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Test your basic knowledge |
Advanced Financial Reporting And Analysis
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Study First
Subject
:
business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Int. Coverage = EBIT/Interest Expense - Fixed Charged Coverage = (EBIT+Lease Pymts) / Int. exp + Lease payments
Funded Status US GAAP & IFRS
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency (Coverage)
Operating Risk Ratios...
Effective Tax Rate
2. I/S: Income statement account/Sales - B/S: Balance sheet account/ Total Assets
Operating Lease
Discontinued Operations...
Vertical Common Size Statements...
The objective of f/s is to...
3. 1) Revenue (external & internal) 2) Segment results (operating profit) 3) Carrying amount of segment asset4 4) Segment liabilities (IFRS) 5) Cost of PPE and intangibles acquired 6) Depreciation and Amort expenses 7) Other non-cash expense 8) Share of
Disclosure for each segment...
Capitalization of Interest...
% of Completion
Comprehensive income...
4. Ensure that information in f/s is useful to a wide range of users.
Motivation to Overstate Assets/Understate Liabilities
CFO Disclosure requirement...
Unusual OR Infrequent items...
The objective of f/s is to...
5. Reported BELOW the line. Operations mgmt has decided to dispose of but: 1) has not yet done so or 2) did so in CY after it generated profit/(loss) Must be physicallly and operationally distinct from firm. Analyst must determine effects on future inco
Activity Based Restrictions
Discontinued Operations...
Dilutive Securities
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Motivation
6. To improve liquidity and leverage ratios
B/S - Stockholders' Equity
Income Tax Paid...
Auditor/Audit Opinion
Motivation to Overstate Assets/Understate Liabilities
7. 1) Relevance vs. reliability; 2) Benefit > cost; 3) Excludes intangibles and non-quantifiable info.
CFO - Indirect method steps...
Sales Basis Revenue Recognitions
Convergence IFRS/US GAAP...
Trade-Offs Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
8. Assets - liabilities - and equity are presented in a single column.
The report format of B/S
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Par Bond...
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - IFRS
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
9. Derivatives - Non-derivative investments with fair value exposure hedged by derivatives
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Fair Market Value
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency ratio
Inventory mangement: Low T/O (High DOH)...
Intercorporate Investment: > 50% votes...
10. Stock options - Warrants - Convertible debt - Convertible preferred stock
Potentially Dillutive Securities
The objective of f/s is to...
Cash Flow: Logic (A = L + E)
ROE interpretation: if ROE is low...
11. Nature of liability; Maturity dates; Stated and effective int. rates; Call and conversion features; covenants; security pledged as collateral; Amount of Debt maturity in each of the next 5 years; Fair value of o/s instrutments
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - IFRS
Financial Ratio based on I/S...
Low Quality Earnings is result of...
Footnote Finance Liability Disclosure
12. 1) Meet CFO (strategy; industry overview - accounting policy) 2) Tour major facilities 3) Vote on analyst recommendations (bus.& fin. risk) 4) Monitor publicly distributed ratings
Credit Rating Process...
Horizontal Common Size Statements...
Extraordinary Items: Unusual AND Infrequent items...
Inv. Valuation reporting Inventory ABOVE costs...
13. Assets: higher - Liabilities: Higher - NI (Early yrs): Lower - CFO: Higher (b/c only interest portion is classed as CFO) - CFF: Lower (b/c principal repayment portion) - Total CF: Same - Since Int. exp + depre > lease pymt in the early years. This de
Intangibles under IFRS...
Deferred Tax Liability: (DTL)
Effects of Lease Classification on F/S - Finance Lease
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Finance Lease
14. Trading securities - Available-for-sale - Derivatives (standalone or embedded in non-derivative intrument) - Assets with fair value exposure hedged by derivatives
Not all CF increase are Sustainable. Example of how Mgmt can Manipulate Cash Flow Statement
What is the economic substance of financial (capital) lease?
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
Financial Assets: US GAAP/Fair Market Value
15. Change in equity from transactions from nonownership sources. Include: NI - chg in foreign currency translation adj. - chg in pension adj to funded status - chg unrealized gains/losses on derivatives contracts accounted for as hedges - chng in unrea
Comprehensive income...
Auditor/Audit Opinion
Valuation allowance
FIFO after-tax profit =
16. Cash Flow available for distribution to the c/s; after all obligations have been paid. CFO - fixed capital investment + net debt increase or CFO - net cap expenditure + net borrowings
Revaluation below historic cost...
The account format of B/S
Free Cash Flow to Equity - FCFE
B/S - Stockholders' Equity
17. Held for continuing use within the business (not for resale) 1) investment property; 2) Assets held for sale; 3) Natural resources; 4) PP&E
B/S - investments
B/S - Long-lived assets
Vertical Common Size Statements...
Cash Conversion Cycle =
18. Both: General agreement on objectives; focus on wide range of users - IASB: One objective for all users - FASB: Separate objectives for business entities and non-business entities.
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: objective of F/S
Types of accounting changes...
Activity Based Restrictions
Measurement of A & L disclosure in footnotes
19. Income Tax Expense < Taxes Payable - F/S < Tax Return - Pay more tax now but more on reversal
Unusual OR Infrequent items...
Deferred Tax Asset: (DTA)
Extraordinary Items: Unusual AND Infrequent items...
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
20. 1) 3rd party pressure: 1) analyst/institutional expectations; 2) need to obtain finance; 3) listing requirements; 4) Debt covenants; 5) Transactions 2) Directors' Financial Position: 1) Equity interest; 2) Stock options; 3) Personal debt guarantees.
IASB - Goals
Inventory Systems...
FIFO after-tax profit =
Fraud Triangle - 1) Incentive/Pressure
21. Follows the traditional ledger account - assets on the left hand side and liabilities and equity on the right hand side.
Disclosure for each segment...
Inventory Valuatoin (LCM)
Unusual OR Infrequent items...
The account format of B/S
22. 1) Balance Sheet; 2) Comprehensive Income; 3) Change in Equity; 4) Cash Flow Statement; 5) Accounting policies and notes.
Net Reporting of Revenue
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Recognition of Elements...
Tax base on a liability
IFRS: Required F/S
23. Includes: cash flow from interst Rec'd and Paid - and Dividend received. Includes all income taxes paid.
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Zero Coupon Bond...
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
Intangibles under IFRS...
B/S - Long-term Liabilities
24. 365/(Inv. T/O) = 365/( COGS/ Avg. Inv.)
IFRS: Presentation Requirements
days of inv. on hand =
Asset Revaluation: IFRS
FIFO ending inventory =
25. 1st: Net Income - dividends declared = chg in are/E - Then: Dividends declared +/- chg dividends payable = cash dividends paid.
Measures of Operating Performance - Efficiency Ratios...
Sources of Differences betweent F/S & T/
Calculate dividends declared...
CFO - Indirect method steps...
26. GAAP: direct method must disclose adj to reconcile NI to CFO. reconciliation is NOT required for IFRS. IFRS: pymts for Int & Taxes MUST be disclosed separately in the CF Stmnt under direct or indirect. Under GAAP - this can be reported in CF stmnt or
CFO Disclosure requirement...
FIFO ending inventory =
Tax Loss Carryforward...
Debt covenants
27. Depreciation exp = (cost - residual value) x (# units produced / total expected to produce)
Add/ Sub changes to related b/s operating accounts
Discontinued Operations...
Tax base of an asset
Units of Production Method
28. Income subject to tax as per Tax Return
Taxation: Income Tax Expense
Taxable Income
Debt covenants
Defined Benefit Obligations (DBO)
29. Divdends and share repurchases - Production and investment - M&A - New debt issuance - Payoff pattern and liquidation priority - Maintenance of assets used as collateral
CFO - Direct method
Activity Based Restrictions
Lessor Accounting Capital Lease: Sales: Direct Financing Lease
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Zero Coupon Bond...
30. Delay Supplier pymt: boost CFO; review days' sales in AP; Financing of payables: use N/P to pay off AP; manipulate timing of CFO; Securitization of A/are: accelerates appearance of collection - boosts CFO; Tax benefit of stock options: lower tax paid
B/S - Long-lived assets
Statement of Cash Flow - relevance...
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Technique
FIFO results in: (assuming inflationary period)
31. Slow moving or obsolete inventory
Tax Loss Carryforward...
Potentially Dillutive Securities
Return on Assets ROA...
Inventory mangement: Low T/O (High DOH)...
32. Increase in an asset: deduct (use of cash) - Increase in a liability: add (source of cash) - Decrease in an asset: add (source of cash) - Decrease in a liability: deduct (use of cash)
An Increase in the Valuation Allowance Account...
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Par Bond...
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Discount Bond...
CFO - Direct/Indirect method
33. EU 1) Int'l Accounting Standards Board; 2) Unified int'l frameworks of accounting standards (IFRS); 3) Addopted by EU in 2005
Sarbanes-Oxley Management Report...
IASB
Intangibles under IFRS...
Intercorporate Investment: > 50% votes...
34. Profit recognized is the proportion of cash collected x total expected profit Revenue = (COG provided to date/total COG to be provided) x total expected revenue
Installment Method...
Valuation allowance
B/S - Long-term Liabilities
Barriers to a single framework...
35. 1) when differences are expected to REVERSE and reslut in future tax payment - treate DTL as a LIABILITY in calculating leverage ratios 2) when differences are NOT expected to REVERSE and result in future tax payment - treat DTL as EQUITY in calculat
Analyst Treaments of DTL
Motivation to Understate Assets/Overstate Liabilities
An Increase in the Valuation Allowance Account...
Impairments recognition (IFRS)
36. Management turnover.
Inventory Systems...
Impact on the B/S of a Par Bond...
To investigate the stability of that structure - Kilgore would be best served by looking at...
Extraordinary Items: Unusual AND Infrequent items...
37. CFO: no impact - CFF: increased by amount rcvd at issuance and decreased by payment made at redemption - CFO is lower (b/c no impact) and CFF is higher
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Recognition of Elements...
Types of accounting changes...
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Zero Coupon Bond...
38. Is required under IFRS but not under GAAP
Footnote disclosure of Reconciliation of opening and closing carrying values...
Credit Analysis: Ratios
Return on Equity (ROE)...
B/S - short-term investments
39. Meet Analyst Expectations - Meet debt covenants - Incentive compensation
Debt covenants
Motivation to Over-report Earnings
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth above industry average
Stock options: Use treasury stock method
40. CFO = NI - means high quality of earnings but may be affect by the stage of business cycle and firm's life cycle - CFO > NI - means premature recognition of revenue or delayed recognition of expenses.
Debt covenants
Measurement of A & L disclosure in footnotes
CFO Analysis...
Types of accounting changes: accounting principle
41. Off B/S asset or liability = Footnotes disclosure - Lease payments are expensed when due via I/S - Payments are CFO outflows
IOSCO
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Amortized at Cost
Operating Lease
Warning Signs of Earnings Manipulation
42. Days of sales o/s + days of inv. on hand - # of days payable (shorter the better)
Common Size Statement
Balance Sheet - formats
Analysis: Market Value of Debt
Cash Conversion Cycle =
43. Assess liquidity - solvency and financial flexibiliy
IFRS Revenue Recognition
Statement of Cash Flow - relevance...
Measurement of A & L disclosure in footnotes
Footnote disclosure of Reconciliation of opening and closing carrying values...
44. Nonreversal DTL - therefore it is permanent = Equity. therefore decrease in DTL = Increase in Equity - Reversal DTL - therefore it is temp = Liability
Disclosure for each segment...
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Measurement of Elements...
Taxation Analyst Adjustments...
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of FASB...
45. 1) Stretching A/P (increase in # days in payable) = 365/(AP T/O) = 365/(purchases/ Avg. AP)) 2) Financing payables (allows to great AP as CFF) 3) Securitizing A/are: (allows to recognize gains in I/S) 4) Income Tax Benefit from stock options 5) Buyba
Amortization of Bond Discount = (in/out flow) in the indirect method CFO
Not all CF increase are Sustainable. Example of how Mgmt can Manipulate Cash Flow Statement
Impact on the B/S of a Discount Bond...
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Amortized at Cost
46. Part of indenture that place restrictions on the firm that protect bondholderns and increase value of the firm's bond - Breach is technical default
B/S - Stockholders' Equity
Cash Flow From Financing (USA) (Source of Cash)
Motivation to Under-report Earnings
Debt covenants
47. (GAAP) Internally created intangibles 1) (R&D) are expensed 2) Advertising 3) Software (developed to establish feasibility)
Expensed Intangibles...
CFO - Direct method
Extraordinary Items: Unusual AND Infrequent items...
Cash flow ratios
48. Refers to changes from one GAAP method or IFRS method to another IFRS & US GAAP require prior year data shown in f/s to be adjusted.
Financial Implications of Capitalizing...
IOSCO
Taxation Disclosure Requirements
Types of accounting changes: accounting principle
49. Working Capital = CA - CL - Working Capital TO = Rev/Avg. Working Capital - Fixed Asset TO = Rev/Avg Net Fixed Assets
CFO - Indirect method steps...
Activity Ratios
FIFO after-tax profit =
Capitalized Intangibles...
50. Assets: lower - Liabilities: lower - NI (Early yrs): higher - CFO: lower (b/c entire pymt is classed as CFO) - CFF: higher - Total CF: Same
Debt covenants
DBO Funded Status =
Financial Ratio based on I/S...
Effects of Lease Classification on F/S - Operating Lease