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AP Biology

Subjects : science, ap, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. For proteins - a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation - thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA - the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH - sal






2. An iron-containing protein - a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts






3. The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.






4. The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.






5. The pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.






6. The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane






7. The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat - and in spontaneous reactions - the free energy of the system also decreases.






8. A non dividing face of the cell cycle consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins






9. The passive transport of water; diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane; the direction of osmosis is determined only by a difference in total solute concentration ; the kind of solutes in the solution do not matter






10. A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen - producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.






11. A machine that spins test tubes at the fastest speeds to separate liquids and particles of different densities.






12. A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees reflecting molecules average kinetic energy






13. A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has an extra copy of one chromosome - instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be trisomic for that chromosome.






14. A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.






15. A technique for determining genetic abnormalities in a fetus by the presence of certain chemicals or defective fetal cells in the amniotic fluid - obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus.






16. The generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism.






17. That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as various colors by the human eye - ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.






18. A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 39 end of a new DNA fragment to the 59 end of a growing chain.






19. An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.






20. A nonspontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings






21. An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area -->substances tend to move form where there are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated






22. Actively maintains the gradient of sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) across the plasma membrane of animal cells . K+ concentration is low outside animal cell and high inside the cell. Na+ concentration is high outside an animal cell and low i






23. Chromatin - nucleolus - nuclear envelope--> directs protein synthesis by synthesizing RNA (mRNA) and sending it to the cytoplasm via nuclear pores-->the mRNA is made according to instruction provided by DNA --> mRNA reaches cytoplasm ribosomes transl






24. The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.






25. The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation.






26. Phase of cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokenisis






27. The mating - or crossing - of two varieties.






28. The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.






29. Special transport proteins that generate the voltage gradient across a membrane an example is the Na+-K+ pump restores the electrochemical gradient not only by the active transport of Na+ and K+ setting up a concentration gradien but because it pumps






30. An acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.






31. In comparing two solutions - referring to the one with a greater solute concentration.






32. Walled cells are _____ in isotonic surroundings - where there is no tendency for water to enter.






33. A network of microtubules - microfilaments - and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions.






34. A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.






35. Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.






36. A type of inheritance in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.






37. One of several formed bodies with specialized functions - suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.






38. That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.






39. Synthesis of lipids - phospholipids and steroid sex hormones-help detoxify drugs and poisons (liver cells) involves adding hydroxyl groups to drugs to make soluble and easier to flush from body






40. The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped - polyhedral - or more complete in shape.






41. Chromosome pairs of the same length - centromere position - and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father - the other from the mother.






42. An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.






43. An initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA.






44. A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle






45. A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains - using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. Pr






46. An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA.






47. A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecules is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent in another bond






48. Sex cells (haploid cells; egg or sperm) unite to form a diploid zygote






49. A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis.






50. The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH - evolving oxygen in the process.