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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1. Regulate volume of fluid in body 2. regulate osmolarity - 3. Maintain Ca2+ - H+ - NA+ (ionic regulation) 4. eliminate nitrogenous wastes produced by protein and nucleic acid catabolism (URINE)






2. Allele and genotype frequencies






3. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)






4. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)






5. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)






6. Harmful mutation






7. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper






8. Cover inner and outer surface areas - secrete substances - selective barriers - transport - cilia or sensory






9. Occurs when GI tract is empty of nutrients so body's stores are used






10. 1. Both copies retain original function 2. Both copies able to produce original gene product - but expression diverges in different tissues or at different times in development 3. One copy may become psuedogene 4. One copy maintains function and seco






11. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)






12. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required






13. Amount of fuel used during a given time to power all of its metabolic requirement - = MR - sometimes appears as heat






14. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on variation in their traits






15. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly






16. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






17. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on specific traits chosen by humans






18. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on variation in their traits






19. 1. Must consume more food - run risk of overheating (hyperthermia) - restricted to water plentiful environments






20. Liver converts no carbs into glucose (lipolysis-fatty acids and glycerol to glucose)






21. Stable temperatures






22. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion






23. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes






24. Too large to diffuse across plasma membrane so they are digested into monoglycerides and fatty acids - diffused through epithelial cells - re-synthesized into triglycerides - packaged into chylomicrons for lymph & blood transport






25. 1. No mutation 2. No differential selection among genotypes 3. There is no gene flow 4. Population size is infinite 5. Mating is random






26. (GLUTS) move to surface - inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis






27. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills






28. Continuous within Bowman's capsule - Loop of Henle






29. Stable temperatures






30. Total number of individuals in a population






31. Native to one location and no where else






32. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)






33. Change on scale at or above species - changes in separate gene pools






34. Favors the mean - selection against any deleterious mutations (baby size)






35. Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries - supplied by afferent arteriole - drained by efferent arteriole - podocytes form filatration slits






36. 20%of plasma leaves capillaries and filters into bowman's space. GFR= Rate of filtrate production (controlled by dilation and constriction of afferent arteriole)






37. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






38. Native to one location and no where else






39. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)






40. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)






41. Asexual 1. Doesn't need a mate 2. Maintains adaptive genes 3. All kids asexual (able to reproduce) V.S. Sexual 1. Repairs damaged DNA 2. Elimination of deleterious mutations (asexual makes exact copies) 3. Greater genetic variation (genetic combinati






42. Releases fatty acids to diffuse into cells of the body - some used during absorptive phase for energy






43. Blood into dialyzer (acts as filtrater) to create artificaill countercurrent exchange system






44. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)






45. Heat transfers away from a sruface due to evaporation (expensive to sweat and pant - burn more calories)






46. Some animals move around to increase decrease temperature (pray themselves with water/dust - find shade - put on clothing)






47. Insects have these which transport uric acid - postassium ions and sodium ions into tubules - but ercovers water (allows insects to live in dry environments






48. The body's resting rate of energy expenditure






49. Insects have these which transport uric acid - postassium ions and sodium ions into tubules - but ercovers water (allows insects to live in dry environments






50. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is







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