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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Hormone - stimulates active transport of 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into tubule






2. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)






3. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog






4. Generate their own heat - maintain relatively constant body temperature - BMR measured in thermoneutral zone (birds and mammals)






5. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)






6. Main excretory organ of vertebrates: 1. specialized tubules of epithelial cell - 2. salt and water homeostasis - 3. Nitrogeneous waste elimination 4.Renal cortex= filtration - renal medulla = filtration concentrated 5. milions of nephrons






7. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)






8. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)






9. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)






10. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)






11. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






12. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)






13. Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius






14. Number of individuals per unit of area/volume (dynamic - change over time)






15. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)






16. Total number of individuals in a population






17. A sudden change to population that causes large changes in allele frequencies over time ie population bottleneck






18. Environments where species can survive within their geographic range






19. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






20. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3






21. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area






22. Tissues other than skeletal muscles produce metabolic heat by uncoulping oxidative phosphorylation (burn fuel without producing ATP)






23. Taken up by all body cells - used to synthesize proteins - excess converted into fatty acids and then triglycerides






24. Hot fish have arteries closer to muscle to warm blood (countercurrent heat exchanger)- allows them to swim faster - catch prey






25. 1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm 3. Mesoderm






26. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog






27. A favored trait that evolves through natural selection (more organisms with that trait survive than those without)






28. MR is at minimal level combatible with all physiological functionsfor homestastis (BMR level)






29. (GLUTS) move to surface - inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis






30. Glucose-used to syntheisize ATP (and triglycerides) - galactose - and fructose






31. When an organisms phenotype influences ability to attract mates






32. Extracellular fluid - including blood/plasma (Allow cells to take in nutrients and remove waste)






33. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)






34. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities






35. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)






36. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population






37. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)






38. Individuals interacting at a given time and place






39. Maintenance of stable conditions within the internal environment (temperature - PH level - ion concentrations - 02 levels - co2 levels - fuel molecules ie glucose)






40. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






41. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)






42. Harmful mutation






43. Neurons (generate and conduct electrical signals) and glial cells (release chemical signals)






44. Liver converts no carbs into glucose (lipolysis-fatty acids and glycerol to glucose)






45. Proportion of allele in population






46. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes






47. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly






48. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)






49. Heat transfer when two objects come into direct contact (icepack on sprained ankle)






50. Reuglated rise in body temp caused by a rise in the hypothalamic set point for metabloic heat production (fights pathogrens - and increased production of white blood cells)