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AP Biology

Subjects : science, ap, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. (1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.






2. A coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism






3. A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.






4. Generate and degrade H2O2 in performing various metabolic functions transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen and they produce H2O2. Use O to break fatty acids that can be sent to mitochondria






5. Fourth subphase of mitosis in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell






6. Differences between members of the same species.






7. The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.






8. The second subphase of mitosis - in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear - the nuclear envelope fragments - and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.






9. A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.






10. A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one pair of valence electrons






11. A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments which enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA.






12. Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance






13. Actin (tension bearing elements ) muscle contraction






14. An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions.






15. The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis.






16. Attached to outside of ER or nuclear envelope- proteins that are destined for insertion into membranes or packaging certain organelles (ex: lysosome)






17. The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.






18. The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell.






19. An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.






20. The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.






21. The simplest carbohydrate - active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars - the molecular formulas of are generally some multiple of CH2O.






22. A cyclically operating set of molecultes in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle






23. The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.






24. A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.






25. A network of microtubules - microfilaments - and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions.






26. A subatomic particle with single positive charge found in nucleus of an atom






27. An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis






28. The passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient via transport proteins






29. A protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate.






30. An individual with the normal phenotype.






31. The disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation.






32. One of a family of closely related plant organelles - including chloroplasts - chromoplasts - and amyloplasts (leucoplasts).






33. The form of native DNA - referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.






34. An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area -->substances tend to move form where there are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated






35. A specialized structure in the nucleus - formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes.






36. A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis.






37. A membrane-enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.






38. An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minimum amounts






39. Cytokenisis process; pinching of the plasma membrane; the succession of rapid cell division without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cell






40. The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation.






41. A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material - forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.






42. A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment






43. The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond






44. Nuclear division process; prophase - prometaphase - metaphase - anaphase - and telophse






45. Having an affinity to water






46. A functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (—SH).






47. Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.






48. The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of 'language' from nucleotides to amino acids






49. An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.






50. The diffusion gradient of an ion - representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move relative to the membrane potential.