV of future obligation or the PV of the amount owed to employees for future pension benefits earned to date - Payments are determined based on expected final salary.
Finance (capital) Lease criteria (under US GAAP)
Defined Benefit Obligations (DBO)
An Increase in the Valuation Allowance Account...
MD&A contains...
26. 1) Consider the growth rate and capital spending levels when determining whether temp diff due to accelerated depre will reverse 2) Look for cumulative differences due to asset impairments and post-retirement benefits 3) Restructuring charges can c
Implication for Analysts: Be aware of differences in tax reconcilation between periods
CFO - Direct method
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
Tax base of an asset
27. Unlisted instruments - Held-to-maturity investments - Loans - Receivables
Convergence IFRS/US GAAP...
B/S - Long-lived assets PP&E
Financial Assets: US GAAP/Amortized at Cost
Types of accounting changes: prior period adjustments
28. 1) Transparency; 2) Comprehensiveness; 3) Consistency
CFO - Direct method
Sources of Differences betweent F/S & T/
Impact on the B/S of a Premium Bond...
Characteristics of an effective framework
29. Assess liquidity - solvency and financial flexibiliy
Measures of Operating Performance - Efficiency Ratios...
Types of accounting changes: accounting principle
IFRS Revenue Recognition For Service
Statement of Cash Flow - relevance...
30. EBIT/ *Gross Interest EBITDA/ *Gross Interest *(inc'd capitalized interest) - How many times is EBIT or EBITDA bigger than gross interest? Higher ratio is desired. Shows ability to cover int. payment
Steps of F/S Analysis
Fraud Triangle
Gross Reporting of Revenue
From creditor POV: Int. Coverage;
31. Impairment is recorded on a Contra asset account - revalued below original cost means contra asset account is 0 1) B/S asset reduced to FMV 2) Loss take to I/S 3) Reversal of org. loss allowed I/S 4) Increase above org. cost to equity (comprehenive
Activity Based Restrictions
Footnote disclosure of Reconciliation of opening and closing carrying values...
Revaluation below historic cost...
Barriers to a single framework...
32. I/S and B/S - Each line is relative to base year
Segment Reporting
CFO - Direct method
Horizontal Common Size Statements...
The objective of f/s is to...
33. Cash Flow available for distribution to the c/s; after all obligations have been paid. CFO - fixed capital investment + net debt increase or CFO - net cap expenditure + net borrowings
Horizontal Common Size Statements...
Free Cash Flow to Equity - FCFE
Warning Signs of Earnings Manipulation
Extraordinary Items: Unusual AND Infrequent items...
34. US Gaap: Balance Sheet - IFRS:Disclosed in Footnotes - May be mentioned in MD&A if mgnt considers it significant
CFO - Direct/Indirect method
Which set of accounting standards requires firms to disclose estimated amortization expense for the next five years on intangible assets?
Cost recovery method...
Funded status of the pension plan (under US GAAP & IFRS) is reported where?
35. 1) Timing Differences: Accrual vs. modified cash accounting - Differences in reporting methods estimates
Sources of Differences: Temporary
Form 144...
Auditor/Audit Opinion
Income Tax Paid...
36. Divdends and share repurchases - Production and investment - M&A - New debt issuance - Payoff pattern and liquidation priority - Maintenance of assets used as collateral
% of Completion
Activity Based Restrictions
Financial Lease Reporting
DBO Funded Status =
37. Refers to change in mgmt judgement Does NOT require restatement of prior pd earnings; Disclose in footnotes
Fraud Triangle - 2) Opportunity
Cash flow ratios
Types of accounting changes: accounting estimate
FASB - Harmonization
38. Depreciation exp = (cost - residual value) x (# units produced / total expected to produce)
Convergence IFRS/US GAAP...
Income Statement
DBO Funded Status =
Units of Production Method
39. Higher share price - Lower borrowing cost - Higher incentive compensation
CFO - Indirect method steps...
Gross Reporting of Revenue
Types of accounting changes: accounting principle
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Motivation
40. 1) Stretching A/P (increase in # days in payable) = 365/(AP T/O) = 365/(purchases/ Avg. AP)) 2) Financing payables (allows to great AP as CFF) 3) Securitizing A/are: (allows to recognize gains in I/S) 4) Income Tax Benefit from stock options 5) Buyba
Cash Conversion Cycle =
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of FASB...
Roles of financial reporting & analysis include...
Not all CF increase are Sustainable. Example of how Mgmt can Manipulate Cash Flow Statement
41. NI/Avg. Total Assets - NI + Int (1-t) / Avg. Total Assets - Operating ROA: Operating INc/ Avg. Total Assets
IASB
Revaluation below historic cost...
Return on Assets ROA...
Types of accounting changes: prior period adjustments
42. IFRS: Funded status is NOT on B/S Asset/Liability - Result in a b/s that does NOT represent econ reality - GAAP: Funded status = B/S Asset/Liability -Both disclose components of DBO - plan assets - expenses - and assumptions used to calculate pensio
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency ratio
Funded Status US GAAP & IFRS
Intercorporate Investment: 20% - 50% votes...
Taxation Disclosure Requirements
43. Pd after more than 1 year - notes & bonds: at PV of future CF pymets - Capital leases - Provisions - Deferred tax
Fraud Triangle - 3) Attitude/rationalization
Form 144...
B/S - Long-term Liabilities
Traditional DuPont Equation...
44. Securities that would DECREASE EPS if exercised - If X< Avg. stock price then could be exercised - If X> Avg. stock price then will not be exercised
Dilutive Securities
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Recognition of Elements...
B/S - Long-lived assets PP&E
Extended DuPont Equation...
45. Current ratio = CA/CL - Quick/Acid test = (cash + mkt sec + AR)/CL - Cash ratio = (Cash + mkt sec)/ CL - Defensive interval = (cash + mkt sec + AR)/Daily Cash Exp - Liquidity is over current Liabilities
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: purpose of framework
Tax base of an asset
Financial Ration based on B/S: Liquidity Ratios
Sales Basis Revenue Recognitions
46. Cash Flow available for distribution to all investors (stockholders & debt holders) CFO + int(1-t) - fixed capital investment or [FCFF calculated from NI = NI + noncash charged + (Int exp(1-tax rate) - net cap investment - working capital invt.]
Free Cash Flow to the Firm - FCFF
The best indicator of overstating its profits is...
Taxable Income
Tax base of an asset
47. 1) Evidence of an arrangement; 2) Completion of earnings process; 3) Price is determined or determinable; 4) Assurance of payment
Free Cash Flow -CFO
Free Cash Flow to the Firm - FCFF
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Fair Market Value
SEC guidance for Revenue Recognition
48. Interest Rec'd - CFO/CFI Divs Rec'd - CFO/CFI Interst Paid - CFO/CFF Divs Paid - CFF/CFO Overdraft = cash - not CFF
An Increase in the Valuation Allowance Account...
Warning Signs of Earnings Manipulation
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of FASB...
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - IFRS
49. Funds from Operations to debt = NI adj for non cash items/ total debt - Free operating CF to Total Debt = CFO - Capex / total debt - Total Debt to EBITDA = total debt / EBITDA - Return on Capital = EBIT / Capital - Total debt to total debt + equity =
Credit Analysis: Ratios
Sales Basis Revenue Recognitions
Taxation Disclosure Requirements
DTA Issues
50. Loss that could not be deducted on the tax return in current period but may be used to reduce taxable income and taxes payable in future (i.e. warranty)
Tax Loss Carryforward...
Financial Adj to Facilitate Comparison...
BASIC EPS
What is the economic substance of financial (capital) lease?