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Test your basic knowledge |
Advanced Financial Reporting And Analysis
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Subject
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business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Interest Expense = Coupon + Amortization = PV of future CF x market yield @ issuance
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
Impact on the B/S of a Discount Bond...
Taxation: Income Tax Expense
Valuation Allowance...
2. 1) Meet CFO (strategy; industry overview - accounting policy) 2) Tour major facilities 3) Vote on analyst recommendations (bus.& fin. risk) 4) Monitor publicly distributed ratings
The report format of B/S
Funded status of the pension plan (under US GAAP & IFRS) is reported where?
Credit Rating Process...
Screening for Potential Equity Investment: Criteria
3. Depreciation exp = (cost - residual value) x (# units produced / total expected to produce)
Financial Ratio based on I/S...
Units of Production Method
Complex Capital Structure
Taxation Analyst Adjustments...
4. Diff. in depreciation methods/assumptions; Diff. in inventory methods/assumptions; Diff. in treatment of the effect of exchg rate chgs; Diff. in classifications of investment securities - Goodwill: Internally Generated DON'T capitalize - Purchased =
Financial Adj to Facilitate Comparison...
Add/ Sub changes to related b/s operating accounts
Intercorporate Investment: 20% - 50% votes...
IOSCO
5. = LIFO ending inventory + LIFO reserve FIFO after-tax profit
Form 8-K...
FIFO ending inventory =
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Finance Lease
FASB - Harmonization
6. Potentially dilutive securitites [options - warrants - convertible securities]
Traditional DuPont Equation...
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Amortized at Cost
Complex Capital Structure
days of inv. on hand =
7. CFO: cash interest expense - CFF: increased by amount rcvd at issuance and decreased by payment made at redemption - CFO is lower CFF is higher
Unusual OR Infrequent items...
Financial Assets: US GAAP/Fair Market Value
days of inv. on hand =
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Premium Bond...
8. Total assets TO = Revenue/Avg. total asset - Fixed asset TO = Revenue/ Avg. net fixed assets - Working Cap TO = Revenue/Avg. working captial
Motivation to Over-report Earnings
Funded Status US GAAP & IFRS
Measures of Operating Performance - Efficiency Ratios...
Comprehensive income...
9. Reported BELOW the line.Prohibited under IAS1 1) Losses from expropriation of assets. 2) Uninsured losses from natural disasters - Analyst must determine if it is really THAT extraordinary and if should be included in forecasting
Discontinued Operations...
Activity Based Restrictions
Tax base on a liability
Extraordinary Items: Unusual AND Infrequent items...
10. Int. Coverage = EBIT/Interest Expense - Fixed Charged Coverage = (EBIT+Lease Pymts) / Int. exp + Lease payments
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency (Coverage)
Financial Implications of Capitalizing...
B/S - Stockholders' Equity
Cash Flow From Financing (USA) (Source of Cash)
11. Assets - liabilities - and equity are presented in a single column.
Sources of Differences betweent F/S & T/
Intercorporate Investment: > 50% votes...
The report format of B/S
Implication for Analysts: Be aware of differences in tax reconcilation between periods
12. CV of Op. Inc = std dev. EBIT/ Mean EBIT - CV of Revenue: std. dev Rev/ mean Rev. - Operating Leverage = %chg in EBIT/ %chg in Sales
Defined Benefit Plans
Operating Risk Ratios...
Traditional DuPont Equation...
Implication for Analysts: Be aware of differences in tax reconcilation between periods
13. Shows only the difference between sales and cost of goods sold Users are usually: 1) internet-based merchandising companies; 2) Sell prodict but never hold inventory; 3) Arrangement for supplier to ship directly to end customer. Discolsure policies
Roles of financial reporting & analysis include...
MD&A contains...
Implication for Analysts: Be aware of differences in tax reconcilation between periods
Net Reporting of Revenue
14. NI/Avg. Total Assets - NI + Int (1-t) / Avg. Total Assets - Operating ROA: Operating INc/ Avg. Total Assets
Taxation Analyst Adjustments...
Cash Flow From Financing (USA) (Source of Cash)
Return on Assets ROA...
B/S - Stockholders' Equity
15. Tax liability based on taxable income as per TAX Report/RETURN
Common Size Statement
Income Tax Paid...
Analyst Treaments of DTL
Taxation: Tax Payable
16. Working Capital = CA - CL - Working Capital TO = Rev/Avg. Working Capital - Fixed Asset TO = Rev/Avg Net Fixed Assets
Forecasting Financial Performance: Application
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of FASB...
Activity Ratios
Sources of Differences betweent F/S & T/
17. 1) Evidence of an arrangement; 2) Completion of earnings process; 3) Price is determined or determinable; 4) Assurance of payment
Types of accounting changes: prior period adjustments
Stock options: Use treasury stock method
SEC guidance for Revenue Recognition
Inv. Valuation reporting Inventory ABOVE costs...
18. Higher share price - Lower borrowing cost - Higher incentive compensation
CFO - Direct method
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency (Coverage)
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Motivation
Free Cash Flow to Equity - FCFE
19. Off B/S asset or liability = Footnotes disclosure - Lease payments are expensed when due via I/S - Payments are CFO outflows
Financial Lease Reporting
Intangible Assets
Operating Lease
Extended DuPont Equation...
20. 1) Basis for measurement; 2) carrying value of inventory by category; 3) Amount of inventory carried at FV less cost to sell 4) Write-downs & reversals (discussion of circumstance that led to reversal); 5) Inventories pledged as collateral for liabil
days of inv. on hand =
Diluted EPS
Measurement of A & L disclosure in footnotes
Fundamental principles for PREPARING f/s under IFRS: (IAS No 10
21. Income Tax Expense/Pretax Income (EBIT) Income Tax Exp. = Taxes payable + chg in deferred ta
Form 144...
CFO - Direct method
3 C's for Credit Analysis...
Effective Tax Rate
22. EBIT/ *Gross Interest EBITDA/ *Gross Interest *(inc'd capitalized interest) - How many times is EBIT or EBITDA bigger than gross interest? Higher ratio is desired. Shows ability to cover int. payment
Revaluation below historic cost...
From creditor POV: Int. Coverage;
Measurement of A & L disclosure in footnotes
FIFO is appropriate
23. 1) Firms adds a lease asset and a lease liability to b/s = amounts - 2) Recognize int. expense on liability and depreciation exp on asset - Since Int. exp + depre > lease pymt in the early years. This decreases NI - and Profitability ratios.
Financial Lease Reporting
Footnote Finance Liability Disclosure
3 C's for Credit Analysis...
ROE interpretation: if ROE is low...
24. Inventory TO = COGS / Avg. Inventory - LIFO = Higher - FIFO = Lower - DOH = 365/(Inv. T/O) = 365/( COGS/ Avg. Inv.) - LIFO = lower days - FIFO = higher days - Gross Profit margin = Gross profit/ revenues - LIFO = lower - FIFO = higher
Funded status of the pension plan (under US GAAP & IFRS) is reported where?
Ratios that directly affect choice of Inventory Account...
Depreciation Methods...
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
25. Includes: cash flow from interst Rec'd and Paid - and Dividend received. Includes all income taxes paid.
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth below industry average
Expensed Intangibles...
CFO - Direct/Indirect method
26. Assets: higher - Liabilities: Higher - NI (Early yrs): Lower - CFO: Higher (b/c only interest portion is classed as CFO) - CFF: Lower (b/c principal repayment portion) - Total CF: Same - Since Int. exp + depre > lease pymt in the early years. This de
Effects of Lease Classification on F/S - Finance Lease
Financial Ratio based on I/S...
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Discount Bond...
Taxation: Tax Payable
27. Trade relief - Contingent consideration - Union concessions
Motivation to Understate Assets/Overstate Liabilities
Motivation to Under-report Earnings
Bond Issuance Cost under GAAP/IFRS
CFO - Direct method
28. 1) Responsibility to establish and maintain adequate internal controls 2) Mgmt's framework for evaluating internal controls 3) Assessment of the effectiveness of internal controls over the last operating period 4) Statement of auditor's attestment 5)
Sarbanes-Oxley Management Report...
Effective Tax Rate
Convergence IFRS/US GAAP...
Types of accounting changes...
29. Shares are to take over control - Subsidiary - Consolidate financials
Expensed Intangibles...
CFI Analysis...
CFO - Direct/Indirect method
Intercorporate Investment: > 50% votes...
30. 1) Credit Scoring (CF Forecast) 2) Equity Investment screening (cutoff values)
Forecasting Financial Performance: Application
Cash Conversion Cycle =
Vertical Common Size Statements...
Analysis: Market Value of Debt
31. 1) SL; 2) Double Decline balance (accelerated); 3) Units of production; 4) Tax code perscribed Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS)
Depreciation Methods...
Steps of F/S Analysis
Types of accounting changes: accounting principle
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
32. Derivatives - Non-derivative investments with fair value exposure hedged by derivatives
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Fair Market Value
Simple capital structure
Activity Ratios
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Measurement of Elements...
33. ROE = (NI/Sales) x (Sales/Assets) x (Assets/Equity) or ROE= Net Profit Margin x Asset TO x Leverage Ratio
Traditional DuPont Equation...
Vertical Common Size Statements...
Impact on the B/S of a Zero Coupon Bond...
Net Periodic Benefit Costs
34. Divdends and share repurchases - Production and investment - M&A - New debt issuance - Payoff pattern and liquidation priority - Maintenance of assets used as collateral
Activity Based Restrictions
Analyzing Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation
Warning Signs of Earnings Manipulation
Free Cash Flow to the Firm - FCFF
35. Used when estimates of revenue or cost are unreliable or short-term contracts - (US GAAP only) Revenue - expense - and profit is recognized at completion (IFRS) Revenue is recognized to the extent of contract cost - cost are expensed when incureed
Types of accounting changes...
Convergence IFRS/US GAAP...
Under Completed Contract Method...
Sources of Differences: Permanent
36. Both: purpose is to assist development & revision of accting stds - IASB: Firms must consider framework if no std exists - FASB: No express requirement to consider framework
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: purpose of framework
Finance (capital) Lease criteria (under US GAAP)
Warning Signs of Earnings Manipulation
Extended DuPont Equation...
37. 1) Character: Mgmt reputation and history of repayment 2) Collateral: ability to pledge specific collateral reduces lender risk 3) Capacity: ability to replay debt. requires LT view of firms prospect.
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38. Replacement cost subject to: Upper limit = NRV - Loewr limit = NRV - normal profit margin
Market Value (GAAP)...
Measures of Operating Performance - Efficiency Ratios...
Financial Ration based on B/S: Liquidity Ratios
Impairments recognition (GAAP)
39. Nature of liability; Maturity dates; Stated and effective int. rates; Call and conversion features; covenants; security pledged as collateral; Amount of Debt maturity in each of the next 5 years; Fair value of o/s instrutments
Footnote Finance Liability Disclosure
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Discount Bond...
LIFO results in: (assuming inflationary period)
Units of Production Method
40. Increase in an asset: deduct (use of cash) - Increase in a liability: add (source of cash) - Decrease in an asset: add (source of cash) - Decrease in a liability: deduct (use of cash)
CFO - Direct/Indirect method
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: underlying assumptions...
Taxation: Income Tax Expense
One major difference between the presentation of deferred tax assets and liabilities under IFRS and under U.S. GAAP is that...
41. Contributed capital = c/s @ par plus add'l paid-in capital - Treasury stock (reaquired by frim but not yet retired) - are/E = Accum' NI less dividends - Minority (non-controlling) interest - Comprehensive income items: all chg in SOE not in I/S or fr
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42. 1) Forecast GDP 2) Regress industry sales against GDP 3) Forecast industry sales 4) Cosider changes to firm's mkt share 5) Forecast firms sales 6) Use hisoric margins for stable firms or forecast individual expense items 7) Remove non-recurring items
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency (Coverage)
Financial Assets: US GAAP/Fair Market Value
IASB - Goals
Forecasting Financial Performance: Top Down Approach...
43. Refers to change in mgmt judgement Does NOT require restatement of prior pd earnings; Disclose in footnotes
Financial Adj to Facilitate Comparison...
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of FASB...
Types of accounting changes: accounting estimate
Capitalized Intangibles...
44. Current Ratio (CA/CL): Higher - Work. Cap (CA -CL): Higher - Asset TO: (Sales/TA): Higher - ROA (EAT/TA): Higher - ROE (EAT/E): Higher - Debt/Equity: Lower - Understates Leverage ratios (b/c not recognized as a liability) - Overstates Coverage ratios
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Operating Lease
Intangible Assets
Valuation allowance
Impact on the B/S of a Zero Coupon Bond...
45. For inventory that does not deteriorate with age.
LIFO is appropriate
DTA Issues
Revaluation above historic cost...
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: purpose of framework
46. Interest Expense = Amortization
IFRS: Required F/S
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Par Bond...
Impact on the B/S of a Zero Coupon Bond...
Tax base on a liability
47. Change in equity from transactions from nonownership sources. Include: NI - chg in foreign currency translation adj. - chg in pension adj to funded status - chg unrealized gains/losses on derivatives contracts accounted for as hedges - chng in unrea
Free Cash Flow to Equity - FCFE
Sustainable Growth
Comprehensive income...
CFO Analysis...
48. 1) will only benefit on reversal if there is sufficient taxable earnings 2) can only utilize loss carryforwards if we have future profits 3) If asset cannot be utilized in full it is reduced by a contra 'valuation allowance'. REDUCE DTA - REDUCE NI
Impact on the B/S of a Discount Bond...
DTA Issues
Antidilutive Securities
Sources of Differences betweent F/S & T/
49. 1) Timing Differences: Accrual vs. modified cash accounting - Differences in reporting methods estimates
Disclosure for each segment...
Sources of Differences: Temporary
Financial Adj to Facilitate Comparison...
Characteristics of an effective framework
50. Ineffective corp. ethical values; non-financial managers invovled in selection of accounting principles/estimates; History of violation; Focus on stock price and earning trends; Commitment to unrealistic/aggressive forecasts; Failure to correct known
Types of accounting changes...
Traditional DuPont Equation...
Credit Rating Process...
Fraud Triangle - 3) Attitude/rationalization