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Test your basic knowledge |
Bio 101: Harvard
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
science
,
biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Different form of a gene
Heterotopy
Metanephridia
Alleles
Founder effect
2. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat
MR equation
Silent substitution
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
Temperature sensitivity
3. Neurons (generate and conduct electrical signals) and glial cells (release chemical signals)
Individuals do not evolve
Ectotherms
Nervous tissue
Habitat
4. Insects have these which transport uric acid - postassium ions and sodium ions into tubules - but ercovers water (allows insects to live in dry environments
Conduction
Gene Flow
Fitness
Malpighian tubules
5. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population
Microevolution
Gene pool
Post absorptive stage
Size in BMR
6. Change in a single nucleotide in a DnA sequence
Kidney
Vestigial structures
Obligatory Exchanges
Nucleotide Substitution
7. 2NAA + NAa/2N is p and 2aa + NAa/2N is q (however similar frequencies can have very different genotype frequencies)
Lower critical temperature
Quantitative
Allele frequency formula
Basal Metabolic Rate
8. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)
Alleles
Loop of Henle
Evolutionary trend
Meiosis
9. Individuals interacting at a given time and place
Endotherms
Acclimatization
3 germ layers
Population
10. Heat transfer when two objects come into direct contact (icepack on sprained ankle)
Conduction
Thermal insulation
Antidiuretic hormone
Absorbed triglycerides
11. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)
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12. What organisms look like and how they behave
MR equation
Phenotype
Neutral Theory
Glomerular Filtration Rate
13. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)
Individuals do not evolve
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
Metabolic rate
Reabsorption
14. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly
Nonsynonymous vs synonymous
Absorptive phase
Hemodialysis
Muscle tissue
15. Daily decline of body temp to save energy (bouts of torpor last mustiple days in hibernation)
Quantitative
Daily torpor
Deleterious
Habitat patches
16. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next
P53
Fitness
Other guy who came up with natural selection
Nephron
17. A sudden change to population that causes large changes in allele frequencies over time ie population bottleneck
Genetic Drift
Nucleotide Substitution
Kidney
Absorbed amino acids
18. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)
Genetic structure
Diploid
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Loop of Henle
19. Shifts mean towards one extreme (positive selection) ie long horned cows
Orthologs
Metabolic rate
Tubule
Directional selection
20. Creates new genes by inserting exons and flanking introns into a different gene sequence - there by introducing a new domain in the gene product
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Antidiuretic hormone
Thermal insulation
Exon shuffling
21. Inherited but no use (whale pelvis)
Homeostasis
Vestigial structures
Artificial directional selection
Exon shuffling
22. Main excretory organ of vertebrates: 1. specialized tubules of epithelial cell - 2. salt and water homeostasis - 3. Nitrogeneous waste elimination 4.Renal cortex= filtration - renal medulla = filtration concentrated 5. milions of nephrons
Dobzhansky Muller Model
Acclimatization
Stabilizing Selection
Kidney
23. Total number of individuals in a population
Osmolarity
Population density
Population size
Post absorptive stage
24. Stored as either glycogen in liver or as triglycerides
Heterozygote populations
Stabilizing Selection
Gluconeogenesis
Excess Glucose
25. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3
Directional selection
Intracellular fluid
Ectotherms
Temperature sensitivity
26. Change salt water balance: 1. respiration - 2. metabolism - 3. waste elimination - 4. food ingestion 5. body temperature regulation
Obligatory Exchanges
Chief monomers absorbed
Hypoglycemia
Intrasexual Selection
27. Too large to diffuse across plasma membrane so they are digested into monoglycerides and fatty acids - diffused through epithelial cells - re-synthesized into triglycerides - packaged into chylomicrons for lymph & blood transport
Founder effect
Excretory organs
Absorbed triglycerides
Meiosis
28. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes
Nephron
Gene pool
Heterozygote populations
3 germ layers
29. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)
Reabsorption
Quantitative
Missense Substitution
Vasa recta
30. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)
Electrolytes
Lateral gene transfer
Adaptation
Osmolarity
31. When an organisms phenotype influences ability to attract mates
Electrolytes
MR equation
Sexual selection
Allele frequency formula
32. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)
Artificial directional selection
Non shivering thermogensis
Macroevolution
Excretory organs
33. Hormone - stimulates active transport of 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into tubule
Aldosterone
Sexual selection
Muller's Ratchet
Insulin
34. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
Brown fat
Sexual selection
Leptin
35. Proportion of allele in population
Hypoglycemia
Heat budget equation
Allele frequency
Intrasexual Selection
36. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area
Population size
Temperature sensitivity
Darwin's book
Size in BMR
37. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area
Size in BMR
Genotype frequency
Osmoregulators
Thermal insulation
38. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite
Chief monomers absorbed
Leptin
Geographic Range
Sexual recombination vs asexual reproduction
39. Amplifies deviation frokm set point
Darwin's book
Dobzhansky Muller Model
Positive feedback
Glucose Transporters
40. Tissues other than skeletal muscles produce metabolic heat by uncoulping oxidative phosphorylation (burn fuel without producing ATP)
Non shivering thermogensis
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Fever
Population density
41. The Origin of Species 1859
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42. Changes set point altogether (being awake - daytime activity - disease - skin temperature)
Glucose Transporters
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Excess Glucose
Feedforward information
43. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper
Post absorptive stage
Conduction
Metanephridia
Heterochrony
44. Low glucose level in blood
Reabsorption
Osmolarity
Hypoglycemia
Natural selection
45. Location (pelvis in fish)-- Where gene effects - BMP4 causing webs to apoptosis
Genetic Drift
Satiation
Tubule
Heterotopy
46. When a few pioneers colonize a new region - they possess fewer alleles than their source population creating a bottleneck effect
Habitat
Homeotherms
Founder effect
Disruptive selection
47. Maintenance of stable conditions within the internal environment (temperature - PH level - ion concentrations - 02 levels - co2 levels - fuel molecules ie glucose)
Metabolism
Genetic Drift
Temperature sensitivity
Homeostasis
48. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus - which results in the production of sex cells
Meiosis
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
Chief monomers absorbed
Habitat
49. Extracellular fluid - including blood/plasma (Allow cells to take in nutrients and remove waste)
Interstitial fluid
Natural selection
Muscle tissue
Osmolarity
50. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities
Antidiuretic hormone
Qualitative
Electrolytes
Alleles
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