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Test your basic knowledge |
Advanced Financial Reporting And Analysis
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Subject
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business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1) Nature of industry/entity operations: 3rd party transactions; Power of customer/supplier; Acct est subjective; Unusual transactions; International operations; International operations; Operations in tax havens. 2) Opportunity complex/unstable org.
CFO Analysis...
Fraud Triangle - 2) Opportunity
Capitalization of Interest...
Barriers to a single framework...
2. 1) Calculate cash raised on exercise 2) Repurchase shares at avg. price 3) New Shares = exercised - repurchased
Forecasting Financial Performance: Top Down Approach...
Installment Method...
Stock options: Use treasury stock method
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
3. Return on Total Equity = NI/ Avg. Total Equity - Return on C/E = NI - Pref. Div/ Avg. Common Equity
Amortization of Bond Discount = (in/out flow) in the indirect method CFO
Analyzing Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation
Return on Equity (ROE)...
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Fair Market Value
4. 1)DTL - DTA - valuation allowance - Net ? in valutaion allowance over the period 2) unrecognized DTL or undistributed earning from subsidiaries & JVs 3) Current yr tax effect of each type of temp difference 4)Components of Inc Tax Expense 5)Tax loss
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Operating Lease
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Recognition of Elements...
Segment Reporting
Taxation Disclosure Requirements
5. Interest expense = Coupon rate
Statement of Cash Flow - relevance...
Gain/(loss) on bond early retirement: (derecognition of debt)
Impact on the B/S of a Par Bond...
Segment Reporting
6. Is more relevant than book value: Recent changes allow more liability to be recorded at FMV (IFRS & GAAP require disclosure of FMV) - Downward adj. in liability will Increase equity and decrease leverage ratio - Upward adj in liability will decrease
Analysis: Market Value of Debt
Segment Reporting
FIFO results in: (assuming inflationary period)
Intercorporate Investment: < 20% votes...
7. Selecting accounting principles to distort results - Structuring transactions to achieve a desired outcome - Using aggressive or unrealistic estimates and assumptions - Exploiting the intent of the accounting principle
Form DEF-14A...
Activity Based Restrictions
Traditional DuPont Equation...
Low Quality Earnings is result of...
8. Shares are to take over control - Subsidiary - Consolidate financials
Add/ Sub changes to related b/s operating accounts
Intercorporate Investment: > 50% votes...
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of FASB...
CFO - Direct/Indirect method
9. Income variability lower - Profitability early years (ROE - ROA & NI) is Higher - Profitability later years: lower - Total Cash Flows: Same - CFO: higher - CFI: Lower - Leverage ratios: D/E & D/A: lower - Opposite fore Expensing
Fundamental principles for PREPARING f/s under IFRS: (IAS No 10
DTA/DTL: Effect on Net Income when Tax Rate decreases...
Deferred Tax Liability: (DTL)
Financial Implications of Capitalizing...
10. PV of future obligation or the PV of the amount owed to employees for future pension benefits earned to date - Payments are determined based on expected final salary.
Sources of Differences: Temporary
Expensed Intangibles...
Defined Benefit Obligations (DBO)
Income Tax Paid...
11. = LIFO ending inventory + LIFO reserve FIFO after-tax profit
FIFO ending inventory =
IASB
Intercorporate Investment: > 50% votes...
Double-decline balance (DDB)
12. A company can issue securities to certain qualified buyers without registering the securities with the SEC - but must notify the SEC that it intends to do so.
Form 144...
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Amortized at Cost
IFRS: Presentation Requirements
Valuation allowance
13. Diff. in depreciation methods/assumptions; Diff. in inventory methods/assumptions; Diff. in treatment of the effect of exchg rate chgs; Diff. in classifications of investment securities - Goodwill: Internally Generated DON'T capitalize - Purchased =
Inventory mangement: Low T/O (High DOH)...
IFRS: Presentation Requirements
Financial Adj to Facilitate Comparison...
IFRS Revenue Recognition
14. Efficient inventory managment
CFO Disclosure requirement...
Analyst Treaments of DTL
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth above industry average
Calculate dividends declared...
15. IFRS Allows firm to report PP&E at FMV less Accm' Depr' - Must disclose carrying vlaue using historic cost model.
Asset Revaluation: IFRS
Financial Assets: US GAAP/Amortized at Cost
Income Tax Paid...
IFRS: Presentation Requirements
16. 365/(AR T/O) = 365/(Rev/Avg. AR)
days of sales o/s =
Extended DuPont Equation...
Fraud Triangle
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth above industry average
17. Increase in an asset: deduct (use of cash) - Increase in a liability: add (source of cash) - Decrease in an asset: add (source of cash) - Decrease in a liability: deduct (use of cash)
Defined Contribution Plans
Return on Assets ROA...
Add/ Sub changes to related b/s operating accounts
Valuation Allowance...
18. Required by IFRS - Permited by US GAAP
Return on total capital (ROTC)...
Component depreciation;
Return on Assets ROA...
Free Cash Flow to Equity - FCFE
19. Interest Expense = Amortization
Motivation to Overstate Assets/Understate Liabilities
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency ratio
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Finance Lease
Impact on the B/S of a Zero Coupon Bond...
20. I/S: COGS lower - EBT higher - Taxes: higher - NI: higher - B/S: INV: higher - W/C: higher - are/E: higher - CF: CFO: lower
FIFO is appropriate
Tax base on a liability
CFO Disclosure requirement...
FIFO results in: (assuming inflationary period)
21. 1) Development of high quality - transparent and enforceable global standards; 2) Promote application of standards; 3) Take into account special needs (small & med entities & emerging markets); 4) Convergence of nat'l and int'l standards
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
Taxation Analyst Adjustments...
IASB - Goals
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency (Coverage)
22. Contributed capital = c/s @ par plus add'l paid-in capital - Treasury stock (reaquired by frim but not yet retired) - are/E = Accum' NI less dividends - Minority (non-controlling) interest - Comprehensive income items: all chg in SOE not in I/S or fr
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23. Income Tax Expense < Taxes Payable - F/S < Tax Return - Pay more tax now but more on reversal
Balance Sheet - formats
Forecasting Financial Performance: Application
Net Periodic Benefit Costs
Deferred Tax Asset: (DTA)
24. Meet Analyst Expectations - Meet debt covenants - Incentive compensation
Motivation to Over-report Earnings
Barriers to a single framework...
Forecasting Financial Performance: Application
Straight-line depreciation (SL)
25. 1) Cheaper Financing; 2) Reduce risk of obsolescence; 3) Less restrictive provisions; 4) Off-B/S reporting; 5) Tax Reporting Advantages (treated as ownership for tax ( deduct depreciation and interest expense)
Reasons to Lease...
Discontinued Operations...
Intercorporate Investment: < 20% votes...
Lessor Accounting Capital Lease: Sales: Direct Financing Lease
26. Beginning Inv. (BI) + Purchases (P) = Available for Sale - Available for sale - COGS = Ending Inventory (EI)
Amortization of Bond Discount = (in/out flow) in the indirect method CFO
DTA/DTL: Effect on Net Income when Tax Rate decreases...
Net Realizable Value (NRV) (IFRS)
Ending Inventory =
27. Both: Broadly consistent - lack fully developed concepts - FASB: Assets revaluations prohibited (except some financial instruments)
4 General Categories for Creditworthiness/Capacity...
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Measurement of Elements...
Fraud Triangle - 2) Opportunity
Footnote disclosure of Reconciliation of opening and closing carrying values...
28. Tax Rate down: DTL down -> Inc. Tax Exp down -> NI up - DTA down -> Inc. Tax Exp up -> NI down
DTA/DTL: Effect on Net Income when Tax Rate decreases...
DTA Issues
IFRS Revenue Recognition
Impairments recognition (GAAP)
29. ROE = (NI/Sales) x (Sales/Assets) x (Assets/Equity) or ROE= Net Profit Margin x Asset TO x Leverage Ratio
Financial Implications of Capitalizing...
Traditional DuPont Equation...
Reasons to Lease...
Motivation to Under-report Earnings
30. 1) Credit Scoring (CF Forecast) 2) Equity Investment screening (cutoff values)
B/S - short-term investments
Forecasting Financial Performance: Application
Inv. Valuation reporting Inventory ABOVE costs...
Extended DuPont Equation...
31. Companies must file this form to disclose material events including significant asset acquisitions and disposals - changes in management or corporate governance - or matters related to its accountants - financial statements - or the markets on which
Complex Capital Structure
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: F/S elements...
Analysis: Market Value of Debt
Form 8-K...
32. 1st: Net Income - dividends declared = chg in are/E - Then: Dividends declared +/- chg dividends payable = cash dividends paid.
Valuation Allowance...
Calculate dividends declared...
Impairments recognition (GAAP)
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Par Bond...
33. Reported BELOW the line. Operations mgmt has decided to dispose of but: 1) has not yet done so or 2) did so in CY after it generated profit/(loss) Must be physicallly and operationally distinct from firm. Analyst must determine effects on future inco
3 C's for Credit Analysis...
Intercorporate Investment: 20% - 50% votes...
Discontinued Operations...
Bond Issuance Cost under GAAP/IFRS
34. 1) Forecast GDP 2) Regress industry sales against GDP 3) Forecast industry sales 4) Cosider changes to firm's mkt share 5) Forecast firms sales 6) Use hisoric margins for stable firms or forecast individual expense items 7) Remove non-recurring items
Forecasting Financial Performance: Top Down Approach...
IFRS: Presentation Requirements
Screening for Potential Equity Investment: Criteria
Straight-line depreciation (SL)
35. (GAAP) Internally created intangibles 1) (R&D) are expensed 2) Advertising 3) Software (developed to establish feasibility)
Expensed Intangibles...
Debt covenants
Common Size Statement
Impact on the B/S of a Discount Bond...
36. 1) Transparency; 2) Comprehensiveness; 3) Consistency
Trade-Offs Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
Component depreciation;
LIFO results in: (assuming inflationary period)
Characteristics of an effective framework
37. Depreciation exp = (cost - accum depre)/useful life x 2 - Does NOT use residual value but depreciation stops when residual value has been reached - reduce EBIT - NI - Assets - Equity and decrease ROA & ROE
Double-decline balance (DDB)
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: F/S elements...
Extended DuPont Equation...
Ending Inventory =
38. Capital structure that contains NO potentially dillutive securities - (contains only c/s - nonconvertible debt - and nonconvertible pref. stock)
Net Reporting of Revenue
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency ratio
Simple capital structure
Valuation allowance
39. 1) Character: Mgmt reputation and history of repayment 2) Collateral: ability to pledge specific collateral reduces lender risk 3) Capacity: ability to replay debt. requires LT view of firms prospect.
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40. 1) Balance Sheet; 2) Comprehensive Income; 3) Change in Equity; 4) Cash Flow Statement; 5) Accounting policies and notes.
IFRS: Required F/S
Forecasting Financial Performance: Application
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Par Bond...
IOSCO
41. 2 step-process 1) Recoverability: carrying value > undiscounted CF from asset's use and disposal 2) Loss measurement: Loss is the excess of carrying value over the asset's fair market value or PV of cash flows - Loss reversal for held-for-use assets
Measures of Operating Performance - Efficiency Ratios...
Impairments recognition (GAAP)
Sources of Differences betweent F/S & T/
Cash Flow From Investing (USA) (Assets)
42. Same as other ratios using NI in this case substitut NI for CFO.
The account format of B/S
Cash flow ratios
Credit Rating Process...
Screening for Potential Equity Investment: Criteria
43. 1) Evaluating equity investments for a portfolio; 2) Evaluating potential M&A; 3) Evaluating a subsidiary of a parent company; 4) Deciding on private equity/ venture cap investment 5) Determine creditworthiness - borrowing; 6) Extending credit to
Stock options: Use treasury stock method
Calculate dividends declared...
Effects of Lease Classification on F/S - Finance Lease
Roles of financial reporting & analysis include...
44. Used when estimates of revenue or cost are unreliable or short-term contracts - (US GAAP only) Revenue - expense - and profit is recognized at completion (IFRS) Revenue is recognized to the extent of contract cost - cost are expensed when incureed
Barter (IASB & FASB)
IOSCO
Under Completed Contract Method...
Free Cash Flow -CFO
45. FASB & IASB -LT projects under contract - reliable estimates of revenue - cost and completion time -Rev - exp and profit are recognized in proportion to total cost incurred to date - divided by total expected cost.
Tax Loss Carryforward...
Potentially Dillutive Securities
% of Completion
To investigate the stability of that structure - Kilgore would be best served by looking at...
46. Ineffective corp. ethical values; non-financial managers invovled in selection of accounting principles/estimates; History of violation; Focus on stock price and earning trends; Commitment to unrealistic/aggressive forecasts; Failure to correct known
4 General Categories for Creditworthiness/Capacity...
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
Fraud Triangle - 3) Attitude/rationalization
Sales Basis Revenue Recognitions
47. 1) when differences are expected to REVERSE and reslut in future tax payment - treate DTL as a LIABILITY in calculating leverage ratios 2) when differences are NOT expected to REVERSE and result in future tax payment - treat DTL as EQUITY in calculat
Analyst Treaments of DTL
Revaluation above historic cost...
Defined Benefit Obligations (DBO)
Measurement of A & L disclosure in footnotes
48. Shows sales and cost of goods sold.Under GAAP: 1) must be primary obligor under the contract; 2) bear inventory and credit risk; 3) have the ability to choose its supplier; 4) have reasonable latitude to set the price.
Gross Reporting of Revenue
Return on Equity (ROE)...
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: objective of F/S
LIFO is appropriate
49. 1) fair presentation; 2) going concern; 3) accrual basis; 4) consistency; 5) materiality
Fundamental principles for PREPARING f/s under IFRS: (IAS No 10
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Premium Bond...
Vertical Common Size Statements...
Revaluation below historic cost...
50. Off B/S asset or liability = Footnotes disclosure - Lease payments are expensed when due via I/S - Payments are CFO outflows
Asset Revaluation: IFRS
Inventory Cost Flow Methods...
Types of accounting changes: prior period adjustments
Operating Lease