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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Copies of genes that are no longer functional






2. In ECM - protein fibers makeup cartilage and bone (mineralized) - ECM of plasma liquid - Adipose=fat cells - energy storing






3. Several loci






4. Refers to all the bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life






5. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper






6. Insects have these which transport uric acid - postassium ions and sodium ions into tubules - but ercovers water (allows insects to live in dry environments






7. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)






8. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities






9. BMI of 30 or greater






10. Stable temperatures






11. Native to one location and no where else






12. Lack of water --> lack of body water - compromises the circulatory system and regulation of body temperature






13. Heat transfers to a surrounding medium ie air or water via surface






14. Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs






15. Ability to compete for mates






16. Two or more homologous genes found in different species






17. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly






18. Total number of individuals in a population






19. Total number of individuals in a population






20. A sudden change to population that causes large changes in allele frequencies over time ie population bottleneck






21. Allow extracellular fluid to equilibrate with seawater






22. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)






23. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)






24. Copies of genes that are no longer functional






25. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly






26. Favors the mean - selection against any deleterious mutations (baby size)






27. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)






28. 1. Both copies retain original function 2. Both copies able to produce original gene product - but expression diverges in different tissues or at different times in development 3. One copy may become psuedogene 4. One copy maintains function and seco






29. A favored trait that evolves through natural selection (more organisms with that trait survive than those without)






30. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






31. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






32. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)






33. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)






34. Hot fish have arteries closer to muscle to warm blood (countercurrent heat exchanger)- allows them to swim faster - catch prey






35. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)






36. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)






37. 1. No mutation 2. No differential selection among genotypes 3. There is no gene flow 4. Population size is infinite 5. Mating is random






38. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






39. Tissues other than skeletal muscles produce metabolic heat by uncoulping oxidative phosphorylation (burn fuel without producing ATP)






40. One loci






41. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)






42. Native to one location and no where else






43. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






44. Change on scale at or above species - changes in separate gene pools






45. Occurs when ingested nutrients enter the blood stream from the GI tract






46. Amount of fuel used during a given time to power all of its metabolic requirement - = MR - sometimes appears as heat






47. Heat transfer when two objects come into direct contact (icepack on sprained ankle)






48. Heat transfers to a surrounding medium ie air or water via surface






49. Much of variation in size lies in non coding DNA as opposed to functional genes. Also in large populations - slightly deleterious sequences more likely to be purged than in small size (thus more noncoding DNA in large population over small)






50. Shifts mean towards one extreme (positive selection) ie long horned cows







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