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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






2. The Origin of Species 1859

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3. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






4. Neurons (generate and conduct electrical signals) and glial cells (release chemical signals)






5. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities






6. Harmful mutation






7. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)






8. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






9. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)






10. Change in a single nucleotide in a DnA sequence






11. Several loci






12. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)






13. Daily decline of body temp to save energy (bouts of torpor last mustiple days in hibernation)






14. Creates new genes by inserting exons and flanking introns into a different gene sequence - there by introducing a new domain in the gene product






15. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes






16. (GLUTS) move to surface - inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis






17. Heat transfers to a surrounding medium ie air or water via surface






18. Occurs when ingested nutrients enter the blood stream from the GI tract






19. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly






20. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)






21. Hot fish have arteries closer to muscle to warm blood (countercurrent heat exchanger)- allows them to swim faster - catch prey






22. Allow extracellular fluid to equilibrate with seawater






23. Refers to all the bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life






24. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)






25. Allele and genotype frequencies






26. Heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler ones via infrared radiation (radiation absorbed or emitted)






27. Low glucose level in blood






28. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)






29. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills






30. Insects have these which transport uric acid - postassium ions and sodium ions into tubules - but ercovers water (allows insects to live in dry environments






31. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)






32. A sudden change to population that causes large changes in allele frequencies over time ie population bottleneck






33. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area






34. Region where species are found (densities are zero elsewhere)






35. Ability to compete for mates






36. Excrete ammonia






37. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)






38. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population






39. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)






40. BMI of 30 or greater






41. Continuous within Bowman's capsule - Loop of Henle






42. When a few pioneers colonize a new region - they possess fewer alleles than their source population creating a bottleneck effect






43. Low glucose level in blood






44. Some animals move around to increase decrease temperature (pray themselves with water/dust - find shade - put on clothing)






45. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population






46. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3






47. Extracellular fluid - including blood/plasma (Allow cells to take in nutrients and remove waste)






48. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite






49. Stable temperatures






50. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)







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