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Test your basic knowledge |
Bio 101: Harvard
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
science
,
biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities
Allele frequency
Alleles
Electrolytes
Glomerulus
2. Populations do
Darwin's book
Stabilizing Selection
Deleterious
Individuals do not evolve
3. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)
Aldosterone
Secretion
Heterotherms
Reabsorption
4. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog
Population
Diploid
Gluconeogenesis
P53
5. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine
Thermal insulation
Metanephridia
Habitat patches
Darwin's book
6. Hormone - stimulates active transport of 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into tubule
Aldosterone
Bowman's capsule
Convection
Glomerular Filtration Rate
7. The Origin of Species 1859
8. Heat transfers to a surrounding medium ie air or water via surface
Nitrogenous wastes
Exon shuffling
Malpighian tubules
Convection
9. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)
10. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)
Alleles
Evolutionary trend
Artificial directional selection
Aldosterone
11. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat
MR equation
Neutral Theory
Population density
Mutation
12. Changes at the DNA - RNA and protein scale
Microevolution
Brown fat
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Molecular Evolution
13. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3
Endotherms
Macroevolution
Temperature sensitivity
Evaporation
14. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)
Energy expenditure
Meiosis
Heterozygote populations
Acclimatization
15. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is
Honest signal
Heterozygote populations
Electrolytes
Missense Substitution
16. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)
Meiosis
Ketones
Missense Substitution
Glycogenolysis
17. Releases fatty acids to diffuse into cells of the body - some used during absorptive phase for energy
Lipoprotein lipase
Antidiuretic hormone
Sexual selection
Osmolarity
18. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz
Psuedogenes
Excretory organs
Artificial directional selection
Neutral Theory
19. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus - which results in the production of sex cells
Meiosis
Aldosterone
Obligatory Exchanges
Deleterious
20. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)
Heterotopy
Molecular Evolution
Reabsorption
Loop of Henle
21. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper
Heterochrony
Diploid
Interstitial fluid
Artificial directional selection
22. Changes at the DNA - RNA and protein scale
Tubule
Molecular Evolution
Major blood buffer
Loop of Henle
23. Too large to diffuse across plasma membrane so they are digested into monoglycerides and fatty acids - diffused through epithelial cells - re-synthesized into triglycerides - packaged into chylomicrons for lymph & blood transport
Excess Glucose
Absorbed triglycerides
Exon shuffling
Silent substitution
24. Stored as either glycogen in liver or as triglycerides
Daily torpor
Radiation
Size in BMR
Excess Glucose
25. Two or more homologous genes found in different species
Orthologs
Osmoconformers
Reabsorption
Ectotherms
26. Number of individuals per unit of area/volume (dynamic - change over time)
Glucose Transporters
Population density
Reabsorption
Genotype frequency
27. Maintenance of stable conditions within the internal environment (temperature - PH level - ion concentrations - 02 levels - co2 levels - fuel molecules ie glucose)
Fitness
Homeostasis
Electrolytes
Heat budget equation
28. Shifts mean towards one extreme (positive selection) ie long horned cows
Directional selection
Glucose Transporters
Ectotherms
Population size
29. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
Vasa recta
Aldosterone
Gene duplication
30. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on specific traits chosen by humans
Muller's Ratchet
Major blood buffer
Genetic structure
Artificial selection
31. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)
Population
Size in BMR
Lateral gene transfer
Muller's Ratchet
32. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
Chief monomers absorbed
Non shivering thermogensis
Orthologs
33. Outcrops of species due to suitable habitats separated by areas of unsuitable habitat
Positive feedback
Habitat patches
Conduction
Kidney
34. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)
Neutral Theory
Heterochrony
Brown fat
Nephron
35. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite
Ketones
Radiation
Satiation
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
36. Hormone - stimulates active transport of 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into tubule
Aldosterone
Ketones
Insulin
Silent substitution
37. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion
Glucose Transporters
Geographic Range
Basal Metabolic Rate
Vasa recta
38. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3
Temperature sensitivity
Silent substitution
Geographic Range
Evolutionary trend
39. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection
3 germ layers
Genome size
Three theories of Darwin
Absorptive phase
40. Secrete penicillin - toxins - K+ and H+
Selfing
Secretion
Absorbed amino acids
Genetic Drift
41. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population
Microevolution
Intracellular fluid
Muscle tissue
Major blood buffer
42. Conversion of chemical bond energy in nutrients into the chemical bond energy in ATP - and use of ATP to do work produces heat as byproduct
Meiosis
Metabolism
Gene Flow
Calorie
43. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine
Founder effect
Three theories of Darwin
Metanephridia
Metabolic rate
44. Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs
Absorbed amino acids
Population
Hypoglycemia
Dobzhansky Muller Model
45. Creates new genes by inserting exons and flanking introns into a different gene sequence - there by introducing a new domain in the gene product
Calorie
Exon shuffling
Post absorptive stage
Satiation
46. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)
Nonsynonymous vs synonymous
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
Nephron
Homeotherms
47. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)
Nervous tissue
Post absorptive stage
Mutation
Intracellular fluid
48. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)
Genetic Drift
Metabolism
Convection
Loop of Henle
49. Heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler ones via infrared radiation (radiation absorbed or emitted)
Ectotherms
Radiation
Ketones
Reabsorption
50. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite
Leptin
Vestigial structures
Glomerulus
Major blood buffer