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AP Biology

Subjects : science, ap, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A phenomenon in which one gene alters the expression of another gene that is independently inherited






2. An active transport mechanism in cell membranes that consumes ATP to force hydrogen ions out of a cell and - in the process - generates a membrane potential






3. (1) A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells. (2) In popular usage - a single individual organism that is genetically identical to another individual. (3) As a verb - to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cell. See a






4. In a heterozygote - the allele that is completely masked in the phenotype.






5. An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton.






6. A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution - accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.






7. A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.






8. An accessory pigment - either yellow or orange - in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot - carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.






9. A cyclically operating set of molecultes in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle






10. The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat - and in spontaneous reactions - the free energy of the system also decreases.






11. A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule - which then departs from the gene






12. An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions.






13. The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded consisting of protein and polysaccharides.






14. The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.






15. An individual with the normal phenotype.






16. A team of enzymes that hydrolyze DNA and RNA into their component nucleotides






17. A nonspontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings






18. The most abundant type of RNA - which together with proteins - forms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons.






19. A quantitative measure of disorder or randomness - symbolized by S.






20. A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA - in some viruses).






21. The entire contents of the cell - exclusive of the nucleus - and bounded by the plasma membrane.






22. The enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP - or ribulose bisphosphate).






23. Phase of cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokenisis






24. Mendel's first law - stating that allele pairs separate during gamete formation - and then randomly re-form as pairs during the fusion of gametes at fertilization.






25. The generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism.






26. A complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron in splicing RNA - releasing the intron - and joining the two adjacent exons.






27. Molecules that are mirror images of each other.






28. A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants. Chlorophyll a can participate directly in the light reactions - which convert solar energy to chemical energy.






29. The binding together of like molecules often by hydrogen bonds






30. An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atom; the bonded atoms gain compounds outer electron shells






31. Electrical potential energy due to the separation of opposite charges






32. A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecules is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent in another bond






33. The spontaneous passage of molecules and ions - bound to specific carrier proteins - across a biological membrane down their concentration gradients






34. An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.






35. The cell engulfs a particle by extending psedopodia around it and packaging it in a large vacuole






36. An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.






37. A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction






38. Double membrane perforated by pores which regulate entry and exit of certain macromolecules and particles






39. An aggregation of several ribosomes attached to one messenger RNA molecule.






40. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.






41. In plants bacteria and fungi it is the major electrogenic pump actively transporting H+ out of the cell






42. Walled cells become _____ as a result of the entry of water from a hypotonic environment.






43. A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one pair of valence electrons






44. The attraction between different kinds of molecules






45. An ion with a positive charge produced by the loss of one or more electrons






46. The physical and physiological traits of an organism.






47. A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.






48. A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form - the sporophyte - and a multicellular haploid form - the gametophyte; characteristic of plants.






49. The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure - which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.






50. A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.