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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Proportion of genotype in population






2. Body temp changes with enviro - BMR measured at standard temp for each species - SMR or standard metabolic rate (fish - ambhibia - reptiles)






3. MR is at minimal level combatible with all physiological functionsfor homestastis (BMR level)






4. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes






5. 20%of plasma leaves capillaries and filters into bowman's space. GFR= Rate of filtrate production (controlled by dilation and constriction of afferent arteriole)






6. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)






7. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly






8. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on variation in their traits






9. Major cell movement - 3 germ layers form






10. Harmful mutation






11. Region where species are found (densities are zero elsewhere)






12. Proportion of allele in population






13. Migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations (can add new allelles or change Allele frequency)






14. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






15. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)






16. Creates new genes by inserting exons and flanking introns into a different gene sequence - there by introducing a new domain in the gene product






17. When an organisms phenotype influences ability to attract mates






18. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)






19. Outcrops of species due to suitable habitats separated by areas of unsuitable habitat






20. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)






21. When a few pioneers colonize a new region - they possess fewer alleles than their source population creating a bottleneck effect






22. Heat transfer when two objects come into direct contact (icepack on sprained ankle)






23. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)






24. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)






25. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)






26. Bicarbonate ions (Co2+H2O= h2Co3= H+ + HCO3-) Co2 removed by lungs - H+ removed by urine






27. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)






28. 2NAA + NAa/2N is p and 2aa + NAa/2N is q (however similar frequencies can have very different genotype frequencies)






29. Liver converts no carbs into glucose (lipolysis-fatty acids and glycerol to glucose)






30. Self fertilization - homozygous genotypes increase - heterozygous genotypes decrease






31. Lack of water --> lack of body water - compromises the circulatory system and regulation of body temperature






32. Neurons (generate and conduct electrical signals) and glial cells (release chemical signals)






33. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population






34. Populations do






35. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






36. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite






37. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required






38. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)






39. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite






40. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)






41. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion






42. Environments where species can survive within their geographic range






43. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






44. Rate at which an organism uses energy to power these reactions






45. Change salt water balance: 1. respiration - 2. metabolism - 3. waste elimination - 4. food ingestion 5. body temperature regulation






46. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3






47. (GLUTS) move to surface - inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis






48. Hot fish have arteries closer to muscle to warm blood (countercurrent heat exchanger)- allows them to swim faster - catch prey






49. What organisms look like and how they behave






50. Conversion of chemical bond energy in nutrients into the chemical bond energy in ATP - and use of ATP to do work produces heat as byproduct