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Test your basic knowledge |
Bio 101: Harvard
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
science
,
biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)
Fever
Orthologs
Osmolarity
Artificial directional selection
2. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required
Secretion
Nucleotide Substitution
Ketones
Founder effect
3. Stored as either glycogen in liver or as triglycerides
Honest signal
Stabilizing Selection
Gene duplication
Excess Glucose
4. 1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm 3. Mesoderm
Population
3 germ layers
Connective tissue
Kidney
5. Conversion of chemical bond energy in nutrients into the chemical bond energy in ATP - and use of ATP to do work produces heat as byproduct
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
Metabolism
Honest signal
Nucleotide Substitution
6. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)
Adaptation
Lower critical temperature
Acclimatization
Heterotopy
7. 1. Must consume more food - run risk of overheating (hyperthermia) - restricted to water plentiful environments
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Meiosis
Satiation
Mutation
8. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population
Absorbed amino acids
Excess Glucose
Microevolution
Osmolarity
9. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)
Calorie
Major blood buffer
Exon shuffling
Silent substitution
10. Actively regulate osmolarity of their extracellular fluid (300 Mosm/L)
Intracellular fluid
Osmoregulators
Population size
Habitat
11. BMI of 30 or greater
Heterotherms
Obesity
Glucose Transporters
Allele frequency
12. Glycogen hodrolysis in liver
Negative feedback
Directional selection
Glycogenolysis
Molecular Evolution
13. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog
Homeotherms
Vestigial structures
Antidiuretic hormone
P53
14. Refers to all the bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life
Calorie
Absorptive phase
Osmoregulators
Metabolism
15. Creates new genes by inserting exons and flanking introns into a different gene sequence - there by introducing a new domain in the gene product
Selfing
Hypoglycemia
Exon shuffling
Intrasexual Selection
16. Amplifies deviation frokm set point
Negative feedback
MR equation
Positive feedback
Alleles
17. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)
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18. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)
Heterozygote populations
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
Habitat
Diploid
19. Occurs when ingested nutrients enter the blood stream from the GI tract
Absorptive phase
Allele frequency formula
Stabilizing Selection
Gene Flow
20. Copies of genes that are no longer functional
Endotherms
Psuedogenes
Heterotopy
Metabolism
21. In ECM - protein fibers makeup cartilage and bone (mineralized) - ECM of plasma liquid - Adipose=fat cells - energy storing
Population
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
3 germ layers
Connective tissue
22. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)
Daily torpor
Genetic Drift
Brown fat
Molecular Evolution
23. Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries - supplied by afferent arteriole - drained by efferent arteriole - podocytes form filatration slits
Genetic Drift
Vestigial structures
Artificial selection
Glomerulus
24. Lack of water --> lack of body water - compromises the circulatory system and regulation of body temperature
Dehydration
Evaporation
Excretory organs
Directional selection
25. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)
Lateral gene transfer
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
Honest signal
Secretion
26. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper
Honest signal
Obligatory Exchanges
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
Heterochrony
27. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)
Reabsorption
Hypoglycemia
Epithelial tissue
Ectotherms
28. Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
Osmoconformers
Calorie
Feedforward information
Nucleotide Substitution
29. Daily decline of body temp to save energy (bouts of torpor last mustiple days in hibernation)
Hypoglycemia
Daily torpor
Temperature sensitivity
Intrasexual Selection
30. The number of osmoles of solute particles per liter of solvent - must be maintained between extracellular and intracellular fluid or cells can change volume and burst/die
Sexual selection
Osmolarity
Feedforward information
Heterochrony
31. Number of individuals per unit of area/volume (dynamic - change over time)
Chief monomers absorbed
Population density
Artificial selection
Osmoregulators
32. Main excretory organ of vertebrates: 1. specialized tubules of epithelial cell - 2. salt and water homeostasis - 3. Nitrogeneous waste elimination 4.Renal cortex= filtration - renal medulla = filtration concentrated 5. milions of nephrons
Nitrogenous wastes
Kidney
Nonsynonymous vs synonymous
Metabolism
33. Generate their own heat - maintain relatively constant body temperature - BMR measured in thermoneutral zone (birds and mammals)
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
Thermal insulation
Endemic
Endotherms
34. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)
Osmoconformers
Habitat
Energy expenditure
Negative feedback
35. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities
Electrolytes
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
Population
Meiosis
36. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)
Fever
P53
Insulin
Phenotype
37. Reuglated rise in body temp caused by a rise in the hypothalamic set point for metabloic heat production (fights pathogrens - and increased production of white blood cells)
Major blood buffer
Fever
Nitrogenous wastes
Vasa recta
38. Stable temperatures
Excretory system functions
Homeotherms
Habitat
Hypoglycemia
39. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)
Evolutionary trend
Dobzhansky Muller Model
Connective tissue
Natural selection
40. 1. Regulate volume of fluid in body 2. regulate osmolarity - 3. Maintain Ca2+ - H+ - NA+ (ionic regulation) 4. eliminate nitrogenous wastes produced by protein and nucleic acid catabolism (URINE)
Excretory system functions
Conduction
Genome size
Allele frequency formula
41. Inherited but no use (whale pelvis)
Genotype frequency
Diploid
Post absorptive stage
Vestigial structures
42. Migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations (can add new allelles or change Allele frequency)
Brown fat
Loop of Henle
Nucleotide Substitution
Gene Flow
43. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)
Vestigial structures
Loop of Henle
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
Evolutionary trend
44. Changes at the DNA - RNA and protein scale
Absorbed amino acids
Molecular Evolution
Allele frequency formula
Energy expenditure
45. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is
Hypothalamus
Honest signal
Gastrulation
Kidney
46. Much of variation in size lies in non coding DNA as opposed to functional genes. Also in large populations - slightly deleterious sequences more likely to be purged than in small size (thus more noncoding DNA in large population over small)
Non shivering thermogensis
Artificial directional selection
Nucleotide Substitution
Genome size
47. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)
Ectotherms
Loop of Henle
Homeotherms
Directional selection
48. Native to one location and no where else
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
Leptin
Endemic
Negative feedback
49. Hot fish have arteries closer to muscle to warm blood (countercurrent heat exchanger)- allows them to swim faster - catch prey
P53
Deleterious
Selfing
Cold fish vs hot fish
50. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)
Genetic structure
Post absorptive stage
Diploid
Lower critical temperature