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Test your basic knowledge |
Advanced Financial Reporting And Analysis
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Subject
:
business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1) Valuation; 2) Standard setting; 3) Measurement
Barriers to a single framework...
Lessor Accounting Capital Lease: Sales: Direct Financing Lease
Forecasting Financial Performance: Application
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Amortized at Cost
2. Periodic: Inventory and COGS determined at p/e - Perpetual: Inv. & COGS updated for each sale (no purchase account need) - Cost flow method impact: FIFO = same for both - LIFO = different - Avg. cost = different - FIFO & LIFO relationship remain
Traditional DuPont Equation...
CFO Disclosure requirement...
Sarbanes-Oxley Management Report...
Inventory Systems...
3. 1) when differences are expected to REVERSE and reslut in future tax payment - treate DTL as a LIABILITY in calculating leverage ratios 2) when differences are NOT expected to REVERSE and result in future tax payment - treat DTL as EQUITY in calculat
Which of the following characteristics should be of least concerned about management's opportunities to commit fraud?
Valuation allowance
Valuation Allowance...
Analyst Treaments of DTL
4. Small investment for div/capital gains purpose - If Secondary market: Held-to-maturity: Debt securities co intend to hold to maturity; Carried at Amortized cost. Available-for-sale: Sold to satisfy Debt/Equity Needs; Currrent or non-current; B/S @ MV
Intercorporate Investment: < 20% votes...
FASB
Bond Issuance Cost under GAAP/IFRS
Taxation: Tax Payable
5. 1) Balance Sheet; 2) Comprehensive Income; 3) Change in Equity; 4) Cash Flow Statement; 5) Accounting policies and notes.
Finance (capital) Lease criteria GAAP vs. IFRS
IFRS: Required F/S
What is the economic substance of financial (capital) lease?
From creditor POV: Int. Coverage;
6. BV - cash paid = gain/(loss) + any unamortized issue costs (US only) = Gain/Loss on repurchase [I/S as continuing operations)
Gain/(loss) on bond early retirement: (derecognition of debt)
One major difference between the presentation of deferred tax assets and liabilities under IFRS and under U.S. GAAP is that...
Funded Status US GAAP & IFRS
SEC guidance for Revenue Recognition
7. Share are to ensure significant influence over the company - Affiliate/Associate - Equity Method
Analyst Treaments of DTL
Discontinued Operations...
FASB
Intercorporate Investment: 20% - 50% votes...
8. 1) Credit Scoring (CF Forecast) 2) Equity Investment screening (cutoff values)
Taxation Disclosure Requirements
Sources of Differences betweent F/S & T/
Forecasting Financial Performance: Application
DTA/DTL: Effect on Net Income when Tax Rate decreases...
9. Amount deductible in future tax return
Cash Flow: Logic (A = L + E)
B/S - Long-lived assets PP&E
Form 8-K...
Tax base of an asset
10. IAS 39 Marketable securities - IAS 2 Inventories (LIFO prohibited) - IAS 16 PP&E - JV (IFRS: proportional consolidation) - IAS 38 Intangibles - IAS 18 & 11 Contruction Contracts - Extraordinary Items: Prohibited in IFRS - Cash Flow Statement
Convergence IFRS/US GAAP...
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Motivation
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
Tax Loss Carryforward...
11. Employer contributes specific % - No guarantee on future benefits - Employee bears investment risk - Pension expense = employer contribution
Analyzing Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation
Not all CF increase are Sustainable. Example of how Mgmt can Manipulate Cash Flow Statement
MD&A contains...
Defined Contribution Plans
12. Divdends and share repurchases - Production and investment - M&A - New debt issuance - Payoff pattern and liquidation priority - Maintenance of assets used as collateral
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth above industry average
Activity Based Restrictions
Which of the following characteristics should be of least concerned about management's opportunities to commit fraud?
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Recognition of Elements...
13. CFO: cash interest expense - CFF: increased by amount rcvd at issuance and decreased by payment made at redemption - CFO is higher and CFF is lower
B/S - Long-lived assets
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Discount Bond...
Taxation: Income Tax Expense
Net Realizable Value (NRV) (IFRS)
14. Securities that would DECREASE EPS if exercised - If X< Avg. stock price then could be exercised - If X> Avg. stock price then will not be exercised
DTA/DTL: Effect on Net Income when Tax Rate decreases...
Impact on the B/S of a Par Bond...
Financial Ration based on B/S: Liquidity Ratios
Dilutive Securities
15. 1) Purpose and context 2) Data Collection 3) Data Processing 4) Analysis/Interpretation of data 5) Develop conclusions and recommendations 6) Follow-up
Footnote disclosure of Reconciliation of opening and closing carrying values...
Steps of F/S Analysis
Free Cash Flow -CFO
Add/ Sub changes to related b/s operating accounts
16. Depreciation exp = (cost - accum depre)/useful life x 2 - Does NOT use residual value but depreciation stops when residual value has been reached - reduce EBIT - NI - Assets - Equity and decrease ROA & ROE
Barter (IASB & FASB)
Balance Sheet - formats
Double-decline balance (DDB)
Antidilutive Securities
17. 1) Consider the growth rate and capital spending levels when determining whether temp diff due to accelerated depre will reverse 2) Look for cumulative differences due to asset impairments and post-retirement benefits 3) Restructuring charges can c
Asset Revaluation: IFRS
An Increase in the Valuation Allowance Account...
Types of accounting changes: prior period adjustments
Implication for Analysts: Be aware of differences in tax reconcilation between periods
18. Capital structure that contains NO potentially dillutive securities - (contains only c/s - nonconvertible debt - and nonconvertible pref. stock)
Reasons to Lease...
Free Cash Flow to the Firm - FCFF
Simple capital structure
Operating vs. Non-operating Income
19. FASB & IASB -LT projects under contract - reliable estimates of revenue - cost and completion time -Rev - exp and profit are recognized in proportion to total cost incurred to date - divided by total expected cost.
% of Completion
Which of the following characteristics should be of least concerned about management's opportunities to commit fraud?
Trade-Offs Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
Valuation allowance
20. Current Ratio (CA/CL): lower - Work. Cap (CA -CL): Lower - Asset TO: (Sales/TA): Lower - ROA (EAT/TA): Lower - ROE (EAT/E): Lower - Debt/Equity: Higher - Since Int. exp + depre > lease pymt in the early years. This decreases NI - and Profitability ra
Barter (IASB & FASB)
Analyst Treaments of DTL
Units of Production Method
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Finance Lease
21. Lost sales from stock outs
Defined Benefit Plans
Cost recovery method...
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth above industry average
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth below industry average
22. GAAP: direct method must disclose adj to reconcile NI to CFO. reconciliation is NOT required for IFRS. IFRS: pymts for Int & Taxes MUST be disclosed separately in the CF Stmnt under direct or indirect. Under GAAP - this can be reported in CF stmnt or
Forecasting Financial Performance: Application
Cash Flow From Investing (USA) (Assets)
Effects of Lease Classification on F/S - Operating Lease
CFO Disclosure requirement...
23. Required by IFRS - Permited by US GAAP
Intercorporate Investment: < 20% votes...
DBO Funded Status =
Market Value (GAAP)...
Component depreciation;
24. ROE = (NI/EBT)x(EBT/EBIT)x(EBIT/Rev)x(Rev/Asset)x(Asset/Eqty) or (tax burden)x(int. burden)x(EBITmargin)x(Aset TO)x(Fin Lvg)
Return on Assets ROA...
Steps of F/S Analysis
Extended DuPont Equation...
Valuation Allowance...
25. US Gaap: Balance Sheet - IFRS:Disclosed in Footnotes - May be mentioned in MD&A if mgnt considers it significant
Funded status of the pension plan (under US GAAP & IFRS) is reported where?
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency ratio
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Fair Market Value
Asset Capitalization
26. Under GAAP 1) Purchased patentes - copyrights - franchises - licenses - brands - and trademarks 2) Direct response advertising 3) Goodwill arising from transactions - (Proceeds - FMV net assets required = goodwill) 4) Software development costs once
Cash Flow From Financing (USA) (Source of Cash)
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: underlying assumptions...
Forecasting Financial Performance: Application
Capitalized Intangibles...
27. Adjustments Involves erros or new accounting standards - Resate prior period - Disclose nature and effect on NI - Errors may indicate weakness in internal controls
Types of accounting changes: prior period adjustments
Under Completed Contract Method...
Sales Basis Revenue Recognitions
% of Completion
28. Shares are to take over control - Subsidiary - Consolidate financials
Characteristics of an effective framework
B/S - investments
Simple capital structure
Intercorporate Investment: > 50% votes...
29. 1) Evaluating equity investments for a portfolio; 2) Evaluating potential M&A; 3) Evaluating a subsidiary of a parent company; 4) Deciding on private equity/ venture cap investment 5) Determine creditworthiness - borrowing; 6) Extending credit to
Roles of financial reporting & analysis include...
CFO - Direct/Indirect method
Under Completed Contract Method...
Depreciation Methods...
30. 1) Account format (A on left and L & E on right) 2) Report format ( A - L - E presented in one column) 3) Classified B/S (ordered)
Types of accounting changes: prior period adjustments
Motivation to Over-report Earnings
IFRS Revenue Recognition
Balance Sheet - formats
31. 1) installment sales (If collection is certain - rev is recognized at time of sale) 2) installment method: (if collection cannot be estimated) 3) cost recovery (if collectability is highly uncertain)
Effective Tax Rate
Extended DuPont Equation...
Sales Basis Revenue Recognitions
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency (Coverage)
32. Income Tax Expense/Pretax Income (EBIT) Income Tax Exp. = Taxes payable + chg in deferred ta
Balance Sheet - formats
Effective Tax Rate
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Fair Market Value
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - IFRS
33. Decreases DTA -> Decreases Net Income - [Decrease in Valuation Allowance; Increase DTA and Increases Net Income]
Characteristics of an effective framework
FASB
Impairments recognition (IFRS)
An Increase in the Valuation Allowance Account...
34. 1) Increase comparability; 2) Reduce expense of overseas capital; 3) Reduce the expense of producing consolidated accounts
FASB - Harmonization
Convergence IFRS/US GAAP...
Under Completed Contract Method...
Intercorporate Investment: 20% - 50% votes...
35. GAAP: shown as a separate prepaid asset and amortized - IFRS: Deducted from proceeds and liability therefore effective interest rate is HIGHER under IFRS than GAAP.
Extended DuPont Equation...
Amortization of Bond Discount = (in/out flow) in the indirect method CFO
Under Completed Contract Method...
Bond Issuance Cost under GAAP/IFRS
36. 1) Timing Differences: Accrual vs. modified cash accounting - Differences in reporting methods estimates
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - IFRS
Extraordinary Items: Unusual AND Infrequent items...
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Motivation
Sources of Differences: Temporary
37. 1) Character: Mgmt reputation and history of repayment 2) Collateral: ability to pledge specific collateral reduces lender risk 3) Capacity: ability to replay debt. requires LT view of firms prospect.
38. Inflow - (bringing bond UP to par)
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency ratio
Amortization of Bond Discount = (in/out flow) in the indirect method CFO
CFO - Direct/Indirect method
Footnote disclosure of Reconciliation of opening and closing carrying values...
39. 1) will only benefit on reversal if there is sufficient taxable earnings 2) can only utilize loss carryforwards if we have future profits 3) If asset cannot be utilized in full it is reduced by a contra 'valuation allowance'. REDUCE DTA - REDUCE NI
DTA Issues
Return on Assets ROA...
From creditor POV: Int. Coverage;
IFRS Revenue Recognition
40. 1) Nature of industry/entity operations: 3rd party transactions; Power of customer/supplier; Acct est subjective; Unusual transactions; International operations; International operations; Operations in tax havens. 2) Opportunity complex/unstable org.
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency (Coverage)
Effective Tax Rate
Fraud Triangle - 2) Opportunity
Footnote disclosure of Reconciliation of opening and closing carrying values...
41. For inventory that has a limited shelf life ex) Because the movies have a very limited shelf life and will greatly deteriorate in value with age - especially after the first year - FIFO is the most appropriate method of accounting for the movies for
Balance Sheet - formats
days of sales o/s =
FIFO is appropriate
LIFO is appropriate
42. Exchange of goods or services between two parties (no cash) IASB: Revenue = FMV of similar non-barter transaction with unrelated parties FASB: Revenue = FMV only if the company has received cash payments for such services in the past
Cash flow ratios
Barter (IASB & FASB)
Amortization of Bond Discount = (in/out flow) in the indirect method CFO
Capitalization of Interest...
43. 1) Development of high quality - transparent and enforceable global standards; 2) Promote application of standards; 3) Take into account special needs (small & med entities & emerging markets); 4) Convergence of nat'l and int'l standards
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth above industry average
BASIC EPS
IASB - Goals
Taxation: Income Tax Expense
44. I/S and B/S - Each line is relative to base year
Horizontal Common Size Statements...
Cost included in Inventory on b/s...
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of FASB...
IFRS: Required F/S
45. Profit is recognized only when it exceeds estimated total cost.
Asset Revaluation: IFRS
% of Completion
Cost recovery method...
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Fair Market Value
46. Contributed capital = c/s @ par plus add'l paid-in capital - Treasury stock (reaquired by frim but not yet retired) - are/E = Accum' NI less dividends - Minority (non-controlling) interest - Comprehensive income items: all chg in SOE not in I/S or fr
47. Pd after more than 1 year - notes & bonds: at PV of future CF pymets - Capital leases - Provisions - Deferred tax
# of days payable =
Ratios that directly affect choice of Inventory Account...
B/S - Long-term Liabilities
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
48. 1) is a contra asset account used to reduce the value of a DTA - 2) it is used to reduce the asset when future taxable income is deemed to be insefficient to fully use the DTA.
Valuation allowance
Trade-Offs Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
Impact on the B/S of a Premium Bond...
49. All DTA and DTL are classified as noncurrent under IFRS - Under U.S. GAAP - deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as current or non-current according to the classification of the underlying asset or liability. Under IFRS - deferred tax a
Types of accounting changes: prior period adjustments
One major difference between the presentation of deferred tax assets and liabilities under IFRS and under U.S. GAAP is that...
Deferred Tax Asset: (DTA)
Activity Ratios
50. Low: P/E - P/CF - or P/S - High: ROE - ROA - growth rates of sales and earnings - Low: leverage
Screening for Potential Equity Investment: Criteria
Roles of financial reporting & analysis include...
Income Statement
Taxation Analyst Adjustments...