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AP Biology

Subjects : science, ap, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. (1) An atom's central core - containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons.






2. An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atom; the bonded atoms gain compounds outer electron shells






3. Substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio






4. A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).






5. The diffusion gradient of an ion - representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move relative to the membrane potential.






6. The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of 'language' from nucleotides to amino acids






7. The physical and physiological traits of an organism.






8. The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template.






9. (1) The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. See first law of thermodynamics and second law of thermodynamics. (2) A phenomenon in which external DNA is taken up by a cell and functions there.






10. A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution - accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.






11. Use info - from the DNA to make proteins and carry out protein synthesis






12. Golgi apparatus--> gives rise to vesicles which pinch off and travel to other sites






13. A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork.






14. A functional group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.






15. Chromosome pairs of the same length - centromere position - and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father - the other from the mother.






16. The second growth face of the cell cycle consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs






17. The production of ATP by noncyclic electron flow.






18. The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation.






19. A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecules is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent in another bond






20. A chemical process that lyses - or splits - molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion.






21. An electrically neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom






22. The coupling of the 'downhill' diffusion of one substance to the 'uphill' transport of another against its own concentration gradient.






23. An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins.






24. A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.






25. (1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.






26. The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH - evolving oxygen in the process.






27. The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I.






28. That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.






29. Voltage across a membrane. ranges from -50 to -200 millivolts. inside of cell negative compared to the outside






30. Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance






31. The form of native DNA - referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.






32. Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells






33. A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.






34. A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A) - cytosine (C) - guanine (G) - and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruse






35. Special transport proteins that generate the voltage gradient across a membrane an example is the Na+-K+ pump restores the electrochemical gradient not only by the active transport of Na+ and K+ setting up a concentration gradien but because it pumps






36. The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.






37. Walled cells become _____ as a result of the entry of water from a hypotonic environment.






38. A mass of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue - caused by the uncontrolled growth of a transformed cell






39. A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion - formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules - ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.






40. The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start.






41. Lacking oxygen; referring to an organism - environment - or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it.






42. Mendel's second law - stating that each allele pair segregates independently during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characteristics are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes.






43. A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen - resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study the internal structure of thin sections of






44. Amphipathic molecules have both hydrophobic regions and hydrophilic regions <phospholipids>.






45. A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets.






46. An initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA.






47. An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.






48. Protein appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.






49. A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n) - one set inherited from each parent.






50. A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds - thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.