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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries - supplied by afferent arteriole - drained by efferent arteriole - podocytes form filatration slits






2. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities






3. Secrete penicillin - toxins - K+ and H+






4. Region where species are found (densities are zero elsewhere)






5. Favors the mean - selection against any deleterious mutations (baby size)






6. Cover inner and outer surface areas - secrete substances - selective barriers - transport - cilia or sensory






7. Changes set point altogether (being awake - daytime activity - disease - skin temperature)






8. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog






9. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






10. Much of variation in size lies in non coding DNA as opposed to functional genes. Also in large populations - slightly deleterious sequences more likely to be purged than in small size (thus more noncoding DNA in large population over small)






11. Inherited but no use (whale pelvis)






12. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






13. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required






14. The Origin of Species 1859

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15. Occurs when ingested nutrients enter the blood stream from the GI tract






16. Copies of genes that are no longer functional






17. Tissues other than skeletal muscles produce metabolic heat by uncoulping oxidative phosphorylation (burn fuel without producing ATP)






18. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)






19. Cover inner and outer surface areas - secrete substances - selective barriers - transport - cilia or sensory






20. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite






21. Much of variation in size lies in non coding DNA as opposed to functional genes. Also in large populations - slightly deleterious sequences more likely to be purged than in small size (thus more noncoding DNA in large population over small)






22. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)






23. Outcrops of species due to suitable habitats separated by areas of unsuitable habitat






24. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes






25. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






26. Shifts mean towards one extreme (positive selection) ie long horned cows






27. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)






28. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)






29. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






30. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)






31. Individuals interacting at a given time and place






32. The number of osmoles of solute particles per liter of solvent - must be maintained between extracellular and intracellular fluid or cells can change volume and burst/die






33. Inherited but no use (whale pelvis)






34. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion






35. A sudden change to population that causes large changes in allele frequencies over time ie population bottleneck






36. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)






37. Bicarbonate ions (Co2+H2O= h2Co3= H+ + HCO3-) Co2 removed by lungs - H+ removed by urine






38. Glycogen hodrolysis in liver






39. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






40. Allele and genotype frequencies






41. BMI of 30 or greater






42. Cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and where filtration takes place

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43. Hot fish have arteries closer to muscle to warm blood (countercurrent heat exchanger)- allows them to swim faster - catch prey






44. Amount of fuel used during a given time to power all of its metabolic requirement - = MR - sometimes appears as heat






45. Glycogen hodrolysis in liver






46. Functional unit of kidney - millions per - renal corpuscle forms filtrate - tubule performs secretion and reabsorption






47. Glucose-used to syntheisize ATP (and triglycerides) - galactose - and fructose






48. 1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm 3. Mesoderm






49. Changes set point altogether (being awake - daytime activity - disease - skin temperature)






50. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is