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AP Biology

Subjects : science, ap, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The most common type of mutation - a base-pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid.






2. A membrane-enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.






3. Substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio






4. Specialized structure in special type of RNA - ribosomal RNA - is synthesized + assembled w/ proteins imported from cytoplasm into main components of ribsomal subunits which pass nuclear portes to cytoplasm where they combine to form ribosomes






5. An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. A monohybrid results from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles. For example - parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid genotype of Aa.






6. Complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome






7. The coupling of the 'downhill' diffusion of one substance to the 'uphill' transport of another against its own concentration gradient.






8. For proteins - a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation - thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA - the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH - sal






9. A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids.






10. Unit - a region of a DNA molecule that is transcribed into an RNA molecule






11. The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template.






12. The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of 'language' from nucleotides to amino acids






13. The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP - in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.






14. A type of covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. the shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom. making one slightly negative and the other slightly positive






15. A human genetic disease of red blood cells caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein; it is the most common inherited disease among African Americans.






16. A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.






17. The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.






18. The entire contents of the cell - exclusive of the nucleus - and bounded by the plasma membrane.






19. Chromosome pairs of the same length - centromere position - and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father - the other from the mother.






20. The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.






21. A type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf.






22. The diffusion gradient of an ion - representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move relative to the membrane potential.






23. An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis






24. The X-shaped - microscopically visible region representing homologous chromatids that have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis.






25. The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient - generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis.






26. Period when cell cycle when cell is not dividing- cell metabolic activity is high - chromsomes and organelles are duplicated and cell size may increase. 90% of cell cycle






27. A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule - which then departs from the gene






28. Typically transmembrane proteins with hydrophobic regions that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.






29. Sites where the replication of a DNA molecule begins.






30. One of a family of closely related plant organelles - including chloroplasts - chromoplasts - and amyloplasts (leucoplasts).






31. A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules - usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides - proteins - and nucleic acids are macromolecules.






32. A two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell.






33. Replicated forms of chromosomes joined together by the centromere and separated during mitosis and meiosis II






34. Charts of chromosomes that locate genes with respect to chromosomal features.






35. The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat - and in spontaneous reactions - the free energy of the system also decreases.






36. A structural polysaccharide of cell walls - consisting of glucose monomers joined by b-1 - 4-glycosidic linkages.






37. Synthesis phase of cell cycle; portion of interphase which DNA is replicated






38. A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction






39. A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.






40. The passive transport of water; diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane; the direction of osmosis is determined only by a difference in total solute concentration ; the kind of solutes in the solution do not matter






41. A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A) - cytosine (C) - guanine (G) - and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruse






42. A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has only one copy of a chromosome - instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be monosomic for that chromosome.






43. The arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes is described by the






44. A heritable feature.






45. In a heterozygote - the allele that is completely masked in the phenotype.






46. A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.






47. Any cell in multicellular organism except an egg or sperm






48. A type of endocytosis involving large - particulate substances.






49. An enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription.






50. A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization.