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Test your basic knowledge |
Bio 101: Harvard
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
science
,
biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Heat in must equal heat out - or body temperature changes (metabolism + Rabs= Rout+convection - conduction and evaporation)
Homeostasis
Sexual recombination vs asexual reproduction
Population
Heat budget equation
2. Copies of genes that are no longer functional
Vasa recta
Fever
Thermal insulation
Psuedogenes
3. Liver converts no carbs into glucose (lipolysis-fatty acids and glycerol to glucose)
Osmoregulators
Acclimatization
Gluconeogenesis
Ectotherms
4. Heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler ones via infrared radiation (radiation absorbed or emitted)
Radiation
Gluconeogenesis
Artificial selection
Antidiuretic hormone
5. Amount of fuel used during a given time to power all of its metabolic requirement - = MR - sometimes appears as heat
Energy expenditure
Heterotherms
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Adaptation
6. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)
Size in BMR
Genetic Drift
Population density
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
7. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)
Muscle tissue
Dehydration
Antidiuretic hormone
Genome size
8. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)
Absorbed amino acids
Microevolution
Gene duplication
Excretory organs
9. 2NAA + NAa/2N is p and 2aa + NAa/2N is q (however similar frequencies can have very different genotype frequencies)
Allele frequency formula
Adaptation
Temperature sensitivity
Metabolic rate
10. Asexual 1. Doesn't need a mate 2. Maintains adaptive genes 3. All kids asexual (able to reproduce) V.S. Sexual 1. Repairs damaged DNA 2. Elimination of deleterious mutations (asexual makes exact copies) 3. Greater genetic variation (genetic combinati
MR equation
Epithelial tissue
Orthologs
Sexual recombination vs asexual reproduction
11. Actively regulate osmolarity of their extracellular fluid (300 Mosm/L)
Osmoregulators
Founder effect
Intracellular fluid
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
12. A favored trait that evolves through natural selection (more organisms with that trait survive than those without)
Meiosis
Honest signal
Lipoprotein lipase
Adaptation
13. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)
Chief monomers absorbed
Post absorptive stage
Osmoregulators
Silent substitution
14. Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs
Dobzhansky Muller Model
Ketones
Excess Glucose
Obesity
15. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3
Muller's Ratchet
Kidney
Evolutionary trend
Temperature sensitivity
16. One loci
Osmoconformers
Metabolism
Heterozygote populations
Qualitative
17. Proportion of allele in population
Allele frequency
Fever
Daily torpor
Post absorptive stage
18. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required
Absorptive phase
Muller's Ratchet
Ketones
Temperature sensitivity
19. The Origin of Species 1859
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20. Extracellular fluid - including blood/plasma (Allow cells to take in nutrients and remove waste)
Disruptive selection
Metanephridia
Interstitial fluid
Metabolic rate
21. Sum of all alleles
Macroevolution
Disruptive selection
Gene pool
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
22. When a few pioneers colonize a new region - they possess fewer alleles than their source population creating a bottleneck effect
Heterotherms
Quantitative
Metabolism
Founder effect
23. Cover inner and outer surface areas - secrete substances - selective barriers - transport - cilia or sensory
Heat budget equation
Vestigial structures
Epithelial tissue
Population
24. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes
Psuedogenes
Heterozygote populations
Loop of Henle
Honest signal
25. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities
Muller's Ratchet
Leptin
Electrolytes
Tubule
26. Functional unit of kidney - millions per - renal corpuscle forms filtrate - tubule performs secretion and reabsorption
Metabolism
Diploid
Nephron
Ectotherms
27. MR is at minimal level combatible with all physiological functionsfor homestastis (BMR level)
Meiosis
Microevolution
Gene duplication
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
28. One loci
Absorptive phase
Qualitative
Ectotherms
Evaporation
29. Shifts mean towards one extreme (positive selection) ie long horned cows
Energy expenditure
Epithelial tissue
Phenotype
Directional selection
30. Major cell movement - 3 germ layers form
Gastrulation
Energy expenditure
Ketones
Neutral Theory
31. Main excretory organ of vertebrates: 1. specialized tubules of epithelial cell - 2. salt and water homeostasis - 3. Nitrogeneous waste elimination 4.Renal cortex= filtration - renal medulla = filtration concentrated 5. milions of nephrons
Antidiuretic hormone
Electrolytes
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Kidney
32. 20%of plasma leaves capillaries and filters into bowman's space. GFR= Rate of filtrate production (controlled by dilation and constriction of afferent arteriole)
Calorie
Endemic
Alleles
Glomerular Filtration Rate
33. (GLUTS) move to surface - inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis
Leptin
Silent substitution
Artificial selection
Glucose Transporters
34. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)
Deleterious
Selfing
Stabilizing Selection
Loop of Henle
35. Change salt water balance: 1. respiration - 2. metabolism - 3. waste elimination - 4. food ingestion 5. body temperature regulation
Calorie
Evolutionary trend
Radiation
Obligatory Exchanges
36. Secrete penicillin - toxins - K+ and H+
Quantitative
Secretion
Endotherms
Silent substitution
37. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)
Lower critical temperature
Connective tissue
Malpighian tubules
Nitrogenous wastes
38. ADH- increase number of water channels - allows more water to leave duct - urine volume decreases
Nucleotide Substitution
Aldosterone
Hemodialysis
Antidiuretic hormone
39. Allele and genotype frequencies
Hemodialysis
Glycogenolysis
Genetic structure
Stabilizing Selection
40. 1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm 3. Mesoderm
Selfing
Epithelial tissue
Gastrulation
3 germ layers
41. Heat transfers away from a sruface due to evaporation (expensive to sweat and pant - burn more calories)
Metanephridia
Evaporation
Fever
Gastrulation
42. Total number of individuals in a population
Positive feedback
Orthologs
Electrolytes
Population size
43. Change salt water balance: 1. respiration - 2. metabolism - 3. waste elimination - 4. food ingestion 5. body temperature regulation
Secretion
Obligatory Exchanges
Heterotherms
Daily torpor
44. Blood into dialyzer (acts as filtrater) to create artificaill countercurrent exchange system
Macroevolution
Alleles
Metabolism
Hemodialysis
45. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite
Other guy who came up with natural selection
Population size
Macroevolution
Satiation
46. Stored as either glycogen in liver or as triglycerides
Excess Glucose
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Aldosterone
Major blood buffer
47. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion
Metabolism
Vasa recta
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
Gastrulation
48. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus - which results in the production of sex cells
Genetic Drift
Evolutionary trend
Heterotherms
Meiosis
49. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is
Interstitial fluid
Genotype frequency
Honest signal
Gluconeogenesis
50. Region where species are found (densities are zero elsewhere)
Conduction
Quantitative
Gene pool
Geographic Range