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Test your basic knowledge |
Bio 101: Harvard
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Subjects
:
science
,
biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)
Negative feedback
Evolutionary trend
Darwin's book
Osmoregulators
2. The Origin of Species 1859
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3. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection
Three theories of Darwin
Major blood buffer
Calorie
Excess Glucose
4. Neurons (generate and conduct electrical signals) and glial cells (release chemical signals)
Electrolytes
Conduction
P53
Nervous tissue
5. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities
Heterozygote populations
Electrolytes
Lateral gene transfer
Sexual recombination vs asexual reproduction
6. Harmful mutation
Post absorptive stage
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Nephron
Deleterious
7. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)
Negative feedback
Population
Homeotherms
Ammonotelic
8. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)
Molecular Evolution
Muscle tissue
Reabsorption
Osmolarity
9. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)
Secretion
Osmolarity
Hypothalamus
Heterozygote populations
10. Change in a single nucleotide in a DnA sequence
Nucleotide Substitution
Metabolism
Malpighian tubules
Nitrogenous wastes
11. Several loci
Quantitative
Heat budget equation
Darwin's book
Disruptive selection
12. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)
Size in BMR
Lateral gene transfer
Insulin
Absorbed amino acids
13. Daily decline of body temp to save energy (bouts of torpor last mustiple days in hibernation)
Daily torpor
Artificial selection
Obesity
Metanephridia
14. Creates new genes by inserting exons and flanking introns into a different gene sequence - there by introducing a new domain in the gene product
Disruptive selection
Exon shuffling
Osmoregulators
Psuedogenes
15. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes
Chief monomers absorbed
Dehydration
Population density
Heterozygote populations
16. (GLUTS) move to surface - inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis
Three theories of Darwin
Glucose Transporters
Gluconeogenesis
Loop of Henle
17. Heat transfers to a surrounding medium ie air or water via surface
Convection
Evolutionary trend
Natural selection
Nitrogenous wastes
18. Occurs when ingested nutrients enter the blood stream from the GI tract
Qualitative
Gene duplication
Nephron
Absorptive phase
19. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly
Population density
Heterotopy
Nonsynonymous vs synonymous
Ectotherms
20. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)
Metanephridia
Phenotype
Interstitial fluid
Artificial directional selection
21. Hot fish have arteries closer to muscle to warm blood (countercurrent heat exchanger)- allows them to swim faster - catch prey
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Cold fish vs hot fish
Natural selection
Individuals do not evolve
22. Allow extracellular fluid to equilibrate with seawater
Gene duplication
Insulin
Osmoconformers
Excretory organs
23. Refers to all the bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life
Hypoglycemia
Osmoconformers
Metabolism
Vasa recta
24. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)
Silent substitution
Microevolution
Genetic structure
Excretory organs
25. Allele and genotype frequencies
Radiation
Muller's Ratchet
Individuals do not evolve
Genetic structure
26. Heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler ones via infrared radiation (radiation absorbed or emitted)
Temperature sensitivity
Habitat
Radiation
Other guy who came up with natural selection
27. Low glucose level in blood
Hypoglycemia
Energy expenditure
Meiosis
Molecular Evolution
28. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)
Tubule
Acclimatization
Mutation
Vasa recta
29. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills
Disruptive selection
Sexual recombination vs asexual reproduction
Nervous tissue
Aldosterone
30. Insects have these which transport uric acid - postassium ions and sodium ions into tubules - but ercovers water (allows insects to live in dry environments
Epithelial tissue
Other guy who came up with natural selection
Metabolism
Malpighian tubules
31. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)
3 germ layers
Deleterious
Vasa recta
Lower critical temperature
32. A sudden change to population that causes large changes in allele frequencies over time ie population bottleneck
Missense Substitution
Microevolution
Lipoprotein lipase
Genetic Drift
33. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area
Disruptive selection
Size in BMR
Macroevolution
MR equation
34. Region where species are found (densities are zero elsewhere)
Interstitial fluid
Geographic Range
Population size
Energy expenditure
35. Ability to compete for mates
Intrasexual Selection
Three theories of Darwin
Silent substitution
Directional selection
36. Excrete ammonia
Endotherms
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Ammonotelic
Vasa recta
37. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)
Muscle tissue
Endemic
Fever
Macroevolution
38. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population
Macroevolution
Adaptation
Glucose Transporters
Microevolution
39. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)
Genotype frequency
Diploid
Ketones
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
40. BMI of 30 or greater
Habitat
Gene pool
Aldosterone
Obesity
41. Continuous within Bowman's capsule - Loop of Henle
Epithelial tissue
Obligatory Exchanges
Tubule
Gene Flow
42. When a few pioneers colonize a new region - they possess fewer alleles than their source population creating a bottleneck effect
Meiosis
Nucleotide Substitution
Founder effect
Glucose Transporters
43. Low glucose level in blood
Deleterious
Hypoglycemia
Excess Glucose
Excess Glucose
44. Some animals move around to increase decrease temperature (pray themselves with water/dust - find shade - put on clothing)
Genome size
Kidney
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
3 disadvantages of endotherms
45. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population
Nucleotide Substitution
Vestigial structures
Excretory system functions
Microevolution
46. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3
Vasa recta
Temperature sensitivity
Obligatory Exchanges
Antidiuretic hormone
47. Extracellular fluid - including blood/plasma (Allow cells to take in nutrients and remove waste)
Interstitial fluid
Post absorptive stage
Secretion
Osmoconformers
48. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite
Hypoglycemia
Gene pool
Alleles
Leptin
49. Stable temperatures
Population density
Epithelial tissue
Excess Glucose
Homeotherms
50. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)
Metabolism
Quantitative
Satiation
Hypothalamus
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