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Test your basic knowledge |
Advanced Financial Reporting And Analysis
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Study First
Subject
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business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1st: Net Income - dividends declared = chg in are/E - Then: Dividends declared +/- chg dividends payable = cash dividends paid.
FIFO ending inventory =
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth above industry average
Calculate dividends declared...
Discontinued Operations...
2. US 1) Financial Accounting Standards Board; 2) Standards form GAAP; 3) Aims - useful - relevant - reliable - consistent and comparable; 4) SEC deems FASB standard authoritative
FASB
Financial Lease Reporting
From creditor POV: Int. Coverage;
Free Cash Flow -CFO
3. 1) Balance Sheet; 2) Comprehensive Income; 3) Change in Equity; 4) Cash Flow Statement; 5) Accounting policies and notes.
days of inv. on hand =
3 C's for Credit Analysis...
IFRS: Required F/S
Double-decline balance (DDB)
4. Securities that would DECREASE EPS if exercised - If X< Avg. stock price then could be exercised - If X> Avg. stock price then will not be exercised
Tax Loss Carryforward...
Dilutive Securities
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: underlying assumptions...
Net Periodic Benefit Costs
5. GAAP: more quantitative rules - IFRS: more qualitative approach based on whether the risks and reward of the asset have tranferred.
Finance (capital) Lease criteria GAAP vs. IFRS
Cash flow ratios
Sources of Differences: Temporary
Tax base of an asset
6. 1) Evaluating equity investments for a portfolio; 2) Evaluating potential M&A; 3) Evaluating a subsidiary of a parent company; 4) Deciding on private equity/ venture cap investment 5) Determine creditworthiness - borrowing; 6) Extending credit to
Inventory Valuatoin (LCM)
Roles of financial reporting & analysis include...
Installment Method...
Net Periodic Benefit Costs
7. 1) B/S asset increased to FMV 2) Increase above original cost to equity via revaluation surplus account (comprehensive Income)
Intangibles under IFRS...
Revaluation above historic cost...
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - IFRS
Extraordinary Items: Unusual AND Infrequent items...
8. Shows only the difference between sales and cost of goods sold Users are usually: 1) internet-based merchandising companies; 2) Sell prodict but never hold inventory; 3) Arrangement for supplier to ship directly to end customer. Discolsure policies
Net Reporting of Revenue
B/S - Stockholders' Equity
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
Deferred Tax Asset: (DTA)
9. Shares are to take over control - Subsidiary - Consolidate financials
Sources of Differences betweent F/S & T/
Intercorporate Investment: > 50% votes...
IFRS: Required F/S
Operating Lease
10. Delay Supplier pymt: boost CFO; review days' sales in AP; Financing of payables: use N/P to pay off AP; manipulate timing of CFO; Securitization of A/are: accelerates appearance of collection - boosts CFO; Tax benefit of stock options: lower tax paid
Units of Production Method
Valuation allowance
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency (Coverage)
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Technique
11. CV of Op. Inc = std dev. EBIT/ Mean EBIT - CV of Revenue: std. dev Rev/ mean Rev. - Operating Leverage = %chg in EBIT/ %chg in Sales
Statement of Cash Flow - relevance...
Free Cash Flow to the Firm - FCFF
Operating Risk Ratios...
Asset Capitalization
12. Current Ratio (CA/CL): Higher - Work. Cap (CA -CL): Higher - Asset TO: (Sales/TA): Higher - ROA (EAT/TA): Higher - ROE (EAT/E): Higher - Debt/Equity: Lower - Understates Leverage ratios (b/c not recognized as a liability) - Overstates Coverage ratios
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Zero Coupon Bond...
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Operating Lease
Inventory mangement: Low T/O (High DOH)...
Statement of Cash Flow - relevance...
13. 1) Development of high quality - transparent and enforceable global standards; 2) Promote application of standards; 3) Take into account special needs (small & med entities & emerging markets); 4) Convergence of nat'l and int'l standards
4 General Categories for Creditworthiness/Capacity...
IASB - Goals
CFO - Direct/Indirect method
Operating Risk Ratios...
14. Cash Flow available for distribution to the c/s; after all obligations have been paid. CFO - fixed capital investment + net debt increase or CFO - net cap expenditure + net borrowings
Free Cash Flow to Equity - FCFE
DTA/DTL: Effect on Net Income when Tax Rate decreases...
Extended DuPont Equation...
Defined Benefit Plans
15. Depreciation exp = (cost - accum depre)/useful life x 2 - Does NOT use residual value but depreciation stops when residual value has been reached - reduce EBIT - NI - Assets - Equity and decrease ROA & ROE
Roles of financial reporting & analysis include...
Double-decline balance (DDB)
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Par Bond...
Types of accounting changes: accounting estimate
16. Total assets TO = Revenue/Avg. total asset - Fixed asset TO = Revenue/ Avg. net fixed assets - Working Cap TO = Revenue/Avg. working captial
Financial Ratio based on I/S...
Valuation allowance
Measures of Operating Performance - Efficiency Ratios...
Deferred Tax Liability: (DTL)
17. Pd after more than 1 year - notes & bonds: at PV of future CF pymets - Capital leases - Provisions - Deferred tax
B/S - Long-term Liabilities
B/S - Stockholders' Equity
Return on total capital (ROTC)...
Traditional DuPont Equation...
18. Cash Flow available for distribution to all investors (stockholders & debt holders) CFO + int(1-t) - fixed capital investment or [FCFF calculated from NI = NI + noncash charged + (Int exp(1-tax rate) - net cap investment - working capital invt.]
Barriers to a single framework...
Operating Lease
Free Cash Flow to the Firm - FCFF
Amortization of Bond Discount = (in/out flow) in the indirect method CFO
19. Lost sales from stock outs
Characteristics of an effective framework
DBO Funded Status =
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth below industry average
CFO Analysis...
20. All other liabilities (e.g. bonds - notes payables - leases)
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Amortized at Cost
IFRS: Required F/S
LIFO is appropriate
Asset Revaluation: IFRS
21. Assess liquidity - solvency and financial flexibiliy
Financial Implications of Capitalizing...
Statement of Cash Flow - relevance...
Financial Ration based on B/S: Liquidity Ratios
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Measurement of Elements...
22. Income Tax Expense < Taxes Payable - F/S < Tax Return - Pay more tax now but more on reversal
Form 144...
Deferred Tax Asset: (DTA)
SEC guidance for Revenue Recognition
FIFO results in: (assuming inflationary period)
23. Current Ratio (CA/CL): lower - Work. Cap (CA -CL): Lower - Asset TO: (Sales/TA): Lower - ROA (EAT/TA): Lower - ROE (EAT/E): Lower - Debt/Equity: Higher - Since Int. exp + depre > lease pymt in the early years. This decreases NI - and Profitability ra
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth above industry average
Bond Issuance Cost under GAAP/IFRS
Fraud Triangle - 3) Attitude/rationalization
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Finance Lease
24. EU 1) Int'l Accounting Standards Board; 2) Unified int'l frameworks of accounting standards (IFRS); 3) Addopted by EU in 2005
3 C's for Credit Analysis...
IASB
Defined Contribution Plans
Inv. Valuation reporting Inventory ABOVE costs...
25. Aggressive Revenue Recognition - Diff. growth rates of operating cash flow and earnings - Abnormal comparative sales growth - Abnormal inventory growth as compared to sales - Moving nonoperating income and nonrecurring gains up to I/S to boost revenu
IASB
Which of the following characteristics should be of least concerned about management's opportunities to commit fraud?
Warning Signs of Earnings Manipulation
Return on total capital (ROTC)...
26. US Gaap: Balance Sheet - IFRS:Disclosed in Footnotes - May be mentioned in MD&A if mgnt considers it significant
Trade-Offs Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
Funded status of the pension plan (under US GAAP & IFRS) is reported where?
Auditor/Audit Opinion
Net Periodic Benefit Costs
27. Net income + non-cash charges - working cap investment
Fraud Triangle - 1) Incentive/Pressure
days of sales o/s =
Free Cash Flow -CFO
Not all CF increase are Sustainable. Example of how Mgmt can Manipulate Cash Flow Statement
28. Both: Recognize going concern & accrual assumptions - IASB: Going concern & accruals given more prominence in framework - FASB: Going concern assumption not well developed in framework.
Revaluation above historic cost...
Footnote Finance Liability Disclosure
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Par Bond...
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: underlying assumptions...
29. If PV of min lease pymt < cost of asset 1) lessor is a dealer or seller of the leased equipment 2) at the time of lease inception - lessor recognized a gross profit on sale. (NI - are/E - and Assests are higher) 3) Interest rev recognized over period
Analysis: Market Value of Debt
Lessor Accounting Capital Lease: Sales-Type Lease
Intangibles under IFRS...
Debt covenants
30. Assets: lower - Liabilities: lower - NI (Early yrs): higher - CFO: lower (b/c entire pymt is classed as CFO) - CFF: higher - Total CF: Same
# of days payable =
Operating Risk Ratios...
Effects of Lease Classification on F/S - Operating Lease
Trade-Offs Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
31. 1) Show each item as a % of Net Revenue 2) Show each inflow as a % of total inflows 3) Show each outflow as a % of total outflow
IASB - Goals
Finance (capital) Lease criteria (under US GAAP)
Component depreciation;
Common Size Statement
32. Ineffective corp. ethical values; non-financial managers invovled in selection of accounting principles/estimates; History of violation; Focus on stock price and earning trends; Commitment to unrealistic/aggressive forecasts; Failure to correct known
Fraud Triangle - 3) Attitude/rationalization
Which set of accounting standards requires firms to disclose estimated amortization expense for the next five years on intangible assets?
Comprehensive income...
Component depreciation;
33. 1) Cheaper Financing; 2) Reduce risk of obsolescence; 3) Less restrictive provisions; 4) Off-B/S reporting; 5) Tax Reporting Advantages (treated as ownership for tax ( deduct depreciation and interest expense)
Reasons to Lease...
Double-decline balance (DDB)
The account format of B/S
Operating Risk Ratios...
34. 1) Basis for measurement; 2) carrying value of inventory by category; 3) Amount of inventory carried at FV less cost to sell 4) Write-downs & reversals (discussion of circumstance that led to reversal); 5) Inventories pledged as collateral for liabil
Form 144...
Impact on the B/S of a Premium Bond...
Double-decline balance (DDB)
Measurement of A & L disclosure in footnotes
35. For inventory that has a limited shelf life ex) Because the movies have a very limited shelf life and will greatly deteriorate in value with age - especially after the first year - FIFO is the most appropriate method of accounting for the movies for
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Amortized at Cost
Form 144...
Income Statement
FIFO is appropriate
36. LIFO after-tax profit + (change in LIFO reserve)(1 - t)
FIFO after-tax profit =
Activity Ratios
Defined Contribution Plans
Impact on the B/S of a Par Bond...
37. (net income - preferred dividends)/weighted average of common shares outstanding - only income from continuing operations is considered
Traditional DuPont Equation...
Revaluation above historic cost...
IASB
BASIC EPS
38. Income variability lower - Profitability early years (ROE - ROA & NI) is Higher - Profitability later years: lower - Total Cash Flows: Same - CFO: higher - CFI: Lower - Leverage ratios: D/E & D/A: lower - Opposite fore Expensing
Financial Implications of Capitalizing...
Cash flow ratios
Impairments recognition (GAAP)
Add/ Sub changes to related b/s operating accounts
39. Loss that could not be deducted on the tax return in current period but may be used to reduce taxable income and taxes payable in future (i.e. warranty)
Tax Loss Carryforward...
IASB
Convergence IFRS/US GAAP...
Valuation Allowance...
40. 1) Transparency; 2) Comprehensiveness; 3) Consistency
Add/ Sub changes to related b/s operating accounts
CFO - Direct/Indirect method
Income Tax Paid...
Characteristics of an effective framework
41. +Cash rcvd from customer - +Cash dividends rcvd - +Cash interest rcvd - +Other cash income ((trading securities) - Payment to suppliers - Cash expenses (wages etc) - Cash interest paid - Cash taxes paid
SEC guidance for Revenue Recognition
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
MD&A contains...
IFRS Revenue Recognition For Service
42. GAAP: shown as a separate prepaid asset and amortized - IFRS: Deducted from proceeds and liability therefore effective interest rate is HIGHER under IFRS than GAAP.
Operating Lease
Horizontal Common Size Statements...
Motivation to Understate Assets/Overstate Liabilities
Bond Issuance Cost under GAAP/IFRS
43. Any I/S subtotal is expressed a margin ratio (to revenues) - Gross profit margin = gross profit/ revenue - Net profit margin = Net Inc/revenue - Operating profit margin = EBIT/ revenue - Pre-tax margin = EBT/ revenue
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
Financial Ratio based on I/S...
IFRS: Presentation Requirements
Simple capital structure
44. 1) SL; 2) Double Decline balance (accelerated); 3) Units of production; 4) Tax code perscribed Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS)
Financial Ratio based on I/S...
Form 144...
Depreciation Methods...
Motivation to Overstate Assets/Understate Liabilities
45. Off B/S asset or liability = Footnotes disclosure - Lease payments are expensed when due via I/S - Payments are CFO outflows
Deferred Tax Liability: (DTL)
Disclosure for each segment...
Debt covenants
Operating Lease
46. Inflow - (bringing bond UP to par)
Amortization of Bond Discount = (in/out flow) in the indirect method CFO
Screening for Potential Equity Investment: Criteria
Intercorporate Investment: > 50% votes...
Comprehensive income...
47. Capital structure that contains NO potentially dillutive securities - (contains only c/s - nonconvertible debt - and nonconvertible pref. stock)
Warning Signs of Earnings Manipulation
Lessor Accounting Capital Lease: Sales-Type Lease
Simple capital structure
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Discount Bond...
48. IFRS: Funded status is NOT on B/S Asset/Liability - Result in a b/s that does NOT represent econ reality - GAAP: Funded status = B/S Asset/Liability -Both disclose components of DBO - plan assets - expenses - and assumptions used to calculate pensio
Characteristics of an effective framework
Funded Status US GAAP & IFRS
Cash flow ratios
Extraordinary Items: Unusual AND Infrequent items...
49. Exchange of goods or services between two parties (no cash) IASB: Revenue = FMV of similar non-barter transaction with unrelated parties FASB: Revenue = FMV only if the company has received cash payments for such services in the past
Debt covenants
Comprehensive income...
Forecasting Financial Performance: Top Down Approach...
Barter (IASB & FASB)
50. Ensure that information in f/s is useful to a wide range of users.
FASB
Financial Implications of Capitalizing...
The objective of f/s is to...
Bond Issuance Cost under GAAP/IFRS