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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Glycogen hodrolysis in liver






2. Migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations (can add new allelles or change Allele frequency)






3. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






4. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)






5. Different form of a gene






6. Taken up by all body cells - used to synthesize proteins - excess converted into fatty acids and then triglycerides






7. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






8. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper






9. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)






10. BMI of 30 or greater






11. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on specific traits chosen by humans






12. Much of variation in size lies in non coding DNA as opposed to functional genes. Also in large populations - slightly deleterious sequences more likely to be purged than in small size (thus more noncoding DNA in large population over small)






13. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area






14. Ability to compete for mates






15. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite






16. Stored as either glycogen in liver or as triglycerides






17. Change salt water balance: 1. respiration - 2. metabolism - 3. waste elimination - 4. food ingestion 5. body temperature regulation






18. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)

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19. Allele and genotype frequencies






20. Creates new genes by inserting exons and flanking introns into a different gene sequence - there by introducing a new domain in the gene product






21. Self fertilization - homozygous genotypes increase - heterozygous genotypes decrease






22. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)






23. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on variation in their traits






24. Cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and where filtration takes place

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25. Maintenance of stable conditions within the internal environment (temperature - PH level - ion concentrations - 02 levels - co2 levels - fuel molecules ie glucose)






26. The body's resting rate of energy expenditure






27. Migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations (can add new allelles or change Allele frequency)






28. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






29. Occurs when GI tract is empty of nutrients so body's stores are used






30. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper






31. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






32. Conversion of chemical bond energy in nutrients into the chemical bond energy in ATP - and use of ATP to do work produces heat as byproduct






33. Insects have these which transport uric acid - postassium ions and sodium ions into tubules - but ercovers water (allows insects to live in dry environments






34. Glucose-used to syntheisize ATP (and triglycerides) - galactose - and fructose






35. Cover inner and outer surface areas - secrete substances - selective barriers - transport - cilia or sensory






36. A favored trait that evolves through natural selection (more organisms with that trait survive than those without)






37. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)






38. Most of the water in an animal's body located within its cells






39. Secrete penicillin - toxins - K+ and H+






40. Main excretory organ of vertebrates: 1. specialized tubules of epithelial cell - 2. salt and water homeostasis - 3. Nitrogeneous waste elimination 4.Renal cortex= filtration - renal medulla = filtration concentrated 5. milions of nephrons






41. Populations do






42. Amount of fuel used during a given time to power all of its metabolic requirement - = MR - sometimes appears as heat






43. Harmful mutation






44. Amplifies deviation frokm set point






45. Occurs when GI tract is empty of nutrients so body's stores are used






46. A sudden change to population that causes large changes in allele frequencies over time ie population bottleneck






47. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on variation in their traits






48. Stable temperatures






49. Generate their own heat - maintain relatively constant body temperature - BMR measured in thermoneutral zone (birds and mammals)






50. Hormone - stimulates active transport of 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into tubule