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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 20%of plasma leaves capillaries and filters into bowman's space. GFR= Rate of filtrate production (controlled by dilation and constriction of afferent arteriole)






2. Body temp changes with enviro - BMR measured at standard temp for each species - SMR or standard metabolic rate (fish - ambhibia - reptiles)






3. Changes at the DNA - RNA and protein scale






4. Amplifies deviation frokm set point






5. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is






6. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on variation in their traits






7. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)






8. Change on scale at or above species - changes in separate gene pools






9. Blood into dialyzer (acts as filtrater) to create artificaill countercurrent exchange system






10. Glycogen hodrolysis in liver






11. Sum of all alleles






12. Inherited but no use (whale pelvis)






13. Blood into dialyzer (acts as filtrater) to create artificaill countercurrent exchange system






14. 1. Regulate volume of fluid in body 2. regulate osmolarity - 3. Maintain Ca2+ - H+ - NA+ (ionic regulation) 4. eliminate nitrogenous wastes produced by protein and nucleic acid catabolism (URINE)






15. 1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm 3. Mesoderm






16. Stable temperatures






17. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite






18. Two or more homologous genes found in different species






19. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes






20. Heat transfers away from a sruface due to evaporation (expensive to sweat and pant - burn more calories)






21. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






22. Inherited but no use (whale pelvis)






23. Extracellular fluid - including blood/plasma (Allow cells to take in nutrients and remove waste)






24. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)






25. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






26. Allow extracellular fluid to equilibrate with seawater






27. Cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and where filtration takes place

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28. When an organisms phenotype influences ability to attract mates






29. 1. No mutation 2. No differential selection among genotypes 3. There is no gene flow 4. Population size is infinite 5. Mating is random






30. Daily decline of body temp to save energy (bouts of torpor last mustiple days in hibernation)






31. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






32. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)






33. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine






34. Tissues other than skeletal muscles produce metabolic heat by uncoulping oxidative phosphorylation (burn fuel without producing ATP)






35. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is






36. A sudden change to population that causes large changes in allele frequencies over time ie population bottleneck






37. When a few pioneers colonize a new region - they possess fewer alleles than their source population creating a bottleneck effect






38. A favored trait that evolves through natural selection (more organisms with that trait survive than those without)






39. Change in a single nucleotide in a DnA sequence






40. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






41. Liver converts no carbs into glucose (lipolysis-fatty acids and glycerol to glucose)






42. Location (pelvis in fish)-- Where gene effects - BMP4 causing webs to apoptosis






43. Main excretory organ of vertebrates: 1. specialized tubules of epithelial cell - 2. salt and water homeostasis - 3. Nitrogeneous waste elimination 4.Renal cortex= filtration - renal medulla = filtration concentrated 5. milions of nephrons






44. BMI of 30 or greater






45. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3






46. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)






47. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)






48. Migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations (can add new allelles or change Allele frequency)






49. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus - which results in the production of sex cells






50. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)