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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Individuals interacting at a given time and place






2. Maintenance of stable conditions within the internal environment (temperature - PH level - ion concentrations - 02 levels - co2 levels - fuel molecules ie glucose)






3. Native to one location and no where else






4. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)






5. One loci






6. Daily decline of body temp to save energy (bouts of torpor last mustiple days in hibernation)






7. 2NAA + NAa/2N is p and 2aa + NAa/2N is q (however similar frequencies can have very different genotype frequencies)






8. Continuous within Bowman's capsule - Loop of Henle






9. 1. Both copies retain original function 2. Both copies able to produce original gene product - but expression diverges in different tissues or at different times in development 3. One copy may become psuedogene 4. One copy maintains function and seco






10. Functional unit of kidney - millions per - renal corpuscle forms filtrate - tubule performs secretion and reabsorption






11. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area






12. Refers to all the bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life






13. Too large to diffuse across plasma membrane so they are digested into monoglycerides and fatty acids - diffused through epithelial cells - re-synthesized into triglycerides - packaged into chylomicrons for lymph & blood transport






14. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






15. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






16. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite






17. Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs






18. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






19. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area






20. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next






21. Proportion of genotype in population






22. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






23. Much of variation in size lies in non coding DNA as opposed to functional genes. Also in large populations - slightly deleterious sequences more likely to be purged than in small size (thus more noncoding DNA in large population over small)






24. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes






25. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)






26. Releases fatty acids to diffuse into cells of the body - some used during absorptive phase for energy






27. Fluctuating temperatures






28. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3






29. Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius






30. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






31. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes






32. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on variation in their traits






33. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3






34. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly






35. Taken up by all body cells - used to synthesize proteins - excess converted into fatty acids and then triglycerides






36. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






37. Different form of a gene






38. Amplifies deviation frokm set point






39. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion






40. Humans do this through clothing






41. Sum of all alleles






42. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)






43. Stored as either glycogen in liver or as triglycerides






44. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus - which results in the production of sex cells






45. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






46. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)






47. Stable temperatures






48. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)






49. What organisms look like and how they behave






50. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next







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