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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Heat in must equal heat out - or body temperature changes (metabolism + Rabs= Rout+convection - conduction and evaporation)






2. Ability to compete for mates






3. (GLUTS) move to surface - inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis






4. Major cell movement - 3 germ layers form






5. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






6. When an organisms phenotype influences ability to attract mates






7. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper






8. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion






9. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






10. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






11. Outcrops of species due to suitable habitats separated by areas of unsuitable habitat






12. Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries - supplied by afferent arteriole - drained by efferent arteriole - podocytes form filatration slits






13. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






14. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






15. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite






16. Reuglated rise in body temp caused by a rise in the hypothalamic set point for metabloic heat production (fights pathogrens - and increased production of white blood cells)






17. Major cell movement - 3 germ layers form






18. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite






19. ADH- increase number of water channels - allows more water to leave duct - urine volume decreases






20. Much of variation in size lies in non coding DNA as opposed to functional genes. Also in large populations - slightly deleterious sequences more likely to be purged than in small size (thus more noncoding DNA in large population over small)






21. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)

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22. Secrete penicillin - toxins - K+ and H+






23. Native to one location and no where else






24. Copies of genes that are no longer functional






25. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)






26. Stable temperatures






27. Continuous within Bowman's capsule - Loop of Henle






28. Proportion of genotype in population






29. 1. Must consume more food - run risk of overheating (hyperthermia) - restricted to water plentiful environments






30. Generate their own heat - maintain relatively constant body temperature - BMR measured in thermoneutral zone (birds and mammals)






31. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)






32. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)






33. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






34. Heat transfers to a surrounding medium ie air or water via surface






35. Body temp changes with enviro - BMR measured at standard temp for each species - SMR or standard metabolic rate (fish - ambhibia - reptiles)






36. Change in a single nucleotide in a DnA sequence






37. 1. No mutation 2. No differential selection among genotypes 3. There is no gene flow 4. Population size is infinite 5. Mating is random






38. A sudden change to population that causes large changes in allele frequencies over time ie population bottleneck






39. Too large to diffuse across plasma membrane so they are digested into monoglycerides and fatty acids - diffused through epithelial cells - re-synthesized into triglycerides - packaged into chylomicrons for lymph & blood transport






40. Excrete ammonia






41. 20%of plasma leaves capillaries and filters into bowman's space. GFR= Rate of filtrate production (controlled by dilation and constriction of afferent arteriole)






42. Hormone - stimulates active transport of 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into tubule






43. 1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm 3. Mesoderm






44. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on variation in their traits






45. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog






46. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)






47. Allow extracellular fluid to equilibrate with seawater






48. What organisms look like and how they behave






49. Cover inner and outer surface areas - secrete substances - selective barriers - transport - cilia or sensory






50. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)







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