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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)






2. Lack of water --> lack of body water - compromises the circulatory system and regulation of body temperature






3. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






4. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






5. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite






6. BMI of 30 or greater






7. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






8. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)






9. Amount of fuel used during a given time to power all of its metabolic requirement - = MR - sometimes appears as heat






10. Refers to all the bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life






11. Actively regulate osmolarity of their extracellular fluid (300 Mosm/L)






12. Cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and where filtration takes place

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13. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on variation in their traits






14. Asexual 1. Doesn't need a mate 2. Maintains adaptive genes 3. All kids asexual (able to reproduce) V.S. Sexual 1. Repairs damaged DNA 2. Elimination of deleterious mutations (asexual makes exact copies) 3. Greater genetic variation (genetic combinati






15. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus - which results in the production of sex cells






16. Change salt water balance: 1. respiration - 2. metabolism - 3. waste elimination - 4. food ingestion 5. body temperature regulation






17. Excrete ammonia






18. Outcrops of species due to suitable habitats separated by areas of unsuitable habitat






19. Several loci






20. Environments where species can survive within their geographic range






21. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)






22. Harmful mutation






23. Individuals interacting at a given time and place






24. Populations do






25. Releases fatty acids to diffuse into cells of the body - some used during absorptive phase for energy






26. Continuous within Bowman's capsule - Loop of Henle






27. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)






28. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)






29. Favors the mean - selection against any deleterious mutations (baby size)






30. Region where species are found (densities are zero elsewhere)






31. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine






32. Neurons (generate and conduct electrical signals) and glial cells (release chemical signals)






33. Humans do this through clothing






34. The Origin of Species 1859

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35. Cover inner and outer surface areas - secrete substances - selective barriers - transport - cilia or sensory






36. Insects have these which transport uric acid - postassium ions and sodium ions into tubules - but ercovers water (allows insects to live in dry environments






37. Refers to all the bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life






38. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area






39. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)






40. 2NAA + NAa/2N is p and 2aa + NAa/2N is q (however similar frequencies can have very different genotype frequencies)






41. 1. No mutation 2. No differential selection among genotypes 3. There is no gene flow 4. Population size is infinite 5. Mating is random






42. Native to one location and no where else






43. Harmful mutation






44. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)






45. 1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm 3. Mesoderm






46. Occurs when ingested nutrients enter the blood stream from the GI tract






47. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






48. Too large to diffuse across plasma membrane so they are digested into monoglycerides and fatty acids - diffused through epithelial cells - re-synthesized into triglycerides - packaged into chylomicrons for lymph & blood transport






49. Reuglated rise in body temp caused by a rise in the hypothalamic set point for metabloic heat production (fights pathogrens - and increased production of white blood cells)






50. Body temp changes with enviro - BMR measured at standard temp for each species - SMR or standard metabolic rate (fish - ambhibia - reptiles)