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Advanced Financial Reporting And Analysis
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Subject
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business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Capital structure that contains NO potentially dillutive securities - (contains only c/s - nonconvertible debt - and nonconvertible pref. stock)
Return on Assets ROA...
SEC guidance for Revenue Recognition
Steps of F/S Analysis
Simple capital structure
2. 1) installment sales (If collection is certain - rev is recognized at time of sale) 2) installment method: (if collection cannot be estimated) 3) cost recovery (if collectability is highly uncertain)
Tax Loss Carryforward...
Screening for Potential Equity Investment: Criteria
Types of accounting changes...
Sales Basis Revenue Recognitions
3. IFRS: Funded status is NOT on B/S Asset/Liability - Result in a b/s that does NOT represent econ reality - GAAP: Funded status = B/S Asset/Liability -Both disclose components of DBO - plan assets - expenses - and assumptions used to calculate pensio
Funded Status US GAAP & IFRS
CFO - Indirect method steps...
Antidilutive Securities
Footnote disclosure of Reconciliation of opening and closing carrying values...
4. Income Tax Expense < Taxes Payable - F/S < Tax Return - Pay more tax now but more on reversal
Footnote disclosure of Reconciliation of opening and closing carrying values...
Deferred Tax Asset: (DTA)
Motivation to Under-report Earnings
To investigate the stability of that structure - Kilgore would be best served by looking at...
5. EU 1) Int'l Accounting Standards Board; 2) Unified int'l frameworks of accounting standards (IFRS); 3) Addopted by EU in 2005
Operating Lease
IASB
Free Cash Flow -CFO
Cost included in Inventory on b/s...
6. Small investment for div/capital gains purpose - If Secondary market: Held-to-maturity: Debt securities co intend to hold to maturity; Carried at Amortized cost. Available-for-sale: Sold to satisfy Debt/Equity Needs; Currrent or non-current; B/S @ MV
Valuation Allowance...
Barriers to a single framework...
Intercorporate Investment: < 20% votes...
Inventory Cost Flow Methods...
7. 1) Diff tax rate in diff. tax jurisdictions (countries) (continuous)2) Permanent tax differences: tax credit - tax-exempt income - nondeductible expenses - & tax diff between capital gains and operating income. (continuous) 3)in tax rates and legisl
Forecasting Financial Performance: Top Down Approach...
Analyzing Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation
IFRS Revenue Recognition For Service
Intangible Assets
8. Same as other ratios using NI in this case substitut NI for CFO.
FIFO after-tax profit =
The account format of B/S
Cash flow ratios
An Increase in the Valuation Allowance Account...
9. More than a third of Maxwell's total sales go to its own consolidated subsidiaries High levels of related-party transactions are worrisome - particularly when those parties are not audited. But transactions within the company between subsidiaries con
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10. Current Ratio (CA/CL): lower - Work. Cap (CA -CL): Lower - Asset TO: (Sales/TA): Lower - ROA (EAT/TA): Lower - ROE (EAT/E): Lower - Debt/Equity: Higher - Since Int. exp + depre > lease pymt in the early years. This decreases NI - and Profitability ra
Cash Flow From Financing (USA) (Source of Cash)
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency ratio
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Finance Lease
Sources of Differences betweent F/S & T/
11. Replacement cost subject to: Upper limit = NRV - Loewr limit = NRV - normal profit margin
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
Market Value (GAAP)...
BASIC EPS
Deferred Tax Liability: (DTL)
12. Primary) Relevance & Reliability - Secondary) Comparability - Lastly) Understandability - user specific
Lessor Accounting Capital Lease: Sales: Direct Financing Lease
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Technique
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of FASB...
To investigate the stability of that structure - Kilgore would be best served by looking at...
13. Meet Analyst Expectations - Meet debt covenants - Incentive compensation
Motivation to Over-report Earnings
Sustainable Growth
Motivation to Understate Assets/Overstate Liabilities
Financial Implications of Capitalizing...
14. Stock options - Warrants - Convertible debt - Convertible preferred stock
Amortization of Bond Discount = (in/out flow) in the indirect method CFO
Extended DuPont Equation...
FIFO results in: (assuming inflationary period)
Potentially Dillutive Securities
15. ROE = (NI/EBT)x(EBT/EBIT)x(EBIT/Rev)x(Rev/Asset)x(Asset/Eqty) or (tax burden)x(int. burden)x(EBITmargin)x(Aset TO)x(Fin Lvg)
SEC guidance for Revenue Recognition
Extended DuPont Equation...
From creditor POV: Int. Coverage;
The report format of B/S
16. Income Tax Expense/Pretax Income (EBIT) Income Tax Exp. = Taxes payable + chg in deferred ta
Effective Tax Rate
Impact on the B/S of a Discount Bond...
Which of the following characteristics should be of least concerned about management's opportunities to commit fraud?
Valuation allowance
17. Includes: cash flow from interst Rec'd and Paid - and Dividend received. Includes all income taxes paid.
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: purpose of framework
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Motivation
B/S - Stockholders' Equity
18. 1) Responsibility to establish and maintain adequate internal controls 2) Mgmt's framework for evaluating internal controls 3) Assessment of the effectiveness of internal controls over the last operating period 4) Statement of auditor's attestment 5)
FIFO results in: (assuming inflationary period)
Installment Method...
Sarbanes-Oxley Management Report...
Tax base of an asset
19. Slow moving or obsolete inventory
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Fair Market Value
Inv. Valuation reporting Inventory ABOVE costs...
Inventory mangement: Low T/O (High DOH)...
Fraud Triangle - 3) Attitude/rationalization
20. Refers to changes from one GAAP method or IFRS method to another IFRS & US GAAP require prior year data shown in f/s to be adjusted.
Valuation Allowance...
Impact on the B/S of a Discount Bond...
Types of accounting changes: accounting principle
Asset Capitalization
21. Beginning Inv. (BI) + Purchases (P) = Available for Sale - Available for sale - COGS = Ending Inventory (EI)
Taxation Analyst Adjustments...
Potentially Dillutive Securities
days of sales o/s =
Ending Inventory =
22. Employer promises specific payment stream at retirement - Payments are based on yrs of service - retirement age - and final salary - Employers bears investment risk - Funded by pool of assets - Complicated accounting
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Measurement of Elements...
CFO Analysis...
Measures of Operating Performance - Efficiency Ratios...
Defined Benefit Plans
23. Follows the traditional ledger account - assets on the left hand side and liabilities and equity on the right hand side.
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Discount Bond...
The account format of B/S
Tax base of an asset
Deferred Tax Asset: (DTA)
24. Is more relevant than book value: Recent changes allow more liability to be recorded at FMV (IFRS & GAAP require disclosure of FMV) - Downward adj. in liability will Increase equity and decrease leverage ratio - Upward adj in liability will decrease
Taxation Analyst Adjustments...
Analysis: Market Value of Debt
FIFO ending inventory =
Balance Sheet - formats
25. 1) 3rd party pressure: 1) analyst/institutional expectations; 2) need to obtain finance; 3) listing requirements; 4) Debt covenants; 5) Transactions 2) Directors' Financial Position: 1) Equity interest; 2) Stock options; 3) Personal debt guarantees.
Effects of Lease Classification on F/S - Finance Lease
Fraud Triangle - 1) Incentive/Pressure
Financial Adj to Facilitate Comparison...
Dilutive Securities
26. Lost sales from stock outs
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth below industry average
DBO Funded Status =
DTA/DTL: Effect on Net Income when Tax Rate decreases...
Intangibles under IFRS...
27. 1) is a contra asset account used to reduce the value of a DTA - 2) it is used to reduce the asset when future taxable income is deemed to be insefficient to fully use the DTA.
IASB
Intangible Assets
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Technique
Valuation allowance
28. Profit recognized is the proportion of cash collected x total expected profit Revenue = (COG provided to date/total COG to be provided) x total expected revenue
Impact on the B/S of a Par Bond...
Antidilutive Securities
CFO - Direct/Indirect method
Installment Method...
29. FIFO: EI = newest purchases - LIFO: EI = oldest purchases - Avg. Costs: EI = Available for sale/Units - Specific ID: high value items (cars - diamonds etc)
Inventory Cost Flow Methods...
Credit Rating Process...
Horizontal Common Size Statements...
Motivation to Under-report Earnings
30. Diff. in depreciation methods/assumptions; Diff. in inventory methods/assumptions; Diff. in treatment of the effect of exchg rate chgs; Diff. in classifications of investment securities - Goodwill: Internally Generated DON'T capitalize - Purchased =
Convergence IFRS/US GAAP...
Financial Adj to Facilitate Comparison...
Form DEF-14A...
Sources of Differences: Permanent
31. Potentially dilutive securitites [options - warrants - convertible securities]
One major difference between the presentation of deferred tax assets and liabilities under IFRS and under U.S. GAAP is that...
BASIC EPS
LIFO is appropriate
Complex Capital Structure
32. NRV = Est. selling cost - Est. cost of complition - selling costs
Credit Analysis: Ratios
Warning Signs of Earnings Manipulation
What is the economic substance of financial (capital) lease?
Net Realizable Value (NRV) (IFRS)
33. I/S: Income statement account/Sales - B/S: Balance sheet account/ Total Assets
Vertical Common Size Statements...
Market Value (GAAP)...
Add/ Sub changes to related b/s operating accounts
4 General Categories for Creditworthiness/Capacity...
34. If PV of min lease pymt = cost of asset 1) lessor is not a dealer of leased equipment (fin. co.)2) no gross profit is recognized at time of lease inception 3) all profit is int. revenue recognized over period of lease. CFO = Int. Income inflow - CFI
# of days payable =
Lessor Accounting Capital Lease: Sales: Direct Financing Lease
Dilutive Securities
Taxation: Income Tax Expense
35. Decreases DTA -> Decreases Net Income - [Decrease in Valuation Allowance; Increase DTA and Increases Net Income]
An Increase in the Valuation Allowance Account...
Depreciation Methods...
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Premium Bond...
CFO - Direct method
36. Inflow - (bringing bond UP to par)
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: purpose of framework
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Technique
Fraud Triangle
Amortization of Bond Discount = (in/out flow) in the indirect method CFO
37. Timing differences (depreciations) - Permanent differences
Sources of Differences betweent F/S & T/
Fraud Triangle
days of sales o/s =
Complex Capital Structure
38. FASB: No discussion of 'probables' - IASB: Asset - liabilities - are probable flows
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Recognition of Elements...
From creditor POV: Int. Coverage;
Impairments recognition (GAAP)
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency ratio
39. 1) Start with NI 2) Sub Gains or add losses from financing or investing CFs 3) Add non-cash charges (depr't & amort'z) & sub all non cash revenue 4) Add/ Sub changes to related b/s operating accounts:
Fraud Triangle - 2) Opportunity
Defined Benefit Plans
CFO - Indirect method steps...
Calculate dividends declared...
40. Increase in an asset: deduct (use of cash) - Increase in a liability: add (source of cash) - Decrease in an asset: add (source of cash) - Decrease in a liability: deduct (use of cash)
Which of the following characteristics should be of least concerned about management's opportunities to commit fraud?
The account format of B/S
Characteristics of an effective framework
Add/ Sub changes to related b/s operating accounts
41. Nature of liability; Maturity dates; Stated and effective int. rates; Call and conversion features; covenants; security pledged as collateral; Amount of Debt maturity in each of the next 5 years; Fair value of o/s instrutments
Traditional DuPont Equation...
Footnote Finance Liability Disclosure
FASB - Harmonization
Roles of financial reporting & analysis include...
42. 1) Unqualified opinion (good); 2) Qualified opinion (followed GAAP except for...); 3) Adverse opinion (bad)
Auditor/Audit Opinion
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: underlying assumptions...
What is the economic substance of financial (capital) lease?
Motivation to Understate Assets/Overstate Liabilities
43. 1) Timing Differences: Accrual vs. modified cash accounting - Differences in reporting methods estimates
Convergence IFRS/US GAAP...
Ending Inventory =
Sources of Differences: Temporary
Free Cash Flow to the Firm - FCFF
44. 365/(Inv. T/O) = 365/( COGS/ Avg. Inv.)
Effective Tax Rate
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Operating Lease
Lessor Accounting Capital Lease: Sales-Type Lease
days of inv. on hand =
45. BV - cash paid = gain/(loss) + any unamortized issue costs (US only) = Gain/Loss on repurchase [I/S as continuing operations)
Disclosure for each segment...
Gain/(loss) on bond early retirement: (derecognition of debt)
Operating vs. Non-operating Income
One major difference between the presentation of deferred tax assets and liabilities under IFRS and under U.S. GAAP is that...
46. Contributed capital = c/s @ par plus add'l paid-in capital - Treasury stock (reaquired by frim but not yet retired) - are/E = Accum' NI less dividends - Minority (non-controlling) interest - Comprehensive income items: all chg in SOE not in I/S or fr
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47. PV of future obligation or the PV of the amount owed to employees for future pension benefits earned to date - Payments are determined based on expected final salary.
Low Quality Earnings is result of...
LIFO results in: (assuming inflationary period)
days of sales o/s =
Defined Benefit Obligations (DBO)
48. LIFO after-tax profit + (change in LIFO reserve)(1 - t)
DTA/DTL: Effect on Net Income when Tax Rate decreases...
The best indicator of overstating its profits is...
Fraud Triangle - 2) Opportunity
FIFO after-tax profit =
49. 1) Character: Mgmt reputation and history of repayment 2) Collateral: ability to pledge specific collateral reduces lender risk 3) Capacity: ability to replay debt. requires LT view of firms prospect.
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50. GAAP: shown as a separate prepaid asset and amortized - IFRS: Deducted from proceeds and liability therefore effective interest rate is HIGHER under IFRS than GAAP.
# of days payable =
Market Value (GAAP)...
Bond Issuance Cost under GAAP/IFRS
Financial Adj to Facilitate Comparison...
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