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AP Biology

Subjects : science, ap, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Sequence of events in the life of a cell - from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two composed of M - G1 - S - and G2 phases






2. A chemical process that lyses - or splits - molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion.






3. A two stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organims that results in cells with half the chromosomes number of the original cells






4. The multicellular diploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation.






5. A type of covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. the shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom. making one slightly negative and the other slightly positive






6. The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.






7. A functional group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.






8. The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of 'language' from nucleotides to amino acids






9. A quantum - or discrete amount - of light energy.






10. 1. Transport of specific solutes into or out of cells. 2. Enzymatic activity - sometimes catalyzing one of a number of steps of a metabolic pathway 3. Signal transduction - relaying hormonal messages to the cell. 4. Cell-cell recognition - allowing o






11. Proteins that facilitate the amount of diffusion)A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane (osmosis).






12. A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea - Bacteria - and Eukarya.






13. A type of endocytosis involving large - particulate substances.






14. The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds.






15. A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients.






16. A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule - which then departs from the gene






17. The second subphase of mitosis - in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear - the nuclear envelope fragments - and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.






18. An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minimum amounts






19. A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis






20. That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.






21. The passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient via transport proteins






22. The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.






23. A technique for determining genetic abnormalities in a fetus by the presence of certain chemicals or defective fetal cells in the amniotic fluid - obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus.






24. An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.






25. A chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.






26. The first subphase of mitosis in which the chromatin is condensing and the mitotic spindle begins to form but the nucleolus and nucleus are still in intact






27. The X-shaped - microscopically visible region representing homologous chromatids that have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis.






28. A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin






29. Modification of RNA before it leaves the nucleus - a process unique to eukaryotes.






30. A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy






31. A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments which enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA.






32. A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen - producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.






33. Specialized structure in special type of RNA - ribosomal RNA - is synthesized + assembled w/ proteins imported from cytoplasm into main components of ribsomal subunits which pass nuclear portes to cytoplasm where they combine to form ribosomes






34. A specialized structure in the nucleus - formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes.






35. The cellular uptake of macromolecules and particulate substances by localized regions of the plasma membrane that surround the substance and pinch off to form an intracellular vesicle.






36. Mendel's second law - stating that each allele pair segregates independently during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characteristics are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes.






37. The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane






38. An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or mutagens; duplication of a portion of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome.






39. Actin (tension bearing elements ) muscle contraction






40. A set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains.






41. A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules - usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides - proteins - and nucleic acids are macromolecules.






42. A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has an extra copy of one chromosome - instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be trisomic for that chromosome.






43. Having an affinity to water






44. A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.






45. The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP - in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.






46. The production of ATP by noncyclic electron flow.






47. Special transport proteins that generate the voltage gradient across a membrane an example is the Na+-K+ pump restores the electrochemical gradient not only by the active transport of Na+ and K+ setting up a concentration gradien but because it pumps






48. The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.






49. A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants. Chlorophyll a can participate directly in the light reactions - which convert solar energy to chemical energy.






50. The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' 3' direction.







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