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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area






2. Different form of a gene






3. Much of variation in size lies in non coding DNA as opposed to functional genes. Also in large populations - slightly deleterious sequences more likely to be purged than in small size (thus more noncoding DNA in large population over small)






4. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






5. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)






6. Tissues other than skeletal muscles produce metabolic heat by uncoulping oxidative phosphorylation (burn fuel without producing ATP)






7. Copies of genes that are no longer functional






8. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly






9. Much of variation in size lies in non coding DNA as opposed to functional genes. Also in large populations - slightly deleterious sequences more likely to be purged than in small size (thus more noncoding DNA in large population over small)






10. Heat in must equal heat out - or body temperature changes (metabolism + Rabs= Rout+convection - conduction and evaporation)






11. 20%of plasma leaves capillaries and filters into bowman's space. GFR= Rate of filtrate production (controlled by dilation and constriction of afferent arteriole)






12. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






13. 2NAA + NAa/2N is p and 2aa + NAa/2N is q (however similar frequencies can have very different genotype frequencies)






14. 1. Must consume more food - run risk of overheating (hyperthermia) - restricted to water plentiful environments






15. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion






16. Low glucose level in blood






17. Cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and where filtration takes place

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18. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills






19. Inherited but no use (whale pelvis)






20. Proportion of allele in population






21. Conversion of chemical bond energy in nutrients into the chemical bond energy in ATP - and use of ATP to do work produces heat as byproduct






22. A favored trait that evolves through natural selection (more organisms with that trait survive than those without)






23. The number of osmoles of solute particles per liter of solvent - must be maintained between extracellular and intracellular fluid or cells can change volume and burst/die






24. When an organisms phenotype influences ability to attract mates






25. Change salt water balance: 1. respiration - 2. metabolism - 3. waste elimination - 4. food ingestion 5. body temperature regulation






26. 20%of plasma leaves capillaries and filters into bowman's space. GFR= Rate of filtrate production (controlled by dilation and constriction of afferent arteriole)






27. Body temp changes with enviro - BMR measured at standard temp for each species - SMR or standard metabolic rate (fish - ambhibia - reptiles)






28. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities






29. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities






30. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)






31. In ECM - protein fibers makeup cartilage and bone (mineralized) - ECM of plasma liquid - Adipose=fat cells - energy storing






32. When an organisms phenotype influences ability to attract mates






33. Different form of a gene






34. Harmful mutation






35. Environments where species can survive within their geographic range






36. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






37. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills






38. Change salt water balance: 1. respiration - 2. metabolism - 3. waste elimination - 4. food ingestion 5. body temperature regulation






39. Migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations (can add new allelles or change Allele frequency)






40. Secrete penicillin - toxins - K+ and H+






41. 1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm 3. Mesoderm






42. Fluctuating temperatures






43. Ability to compete for mates






44. Ability to compete for mates






45. Rate at which an organism uses energy to power these reactions






46. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)






47. Heat transfers away from a sruface due to evaporation (expensive to sweat and pant - burn more calories)






48. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)






49. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






50. Amount of fuel used during a given time to power all of its metabolic requirement - = MR - sometimes appears as heat







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