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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Individuals interacting at a given time and place






2. MR is at minimal level combatible with all physiological functionsfor homestastis (BMR level)






3. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)






4. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population






5. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






6. Asexual 1. Doesn't need a mate 2. Maintains adaptive genes 3. All kids asexual (able to reproduce) V.S. Sexual 1. Repairs damaged DNA 2. Elimination of deleterious mutations (asexual makes exact copies) 3. Greater genetic variation (genetic combinati






7. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog






8. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required






9. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)






10. Too large to diffuse across plasma membrane so they are digested into monoglycerides and fatty acids - diffused through epithelial cells - re-synthesized into triglycerides - packaged into chylomicrons for lymph & blood transport






11. Native to one location and no where else






12. Proportion of allele in population






13. Inherited but no use (whale pelvis)






14. Continuous within Bowman's capsule - Loop of Henle






15. 1. No mutation 2. No differential selection among genotypes 3. There is no gene flow 4. Population size is infinite 5. Mating is random






16. Heat transfers away from a sruface due to evaporation (expensive to sweat and pant - burn more calories)






17. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)


18. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper






19. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities






20. Hot fish have arteries closer to muscle to warm blood (countercurrent heat exchanger)- allows them to swim faster - catch prey






21. Blood into dialyzer (acts as filtrater) to create artificaill countercurrent exchange system






22. Environments where species can survive within their geographic range






23. Changes at the DNA - RNA and protein scale






24. Much of variation in size lies in non coding DNA as opposed to functional genes. Also in large populations - slightly deleterious sequences more likely to be purged than in small size (thus more noncoding DNA in large population over small)






25. A sudden change to population that causes large changes in allele frequencies over time ie population bottleneck






26. Daily decline of body temp to save energy (bouts of torpor last mustiple days in hibernation)






27. Main excretory organ of vertebrates: 1. specialized tubules of epithelial cell - 2. salt and water homeostasis - 3. Nitrogeneous waste elimination 4.Renal cortex= filtration - renal medulla = filtration concentrated 5. milions of nephrons






28. Number of individuals per unit of area/volume (dynamic - change over time)






29. Self fertilization - homozygous genotypes increase - heterozygous genotypes decrease






30. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)






31. 1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm 3. Mesoderm






32. Heat in must equal heat out - or body temperature changes (metabolism + Rabs= Rout+convection - conduction and evaporation)






33. Low glucose level in blood






34. Lack of water --> lack of body water - compromises the circulatory system and regulation of body temperature






35. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next






36. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)






37. Glycogen hodrolysis in liver






38. Outcrops of species due to suitable habitats separated by areas of unsuitable habitat






39. Allow extracellular fluid to equilibrate with seawater






40. A favored trait that evolves through natural selection (more organisms with that trait survive than those without)






41. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






42. 20%of plasma leaves capillaries and filters into bowman's space. GFR= Rate of filtrate production (controlled by dilation and constriction of afferent arteriole)






43. Allele and genotype frequencies






44. Copies of genes that are no longer functional






45. Outcrops of species due to suitable habitats separated by areas of unsuitable habitat






46. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite






47. The Origin of Species 1859


48. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly






49. Insects have these which transport uric acid - postassium ions and sodium ions into tubules - but ercovers water (allows insects to live in dry environments






50. Proportion of allele in population