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Test your basic knowledge |
Bio 101: Harvard
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
science
,
biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Allele and genotype frequencies
Genetic structure
Diploid
Neutral Theory
Loop of Henle
2. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly
Allele frequency formula
Endemic
Nonsynonymous vs synonymous
Fitness
3. Occurs when GI tract is empty of nutrients so body's stores are used
Post absorptive stage
Interstitial fluid
Leptin
Obesity
4. (GLUTS) move to surface - inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis
Glucose Transporters
Genotype frequency
Intracellular fluid
Gene Flow
5. A favored trait that evolves through natural selection (more organisms with that trait survive than those without)
Muscle tissue
Glycogenolysis
Adaptation
Secretion
6. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)
Hypothalamus
Malpighian tubules
Metabolism
Nucleotide Substitution
7. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)
Gene pool
Insulin
Qualitative
Disruptive selection
8. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area
Daily torpor
Conduction
Size in BMR
Genome size
9. Several loci
Meiosis
Quantitative
Qualitative
Vestigial structures
10. Cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and where filtration takes place
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11. Secrete penicillin - toxins - K+ and H+
Artificial directional selection
Endemic
Thermal insulation
Secretion
12. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)
Loop of Henle
Founder effect
Lower critical temperature
Gene Flow
13. Glucose-used to syntheisize ATP (and triglycerides) - galactose - and fructose
Leptin
Chief monomers absorbed
Malpighian tubules
Phenotype
14. Some animals move around to increase decrease temperature (pray themselves with water/dust - find shade - put on clothing)
Deleterious
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
Muller's Ratchet
15. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)
Convection
Vasa recta
Evolutionary trend
Loop of Henle
16. Refers to all the bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life
Selfing
Metabolism
Metabolic rate
Dobzhansky Muller Model
17. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)
Excretory organs
Conduction
Antidiuretic hormone
Kidney
18. The Origin of Species 1859
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19. Neurons (generate and conduct electrical signals) and glial cells (release chemical signals)
Nervous tissue
Evaporation
Genetic Drift
Feedforward information
20. Excrete ammonia
Ammonotelic
Non shivering thermogensis
Geographic Range
Cold fish vs hot fish
21. Rate at which an organism uses energy to power these reactions
Microevolution
Metabolic rate
Habitat
Glomerulus
22. Bicarbonate ions (Co2+H2O= h2Co3= H+ + HCO3-) Co2 removed by lungs - H+ removed by urine
Major blood buffer
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
Nucleotide Substitution
Genetic Drift
23. Fluctuating temperatures
Heterotherms
Intracellular fluid
Evolutionary trend
Osmoregulators
24. Humans do this through clothing
Genetic structure
Thermal insulation
Sexual recombination vs asexual reproduction
Leptin
25. Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries - supplied by afferent arteriole - drained by efferent arteriole - podocytes form filatration slits
Leptin
Allele frequency formula
Glomerulus
Obligatory Exchanges
26. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)
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27. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite
Reabsorption
Satiation
Radiation
Genome size
28. 20%of plasma leaves capillaries and filters into bowman's space. GFR= Rate of filtrate production (controlled by dilation and constriction of afferent arteriole)
Psuedogenes
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Negative feedback
Gene pool
29. Proportion of allele in population
Conduction
Allele frequency
Muller's Ratchet
Habitat
30. ADH- increase number of water channels - allows more water to leave duct - urine volume decreases
Kidney
Antidiuretic hormone
Excretory system functions
Dobzhansky Muller Model
31. Total number of individuals in a population
Population size
Population density
Evaporation
Deleterious
32. The body's resting rate of energy expenditure
Basal Metabolic Rate
Quantitative
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
Gene Flow
33. 1. Must consume more food - run risk of overheating (hyperthermia) - restricted to water plentiful environments
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Epithelial tissue
Habitat patches
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
34. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)
Missense Substitution
Excretory system functions
Ammonotelic
Vasa recta
35. One loci
Qualitative
Gluconeogenesis
Genetic structure
Dobzhansky Muller Model
36. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog
Dobzhansky Muller Model
Genetic structure
P53
Glucose Transporters
37. The body's resting rate of energy expenditure
Basal Metabolic Rate
Reabsorption
Artificial directional selection
P53
38. Change salt water balance: 1. respiration - 2. metabolism - 3. waste elimination - 4. food ingestion 5. body temperature regulation
Intracellular fluid
Obligatory Exchanges
Intrasexual Selection
Metanephridia
39. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite
Genetic structure
Leptin
Ectotherms
Heterotopy
40. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)
Mutation
Macroevolution
3 germ layers
Tubule
41. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz
Major blood buffer
Neutral Theory
Osmolarity
Hypothalamus
42. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)
Artificial directional selection
Vestigial structures
Habitat
Lateral gene transfer
43. What organisms look like and how they behave
Intrasexual Selection
Phenotype
Endemic
Size in BMR
44. When a few pioneers colonize a new region - they possess fewer alleles than their source population creating a bottleneck effect
Founder effect
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
Natural selection
Post absorptive stage
45. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area
Conduction
Population
Size in BMR
Dehydration
46. Lack of water --> lack of body water - compromises the circulatory system and regulation of body temperature
Vestigial structures
Size in BMR
Dehydration
Basal Metabolic Rate
47. Proportion of genotype in population
Radiation
Secretion
Genotype frequency
Darwin's book
48. Migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations (can add new allelles or change Allele frequency)
Ketones
Lipoprotein lipase
MR equation
Gene Flow
49. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)
Muscle tissue
Sexual selection
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Artificial directional selection
50. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)
Conduction
Macroevolution
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
Major blood buffer