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AP Biology

Subjects : science, ap, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Having two identical alleles for a given trait.






2. Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells - important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center.






3. The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat - and in spontaneous reactions - the free energy of the system also decreases.






4. The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier - thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.






5. Replicated forms of chromosomes joined together by the centromere and separated during mitosis and meiosis II






6. Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.






7. An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.






8. A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n) - one set inherited from each parent.






9. The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped - polyhedral - or more complete in shape.






10. Sequence of events in the life of a cell - from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two composed of M - G1 - S - and G2 phases






11. (1) The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. See first law of thermodynamics and second law of thermodynamics. (2) A phenomenon in which external DNA is taken up by a cell and functions there.






12. A coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism






13. The enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP - or ribulose bisphosphate).






14. A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds - thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.






15. A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one pair of valence electrons






16. The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.






17. The amount of heat that must be absorbed lost for one gram of a substance to change its temperature by one degree






18. Genes that are located on the same chromosome.






19. An active transport mechanism in cell membranes that consumes ATP to force hydrogen ions out of a cell and - in the process - generates a membrane potential






20. The production of ATP by noncyclic electron flow.






21. A loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface.






22. Offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.






23. Mendel's second law - stating that each allele pair segregates independently during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characteristics are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes.






24. A phenotypic situation in which the two alleles affect the phenotype in separate - distinguishable ways






25. The simplest carbohydrate - active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars - the molecular formulas of are generally some multiple of CH2O.






26. A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid






27. Molecules that are mirror images of each other.






28. A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form fat.






29. An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.






30. For proteins - a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation - thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA - the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH - sal






31. A type of endocytosis involving large - particulate substances.






32. The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.






33. The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane because it require no energy from the cell to make it happen - the concentration gradient represents potential energy and drives fusion






34. An already existing RNA chain bound to template DNA to which DNA nucleotides are added during DNA synthesis.






35. A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin






36. A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product - such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.






37. The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP - in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.






38. Maintenance of cell shape (compression resisting girders) cell motility organelle and chromosome movement






39. Any factor that has a greater impact on a population as the population increases






40. A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.






41. A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems and produces ATP - NADPH - and oxygen. The net electron flow is from water to NADP+.






42. A protein channel in a cell membrane that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus.






43. The coupling of the 'downhill' diffusion of one substance to the 'uphill' transport of another against its own concentration gradient.






44. Prokaryotes cell division . Each daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome






45. The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I.






46. A polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides - formed by dehydration reactions.






47. The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.






48. Sites where the replication of a DNA molecule begins.






49. Uses energy to move solutes against their gradients; requires the cell to expend metabolic energy; enables a cell to maintain its internal concentrations of small molecules that would otherwise diffuse across he membrane ; ATP supplies the energy for






50. A human genetic disease of red blood cells caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein; it is the most common inherited disease among African Americans.







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