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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Bicarbonate ions (Co2+H2O= h2Co3= H+ + HCO3-) Co2 removed by lungs - H+ removed by urine






2. Occurs when GI tract is empty of nutrients so body's stores are used






3. Functional unit of kidney - millions per - renal corpuscle forms filtrate - tubule performs secretion and reabsorption






4. Outcrops of species due to suitable habitats separated by areas of unsuitable habitat






5. Main excretory organ of vertebrates: 1. specialized tubules of epithelial cell - 2. salt and water homeostasis - 3. Nitrogeneous waste elimination 4.Renal cortex= filtration - renal medulla = filtration concentrated 5. milions of nephrons






6. Sum of all alleles






7. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on specific traits chosen by humans






8. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)


9. Glycogen hodrolysis in liver






10. Harmful mutation






11. Self fertilization - homozygous genotypes increase - heterozygous genotypes decrease






12. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on specific traits chosen by humans






13. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)






14. Ability to compete for mates






15. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






16. Body temp changes with enviro - BMR measured at standard temp for each species - SMR or standard metabolic rate (fish - ambhibia - reptiles)






17. Populations do






18. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






19. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)






20. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine






21. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






22. Copies of genes that are no longer functional






23. ADH- increase number of water channels - allows more water to leave duct - urine volume decreases






24. Cover inner and outer surface areas - secrete substances - selective barriers - transport - cilia or sensory






25. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite






26. Environments where species can survive within their geographic range






27. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next






28. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)






29. Too large to diffuse across plasma membrane so they are digested into monoglycerides and fatty acids - diffused through epithelial cells - re-synthesized into triglycerides - packaged into chylomicrons for lymph & blood transport






30. Amplifies deviation frokm set point






31. Favors the mean - selection against any deleterious mutations (baby size)






32. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)






33. Liver converts no carbs into glucose (lipolysis-fatty acids and glycerol to glucose)






34. Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries - supplied by afferent arteriole - drained by efferent arteriole - podocytes form filatration slits






35. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)






36. Low glucose level in blood






37. Tissues other than skeletal muscles produce metabolic heat by uncoulping oxidative phosphorylation (burn fuel without producing ATP)






38. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area






39. Heat transfer when two objects come into direct contact (icepack on sprained ankle)






40. Fluctuating temperatures






41. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills






42. Hot fish have arteries closer to muscle to warm blood (countercurrent heat exchanger)- allows them to swim faster - catch prey






43. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






44. Generate their own heat - maintain relatively constant body temperature - BMR measured in thermoneutral zone (birds and mammals)






45. Daily decline of body temp to save energy (bouts of torpor last mustiple days in hibernation)






46. 1. Both copies retain original function 2. Both copies able to produce original gene product - but expression diverges in different tissues or at different times in development 3. One copy may become psuedogene 4. One copy maintains function and seco






47. Secrete penicillin - toxins - K+ and H+






48. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)






49. Insects have these which transport uric acid - postassium ions and sodium ions into tubules - but ercovers water (allows insects to live in dry environments






50. Occurs when ingested nutrients enter the blood stream from the GI tract