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Test your basic knowledge |
Advanced Financial Reporting And Analysis
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Subject
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business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. (net income - preferred dividends)/weighted average of common shares outstanding - only income from continuing operations is considered
B/S - investments
The best indicator of overstating its profits is...
BASIC EPS
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of FASB...
2. Fair Value of Plan Assets - Defined Benefit Obligation (DBO) - Fair Value > DBO: overfunded (asset on B/S - GAAP) - Fair Value < DBO: underfunded (liability on B/S - GAAP) - (Funded Status = Economic Position of Plan)
DBO Funded Status =
# of days payable =
Stock options: Use treasury stock method
Fundamental principles for PREPARING f/s under IFRS: (IAS No 10
3. Financial Services Companies: Operating activities: Interest - Dividends - G/(L) on disposal Non-Financial Services Companies: Non-operating activities: Interest - Dividends - G/(L) on disposal
Lessor Accounting Capital Lease: Sales: Direct Financing Lease
Operating vs. Non-operating Income
Barriers to a single framework...
Double-decline balance (DDB)
4. IFRS: Funded status is NOT on B/S Asset/Liability - Result in a b/s that does NOT represent econ reality - GAAP: Funded status = B/S Asset/Liability -Both disclose components of DBO - plan assets - expenses - and assumptions used to calculate pensio
Funded Status US GAAP & IFRS
Fraud Triangle - 1) Incentive/Pressure
To investigate the stability of that structure - Kilgore would be best served by looking at...
Form 144...
5. Actual cash outflow for taxes paid during current period
Cash Conversion Cycle =
Income Tax Paid...
IFRS: Presentation Requirements
Which set of accounting standards requires firms to disclose estimated amortization expense for the next five years on intangible assets?
6. 1) Capitalize interst during construction period when building its own operating facility; 2) Interest must actually be paid by the firm; 3) Specific and general debt interest is capitalized
Inventory Cost Flow Methods...
IOSCO
Revaluation above historic cost...
Capitalization of Interest...
7. Current ratio = CA/CL - Quick/Acid test = (cash + mkt sec + AR)/CL - Cash ratio = (Cash + mkt sec)/ CL - Defensive interval = (cash + mkt sec + AR)/Daily Cash Exp - Liquidity is over current Liabilities
Financial Ration based on B/S: Liquidity Ratios
Which of the following characteristics should be of least concerned about management's opportunities to commit fraud?
Sarbanes-Oxley Management Report...
Asset Capitalization
8. Assets: higher - Liabilities: Higher - NI (Early yrs): Lower - CFO: Higher (b/c only interest portion is classed as CFO) - CFF: Lower (b/c principal repayment portion) - Total CF: Same - Since Int. exp + depre > lease pymt in the early years. This de
Effects of Lease Classification on F/S - Finance Lease
Capitalized Intangibles...
Convergence IFRS/US GAAP...
FASB - Harmonization
9. Increasing CFI - may indicate growth OR Decreasing CFI or sell capital assets to conserve or generate cash.May result in higher outflows in the future as older assets are replaced or growth conts.
CFI Analysis...
Impact on the B/S of a Par Bond...
Potentially Dillutive Securities
B/S - short-term investments
10. 1) Risk & Reward transferred; 2) No continued control; 3) Reliable measurement; 4) Probable flow of benefits; 5) Cost verifiable
Auditor/Audit Opinion
IFRS Revenue Recognition
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Operating Lease
days of sales o/s =
11. NRV = Est. selling cost - Est. cost of complition - selling costs
Net Realizable Value (NRV) (IFRS)
Valuation allowance
Defined Benefit Plans
BASIC EPS
12. I/S: Income statement account/Sales - B/S: Balance sheet account/ Total Assets
FASB - Harmonization
Cash flow ratios
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
Vertical Common Size Statements...
13. Improve ROA and Asset TO Ratios - Report higher aquisition goodwill
IFRS: Required F/S
CFO - Indirect method steps...
Motivation to Understate Assets/Overstate Liabilities
Revaluation below historic cost...
14. [net income - preferred dividends] + [convertible prf.dividends] + [convertible debt int.] (1-t) / (weighted avg. of c/s o/s) + (shares from conversion of conv. pfd. shares) + (shares from conversion of conv. debt) + (shares issuable from stock optio
Diluted EPS
CFO - Indirect method steps...
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Zero Coupon Bond...
Inv. Valuation reporting Inventory ABOVE costs...
15. Both: General agreement on objectives; focus on wide range of users - IASB: One objective for all users - FASB: Separate objectives for business entities and non-business entities.
Income Tax Paid...
Complex Capital Structure
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: objective of F/S
Not all CF increase are Sustainable. Example of how Mgmt can Manipulate Cash Flow Statement
16. Assets held for continuing usage in the business NOT for resale ( Invoice price - Sales Tax - Freight & Insurance - and Installation costs) 1) capitalize costs that result in higher future earnings 2) expense costs that have uncertain/NO impact on fu
What is the economic substance of financial (capital) lease?
Lessor Accounting Capital Lease: Sales-Type Lease
B/S - Long-term Liabilities
Asset Capitalization
17. ROE = (NI/EBT)x(EBT/EBIT)x(EBIT/Rev)x(Rev/Asset)x(Asset/Eqty) or (tax burden)x(int. burden)x(EBITmargin)x(Aset TO)x(Fin Lvg)
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth below industry average
Extended DuPont Equation...
Fraud Triangle
CFI Analysis...
18. Assets - liabilities - and equity are presented in a single column.
The report format of B/S
Measures of Operating Performance - Efficiency Ratios...
Simple capital structure
Financial Adj to Facilitate Comparison...
19. 2 step-process 1) Recoverability: carrying value > undiscounted CF from asset's use and disposal 2) Loss measurement: Loss is the excess of carrying value over the asset's fair market value or PV of cash flows - Loss reversal for held-for-use assets
Analyzing Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation
Fraud Triangle
IFRS Revenue Recognition
Impairments recognition (GAAP)
20. Companies should not recognize revenue from barter transactions. The additional revenue is likely to improperly boost profits. While an unusually high sales-growth rate may indicate fraud - it could also indicate good management. It's a yellow flag -
Types of accounting changes: accounting estimate
The best indicator of overstating its profits is...
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Zero Coupon Bond...
Taxation Analyst Adjustments...
21. Securities that would INCREASE EPS if exercised
Forecasting Financial Performance: Application
Antidilutive Securities
Debt covenants
Unusual OR Infrequent items...
22. If any ONE out of the FOUR are met must be classifed as Financial Lease: 1) Title transfered to lessee at the end of lease; 2) Bargain purchase option at the end of the lease; 3) Lease period is at least 75% of asset's useful life; 4) The PV of least
Market Value (GAAP)...
Asset Capitalization
Finance (capital) Lease criteria (under US GAAP)
Measurement of A & L disclosure in footnotes
23. + Service Costs (recurring costs (actual)) - + Interest Costs (recurring costs (actual)) - - Expected return on plan assets (smoothed event) - +/- Amort of (gains) and losses (smoothed event) - +/- Amort of prior service costs* (smoothed event) - +/-
Net Periodic Benefit Costs
FASB - Harmonization
Reasons to Lease...
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Finance Lease
24. Divdends and share repurchases - Production and investment - M&A - New debt issuance - Payoff pattern and liquidation priority - Maintenance of assets used as collateral
Convergence IFRS/US GAAP...
Types of accounting changes: accounting estimate
Lessor Accounting Capital Lease: Sales-Type Lease
Activity Based Restrictions
25. Timing differences (depreciations) - Permanent differences
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Technique
Sources of Differences: Temporary
Fraud Triangle - 2) Opportunity
Sources of Differences betweent F/S & T/
26. EBIT/ *Gross Interest EBITDA/ *Gross Interest *(inc'd capitalized interest) - How many times is EBIT or EBITDA bigger than gross interest? Higher ratio is desired. Shows ability to cover int. payment
Impact on the B/S of a Premium Bond...
CFO - Indirect method steps...
Gross Reporting of Revenue
From creditor POV: Int. Coverage;
27. IAS 39 Marketable securities - IAS 2 Inventories (LIFO prohibited) - IAS 16 PP&E - JV (IFRS: proportional consolidation) - IAS 38 Intangibles - IAS 18 & 11 Contruction Contracts - Extraordinary Items: Prohibited in IFRS - Cash Flow Statement
Convergence IFRS/US GAAP...
FIFO is appropriate
Fraud Triangle - 3) Attitude/rationalization
Taxation: Tax Payable
28. 1)DTL - DTA - valuation allowance - Net ? in valutaion allowance over the period 2) unrecognized DTL or undistributed earning from subsidiaries & JVs 3) Current yr tax effect of each type of temp difference 4)Components of Inc Tax Expense 5)Tax loss
IFRS: Required F/S
Taxation Disclosure Requirements
Potentially Dillutive Securities
DTA/DTL: Effect on Net Income when Tax Rate decreases...
29. Any I/S subtotal is expressed a margin ratio (to revenues) - Gross profit margin = gross profit/ revenue - Net profit margin = Net Inc/revenue - Operating profit margin = EBIT/ revenue - Pre-tax margin = EBT/ revenue
Inventory Cost Flow Methods...
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: purpose of framework
Financial Ratio based on I/S...
Calculate dividends declared...
30. EU & US 1) Int'l Org. of Securities Commission; 2) Goal: uniform regulation; 3) Core objectives: Protecting investor - Fair - transparent - efficient markets - Reduction of systematic risk
Effects of Lease Classification on F/S - Finance Lease
Extraordinary Items: Unusual AND Infrequent items...
IOSCO
4 General Categories for Creditworthiness/Capacity...
31. 1) Increase comparability; 2) Reduce expense of overseas capital; 3) Reduce the expense of producing consolidated accounts
FASB - Harmonization
Form DEF-14A...
Income Statement
IASB
32. Under GAAP 1) Purchased patentes - copyrights - franchises - licenses - brands - and trademarks 2) Direct response advertising 3) Goodwill arising from transactions - (Proceeds - FMV net assets required = goodwill) 4) Software development costs once
Financial Ration based on B/S: Liquidity Ratios
Bond Issuance Cost under GAAP/IFRS
Capitalized Intangibles...
Inventory Cost Flow Methods...
33. CFO: cash interest expense - CFF: increased by amount rcvd at issuance and decreased by payment made at redemption - CFO is lower CFF is higher
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Premium Bond...
Tax base on a liability
B/S - short-term investments
Cost recovery method...
34. 1) is a contra asset account used to reduce the value of a DTA - 2) it is used to reduce the asset when future taxable income is deemed to be insefficient to fully use the DTA.
Forecasting Financial Performance: Application
Valuation allowance
B/S - short-term investments
Fraud Triangle - 2) Opportunity
35. 1) Valuation; 2) Standard setting; 3) Measurement
Reasons to Lease...
DTA/DTL: Effect on Net Income when Tax Rate decreases...
Fraud Triangle - 3) Attitude/rationalization
Barriers to a single framework...
36. NI/Avg. Total Assets - NI + Int (1-t) / Avg. Total Assets - Operating ROA: Operating INc/ Avg. Total Assets
IOSCO
Impact on the B/S of a Zero Coupon Bond...
Return on Assets ROA...
Discontinued Operations...
37. Increase in an asset: deduct (use of cash) - Increase in a liability: add (source of cash) - Decrease in an asset: add (source of cash) - Decrease in a liability: deduct (use of cash)
Potentially Dillutive Securities
The account format of B/S
Inv. Valuation reporting Inventory ABOVE costs...
CFO - Direct/Indirect method
38. (GAAP) Internally created intangibles 1) (R&D) are expensed 2) Advertising 3) Software (developed to establish feasibility)
B/S - Long-lived assets PP&E
DTA/DTL: Effect on Net Income when Tax Rate decreases...
Warning Signs of Earnings Manipulation
Expensed Intangibles...
39. 1) Consider the growth rate and capital spending levels when determining whether temp diff due to accelerated depre will reverse 2) Look for cumulative differences due to asset impairments and post-retirement benefits 3) Restructuring charges can c
Credit Rating Process...
Discontinued Operations...
Inventory Valuatoin (LCM)
Implication for Analysts: Be aware of differences in tax reconcilation between periods
40. 1) Lack physical form (patent - copyrights etc; 2) Good will is an ex. of an unidentifiable intangible asset - not amortized but subject to annual impairment reviews; 3) Identifiable intangibles are amortized.(eliminate goodwill from ratio analysis)
Forecasting Financial Performance: Top Down Approach...
Intangible Assets
IASB - Goals
Valuation allowance
41. FIFO: EI = newest purchases - LIFO: EI = oldest purchases - Avg. Costs: EI = Available for sale/Units - Specific ID: high value items (cars - diamonds etc)
Inventory Cost Flow Methods...
CFI Analysis...
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency (Coverage)
Defined Contribution Plans
42. US 1) Financial Accounting Standards Board; 2) Standards form GAAP; 3) Aims - useful - relevant - reliable - consistent and comparable; 4) SEC deems FASB standard authoritative
Cash flow ratios
Traditional DuPont Equation...
Ratios that directly affect choice of Inventory Account...
FASB
43. 1st: Net Income - dividends declared = chg in are/E - Then: Dividends declared +/- chg dividends payable = cash dividends paid.
Units of Production Method
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Motivation
Calculate dividends declared...
Common Size Statement
44. Research = Expensed Development may be capitalized when the following critera is met: (ie if in the Development stage and NOT research stage) 1) process is clearly identified 2) Cost can be clearly idenfified 3) Technical feasibility established 4) M
Financial Ration based on B/S: Liquidity Ratios
Intangibles under IFRS...
Trade-Offs Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
Income Statement
45. 1) Land @ cost; 2) Plant & building @ historic cost less accu'm depr; 3) Equipment @ historic cost less accu'm depr 4) Intangible assets @ historic cost less accu'm amort
FIFO ending inventory =
Balance Sheet - formats
Revaluation above historic cost...
B/S - Long-lived assets PP&E
46. BV - cash paid = gain/(loss) + any unamortized issue costs (US only) = Gain/Loss on repurchase [I/S as continuing operations)
Gain/(loss) on bond early retirement: (derecognition of debt)
Impairments recognition (GAAP)
Gross Reporting of Revenue
Common Size Statement
47. Current Ratio (CA/CL): Higher - Work. Cap (CA -CL): Higher - Asset TO: (Sales/TA): Higher - ROA (EAT/TA): Higher - ROE (EAT/E): Higher - Debt/Equity: Lower - Understates Leverage ratios (b/c not recognized as a liability) - Overstates Coverage ratios
IFRS Revenue Recognition For Service
Convergence IFRS/US GAAP...
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Operating Lease
Taxation: Income Tax Expense
48. All DTA and DTL are classified as noncurrent under IFRS - Under U.S. GAAP - deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as current or non-current according to the classification of the underlying asset or liability. Under IFRS - deferred tax a
Taxation: Income Tax Expense
One major difference between the presentation of deferred tax assets and liabilities under IFRS and under U.S. GAAP is that...
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: objective of F/S
The objective of f/s is to...
49. Reported BELOW the line.Prohibited under IAS1 1) Losses from expropriation of assets. 2) Uninsured losses from natural disasters - Analyst must determine if it is really THAT extraordinary and if should be included in forecasting
Valuation Allowance...
Double-decline balance (DDB)
Extraordinary Items: Unusual AND Infrequent items...
Calculate dividends declared...
50. Current Ratio (CA/CL): lower - Work. Cap (CA -CL): Lower - Asset TO: (Sales/TA): Lower - ROA (EAT/TA): Lower - ROE (EAT/E): Lower - Debt/Equity: Higher - Since Int. exp + depre > lease pymt in the early years. This decreases NI - and Profitability ra
Types of accounting changes: prior period adjustments
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Finance Lease
The objective of f/s is to...