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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Populations do






2. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)






3. Two or more homologous genes found in different species






4. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)






5. Changes at the DNA - RNA and protein scale






6. Excrete ammonia






7. What organisms look like and how they behave






8. Changes set point altogether (being awake - daytime activity - disease - skin temperature)






9. Populations do






10. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






11. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)






12. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)






13. Occurs when GI tract is empty of nutrients so body's stores are used






14. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper






15. Wallace






16. Amount of fuel used during a given time to power all of its metabolic requirement - = MR - sometimes appears as heat






17. Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries - supplied by afferent arteriole - drained by efferent arteriole - podocytes form filatration slits






18. 2NAA + NAa/2N is p and 2aa + NAa/2N is q (however similar frequencies can have very different genotype frequencies)






19. Cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and where filtration takes place


20. 1. Regulate volume of fluid in body 2. regulate osmolarity - 3. Maintain Ca2+ - H+ - NA+ (ionic regulation) 4. eliminate nitrogenous wastes produced by protein and nucleic acid catabolism (URINE)






21. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






22. Generate their own heat - maintain relatively constant body temperature - BMR measured in thermoneutral zone (birds and mammals)






23. Much of variation in size lies in non coding DNA as opposed to functional genes. Also in large populations - slightly deleterious sequences more likely to be purged than in small size (thus more noncoding DNA in large population over small)






24. Cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and where filtration takes place


25. 1. Must consume more food - run risk of overheating (hyperthermia) - restricted to water plentiful environments






26. Self fertilization - homozygous genotypes increase - heterozygous genotypes decrease






27. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog






28. Main excretory organ of vertebrates: 1. specialized tubules of epithelial cell - 2. salt and water homeostasis - 3. Nitrogeneous waste elimination 4.Renal cortex= filtration - renal medulla = filtration concentrated 5. milions of nephrons






29. Different form of a gene






30. 1. Regulate volume of fluid in body 2. regulate osmolarity - 3. Maintain Ca2+ - H+ - NA+ (ionic regulation) 4. eliminate nitrogenous wastes produced by protein and nucleic acid catabolism (URINE)






31. Allow extracellular fluid to equilibrate with seawater






32. Blood into dialyzer (acts as filtrater) to create artificaill countercurrent exchange system






33. Changes at the DNA - RNA and protein scale






34. Some animals move around to increase decrease temperature (pray themselves with water/dust - find shade - put on clothing)






35. (GLUTS) move to surface - inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis






36. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)






37. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)






38. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine






39. 20%of plasma leaves capillaries and filters into bowman's space. GFR= Rate of filtrate production (controlled by dilation and constriction of afferent arteriole)






40. Neurons (generate and conduct electrical signals) and glial cells (release chemical signals)






41. The body's resting rate of energy expenditure






42. Lack of water --> lack of body water - compromises the circulatory system and regulation of body temperature






43. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3






44. Proportion of allele in population






45. Change salt water balance: 1. respiration - 2. metabolism - 3. waste elimination - 4. food ingestion 5. body temperature regulation






46. Bicarbonate ions (Co2+H2O= h2Co3= H+ + HCO3-) Co2 removed by lungs - H+ removed by urine






47. Occurs when ingested nutrients enter the blood stream from the GI tract






48. Individuals interacting at a given time and place






49. Heat transfers away from a sruface due to evaporation (expensive to sweat and pant - burn more calories)






50. Excrete ammonia