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AP Biology

Subjects : science, ap, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A network of microtubules - microfilaments - and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions.






2. Are not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all. Instead - the are loosely bound to the surface of the protein - often connected to integral proteins






3. The passive transport of water; diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane; the direction of osmosis is determined only by a difference in total solute concentration ; the kind of solutes in the solution do not matter






4. A double-stranded - helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.






5. Actively maintains the gradient of sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) across the plasma membrane of animal cells . K+ concentration is low outside animal cell and high inside the cell. Na+ concentration is high outside an animal cell and low i






6. The diffusion gradient of an ion - representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move relative to the membrane potential.






7. (1) An atom's central core - containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons.






8. A two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell.






9. A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism - an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions - first discovered in the family Crassulaceae. Carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted into organic acids - which release






10. Period when cell cycle when cell is not dividing- cell metabolic activity is high - chromsomes and organelles are duplicated and cell size may increase. 90% of cell cycle






11. Total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. It is energy in most random form






12. Containing oxygen; referring to an organism - environment - or cellular process that requires oxygen.






13. Molecules that are mirror images of each other.






14. One of several atomic forms of an element each containing different number of neutrons and different in atomic mass






15. A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.






16. An already existing RNA chain bound to template DNA to which DNA nucleotides are added during DNA synthesis.






17. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.






18. The X-shaped - microscopically visible region representing homologous chromatids that have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis.






19. A substance that is dissolved in a solution






20. A noncoding - intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.






21. An accident of meiosis or mitosis - in which the members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to move apart properly.






22. A polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides - formed by dehydration reactions.






23. A technique for determining genetic abnormalities in a fetus by the presence of certain chemicals or defective fetal cells in the amniotic fluid - obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus.






24. A heritable feature in a population that varies continuously as a result of environmental influences and the additive effect of two or more genes (polygenic inheritance).






25. Sites where the replication of a DNA molecule begins.






26. The cellular process that uses special enzymes to fix incorrectly paired nucleotides.






27. Center of manufacturing - warehousing - sorting - and shipping products are usually modified during their transit from the cis pole to the trans pole






28. In plants bacteria and fungi it is the major electrogenic pump actively transporting H+ out of the cell






29. The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area.






30. An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. A monohybrid results from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles. For example - parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid genotype of Aa.






31. The passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient via transport proteins






32. For proteins - a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation - thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA - the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH - sal






33. A chemical process that lyses - or splits - molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion.






34. That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.






35. A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast - used to convert light energy to chemical energy.






36. An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or from mutagens; specifically - reattachment of a chromosomal fragment to the chromosome from which the fragment originated - but in a reverse orientation.






37. Walled cells are _____ in isotonic surroundings - where there is no tendency for water to enter.






38. A human genetic disease of red blood cells caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein; it is the most common inherited disease among African Americans.






39. A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization.






40. One of several formed bodies with specialized functions - suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.






41. The first subphase of mitosis in which the chromatin is condensing and the mitotic spindle begins to form but the nucleolus and nucleus are still in intact






42. Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.






43. (1) A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells. (2) In popular usage - a single individual organism that is genetically identical to another individual. (3) As a verb - to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cell. See a






44. The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I.






45. A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle






46. A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.






47. The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.






48. Synthesis phase of cell cycle; portion of interphase which DNA is replicated






49. An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.






50. A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one pair of valence electrons






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