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AP Biology

Subjects : science, ap, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.






2. A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.






3. Sequence of events in the life of a cell - from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two composed of M - G1 - S - and G2 phases






4. Voltage across a membrane. ranges from -50 to -200 millivolts. inside of cell negative compared to the outside






5. The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.






6. A paired set of homologous chromosomes - each composed of two sister chromatids. Tetrads form during prophase I of meiosis.






7. (1) A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells. (2) In popular usage - a single individual organism that is genetically identical to another individual. (3) As a verb - to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cell. See a






8. Protein appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.






9. A regularity protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically






10. Walled cells become _____ as a result of the entry of water from a hypotonic environment.






11. The division of the cytoplasm to form two seperate daughter cells after mitosis






12. The most abundant type of RNA - which together with proteins - forms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons.






13. Many ion channels function as gated channels these channels open or close depending on the presence or absence of a chemical or physical stimulus






14. A two stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organims that results in cells with half the chromosomes number of the original cells






15. An initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA.






16. A non dividing face of the cell cycle consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins






17. An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins.






18. An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.






19. First growth phase of the cell cycle - consisting of the portion of interphase - after DNA synthesis occurs






20. A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients.






21. One of two families of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines.






22. An already existing RNA chain bound to template DNA to which DNA nucleotides are added during DNA synthesis.






23. The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond






24. A cyclically operating set of molecultes in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle






25. The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template.






26. The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH - evolving oxygen in the process.






27. The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis.






28. A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration.






29. Golgi apparatus--> gives rise to vesicles which pinch off and travel to other sites






30. That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.






31. A type of yellow-green accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.






32. An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function in important metabolic reactions.






33. Phase of cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokenisis






34. The general term for the production of offspring with new combinations of traits inherited from the two parents.






35. A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution






36. The chlorophyll a molecule and the primary electron acceptor in a photosystem; they trigger the light reactions of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll donates an electron - excited by light energy - to the primary electron acceptor - which passes an elec






37. A complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron in splicing RNA - releasing the intron - and joining the two adjacent exons.






38. Replicated forms of chromosomes joined together by the centromere and separated during mitosis and meiosis II






39. Use info - from the DNA to make proteins and carry out protein synthesis






40. The physical and physiological traits of an organism.






41. Total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. It is energy in most random form






42. The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed - but it cannot be created or destroyed.






43. A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site - changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.






44. Having the same solute concentration as another solution.






45. In a heterozygote - the allele that is completely masked in the phenotype.






46. A quantum - or discrete amount - of light energy.






47. The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded consisting of protein and polysaccharides.






48. Walled cells are _____ in isotonic surroundings - where there is no tendency for water to enter.






49. A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has an extra copy of one chromosome - instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be trisomic for that chromosome.






50. Splits a membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer. When a freeze-fracture preparation is viewed with an electron microscope - protein particles are interspersed in a smooth matrix - supporting the fluid mosaic model.







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