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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Heat in must equal heat out - or body temperature changes (metabolism + Rabs= Rout+convection - conduction and evaporation)






2. Copies of genes that are no longer functional






3. Liver converts no carbs into glucose (lipolysis-fatty acids and glycerol to glucose)






4. Heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler ones via infrared radiation (radiation absorbed or emitted)






5. Amount of fuel used during a given time to power all of its metabolic requirement - = MR - sometimes appears as heat






6. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)






7. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)






8. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)






9. 2NAA + NAa/2N is p and 2aa + NAa/2N is q (however similar frequencies can have very different genotype frequencies)






10. Asexual 1. Doesn't need a mate 2. Maintains adaptive genes 3. All kids asexual (able to reproduce) V.S. Sexual 1. Repairs damaged DNA 2. Elimination of deleterious mutations (asexual makes exact copies) 3. Greater genetic variation (genetic combinati






11. Actively regulate osmolarity of their extracellular fluid (300 Mosm/L)






12. A favored trait that evolves through natural selection (more organisms with that trait survive than those without)






13. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






14. Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs






15. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3






16. One loci






17. Proportion of allele in population






18. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required






19. The Origin of Species 1859

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20. Extracellular fluid - including blood/plasma (Allow cells to take in nutrients and remove waste)






21. Sum of all alleles






22. When a few pioneers colonize a new region - they possess fewer alleles than their source population creating a bottleneck effect






23. Cover inner and outer surface areas - secrete substances - selective barriers - transport - cilia or sensory






24. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes






25. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities






26. Functional unit of kidney - millions per - renal corpuscle forms filtrate - tubule performs secretion and reabsorption






27. MR is at minimal level combatible with all physiological functionsfor homestastis (BMR level)






28. One loci






29. Shifts mean towards one extreme (positive selection) ie long horned cows






30. Major cell movement - 3 germ layers form






31. Main excretory organ of vertebrates: 1. specialized tubules of epithelial cell - 2. salt and water homeostasis - 3. Nitrogeneous waste elimination 4.Renal cortex= filtration - renal medulla = filtration concentrated 5. milions of nephrons






32. 20%of plasma leaves capillaries and filters into bowman's space. GFR= Rate of filtrate production (controlled by dilation and constriction of afferent arteriole)






33. (GLUTS) move to surface - inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis






34. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)






35. Change salt water balance: 1. respiration - 2. metabolism - 3. waste elimination - 4. food ingestion 5. body temperature regulation






36. Secrete penicillin - toxins - K+ and H+






37. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)






38. ADH- increase number of water channels - allows more water to leave duct - urine volume decreases






39. Allele and genotype frequencies






40. 1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm 3. Mesoderm






41. Heat transfers away from a sruface due to evaporation (expensive to sweat and pant - burn more calories)






42. Total number of individuals in a population






43. Change salt water balance: 1. respiration - 2. metabolism - 3. waste elimination - 4. food ingestion 5. body temperature regulation






44. Blood into dialyzer (acts as filtrater) to create artificaill countercurrent exchange system






45. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite






46. Stored as either glycogen in liver or as triglycerides






47. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion






48. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus - which results in the production of sex cells






49. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is






50. Region where species are found (densities are zero elsewhere)