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Test your basic knowledge |
Advanced Financial Reporting And Analysis
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Subject
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business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reported ABOVE the line 1) G/(L) from disposal of a business segment 2) G/(L) from sale of investment in subsidiary 3) Provisions for environmental remediation - impairments - write-offs - write-downs - restructuring.4) Integration expense for recent
Unusual OR Infrequent items...
Financial Assets: US GAAP/Fair Market Value
Financial Ration based on B/S: Liquidity Ratios
Impact on the B/S of a Premium Bond...
2. 1) Unqualified opinion (good); 2) Qualified opinion (followed GAAP except for...); 3) Adverse opinion (bad)
Impact on the B/S of a Par Bond...
FASB
Cash Flow: Logic (A = L + E)
Auditor/Audit Opinion
3. Refers to change in mgmt judgement Does NOT require restatement of prior pd earnings; Disclose in footnotes
Income Statement
IFRS: Presentation Requirements
Types of accounting changes: accounting estimate
Operating Lease
4. Part of indenture that place restrictions on the firm that protect bondholderns and increase value of the firm's bond - Breach is technical default
Analyst Treaments of DTL
Debt covenants
Reasons to Lease...
Straight-line depreciation (SL)
5. Shows the performance of the company over a reporting period.
Income Statement
Sustainable Growth
Finance (capital) Lease criteria (under US GAAP)
Straight-line depreciation (SL)
6. Taxes payable + chg deferred Tax as per Financial Report
Gain/(loss) on bond early retirement: (derecognition of debt)
Taxation: Income Tax Expense
Net Periodic Benefit Costs
Analyst Treaments of DTL
7. Means that at least ONE of the following is true: Company has poor profit margin; Company has poor asset TO; Company is underleveraged
ROE interpretation: if ROE is low...
Impact on the B/S of a Premium Bond...
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth below industry average
IFRS: Required F/S
8. G = (earnings Retention rate) x (ROE) - earnings retention rate = [1-(payout ratio)] - payout ratio = Common dividends/ NI - Pref. Div.
Net Reporting of Revenue
DTA/DTL: Effect on Net Income when Tax Rate decreases...
FIFO results in: (assuming inflationary period)
Sustainable Growth
9. Held for continuing use within the business (not for resale) 1) investment property; 2) Assets held for sale; 3) Natural resources; 4) PP&E
Depreciation Methods...
B/S - Long-lived assets
Free Cash Flow -CFO
Expensed Intangibles...
10. 1) Forecast GDP 2) Regress industry sales against GDP 3) Forecast industry sales 4) Cosider changes to firm's mkt share 5) Forecast firms sales 6) Use hisoric margins for stable firms or forecast individual expense items 7) Remove non-recurring items
Forecasting Financial Performance: Top Down Approach...
Cost recovery method...
IOSCO
Bond Issuance Cost under GAAP/IFRS
11. Income subject to tax as per Tax Return
Free Cash Flow -CFO
Cash Flow: Logic (A = L + E)
Measures of Operating Performance - Efficiency Ratios...
Taxable Income
12. FIFO: EI = newest purchases - LIFO: EI = oldest purchases - Avg. Costs: EI = Available for sale/Units - Specific ID: high value items (cars - diamonds etc)
Financial Adj to Facilitate Comparison...
Inventory Cost Flow Methods...
Inventory Valuatoin (LCM)
Measures of Operating Performance - Efficiency Ratios...
13. FASB: No discussion of 'probables' - IASB: Asset - liabilities - are probable flows
Bond Issuance Cost under GAAP/IFRS
Types of accounting changes...
days of inv. on hand =
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Recognition of Elements...
14. EBIT/ *Gross Interest EBITDA/ *Gross Interest *(inc'd capitalized interest) - How many times is EBIT or EBITDA bigger than gross interest? Higher ratio is desired. Shows ability to cover int. payment
CFO - Indirect method steps...
Defined Benefit Plans
Cost included in Inventory on b/s...
From creditor POV: Int. Coverage;
15. Is more relevant than book value: Recent changes allow more liability to be recorded at FMV (IFRS & GAAP require disclosure of FMV) - Downward adj. in liability will Increase equity and decrease leverage ratio - Upward adj in liability will decrease
Analysis: Market Value of Debt
Measures of Operating Performance - Efficiency Ratios...
Antidilutive Securities
ROE interpretation: if ROE is low...
16. Derivatives - Non-derivative investments with fair value exposure hedged by derivatives
Cost included in Inventory on b/s...
Free Cash Flow to the Firm - FCFF
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Fair Market Value
Simple capital structure
17. Beginning Inv. (BI) + Purchases (P) = Available for Sale - Available for sale - COGS = Ending Inventory (EI)
Ending Inventory =
ROE interpretation: if ROE is low...
Comprehensive income...
Form 8-K...
18. Employer promises specific payment stream at retirement - Payments are based on yrs of service - retirement age - and final salary - Employers bears investment risk - Funded by pool of assets - Complicated accounting
Defined Benefit Plans
Sales Basis Revenue Recognitions
Financial Ratio based on I/S...
Reasons to Lease...
19. It is the purchase of an asset using debt finance.
What is the economic substance of financial (capital) lease?
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
Taxation: Income Tax Expense
Under Completed Contract Method...
20. 1) Stretching A/P (increase in # days in payable) = 365/(AP T/O) = 365/(purchases/ Avg. AP)) 2) Financing payables (allows to great AP as CFF) 3) Securitizing A/are: (allows to recognize gains in I/S) 4) Income Tax Benefit from stock options 5) Buyba
Asset Revaluation: IFRS
Forecasting Financial Performance: Application
Cash Flow: Logic (A = L + E)
Not all CF increase are Sustainable. Example of how Mgmt can Manipulate Cash Flow Statement
21. Capital structure that contains NO potentially dillutive securities - (contains only c/s - nonconvertible debt - and nonconvertible pref. stock)
Roles of financial reporting & analysis include...
Cash Flow: Logic (A = L + E)
Which set of accounting standards requires firms to disclose estimated amortization expense for the next five years on intangible assets?
Simple capital structure
22. Selecting accounting principles to distort results - Structuring transactions to achieve a desired outcome - Using aggressive or unrealistic estimates and assumptions - Exploiting the intent of the accounting principle
Calculate dividends declared...
LIFO is appropriate
Low Quality Earnings is result of...
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Zero Coupon Bond...
23. 1) Intention to hold >1 year (e.g. debt or equity) valued @ cost or mkt value 2) Equity accounted investments
Capitalization of Interest...
Form DEF-14A...
ROE interpretation: if ROE is low...
B/S - investments
24. Interest expense = Coupon rate
Fraud Triangle
Asset Revaluation: IFRS
FIFO is appropriate
Impact on the B/S of a Par Bond...
25. All DTA and DTL are classified as noncurrent under IFRS - Under U.S. GAAP - deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as current or non-current according to the classification of the underlying asset or liability. Under IFRS - deferred tax a
One major difference between the presentation of deferred tax assets and liabilities under IFRS and under U.S. GAAP is that...
Potentially Dillutive Securities
DBO Funded Status =
Taxation: Tax Payable
26. Both: purpose is to assist development & revision of accting stds - IASB: Firms must consider framework if no std exists - FASB: No express requirement to consider framework
Fraud Triangle - 1) Incentive/Pressure
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: purpose of framework
Deferred Tax Liability: (DTL)
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Motivation
27. Delay Supplier pymt: boost CFO; review days' sales in AP; Financing of payables: use N/P to pay off AP; manipulate timing of CFO; Securitization of A/are: accelerates appearance of collection - boosts CFO; Tax benefit of stock options: lower tax paid
Sources of Differences: Permanent
Which set of accounting standards requires firms to disclose estimated amortization expense for the next five years on intangible assets?
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Technique
Operating Risk Ratios...
28. ROE = (NI/Sales) x (Sales/Assets) x (Assets/Equity) or ROE= Net Profit Margin x Asset TO x Leverage Ratio
Effective Tax Rate
IASB
Traditional DuPont Equation...
Return on total capital (ROTC)...
29. Cash Flow available for distribution to the c/s; after all obligations have been paid. CFO - fixed capital investment + net debt increase or CFO - net cap expenditure + net borrowings
Capitalized Intangibles...
Deferred Tax Asset: (DTA)
Units of Production Method
Free Cash Flow to Equity - FCFE
30. Required by IFRS - Permited by US GAAP
days of sales o/s =
Component depreciation;
From creditor POV: Int. Coverage;
FASB
31. 1) Meet CFO (strategy; industry overview - accounting policy) 2) Tour major facilities 3) Vote on analyst recommendations (bus.& fin. risk) 4) Monitor publicly distributed ratings
Traditional DuPont Equation...
Reasons to Lease...
Tax base of an asset
Credit Rating Process...
32. 1) Start with NI 2) Sub Gains or add losses from financing or investing CFs 3) Add non-cash charges (depr't & amort'z) & sub all non cash revenue 4) Add/ Sub changes to related b/s operating accounts:
CFO - Indirect method steps...
The best indicator of overstating its profits is...
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Premium Bond...
Measurement of A & L disclosure in footnotes
33. [net income - preferred dividends] + [convertible prf.dividends] + [convertible debt int.] (1-t) / (weighted avg. of c/s o/s) + (shares from conversion of conv. pfd. shares) + (shares from conversion of conv. debt) + (shares issuable from stock optio
Diluted EPS
Financial Ration based on B/S: Liquidity Ratios
IASB - Goals
Barriers to a single framework...
34. 1) B/S asset increased to FMV 2) Increase above original cost to equity via revaluation surplus account (comprehensive Income)
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Measurement of Elements...
Revaluation above historic cost...
Bond Issuance Cost under GAAP/IFRS
CFO - Direct method
35. Same as other ratios using NI in this case substitut NI for CFO.
Cash flow ratios
Analysis: Market Value of Debt
3 C's for Credit Analysis...
Asset Capitalization
36. Slow moving or obsolete inventory
Footnote Finance Liability Disclosure
Inventory mangement: Low T/O (High DOH)...
Trade-Offs Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
Funded Status US GAAP & IFRS
37. 1) Transparency; 2) Comprehensiveness; 3) Consistency
Characteristics of an effective framework
Free Cash Flow -CFO
Motivation to Over-report Earnings
What is the economic substance of financial (capital) lease?
38. Higher share price - Lower borrowing cost - Higher incentive compensation
Calculate dividends declared...
Free Cash Flow to the Firm - FCFF
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Motivation
Defined Benefit Obligations (DBO)
39. If PV of min lease pymt = cost of asset 1) lessor is not a dealer of leased equipment (fin. co.)2) no gross profit is recognized at time of lease inception 3) all profit is int. revenue recognized over period of lease. CFO = Int. Income inflow - CFI
Segment Reporting
Inventory Systems...
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Fair Market Value
Lessor Accounting Capital Lease: Sales: Direct Financing Lease
40. 1) Consider the growth rate and capital spending levels when determining whether temp diff due to accelerated depre will reverse 2) Look for cumulative differences due to asset impairments and post-retirement benefits 3) Restructuring charges can c
Lessor Accounting Capital Lease: Sales: Direct Financing Lease
Implication for Analysts: Be aware of differences in tax reconcilation between periods
Disclosure for each segment...
Funded Status US GAAP & IFRS
41. Aggressive Revenue Recognition - Diff. growth rates of operating cash flow and earnings - Abnormal comparative sales growth - Abnormal inventory growth as compared to sales - Moving nonoperating income and nonrecurring gains up to I/S to boost revenu
CFO Analysis...
Warning Signs of Earnings Manipulation
Free Cash Flow to Equity - FCFE
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Recognition of Elements...
42. Primary) Relevance & Reliability - Secondary) Comparability - Lastly) Understandability - user specific
Segment Reporting
Which set of accounting standards requires firms to disclose estimated amortization expense for the next five years on intangible assets?
Sarbanes-Oxley Management Report...
The 4 Qualitative Characteristics of FASB...
43. I/S and B/S - Each line is relative to base year
Impairments recognition (GAAP)
The report format of B/S
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Amortized at Cost
Horizontal Common Size Statements...
44. 1) fair presentation; 2) going concern; 3) accrual basis; 4) consistency; 5) materiality
Sarbanes-Oxley Management Report...
Which set of accounting standards requires firms to disclose estimated amortization expense for the next five years on intangible assets?
Fundamental principles for PREPARING f/s under IFRS: (IAS No 10
Cash Flow From Financing (USA) (Source of Cash)
45. Income Tax Expense/Pretax Income (EBIT) Income Tax Exp. = Taxes payable + chg in deferred ta
Effective Tax Rate
Depreciation Methods...
Return on Assets ROA...
Operating Risk Ratios...
46. 1) Revenue (external & internal) 2) Segment results (operating profit) 3) Carrying amount of segment asset4 4) Segment liabilities (IFRS) 5) Cost of PPE and intangibles acquired 6) Depreciation and Amort expenses 7) Other non-cash expense 8) Share of
Disclosure for each segment...
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Amortized at Cost
Intangible Assets
Tax Loss Carryforward...
47. 1) Scale & Diversification - 2) Operational Efficiency - 3) Margin Stability - 4) Leverage
Stock options: Use treasury stock method
4 General Categories for Creditworthiness/Capacity...
Sources of Differences betweent F/S & T/
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth below industry average
48. 1) Responsibility to establish and maintain adequate internal controls 2) Mgmt's framework for evaluating internal controls 3) Assessment of the effectiveness of internal controls over the last operating period 4) Statement of auditor's attestment 5)
Activity Ratios
Asset Capitalization
Sarbanes-Oxley Management Report...
Auditor/Audit Opinion
49. LT D-to-E = Total LT Debt / Total Equity - D-to-E = Total Debt / Total Equity - Financial leverage ratio = Total Assets/Total Equity - Total Debt Ratio = Total Debt / Total Asset - Debt-to-Capital = Total Debt/ Total Debt + SOE - All Solvency are ove
FASB
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Operating Lease
Warning Signs of Earnings Manipulation
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency ratio
50. Return on Total Equity = NI/ Avg. Total Equity - Return on C/E = NI - Pref. Div/ Avg. Common Equity
Valuation Allowance...
Credit Analysis: Ratios
Return on Equity (ROE)...
MD&A contains...