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AP Biology

Subjects : science, ap, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The multicellular haploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation.






2. The X-shaped - microscopically visible region representing homologous chromatids that have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis.






3. The amount of heat that must be absorbed lost for one gram of a substance to change its temperature by one degree






4. The protective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome. Specifically - the tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of the chromosome's DNA molecule. See also repetitive DNA.






5. An iron-containing protein - a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts






6. For proteins - a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation - thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA - the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH - sal






7. Chromosome pairs of the same length - centromere position - and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father - the other from the mother.






8. A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.






9. An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or mutagens; duplication of a portion of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome.






10. A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution






11. A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and - through the actions of proteins - for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.






12. The distance between crests of waves - such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.






13. A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis.






14. A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells - representing an inactivated X chromosome.






15. The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.






16. A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid






17. Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells






18. A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion - formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules - ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.






19. A globular protein that links into chains - two of which twist helically about each other - forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.






20. The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions) - involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.






21. A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecules is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent in another bond






22. Differences between members of the same species.






23. A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A) - cytosine (C) - guanine (G) - and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruse






24. A chemical process that lyses - or splits - molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion.






25. Having the same solute concentration as another solution.






26. The arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes is described by the






27. A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.






28. Network of membrane sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes






29. Region where cells microtubules are initiated






30. Having two different alleles for a given genetic character






31. A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has an extra copy of one chromosome - instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be trisomic for that chromosome.






32. An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. A monohybrid results from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles. For example - parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid genotype of Aa.






33. The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.






34. The binding together of like molecules often by hydrogen bonds






35. A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution - accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.






36. The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light.






37. The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond






38. The diffusion gradient of an ion - representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move relative to the membrane potential.






39. Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance






40. In plants bacteria and fungi it is the major electrogenic pump actively transporting H+ out of the cell






41. The most abundant type of RNA - which together with proteins - forms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons.






42. Typically transmembrane proteins with hydrophobic regions that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.






43. Molecules that are mirror images of each other.






44. The fifth and final subphase of mitosis in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokenisis actually begins






45. The disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation.






46. The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient - generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis.






47. A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments which enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA.






48. A machine that spins test tubes at the fastest speeds to separate liquids and particles of different densities.






49. Anything takes up space and has mass






50. 1. Transport of specific solutes into or out of cells. 2. Enzymatic activity - sometimes catalyzing one of a number of steps of a metabolic pathway 3. Signal transduction - relaying hormonal messages to the cell. 4. Cell-cell recognition - allowing o