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Test your basic knowledge |
Bio 101: Harvard
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
science
,
biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A favored trait that evolves through natural selection (more organisms with that trait survive than those without)
Muscle tissue
Adaptation
Obesity
Dehydration
2. MR is at minimal level combatible with all physiological functionsfor homestastis (BMR level)
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
Honest signal
Quantitative
Tubule
3. Location (pelvis in fish)-- Where gene effects - BMP4 causing webs to apoptosis
Individuals do not evolve
Gluconeogenesis
Gene duplication
Heterotopy
4. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat
MR equation
Metabolic rate
Missense Substitution
Heterotopy
5. Daily decline of body temp to save energy (bouts of torpor last mustiple days in hibernation)
Mutation
Daily torpor
Endotherms
Population
6. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)
Negative feedback
Nervous tissue
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
Sexual selection
7. Asexual 1. Doesn't need a mate 2. Maintains adaptive genes 3. All kids asexual (able to reproduce) V.S. Sexual 1. Repairs damaged DNA 2. Elimination of deleterious mutations (asexual makes exact copies) 3. Greater genetic variation (genetic combinati
Gluconeogenesis
Microevolution
Missense Substitution
Sexual recombination vs asexual reproduction
8. Neurons (generate and conduct electrical signals) and glial cells (release chemical signals)
Adaptation
Epithelial tissue
Nervous tissue
Habitat patches
9. Occurs when GI tract is empty of nutrients so body's stores are used
Hypothalamus
Artificial directional selection
Post absorptive stage
Exon shuffling
10. Allele and genotype frequencies
Orthologs
Population
Genetic structure
Intracellular fluid
11. Heat transfers away from a sruface due to evaporation (expensive to sweat and pant - burn more calories)
Gene duplication
Absorbed triglycerides
Evaporation
Feedforward information
12. 1. No mutation 2. No differential selection among genotypes 3. There is no gene flow 4. Population size is infinite 5. Mating is random
Ammonotelic
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
Gene duplication
13. 1. No mutation 2. No differential selection among genotypes 3. There is no gene flow 4. Population size is infinite 5. Mating is random
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Macroevolution
Three theories of Darwin
Allele frequency formula
14. Hormone - stimulates active transport of 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into tubule
Aldosterone
Ammonotelic
Evolutionary trend
Feedforward information
15. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes
Diploid
Population size
Gene Flow
Tubule
16. Taken up by all body cells - used to synthesize proteins - excess converted into fatty acids and then triglycerides
Endotherms
Genotype frequency
MR equation
Absorbed amino acids
17. Self fertilization - homozygous genotypes increase - heterozygous genotypes decrease
Heat budget equation
Habitat patches
Absorbed amino acids
Selfing
18. Hot fish have arteries closer to muscle to warm blood (countercurrent heat exchanger)- allows them to swim faster - catch prey
Cold fish vs hot fish
Antidiuretic hormone
Dehydration
Kidney
19. Refers to all the bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
Epithelial tissue
Mutation
Metabolism
20. Taken up by all body cells - used to synthesize proteins - excess converted into fatty acids and then triglycerides
Absorbed amino acids
Dobzhansky Muller Model
Population density
Mutation
21. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)
Interstitial fluid
Heterozygote populations
Nitrogenous wastes
Orthologs
22. 2NAA + NAa/2N is p and 2aa + NAa/2N is q (however similar frequencies can have very different genotype frequencies)
Glomerulus
Gastrulation
Orthologs
Allele frequency formula
23. The Origin of Species 1859
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24. When an organisms phenotype influences ability to attract mates
Sexual selection
Geographic Range
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
Gastrulation
25. What organisms look like and how they behave
Feedforward information
Nephron
Lateral gene transfer
Phenotype
26. Changes at the DNA - RNA and protein scale
Molecular Evolution
Gastrulation
Glycogenolysis
Habitat
27. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities
Nephron
Endemic
Electrolytes
Lower critical temperature
28. Extracellular fluid - including blood/plasma (Allow cells to take in nutrients and remove waste)
Selfing
Darwin's book
Interstitial fluid
Absorbed amino acids
29. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite
Excretory organs
Genotype frequency
Individuals do not evolve
Satiation
30. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite
Other guy who came up with natural selection
Satiation
Malpighian tubules
Glucose Transporters
31. Functional unit of kidney - millions per - renal corpuscle forms filtrate - tubule performs secretion and reabsorption
Artificial selection
Nephron
Molecular Evolution
Tubule
32. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)
Lipoprotein lipase
Lower critical temperature
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Endotherms
33. Actively regulate osmolarity of their extracellular fluid (300 Mosm/L)
Osmoregulators
Neutral Theory
Qualitative
Osmoconformers
34. ADH- increase number of water channels - allows more water to leave duct - urine volume decreases
Malpighian tubules
Alleles
Antidiuretic hormone
Dobzhansky Muller Model
35. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)
Macroevolution
Adaptation
Missense Substitution
Microevolution
36. Amplifies deviation frokm set point
Leptin
Electrolytes
Qualitative
Positive feedback
37. (GLUTS) move to surface - inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis
Intracellular fluid
Deleterious
Osmolarity
Glucose Transporters
38. 1. Regulate volume of fluid in body 2. regulate osmolarity - 3. Maintain Ca2+ - H+ - NA+ (ionic regulation) 4. eliminate nitrogenous wastes produced by protein and nucleic acid catabolism (URINE)
Leptin
Silent substitution
Excretory system functions
Macroevolution
39. Neurons (generate and conduct electrical signals) and glial cells (release chemical signals)
Nervous tissue
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Metabolism
Glucose Transporters
40. 20%of plasma leaves capillaries and filters into bowman's space. GFR= Rate of filtrate production (controlled by dilation and constriction of afferent arteriole)
Epithelial tissue
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Heterozygote populations
41. Maintenance of stable conditions within the internal environment (temperature - PH level - ion concentrations - 02 levels - co2 levels - fuel molecules ie glucose)
Habitat
Endemic
Homeostasis
Feedforward information
42. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)
Silent substitution
Daily torpor
Nucleotide Substitution
Obligatory Exchanges
43. Heat in must equal heat out - or body temperature changes (metabolism + Rabs= Rout+convection - conduction and evaporation)
Tubule
Allele frequency formula
Heat budget equation
Vasa recta
44. Occurs when GI tract is empty of nutrients so body's stores are used
Post absorptive stage
Orthologs
Ammonotelic
Hemodialysis
45. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)
Endemic
Nonsynonymous vs synonymous
Microevolution
Insulin
46. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)
Nonsynonymous vs synonymous
Exon shuffling
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
Nephron
47. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion
Darwin's book
Vasa recta
Exon shuffling
Mutation
48. Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs
Metabolic rate
Nephron
Genetic Drift
Dobzhansky Muller Model
49. Creates new genes by inserting exons and flanking introns into a different gene sequence - there by introducing a new domain in the gene product
Exon shuffling
Excretory organs
Qualitative
Endotherms
50. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is
Darwin's book
Obesity
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Honest signal