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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Insects have these which transport uric acid - postassium ions and sodium ions into tubules - but ercovers water (allows insects to live in dry environments






2. 1. Must consume more food - run risk of overheating (hyperthermia) - restricted to water plentiful environments






3. Allele and genotype frequencies






4. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite






5. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






6. Refers to all the bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life






7. Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius






8. Neurons (generate and conduct electrical signals) and glial cells (release chemical signals)






9. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine






10. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)






11. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)






12. Occurs when GI tract is empty of nutrients so body's stores are used






13. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes






14. Main excretory organ of vertebrates: 1. specialized tubules of epithelial cell - 2. salt and water homeostasis - 3. Nitrogeneous waste elimination 4.Renal cortex= filtration - renal medulla = filtration concentrated 5. milions of nephrons






15. Glycogen hodrolysis in liver






16. Number of individuals per unit of area/volume (dynamic - change over time)






17. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)






18. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)






19. Changes set point altogether (being awake - daytime activity - disease - skin temperature)






20. The Origin of Species 1859

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21. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






22. Fluctuating temperatures






23. Body temp changes with enviro - BMR measured at standard temp for each species - SMR or standard metabolic rate (fish - ambhibia - reptiles)






24. Heat in must equal heat out - or body temperature changes (metabolism + Rabs= Rout+convection - conduction and evaporation)






25. Releases fatty acids to diffuse into cells of the body - some used during absorptive phase for energy






26. Main excretory organ of vertebrates: 1. specialized tubules of epithelial cell - 2. salt and water homeostasis - 3. Nitrogeneous waste elimination 4.Renal cortex= filtration - renal medulla = filtration concentrated 5. milions of nephrons






27. Changes at the DNA - RNA and protein scale






28. Conversion of chemical bond energy in nutrients into the chemical bond energy in ATP - and use of ATP to do work produces heat as byproduct






29. Asexual 1. Doesn't need a mate 2. Maintains adaptive genes 3. All kids asexual (able to reproduce) V.S. Sexual 1. Repairs damaged DNA 2. Elimination of deleterious mutations (asexual makes exact copies) 3. Greater genetic variation (genetic combinati






30. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






31. When a few pioneers colonize a new region - they possess fewer alleles than their source population creating a bottleneck effect






32. A favored trait that evolves through natural selection (more organisms with that trait survive than those without)






33. Amplifies deviation frokm set point






34. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population






35. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills






36. Native to one location and no where else






37. Conversion of chemical bond energy in nutrients into the chemical bond energy in ATP - and use of ATP to do work produces heat as byproduct






38. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required






39. Copies of genes that are no longer functional






40. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite






41. Maintenance of stable conditions within the internal environment (temperature - PH level - ion concentrations - 02 levels - co2 levels - fuel molecules ie glucose)






42. Proportion of genotype in population






43. Major cell movement - 3 germ layers form






44. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)






45. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






46. 1. Both copies retain original function 2. Both copies able to produce original gene product - but expression diverges in different tissues or at different times in development 3. One copy may become psuedogene 4. One copy maintains function and seco






47. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)






48. Maintenance of stable conditions within the internal environment (temperature - PH level - ion concentrations - 02 levels - co2 levels - fuel molecules ie glucose)






49. Favors the mean - selection against any deleterious mutations (baby size)






50. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population