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AP Biology

Subjects : science, ap, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Replicated forms of chromosomes joined together by the centromere and separated during mitosis and meiosis II






2. Digestive compartments (macromolecules) carry out intracellular digestion . Use their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle the cell's own organic material (autophagy)






3. The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript.






4. A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants. Chlorophyll a can participate directly in the light reactions - which convert solar energy to chemical energy.






5. The electron donor in a redox reaction.






6. An individual with the normal phenotype.






7. A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis.






8. An iron-containing protein - a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts






9. In a heterozygote - the allele that is completely masked in the phenotype.






10. The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions) - involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.






11. A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules - which make up two subunits.






12. A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.






13. Unit - a region of a DNA molecule that is transcribed into an RNA molecule






14. A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin






15. A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration.






16. Actively maintains the gradient of sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) across the plasma membrane of animal cells . K+ concentration is low outside animal cell and high inside the cell. Na+ concentration is high outside an animal cell and low i






17. The ability of a cell to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another is crucial to the functioning of an organism carbohydrates are important for this






18. A mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three - resulting in the improper grouping of the following nucleotides into codons.






19. A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism - an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions - first discovered in the family Crassulaceae. Carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted into organic acids - which release






20. A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution - accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.






21. A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecules is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent in another bond






22. An additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character.






23. The arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes is described by the






24. Generate and degrade H2O2 in performing various metabolic functions transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen and they produce H2O2. Use O to break fatty acids that can be sent to mitochondria






25. A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and - through the actions of proteins - for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.






26. The chlorophyll a molecule and the primary electron acceptor in a photosystem; they trigger the light reactions of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll donates an electron - excited by light energy - to the primary electron acceptor - which passes an elec






27. An aggregation of several ribosomes attached to one messenger RNA molecule.






28. A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has an extra copy of one chromosome - instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be trisomic for that chromosome.






29. The protective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome. Specifically - the tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of the chromosome's DNA molecule. See also repetitive DNA.






30. A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers - found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.






31. A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.






32. A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.






33. A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork.






34. The form of native DNA - referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.






35. A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.






36. (1) The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. See first law of thermodynamics and second law of thermodynamics. (2) A phenomenon in which external DNA is taken up by a cell and functions there.






37. A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen - releases carbon dioxide - generates no ATP - and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot - dry - bright days - when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of car






38. A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction - growth - and development.






39. The pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.






40. The reactant on which an enzyme works






41. A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution






42. A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells - representing an inactivated X chromosome.






43. The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.






44. In plants bacteria and fungi it is the major electrogenic pump actively transporting H+ out of the cell






45. One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth - or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.






46. Electrical potential energy due to the separation of opposite charges






47. The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP - in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.






48. A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes. The greater the frequency of recombination between two genetic markers - the farther apart they are assumed to be. See also geneti






49. The most common type of mutation - a base-pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid.






50. An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minimum amounts