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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities






2. Populations do






3. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






4. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog






5. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine






6. Hormone - stimulates active transport of 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into tubule






7. The Origin of Species 1859


8. Heat transfers to a surrounding medium ie air or water via surface






9. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)


10. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)






11. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






12. Changes at the DNA - RNA and protein scale






13. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3






14. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)






15. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is






16. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)






17. Releases fatty acids to diffuse into cells of the body - some used during absorptive phase for energy






18. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






19. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus - which results in the production of sex cells






20. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






21. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper






22. Changes at the DNA - RNA and protein scale






23. Too large to diffuse across plasma membrane so they are digested into monoglycerides and fatty acids - diffused through epithelial cells - re-synthesized into triglycerides - packaged into chylomicrons for lymph & blood transport






24. Stored as either glycogen in liver or as triglycerides






25. Two or more homologous genes found in different species






26. Number of individuals per unit of area/volume (dynamic - change over time)






27. Maintenance of stable conditions within the internal environment (temperature - PH level - ion concentrations - 02 levels - co2 levels - fuel molecules ie glucose)






28. Shifts mean towards one extreme (positive selection) ie long horned cows






29. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion






30. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on specific traits chosen by humans






31. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)






32. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)






33. Outcrops of species due to suitable habitats separated by areas of unsuitable habitat






34. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)






35. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite






36. Hormone - stimulates active transport of 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into tubule






37. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion






38. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3






39. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






40. Secrete penicillin - toxins - K+ and H+






41. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population






42. Conversion of chemical bond energy in nutrients into the chemical bond energy in ATP - and use of ATP to do work produces heat as byproduct






43. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine






44. Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs






45. Creates new genes by inserting exons and flanking introns into a different gene sequence - there by introducing a new domain in the gene product






46. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)






47. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)






48. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)






49. Heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler ones via infrared radiation (radiation absorbed or emitted)






50. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite