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AP Biology

Subjects : science, ap, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A membrane that cloaks the capsid that in turn encloses a viral genome.






2. A noncoding - intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.






3. A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients.






4. The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.






5. A loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface.






6. That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.






7. A substance that is dissolved in a solution






8. Anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles - formation of nuclear lamina






9. A coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism






10. A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells - representing an inactivated X chromosome.






11. The disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation.






12. The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds.






13. A type of endocytosis involving large - particulate substances.






14. (1) The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. See first law of thermodynamics and second law of thermodynamics. (2) A phenomenon in which external DNA is taken up by a cell and functions there.






15. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.






16. Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells






17. Synthesis phase of cell cycle; portion of interphase which DNA is replicated






18. The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell.






19. A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product - such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.






20. The cell engulfs a particle by extending psedopodia around it and packaging it in a large vacuole






21. A paired set of homologous chromosomes - each composed of two sister chromatids. Tetrads form during prophase I of meiosis.






22. A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.






23. A subatomic particle with single positive charge found in nucleus of an atom






24. The coupling of the 'downhill' diffusion of one substance to the 'uphill' transport of another against its own concentration gradient.






25. The most abundant type of RNA - which together with proteins - forms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons.






26. A functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (—SH).






27. Many ion channels function as gated channels these channels open or close depending on the presence or absence of a chemical or physical stimulus






28. A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution






29. A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen - releases carbon dioxide - generates no ATP - and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot - dry - bright days - when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of car






30. A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion - formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.






31. An ion transport protein generating voltage across the membrane.






32. A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment






33. A method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number - size - and type.






34. Any factor that has a greater impact on a population as the population increases






35. A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has only one copy of a chromosome - instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be monosomic for that chromosome.






36. A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA - in some viruses).






37. The second subphase of mitosis - in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear - the nuclear envelope fragments - and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.






38. A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments which enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA.






39. A two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell.






40. Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.






41. Synthesis of lipids - phospholipids and steroid sex hormones-help detoxify drugs and poisons (liver cells) involves adding hydroxyl groups to drugs to make soluble and easier to flush from body






42. (1) A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells. (2) In popular usage - a single individual organism that is genetically identical to another individual. (3) As a verb - to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cell. See a






43. The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template.






44. The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat - and in spontaneous reactions - the free energy of the system also decreases.






45. The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells - serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration






46. Generate and degrade H2O2 in performing various metabolic functions transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen and they produce H2O2. Use O to break fatty acids that can be sent to mitochondria






47. Having two different alleles for a given genetic character






48. A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.






49. Differences between members of the same species.






50. The general term for the production of offspring with new combinations of traits inherited from the two parents.