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AP Biology

Subjects : science, ap, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A type of RNA - synthesized from DNA - that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.






2. A negatively charged ion






3. An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.






4. A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA - in some viruses).






5. A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).






6. The entire spectrum of radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer.






7. (1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.






8. An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton.






9. An already existing RNA chain bound to template DNA to which DNA nucleotides are added during DNA synthesis.






10. An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify - store - and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.






11. An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.






12. The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed - but it cannot be created or destroyed.






13. A phenomenon in which one gene alters the expression of another gene that is independently inherited






14. Walled cells are _____ in isotonic surroundings - where there is no tendency for water to enter.






15. The diffusion gradient of an ion - representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move relative to the membrane potential.






16. Sequence of events in the life of a cell - from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two composed of M - G1 - S - and G2 phases






17. A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle






18. Complete complement of organisms genes; genetic material






19. A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecules is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent in another bond






20. A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion - formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.






21. Genes that are located on the same chromosome.






22. A protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate.






23. A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons - which are expressed - are separated from each other by introns.






24. A type of endocytosis involving large - particulate substances.






25. A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule - which then departs from the gene






26. Actively maintains the gradient of sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) across the plasma membrane of animal cells . K+ concentration is low outside animal cell and high inside the cell. Na+ concentration is high outside an animal cell and low i






27. Nuclear division process; prophase - prometaphase - metaphase - anaphase - and telophse






28. The X-shaped - microscopically visible region representing homologous chromatids that have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis.






29. Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells - important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center.






30. Centralized region that joins the two sister chromatids






31. A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds - thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.






32. An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells - continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.






33. Rain - snow - or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6.






34. A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea - Bacteria - and Eukarya.






35. A loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface.






36. An individual with the normal phenotype.






37. A change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair






38. The most common type of mutation - a base-pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid.






39. For proteins - a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation - thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA - the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH - sal






40. A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration.






41. A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and - through the actions of proteins - for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.






42. The multicellular diploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation.






43. Typically transmembrane proteins with hydrophobic regions that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.






44. A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients.






45. A team of enzymes that hydrolyze DNA and RNA into their component nucleotides






46. Gene carrying structure found in nucleus- consists of 1 very long DNA molecules and associated proteins






47. The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of 'language' from nucleotides to amino acids






48. A profile of the relative performance of different wavelengths of light.






49. A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen






50. The division of the cytoplasm to form two seperate daughter cells after mitosis