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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Actively regulate osmolarity of their extracellular fluid (300 Mosm/L)






2. Heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler ones via infrared radiation (radiation absorbed or emitted)






3. Hot fish have arteries closer to muscle to warm blood (countercurrent heat exchanger)- allows them to swim faster - catch prey






4. Populations do






5. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






6. Major cell movement - 3 germ layers form






7. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper






8. Sum of all alleles






9. Fluctuating temperatures






10. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite






11. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly






12. Low glucose level in blood






13. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






14. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






15. Refers to all the bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life






16. Cover inner and outer surface areas - secrete substances - selective barriers - transport - cilia or sensory






17. Stable temperatures






18. Daily decline of body temp to save energy (bouts of torpor last mustiple days in hibernation)






19. Generate their own heat - maintain relatively constant body temperature - BMR measured in thermoneutral zone (birds and mammals)






20. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






21. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills






22. Asexual 1. Doesn't need a mate 2. Maintains adaptive genes 3. All kids asexual (able to reproduce) V.S. Sexual 1. Repairs damaged DNA 2. Elimination of deleterious mutations (asexual makes exact copies) 3. Greater genetic variation (genetic combinati






23. Occurs when GI tract is empty of nutrients so body's stores are used






24. Native to one location and no where else






25. Populations do






26. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)






27. Blood into dialyzer (acts as filtrater) to create artificaill countercurrent exchange system






28. Proportion of genotype in population






29. Cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and where filtration takes place

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30. Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries - supplied by afferent arteriole - drained by efferent arteriole - podocytes form filatration slits






31. Conversion of chemical bond energy in nutrients into the chemical bond energy in ATP - and use of ATP to do work produces heat as byproduct






32. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population






33. BMI of 30 or greater






34. Individuals interacting at a given time and place






35. A sudden change to population that causes large changes in allele frequencies over time ie population bottleneck






36. 1. Both copies retain original function 2. Both copies able to produce original gene product - but expression diverges in different tissues or at different times in development 3. One copy may become psuedogene 4. One copy maintains function and seco






37. Neurons (generate and conduct electrical signals) and glial cells (release chemical signals)






38. Two or more homologous genes found in different species






39. Amount of fuel used during a given time to power all of its metabolic requirement - = MR - sometimes appears as heat






40. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper






41. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)






42. Excrete ammonia






43. Region where species are found (densities are zero elsewhere)






44. Heat transfers to a surrounding medium ie air or water via surface






45. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required






46. MR is at minimal level combatible with all physiological functionsfor homestastis (BMR level)






47. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)






48. Low glucose level in blood






49. Extracellular fluid - including blood/plasma (Allow cells to take in nutrients and remove waste)






50. Harmful mutation