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Test your basic knowledge |
Bio 101: Harvard
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
science
,
biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
Stabilizing Selection
Hypothalamus
Chief monomers absorbed
Calorie
2. Amount of fuel used during a given time to power all of its metabolic requirement - = MR - sometimes appears as heat
Osmoconformers
Three theories of Darwin
Energy expenditure
Fever
3. Self fertilization - homozygous genotypes increase - heterozygous genotypes decrease
Selfing
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Quantitative
Nonsynonymous vs synonymous
4. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)
Loop of Henle
Cold fish vs hot fish
Homeostasis
Individuals do not evolve
5. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite
Leptin
Meiosis
Artificial selection
Brown fat
6. Change in a single nucleotide in a DnA sequence
Ammonotelic
Reabsorption
Dobzhansky Muller Model
Nucleotide Substitution
7. Rate at which an organism uses energy to power these reactions
Population size
P53
Metabolic rate
Bowman's capsule
8. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)
Post absorptive stage
Negative feedback
Lower critical temperature
Ammonotelic
9. Individuals interacting at a given time and place
Genome size
Population
Ketones
Convection
10. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)
Nitrogenous wastes
Heterozygote populations
Gene pool
Positive feedback
11. Maintenance of stable conditions within the internal environment (temperature - PH level - ion concentrations - 02 levels - co2 levels - fuel molecules ie glucose)
Alleles
Homeostasis
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
Epithelial tissue
12. Generate their own heat - maintain relatively constant body temperature - BMR measured in thermoneutral zone (birds and mammals)
Metanephridia
Endotherms
Alleles
Artificial selection
13. Insects have these which transport uric acid - postassium ions and sodium ions into tubules - but ercovers water (allows insects to live in dry environments
Exon shuffling
Osmoconformers
Non shivering thermogensis
Malpighian tubules
14. Cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and where filtration takes place
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15. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required
Connective tissue
Population size
Ketones
Calorie
16. Some animals move around to increase decrease temperature (pray themselves with water/dust - find shade - put on clothing)
Muscle tissue
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
Epithelial tissue
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
17. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)
Diploid
Brown fat
Hypoglycemia
Glycogenolysis
18. Fluctuating temperatures
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Vestigial structures
Metabolic rate
Heterotherms
19. Actively regulate osmolarity of their extracellular fluid (300 Mosm/L)
Osmoregulators
Founder effect
3 germ layers
Psuedogenes
20. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat
Genetic Drift
MR equation
Evolutionary trend
Osmoregulators
21. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is
Ketones
Fever
Heterochrony
Honest signal
22. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat
MR equation
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Daily torpor
Psuedogenes
23. Shifts mean towards one extreme (positive selection) ie long horned cows
Electrolytes
Artificial selection
Directional selection
Excretory system functions
24. Creates new genes by inserting exons and flanking introns into a different gene sequence - there by introducing a new domain in the gene product
Exon shuffling
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
Macroevolution
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
25. Changes set point altogether (being awake - daytime activity - disease - skin temperature)
Absorbed triglycerides
Feedforward information
Ammonotelic
Metanephridia
26. Stored as either glycogen in liver or as triglycerides
Daily torpor
Qualitative
Excess Glucose
Homeotherms
27. Bicarbonate ions (Co2+H2O= h2Co3= H+ + HCO3-) Co2 removed by lungs - H+ removed by urine
Acclimatization
Honest signal
Electrolytes
Major blood buffer
28. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next
Fitness
MR equation
Evaporation
Heterotherms
29. MR is at minimal level combatible with all physiological functionsfor homestastis (BMR level)
P53
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
Glycogenolysis
Directional selection
30. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)
Heterotopy
Muscle tissue
Endotherms
Absorptive phase
31. Favors the mean - selection against any deleterious mutations (baby size)
Lateral gene transfer
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
Genetic Drift
Stabilizing Selection
32. The number of osmoles of solute particles per liter of solvent - must be maintained between extracellular and intracellular fluid or cells can change volume and burst/die
Osmolarity
Darwin's book
Genome size
Thermal insulation
33. Actively regulate osmolarity of their extracellular fluid (300 Mosm/L)
Ketones
Glucose Transporters
Osmoregulators
Aldosterone
34. Total number of individuals in a population
Basal Metabolic Rate
Population size
Honest signal
Epithelial tissue
35. Heat in must equal heat out - or body temperature changes (metabolism + Rabs= Rout+convection - conduction and evaporation)
Dehydration
Hemodialysis
Heat budget equation
Osmoconformers
36. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)
P53
Orthologs
Ectotherms
Silent substitution
37. Allele and genotype frequencies
Insulin
Excretory organs
Habitat
Genetic structure
38. In ECM - protein fibers makeup cartilage and bone (mineralized) - ECM of plasma liquid - Adipose=fat cells - energy storing
Mutation
Connective tissue
Metabolism
Gastrulation
39. Tissues other than skeletal muscles produce metabolic heat by uncoulping oxidative phosphorylation (burn fuel without producing ATP)
Three theories of Darwin
Ketones
Molecular Evolution
Non shivering thermogensis
40. What organisms look like and how they behave
Phenotype
Post absorptive stage
Diploid
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
41. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area
Positive feedback
Absorptive phase
Size in BMR
Qualitative
42. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)
Macroevolution
Disruptive selection
Nucleotide Substitution
Artificial directional selection
43. Taken up by all body cells - used to synthesize proteins - excess converted into fatty acids and then triglycerides
Size in BMR
Artificial directional selection
Absorbed amino acids
Phenotype
44. Some animals move around to increase decrease temperature (pray themselves with water/dust - find shade - put on clothing)
Negative feedback
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
Honest signal
3 disadvantages of endotherms
45. 1. Regulate volume of fluid in body 2. regulate osmolarity - 3. Maintain Ca2+ - H+ - NA+ (ionic regulation) 4. eliminate nitrogenous wastes produced by protein and nucleic acid catabolism (URINE)
Hypothalamus
Glycogenolysis
Gene Flow
Excretory system functions
46. The Origin of Species 1859
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47. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection
Three theories of Darwin
Homeostasis
Chief monomers absorbed
Meiosis
48. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)
Lateral gene transfer
Other guy who came up with natural selection
Epithelial tissue
Heterotherms
49. When an organisms phenotype influences ability to attract mates
Endotherms
Chief monomers absorbed
Tubule
Sexual selection
50. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus - which results in the production of sex cells
Orthologs
Meiosis
Stabilizing Selection
Microevolution