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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)

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2. Glucose-used to syntheisize ATP (and triglycerides) - galactose - and fructose






3. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills






4. Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries - supplied by afferent arteriole - drained by efferent arteriole - podocytes form filatration slits






5. Outcrops of species due to suitable habitats separated by areas of unsuitable habitat






6. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)






7. Native to one location and no where else






8. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)






9. Low glucose level in blood






10. Two or more homologous genes found in different species






11. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






12. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)






13. Continuous within Bowman's capsule - Loop of Henle






14. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






15. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus - which results in the production of sex cells






16. Functional unit of kidney - millions per - renal corpuscle forms filtrate - tubule performs secretion and reabsorption






17. Individuals interacting at a given time and place






18. Releases fatty acids to diffuse into cells of the body - some used during absorptive phase for energy






19. (GLUTS) move to surface - inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis






20. Bicarbonate ions (Co2+H2O= h2Co3= H+ + HCO3-) Co2 removed by lungs - H+ removed by urine






21. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine






22. In ECM - protein fibers makeup cartilage and bone (mineralized) - ECM of plasma liquid - Adipose=fat cells - energy storing






23. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






24. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)






25. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)






26. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






27. Total number of individuals in a population






28. Main excretory organ of vertebrates: 1. specialized tubules of epithelial cell - 2. salt and water homeostasis - 3. Nitrogeneous waste elimination 4.Renal cortex= filtration - renal medulla = filtration concentrated 5. milions of nephrons






29. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next






30. Environments where species can survive within their geographic range






31. Heat transfer when two objects come into direct contact (icepack on sprained ankle)






32. BMI of 30 or greater






33. Too large to diffuse across plasma membrane so they are digested into monoglycerides and fatty acids - diffused through epithelial cells - re-synthesized into triglycerides - packaged into chylomicrons for lymph & blood transport






34. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3






35. 2NAA + NAa/2N is p and 2aa + NAa/2N is q (however similar frequencies can have very different genotype frequencies)






36. Blood into dialyzer (acts as filtrater) to create artificaill countercurrent exchange system






37. Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries - supplied by afferent arteriole - drained by efferent arteriole - podocytes form filatration slits






38. Ability to compete for mates






39. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






40. Occurs when ingested nutrients enter the blood stream from the GI tract






41. Glycogen hodrolysis in liver






42. Harmful mutation






43. Asexual 1. Doesn't need a mate 2. Maintains adaptive genes 3. All kids asexual (able to reproduce) V.S. Sexual 1. Repairs damaged DNA 2. Elimination of deleterious mutations (asexual makes exact copies) 3. Greater genetic variation (genetic combinati






44. Occurs when ingested nutrients enter the blood stream from the GI tract






45. Some animals move around to increase decrease temperature (pray themselves with water/dust - find shade - put on clothing)






46. Humans do this through clothing






47. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite






48. Proportion of allele in population






49. Occurs when GI tract is empty of nutrients so body's stores are used






50. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on variation in their traits