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Test your basic knowledge |
Bio 101: Harvard
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
science
,
biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Heat in must equal heat out - or body temperature changes (metabolism + Rabs= Rout+convection - conduction and evaporation)
Neutral Theory
Excretory organs
Heat budget equation
Vestigial structures
2. Ability to compete for mates
Convection
Deleterious
Intrasexual Selection
Absorbed triglycerides
3. (GLUTS) move to surface - inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis
Thermal insulation
Positive feedback
Glucose Transporters
Absorbed triglycerides
4. Major cell movement - 3 germ layers form
Missense Substitution
Gastrulation
Vestigial structures
Osmoconformers
5. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)
Antidiuretic hormone
Absorbed amino acids
Reabsorption
Muscle tissue
6. When an organisms phenotype influences ability to attract mates
Thermal insulation
Endemic
Sexual selection
Mutation
7. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper
Glomerulus
Heterochrony
Ectotherms
Genetic Drift
8. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion
Population size
Vasa recta
Chief monomers absorbed
Radiation
9. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)
Connective tissue
Obesity
Evolutionary trend
Microevolution
10. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)
Homeostasis
Non shivering thermogensis
Silent substitution
Alleles
11. Outcrops of species due to suitable habitats separated by areas of unsuitable habitat
Habitat patches
Founder effect
Phenotype
Ammonotelic
12. Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries - supplied by afferent arteriole - drained by efferent arteriole - podocytes form filatration slits
Disruptive selection
Ectotherms
Heterotopy
Glomerulus
13. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection
Molecular Evolution
Three theories of Darwin
Homeotherms
Bowman's capsule
14. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)
Sexual recombination vs asexual reproduction
Feedforward information
Excess Glucose
Reabsorption
15. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite
Satiation
Nucleotide Substitution
Lateral gene transfer
Dobzhansky Muller Model
16. Reuglated rise in body temp caused by a rise in the hypothalamic set point for metabloic heat production (fights pathogrens - and increased production of white blood cells)
Three theories of Darwin
Size in BMR
Fever
Disruptive selection
17. Major cell movement - 3 germ layers form
Leptin
Lower critical temperature
Lateral gene transfer
Gastrulation
18. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite
Leptin
Muller's Ratchet
Gene duplication
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
19. ADH- increase number of water channels - allows more water to leave duct - urine volume decreases
Antidiuretic hormone
Population
Gluconeogenesis
Feedforward information
20. Much of variation in size lies in non coding DNA as opposed to functional genes. Also in large populations - slightly deleterious sequences more likely to be purged than in small size (thus more noncoding DNA in large population over small)
Gene duplication
Qualitative
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Genome size
21. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)
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22. Secrete penicillin - toxins - K+ and H+
Meiosis
Secretion
Intrasexual Selection
Absorptive phase
23. Native to one location and no where else
Satiation
Endemic
Quantitative
Post absorptive stage
24. Copies of genes that are no longer functional
Psuedogenes
Calorie
Nephron
Nitrogenous wastes
25. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)
Lipoprotein lipase
Glucose Transporters
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
Missense Substitution
26. Stable temperatures
Negative feedback
Post absorptive stage
Homeotherms
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
27. Continuous within Bowman's capsule - Loop of Henle
Tubule
Endemic
Directional selection
Honest signal
28. Proportion of genotype in population
Genotype frequency
Artificial directional selection
Artificial selection
Genome size
29. 1. Must consume more food - run risk of overheating (hyperthermia) - restricted to water plentiful environments
Lower critical temperature
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Calorie
Leptin
30. Generate their own heat - maintain relatively constant body temperature - BMR measured in thermoneutral zone (birds and mammals)
Endotherms
Obesity
Excretory system functions
Evaporation
31. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)
Ketones
Heterochrony
Negative feedback
Nucleotide Substitution
32. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)
Satiation
Brown fat
Lower critical temperature
Bowman's capsule
33. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat
Individuals do not evolve
Energy expenditure
Missense Substitution
MR equation
34. Heat transfers to a surrounding medium ie air or water via surface
Homeostasis
MR equation
Temperature sensitivity
Convection
35. Body temp changes with enviro - BMR measured at standard temp for each species - SMR or standard metabolic rate (fish - ambhibia - reptiles)
Ectotherms
Vasa recta
Heat budget equation
3 disadvantages of endotherms
36. Change in a single nucleotide in a DnA sequence
Reabsorption
Orthologs
Ammonotelic
Nucleotide Substitution
37. 1. No mutation 2. No differential selection among genotypes 3. There is no gene flow 4. Population size is infinite 5. Mating is random
Homeotherms
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Glomerulus
Fever
38. A sudden change to population that causes large changes in allele frequencies over time ie population bottleneck
Convection
Heterotherms
3 germ layers
Genetic Drift
39. Too large to diffuse across plasma membrane so they are digested into monoglycerides and fatty acids - diffused through epithelial cells - re-synthesized into triglycerides - packaged into chylomicrons for lymph & blood transport
Directional selection
Absorbed triglycerides
Individuals do not evolve
Osmoregulators
40. Excrete ammonia
Ammonotelic
Bowman's capsule
Thermal insulation
Excretory organs
41. 20%of plasma leaves capillaries and filters into bowman's space. GFR= Rate of filtrate production (controlled by dilation and constriction of afferent arteriole)
Sexual selection
Vasa recta
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Nonsynonymous vs synonymous
42. Hormone - stimulates active transport of 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into tubule
Aldosterone
Energy expenditure
Post absorptive stage
Missense Substitution
43. 1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm 3. Mesoderm
3 germ layers
Fitness
Selfing
P53
44. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on variation in their traits
Honest signal
Aldosterone
Lateral gene transfer
Natural selection
45. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog
Lower critical temperature
Basal Metabolic Rate
Natural selection
P53
46. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)
Natural selection
Lateral gene transfer
Radiation
Absorbed amino acids
47. Allow extracellular fluid to equilibrate with seawater
Osmoconformers
Excretory organs
Mutation
Heterotherms
48. What organisms look like and how they behave
Phenotype
Neutral Theory
Aldosterone
Genetic Drift
49. Cover inner and outer surface areas - secrete substances - selective barriers - transport - cilia or sensory
Neutral Theory
Conduction
Muller's Ratchet
Epithelial tissue
50. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)
Glomerulus
Daily torpor
Artificial directional selection
Homeotherms
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