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Test your basic knowledge |
Bio 101: Harvard
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
science
,
biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler ones via infrared radiation (radiation absorbed or emitted)
Population
Meiosis
Radiation
Intrasexual Selection
2. Favors the mean - selection against any deleterious mutations (baby size)
Heat budget equation
Stabilizing Selection
Basal Metabolic Rate
Gluconeogenesis
3. Shifts mean towards one extreme (positive selection) ie long horned cows
Metabolism
3 germ layers
Directional selection
Size in BMR
4. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3
Temperature sensitivity
Metanephridia
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Habitat patches
5. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on variation in their traits
Gene Flow
Silent substitution
Dobzhansky Muller Model
Natural selection
6. Occurs when ingested nutrients enter the blood stream from the GI tract
Excretory system functions
Endemic
Phenotype
Absorptive phase
7. Most of the water in an animal's body located within its cells
Intracellular fluid
Insulin
Dobzhansky Muller Model
Endemic
8. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)
Endotherms
Positive feedback
Antidiuretic hormone
Reabsorption
9. Amount of fuel used during a given time to power all of its metabolic requirement - = MR - sometimes appears as heat
Osmoconformers
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Thermal insulation
Energy expenditure
10. Number of individuals per unit of area/volume (dynamic - change over time)
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Absorbed amino acids
Population density
3 germ layers
11. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on specific traits chosen by humans
Connective tissue
Artificial selection
Chief monomers absorbed
Mutation
12. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz
Neutral Theory
Muscle tissue
Genotype frequency
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
13. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)
Lateral gene transfer
Negative feedback
Nonsynonymous vs synonymous
Radiation
14. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)
Genome size
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
Hypothalamus
Osmoregulators
15. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills
Obligatory Exchanges
Heterozygote populations
Thermal insulation
Disruptive selection
16. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite
Satiation
Connective tissue
Fitness
Quantitative
17. Allow extracellular fluid to equilibrate with seawater
Genotype frequency
Osmoconformers
Neutral Theory
Three theories of Darwin
18. Location (pelvis in fish)-- Where gene effects - BMP4 causing webs to apoptosis
Heterotopy
Diploid
Hemodialysis
Directional selection
19. 1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm 3. Mesoderm
Founder effect
3 germ layers
Population density
Vasa recta
20. Lack of water --> lack of body water - compromises the circulatory system and regulation of body temperature
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Dehydration
Muscle tissue
Osmoregulators
21. Too large to diffuse across plasma membrane so they are digested into monoglycerides and fatty acids - diffused through epithelial cells - re-synthesized into triglycerides - packaged into chylomicrons for lymph & blood transport
Geographic Range
Obligatory Exchanges
Absorbed triglycerides
Habitat patches
22. Rate at which an organism uses energy to power these reactions
Metabolic rate
MR equation
Artificial selection
Ketones
23. Bicarbonate ions (Co2+H2O= h2Co3= H+ + HCO3-) Co2 removed by lungs - H+ removed by urine
Selfing
Hypothalamus
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Major blood buffer
24. Location (pelvis in fish)-- Where gene effects - BMP4 causing webs to apoptosis
Heterotopy
Connective tissue
Vestigial structures
Thermal insulation
25. Heat transfers to a surrounding medium ie air or water via surface
Kidney
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Convection
Epithelial tissue
26. Change in a single nucleotide in a DnA sequence
Mutation
Lateral gene transfer
Nucleotide Substitution
Neutral Theory
27. A sudden change to population that causes large changes in allele frequencies over time ie population bottleneck
Genetic Drift
MR equation
Natural selection
Missense Substitution
28. What organisms look like and how they behave
Missense Substitution
Intracellular fluid
Phenotype
Gluconeogenesis
29. Harmful mutation
Nervous tissue
Deleterious
Neutral Theory
Mutation
30. Individuals interacting at a given time and place
Sexual recombination vs asexual reproduction
Genotype frequency
Negative feedback
Population
31. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)
Meiosis
Muller's Ratchet
Mutation
Lateral gene transfer
32. Heat transfers away from a sruface due to evaporation (expensive to sweat and pant - burn more calories)
Fever
Metabolism
Evaporation
Homeotherms
33. Rate at which an organism uses energy to power these reactions
Endotherms
Post absorptive stage
Satiation
Metabolic rate
34. Hot fish have arteries closer to muscle to warm blood (countercurrent heat exchanger)- allows them to swim faster - catch prey
Allele frequency formula
Ammonotelic
Cold fish vs hot fish
Loop of Henle
35. Lack of water --> lack of body water - compromises the circulatory system and regulation of body temperature
Dehydration
Temperature sensitivity
Microevolution
Fever
36. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion
Vasa recta
Muscle tissue
Brown fat
Founder effect
37. Functional unit of kidney - millions per - renal corpuscle forms filtrate - tubule performs secretion and reabsorption
Deleterious
Brown fat
Disruptive selection
Nephron
38. Some animals move around to increase decrease temperature (pray themselves with water/dust - find shade - put on clothing)
Chief monomers absorbed
Allele frequency formula
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
Disruptive selection
39. Hormone - stimulates active transport of 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into tubule
Natural selection
Exon shuffling
Molecular Evolution
Aldosterone
40. Sum of all alleles
Mutation
Orthologs
Gene pool
Metabolic rate
41. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)
Gluconeogenesis
Silent substitution
Genotype frequency
Artificial directional selection
42. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)
Nervous tissue
Negative feedback
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
Quantitative
43. Neurons (generate and conduct electrical signals) and glial cells (release chemical signals)
Fever
Nervous tissue
Lower critical temperature
Osmoregulators
44. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)
Leptin
Population density
Excess Glucose
Artificial directional selection
45. Asexual 1. Doesn't need a mate 2. Maintains adaptive genes 3. All kids asexual (able to reproduce) V.S. Sexual 1. Repairs damaged DNA 2. Elimination of deleterious mutations (asexual makes exact copies) 3. Greater genetic variation (genetic combinati
Artificial selection
Absorbed amino acids
Glycogenolysis
Sexual recombination vs asexual reproduction
46. Hormone - stimulates active transport of 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into tubule
Ammonotelic
Population
Aldosterone
Kidney
47. Native to one location and no where else
Negative feedback
Silent substitution
Sexual selection
Endemic
48. Maintenance of stable conditions within the internal environment (temperature - PH level - ion concentrations - 02 levels - co2 levels - fuel molecules ie glucose)
Absorbed triglycerides
Metanephridia
Sexual recombination vs asexual reproduction
Homeostasis
49. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)
Basal Metabolic Rate
Loop of Henle
Population size
Temperature sensitivity
50. Functional unit of kidney - millions per - renal corpuscle forms filtrate - tubule performs secretion and reabsorption
Cold fish vs hot fish
Nephron
Lateral gene transfer
Microevolution