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Test your basic knowledge |
Bio 101: Harvard
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
science
,
biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz
Missense Substitution
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Bowman's capsule
Neutral Theory
2. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes
Heterozygote populations
Qualitative
Fever
Convection
3. Change on scale at or above species - changes in separate gene pools
Population density
Evolutionary trend
Macroevolution
Stabilizing Selection
4. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)
Endotherms
Ammonotelic
Acclimatization
Size in BMR
5. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)
Hypothalamus
Evaporation
Temperature sensitivity
Convection
6. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population
Metabolic rate
Microevolution
Quantitative
Antidiuretic hormone
7. Low glucose level in blood
Major blood buffer
P53
Hypoglycemia
Radiation
8. Two or more homologous genes found in different species
Hemodialysis
Osmolarity
Orthologs
Radiation
9. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion
Electrolytes
Conduction
Epithelial tissue
Vasa recta
10. Glucose-used to syntheisize ATP (and triglycerides) - galactose - and fructose
Intrasexual Selection
Metanephridia
Chief monomers absorbed
Mutation
11. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)
Insulin
Fitness
Positive feedback
Reabsorption
12. Refers to all the bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life
Metabolism
Homeostasis
P53
Glucose Transporters
13. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)
Habitat
Temperature sensitivity
Metabolism
Hypothalamus
14. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)
Loop of Henle
Hypoglycemia
Bowman's capsule
Brown fat
15. Region where species are found (densities are zero elsewhere)
Aldosterone
Geographic Range
Nervous tissue
Population size
16. Excrete ammonia
Ammonotelic
Honest signal
Stabilizing Selection
Aldosterone
17. Several loci
Orthologs
Quantitative
Lateral gene transfer
Other guy who came up with natural selection
18. A sudden change to population that causes large changes in allele frequencies over time ie population bottleneck
Hypothalamus
Heat budget equation
Genetic Drift
Darwin's book
19. Heat transfers to a surrounding medium ie air or water via surface
Secretion
Obligatory Exchanges
Convection
Disruptive selection
20. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes
Other guy who came up with natural selection
Negative feedback
Diploid
Quantitative
21. 2NAA + NAa/2N is p and 2aa + NAa/2N is q (however similar frequencies can have very different genotype frequencies)
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Allele frequency formula
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Excretory organs
22. What organisms look like and how they behave
Phenotype
Directional selection
Adaptation
Honest signal
23. Hormone - stimulates active transport of 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into tubule
Kidney
Glycogenolysis
Tubule
Aldosterone
24. Reuglated rise in body temp caused by a rise in the hypothalamic set point for metabloic heat production (fights pathogrens - and increased production of white blood cells)
P53
Fever
Founder effect
Secretion
25. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)
Metabolism
Silent substitution
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Glomerular Filtration Rate
26. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
Brown fat
Secretion
Missense Substitution
27. Body temp changes with enviro - BMR measured at standard temp for each species - SMR or standard metabolic rate (fish - ambhibia - reptiles)
Muller's Ratchet
Diploid
Ectotherms
Gene pool
28. Self fertilization - homozygous genotypes increase - heterozygous genotypes decrease
MR equation
Selfing
Allele frequency
Meiosis
29. Humans do this through clothing
Thermal insulation
Lipoprotein lipase
Natural selection
Allele frequency
30. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)
Negative feedback
Qualitative
Reabsorption
Neutral Theory
31. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper
Absorptive phase
Heterochrony
Genetic Drift
Population density
32. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)
Excretory organs
Metanephridia
Malpighian tubules
Feedforward information
33. One loci
Sexual recombination vs asexual reproduction
Genetic structure
Microevolution
Qualitative
34. 1. Must consume more food - run risk of overheating (hyperthermia) - restricted to water plentiful environments
Excess Glucose
Radiation
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Silent substitution
35. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)
Non shivering thermogensis
Sexual selection
Osmoregulators
Nitrogenous wastes
36. Allow extracellular fluid to equilibrate with seawater
Metabolism
Intrasexual Selection
Vestigial structures
Osmoconformers
37. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine
Loop of Henle
Metanephridia
Positive feedback
Excess Glucose
38. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)
Insulin
Energy expenditure
Missense Substitution
Temperature sensitivity
39. Humans do this through clothing
Deleterious
Radiation
Antidiuretic hormone
Thermal insulation
40. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is
Adaptation
Honest signal
Nucleotide Substitution
Stabilizing Selection
41. Functional unit of kidney - millions per - renal corpuscle forms filtrate - tubule performs secretion and reabsorption
Lipoprotein lipase
Epithelial tissue
Population size
Nephron
42. Change on scale at or above species - changes in separate gene pools
Heterotopy
Macroevolution
Neutral Theory
Intrasexual Selection
43. Insects have these which transport uric acid - postassium ions and sodium ions into tubules - but ercovers water (allows insects to live in dry environments
Lower critical temperature
Nervous tissue
Malpighian tubules
Glomerular Filtration Rate
44. Tissues other than skeletal muscles produce metabolic heat by uncoulping oxidative phosphorylation (burn fuel without producing ATP)
Missense Substitution
Non shivering thermogensis
Glycogenolysis
Evaporation
45. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat
MR equation
Geographic Range
Epithelial tissue
Hypothalamus
46. Glycogen hodrolysis in liver
Glycogenolysis
Glomerular Filtration Rate
MR equation
Thermal insulation
47. 1. No mutation 2. No differential selection among genotypes 3. There is no gene flow 4. Population size is infinite 5. Mating is random
Silent substitution
Meiosis
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Energy expenditure
48. Total number of individuals in a population
Conduction
Macroevolution
Non shivering thermogensis
Population size
49. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills
Excretory system functions
Geographic Range
Disruptive selection
Thermal insulation
50. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus - which results in the production of sex cells
Meiosis
Neutral Theory
Endotherms
Non shivering thermogensis