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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper






2. Maintenance of stable conditions within the internal environment (temperature - PH level - ion concentrations - 02 levels - co2 levels - fuel molecules ie glucose)






3. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes






4. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






5. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






6. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)






7. Blood into dialyzer (acts as filtrater) to create artificaill countercurrent exchange system






8. Most of the water in an animal's body located within its cells






9. Tissues other than skeletal muscles produce metabolic heat by uncoulping oxidative phosphorylation (burn fuel without producing ATP)






10. Lack of water --> lack of body water - compromises the circulatory system and regulation of body temperature






11. Stored as either glycogen in liver or as triglycerides






12. 1. Regulate volume of fluid in body 2. regulate osmolarity - 3. Maintain Ca2+ - H+ - NA+ (ionic regulation) 4. eliminate nitrogenous wastes produced by protein and nucleic acid catabolism (URINE)






13. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes






14. Outcrops of species due to suitable habitats separated by areas of unsuitable habitat






15. Fluctuating temperatures






16. Different form of a gene






17. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)






18. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)






19. Ability to compete for mates






20. Allow extracellular fluid to equilibrate with seawater






21. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite






22. Allele and genotype frequencies






23. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper






24. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills






25. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






26. One loci






27. Daily decline of body temp to save energy (bouts of torpor last mustiple days in hibernation)






28. Asexual 1. Doesn't need a mate 2. Maintains adaptive genes 3. All kids asexual (able to reproduce) V.S. Sexual 1. Repairs damaged DNA 2. Elimination of deleterious mutations (asexual makes exact copies) 3. Greater genetic variation (genetic combinati






29. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






30. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog






31. Heat transfers to a surrounding medium ie air or water via surface






32. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)






33. Too large to diffuse across plasma membrane so they are digested into monoglycerides and fatty acids - diffused through epithelial cells - re-synthesized into triglycerides - packaged into chylomicrons for lymph & blood transport






34. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next






35. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)






36. Glycogen hodrolysis in liver






37. Bicarbonate ions (Co2+H2O= h2Co3= H+ + HCO3-) Co2 removed by lungs - H+ removed by urine






38. Excrete ammonia






39. Rate at which an organism uses energy to power these reactions






40. Low glucose level in blood






41. The number of osmoles of solute particles per liter of solvent - must be maintained between extracellular and intracellular fluid or cells can change volume and burst/die






42. Main excretory organ of vertebrates: 1. specialized tubules of epithelial cell - 2. salt and water homeostasis - 3. Nitrogeneous waste elimination 4.Renal cortex= filtration - renal medulla = filtration concentrated 5. milions of nephrons






43. Reuglated rise in body temp caused by a rise in the hypothalamic set point for metabloic heat production (fights pathogrens - and increased production of white blood cells)






44. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population






45. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






46. Occurs when GI tract is empty of nutrients so body's stores are used






47. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)






48. When a few pioneers colonize a new region - they possess fewer alleles than their source population creating a bottleneck effect






49. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






50. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities