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Test your basic knowledge |
Advanced Financial Reporting And Analysis
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Subject
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business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1) if 50% of its revenue is earned externally 2) if a business area has at least 10% of a firm's: Revenue; or Operating profit; or Use of asset 3) Business and geographical segments
Segment Reporting
Intangible Assets
Tax base of an asset
CFO - Direct/Indirect method
2. Management turnover.
B/S - Stockholders' Equity
Analyzing Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation
To investigate the stability of that structure - Kilgore would be best served by looking at...
Intangible Assets
3. Off B/S asset or liability = Footnotes disclosure - Lease payments are expensed when due via I/S - Payments are CFO outflows
Operating Lease
Traditional DuPont Equation...
Warning Signs of Earnings Manipulation
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Amortized at Cost
4. 1) Consider the growth rate and capital spending levels when determining whether temp diff due to accelerated depre will reverse 2) Look for cumulative differences due to asset impairments and post-retirement benefits 3) Restructuring charges can c
Fraud Triangle - 2) Opportunity
Asset Revaluation: IFRS
Implication for Analysts: Be aware of differences in tax reconcilation between periods
Motivation to Over-report Earnings
5. Change in equity from transactions from nonownership sources. Include: NI - chg in foreign currency translation adj. - chg in pension adj to funded status - chg unrealized gains/losses on derivatives contracts accounted for as hedges - chng in unrea
Capitalized Intangibles...
Taxable Income
Comprehensive income...
Effective Tax Rate
6. Fair Value of Plan Assets - Defined Benefit Obligation (DBO) - Fair Value > DBO: overfunded (asset on B/S - GAAP) - Fair Value < DBO: underfunded (liability on B/S - GAAP) - (Funded Status = Economic Position of Plan)
Financial Lease Reporting
DBO Funded Status =
Statement of Cash Flow - relevance...
CFO - Direct method
7. 1) SL; 2) Double Decline balance (accelerated); 3) Units of production; 4) Tax code perscribed Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS)
Motivation to Over-report Earnings
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - IFRS
Depreciation Methods...
Impact on the B/S of a Discount Bond...
8. A: Increase = use cash (-) - Decrease = source cash (+) - L: Increase = source cash (+) - Decrease = use of cash (-) - E: Increase = source cash (+) - Decrease = use of cash (-)
Footnote disclosure of Reconciliation of opening and closing carrying values...
Cash Flow: Logic (A = L + E)
Cash Conversion Cycle =
MD&A contains...
9. 1) Transparency; 2) Comprehensiveness; 3) Consistency
Characteristics of an effective framework
B/S - short-term investments
Operating Lease
Convergence IFRS/US GAAP...
10. Asset is impaired if carrying value > recoverable amount - One-step process 1) Compare carrying value to: recoverable amount = the greater of the two. a) Fair value - selling costs b) Value in use = (PV of future cash flow from cont. use) - Loss reve
Motivation to Under-report Earnings
Complex Capital Structure
Taxation: Tax Payable
Impairments recognition (IFRS)
11. EU & US 1) Int'l Org. of Securities Commission; 2) Goal: uniform regulation; 3) Core objectives: Protecting investor - Fair - transparent - efficient markets - Reduction of systematic risk
IOSCO
Types of accounting changes: accounting estimate
Asset Revaluation: IFRS
Ending Inventory =
12. If PV of min lease pymt = cost of asset 1) lessor is not a dealer of leased equipment (fin. co.)2) no gross profit is recognized at time of lease inception 3) all profit is int. revenue recognized over period of lease. CFO = Int. Income inflow - CFI
Funded status of the pension plan (under US GAAP & IFRS) is reported where?
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Zero Coupon Bond...
Lessor Accounting Capital Lease: Sales: Direct Financing Lease
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
13. US 1) Financial Accounting Standards Board; 2) Standards form GAAP; 3) Aims - useful - relevant - reliable - consistent and comparable; 4) SEC deems FASB standard authoritative
Ratios that directly affect choice of Inventory Account...
Stock options: Use treasury stock method
Credit Rating Process...
FASB
14. Unlisted instruments - Held-to-maturity investments - Loans - Receivables
An Increase in the Valuation Allowance Account...
Financial Assets: US GAAP/Amortized at Cost
Convergence IFRS/US GAAP...
Debt covenants
15. More than a third of Maxwell's total sales go to its own consolidated subsidiaries High levels of related-party transactions are worrisome - particularly when those parties are not audited. But transactions within the company between subsidiaries con
16. Diff. in depreciation methods/assumptions; Diff. in inventory methods/assumptions; Diff. in treatment of the effect of exchg rate chgs; Diff. in classifications of investment securities - Goodwill: Internally Generated DON'T capitalize - Purchased =
Financial Adj to Facilitate Comparison...
Net Realizable Value (NRV) (IFRS)
Unusual OR Infrequent items...
Net Reporting of Revenue
17. Securities that would INCREASE EPS if exercised
Antidilutive Securities
Financial Assets: US GAAP/Fair Market Value
B/S - Long-lived assets
Extended DuPont Equation...
18. Shows only the difference between sales and cost of goods sold Users are usually: 1) internet-based merchandising companies; 2) Sell prodict but never hold inventory; 3) Arrangement for supplier to ship directly to end customer. Discolsure policies
FASB
Net Reporting of Revenue
Form DEF-14A...
FIFO results in: (assuming inflationary period)
19. 1) Diff tax rate in diff. tax jurisdictions (countries) (continuous)2) Permanent tax differences: tax credit - tax-exempt income - nondeductible expenses - & tax diff between capital gains and operating income. (continuous) 3)in tax rates and legisl
Financial Adj to Facilitate Comparison...
Analyzing Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation
Operating vs. Non-operating Income
3 C's for Credit Analysis...
20. If PV of min lease pymt < cost of asset 1) lessor is a dealer or seller of the leased equipment 2) at the time of lease inception - lessor recognized a gross profit on sale. (NI - are/E - and Assests are higher) 3) Interest rev recognized over period
IFRS Revenue Recognition For Service
Taxation Disclosure Requirements
Lessor Accounting Capital Lease: Sales-Type Lease
Deferred Tax Asset: (DTA)
21. +Cash rcvd from customer - +Cash dividends rcvd - +Cash interest rcvd - +Other cash income ((trading securities) - Payment to suppliers - Cash expenses (wages etc) - Cash interest paid - Cash taxes paid
Depreciation Methods...
B/S - investments
Inventory mangement: Low T/O (High DOH)...
Cash Flow From Operations (CFO) - FASB
22. 1) Valuation; 2) Standard setting; 3) Measurement
Finance (capital) Lease criteria (under US GAAP)
Gain/(loss) on bond early retirement: (derecognition of debt)
Measurement of A & L disclosure in footnotes
Barriers to a single framework...
23. For inventory that has a limited shelf life ex) Because the movies have a very limited shelf life and will greatly deteriorate in value with age - especially after the first year - FIFO is the most appropriate method of accounting for the movies for
Traditional DuPont Equation...
Fraud Triangle - 1) Incentive/Pressure
FIFO is appropriate
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Discount Bond...
24. Lost sales from stock outs
Trade-Offs Qualitative Characteristics of IFRS
Inventory mangement: High T/O (low DOH) and sales growth below industry average
Impact on the B/S of a Par Bond...
Capitalization of Interest...
25. All other liabilities (e.g. bonds - notes payables - leases)
Cash flow ratios
Straight-line depreciation (SL)
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Amortized at Cost
Taxation Disclosure Requirements
26. (net income - preferred dividends)/weighted average of common shares outstanding - only income from continuing operations is considered
Amortization of Bond Premium = (in/out flow) in the indirect method CFO
BASIC EPS
Financial Liability: US GAAP/Amortized at Cost
Intercorporate Investment: > 50% votes...
27. Held for continuing use within the business (not for resale) 1) investment property; 2) Assets held for sale; 3) Natural resources; 4) PP&E
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency (Coverage)
Units of Production Method
The report format of B/S
B/S - Long-lived assets
28. Amount deductible in future tax return
Forecasting Financial Performance: Top Down Approach...
Effective Tax Rate
B/S - Long-lived assets
Tax base of an asset
29. FIFO: EI = newest purchases - LIFO: EI = oldest purchases - Avg. Costs: EI = Available for sale/Units - Specific ID: high value items (cars - diamonds etc)
What is the economic substance of financial (capital) lease?
Analysis: Market Value of Debt
Inventory Cost Flow Methods...
Dilutive Securities
30. 1) Stretching A/P (increase in # days in payable) = 365/(AP T/O) = 365/(purchases/ Avg. AP)) 2) Financing payables (allows to great AP as CFF) 3) Securitizing A/are: (allows to recognize gains in I/S) 4) Income Tax Benefit from stock options 5) Buyba
Financial Implications of Capitalizing...
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: Measurement of Elements...
Vertical Common Size Statements...
Not all CF increase are Sustainable. Example of how Mgmt can Manipulate Cash Flow Statement
31. Carrying amount of the liability minus the amount that will be deductible in the future.
Tax base on a liability
Taxation Disclosure Requirements
Cash flow ratios
Impact on the B/S of a Zero Coupon Bond...
32. 2 step-process 1) Recoverability: carrying value > undiscounted CF from asset's use and disposal 2) Loss measurement: Loss is the excess of carrying value over the asset's fair market value or PV of cash flows - Loss reversal for held-for-use assets
Impairments recognition (GAAP)
Expensed Intangibles...
Gross Reporting of Revenue
Statement of Cash Flow - relevance...
33. 1) Cheaper Financing; 2) Reduce risk of obsolescence; 3) Less restrictive provisions; 4) Off-B/S reporting; 5) Tax Reporting Advantages (treated as ownership for tax ( deduct depreciation and interest expense)
Analyzing Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation
Reasons to Lease...
days of inv. on hand =
Effective Tax Rate
34. Income variability lower - Profitability early years (ROE - ROA & NI) is Higher - Profitability later years: lower - Total Cash Flows: Same - CFO: higher - CFI: Lower - Leverage ratios: D/E & D/A: lower - Opposite fore Expensing
Cash flow ratios
Fraud Triangle - 1) Incentive/Pressure
Motivation to Under-report Earnings
Financial Implications of Capitalizing...
35. 1) Credit Scoring (CF Forecast) 2) Equity Investment screening (cutoff values)
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Zero Coupon Bond...
Market Value (GAAP)...
Forecasting Financial Performance: Application
Deferred Tax Asset: (DTA)
36. LT D-to-E = Total LT Debt / Total Equity - D-to-E = Total Debt / Total Equity - Financial leverage ratio = Total Assets/Total Equity - Total Debt Ratio = Total Debt / Total Asset - Debt-to-Capital = Total Debt/ Total Debt + SOE - All Solvency are ove
Effects of Lease Classification on Ratios - Operating Lease
Straight-line depreciation (SL)
Financial Ratios based on B/S: Solvency ratio
CFO - Direct method
37. 1) Account format (A on left and L & E on right) 2) Report format ( A - L - E presented in one column) 3) Classified B/S (ordered)
Fundamental principles for PREPARING f/s under IFRS: (IAS No 10
Cash Flow From Financing (USA) (Source of Cash)
Free Cash Flow to Equity - FCFE
Balance Sheet - formats
38. EBIT/ *Gross Interest EBITDA/ *Gross Interest *(inc'd capitalized interest) - How many times is EBIT or EBITDA bigger than gross interest? Higher ratio is desired. Shows ability to cover int. payment
From creditor POV: Int. Coverage;
Ending Inventory =
Depreciation Methods...
CFO - Direct method
39. IFRS: Funded status is NOT on B/S Asset/Liability - Result in a b/s that does NOT represent econ reality - GAAP: Funded status = B/S Asset/Liability -Both disclose components of DBO - plan assets - expenses - and assumptions used to calculate pensio
Stock options: Use treasury stock method
Funded Status US GAAP & IFRS
FASB
Operating vs. Non-operating Income
40. Increasing CFI - may indicate growth OR Decreasing CFI or sell capital assets to conserve or generate cash.May result in higher outflows in the future as older assets are replaced or growth conts.
CFI Analysis...
Activity Ratios
Under Completed Contract Method...
Funded status of the pension plan (under US GAAP & IFRS) is reported where?
41. Exchange of goods or services between two parties (no cash) IASB: Revenue = FMV of similar non-barter transaction with unrelated parties FASB: Revenue = FMV only if the company has received cash payments for such services in the past
Financial Ration based on B/S: Liquidity Ratios
Types of accounting changes: accounting principle
Impact on the B/S of a Par Bond...
Barter (IASB & FASB)
42. Assets: lower - Liabilities: lower - NI (Early yrs): higher - CFO: lower (b/c entire pymt is classed as CFO) - CFF: higher - Total CF: Same
Cash Flow: Logic (A = L + E)
Defined Contribution Plans
Effects of Lease Classification on F/S - Operating Lease
Fraud Triangle - 2) Opportunity
43. Replacement cost subject to: Upper limit = NRV - Loewr limit = NRV - normal profit margin
Market Value (GAAP)...
Expensed Intangibles...
IASB - Goals
Complex Capital Structure
44. Depreciation exp = (cost - accum depre)/useful life x 2 - Does NOT use residual value but depreciation stops when residual value has been reached - reduce EBIT - NI - Assets - Equity and decrease ROA & ROE
Impact on the Cash Flow of a Zero Coupon Bond...
The account format of B/S
Double-decline balance (DDB)
IFRS/US GAAP Frameworks: F/S elements...
45. CV of Op. Inc = std dev. EBIT/ Mean EBIT - CV of Revenue: std. dev Rev/ mean Rev. - Operating Leverage = %chg in EBIT/ %chg in Sales
Operating Risk Ratios...
Impact on the B/S of a Zero Coupon Bond...
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Motivation
Inventory mangement: Low T/O (High DOH)...
46. Share are to ensure significant influence over the company - Affiliate/Associate - Equity Method
Debt covenants
Intercorporate Investment: 20% - 50% votes...
The account format of B/S
Motivation to Over-report Earnings
47. 1) Character: Mgmt reputation and history of repayment 2) Collateral: ability to pledge specific collateral reduces lender risk 3) Capacity: ability to replay debt. requires LT view of firms prospect.
48. A company can issue securities to certain qualified buyers without registering the securities with the SEC - but must notify the SEC that it intends to do so.
Extraordinary Items: Unusual AND Infrequent items...
Creative Cash Flows Accounting: Technique
Calculate dividends declared...
Form 144...
49. Part of indenture that place restrictions on the firm that protect bondholderns and increase value of the firm's bond - Breach is technical default
Debt covenants
Activity Ratios
Extraordinary Items: Unusual AND Infrequent items...
Extended DuPont Equation...
50. Working Capital = CA - CL - Working Capital TO = Rev/Avg. Working Capital - Fixed Asset TO = Rev/Avg Net Fixed Assets
Activity Ratios
Ending Inventory =
Inventory Systems...
IFRS: Presentation Requirements