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Test your basic knowledge |
Bio 101: Harvard
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
science
,
biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)
Lateral gene transfer
Neutral Theory
P53
Silent substitution
2. Rate at which an organism uses energy to power these reactions
Allele frequency formula
Metabolic rate
MR equation
Genetic structure
3. (GLUTS) move to surface - inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis
Glucose Transporters
Mutation
Honest signal
Missense Substitution
4. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)
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5. Body temp changes with enviro - BMR measured at standard temp for each species - SMR or standard metabolic rate (fish - ambhibia - reptiles)
Ectotherms
P53
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Leptin
6. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)
Vestigial structures
Kidney
Excretory organs
Darwin's book
7. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities
Metabolic rate
Radiation
Electrolytes
Stabilizing Selection
8. Secrete penicillin - toxins - K+ and H+
Honest signal
Electrolytes
Secretion
Gastrulation
9. Asexual 1. Doesn't need a mate 2. Maintains adaptive genes 3. All kids asexual (able to reproduce) V.S. Sexual 1. Repairs damaged DNA 2. Elimination of deleterious mutations (asexual makes exact copies) 3. Greater genetic variation (genetic combinati
Hypothalamus
Dehydration
Allele frequency
Sexual recombination vs asexual reproduction
10. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required
Missense Substitution
Daily torpor
Kidney
Ketones
11. What organisms look like and how they behave
Founder effect
Phenotype
Genetic Drift
Glomerular Filtration Rate
12. Most of the water in an animal's body located within its cells
Intracellular fluid
Metabolism
Radiation
Molecular Evolution
13. The body's resting rate of energy expenditure
Heterotherms
Evaporation
Basal Metabolic Rate
Population
14. The number of osmoles of solute particles per liter of solvent - must be maintained between extracellular and intracellular fluid or cells can change volume and burst/die
Osmolarity
Nonsynonymous vs synonymous
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
Stabilizing Selection
15. Most of the water in an animal's body located within its cells
Interstitial fluid
Intracellular fluid
Muscle tissue
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
16. 1. Must consume more food - run risk of overheating (hyperthermia) - restricted to water plentiful environments
Major blood buffer
Heterochrony
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Epithelial tissue
17. Functional unit of kidney - millions per - renal corpuscle forms filtrate - tubule performs secretion and reabsorption
Hypothalamus
Adaptation
Post absorptive stage
Nephron
18. 2NAA + NAa/2N is p and 2aa + NAa/2N is q (however similar frequencies can have very different genotype frequencies)
Selfing
Microevolution
Allele frequency formula
Energy expenditure
19. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat
MR equation
Alleles
Artificial directional selection
Brown fat
20. Fluctuating temperatures
Heterotherms
Allele frequency
Heterochrony
Darwin's book
21. Liver converts no carbs into glucose (lipolysis-fatty acids and glycerol to glucose)
Gluconeogenesis
Population density
Artificial directional selection
Gene Flow
22. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)
Artificial directional selection
Quantitative
Phenotype
Osmoregulators
23. Total number of individuals in a population
Population size
Neutral Theory
Individuals do not evolve
Sexual selection
24. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population
Thermal insulation
Temperature sensitivity
Tubule
Microevolution
25. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Allele frequency
Interstitial fluid
Satiation
26. Actively regulate osmolarity of their extracellular fluid (300 Mosm/L)
Gene Flow
Osmoregulators
Population size
Excess Glucose
27. Extracellular fluid - including blood/plasma (Allow cells to take in nutrients and remove waste)
Interstitial fluid
Osmolarity
Geographic Range
Gene duplication
28. Region where species are found (densities are zero elsewhere)
Calorie
Geographic Range
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Artificial selection
29. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area
Metabolic rate
Temperature sensitivity
3 germ layers
Size in BMR
30. Releases fatty acids to diffuse into cells of the body - some used during absorptive phase for energy
Osmoconformers
Lipoprotein lipase
Positive feedback
Founder effect
31. Glucose-used to syntheisize ATP (and triglycerides) - galactose - and fructose
Chief monomers absorbed
Dehydration
Energy expenditure
Qualitative
32. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus - which results in the production of sex cells
Meiosis
Microevolution
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
Microevolution
33. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes
Diploid
3 germ layers
Connective tissue
Homeostasis
34. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper
Heterochrony
Vasa recta
Conduction
Nucleotide Substitution
35. Occurs when GI tract is empty of nutrients so body's stores are used
Post absorptive stage
Gastrulation
Vasa recta
Metanephridia
36. Extracellular fluid - including blood/plasma (Allow cells to take in nutrients and remove waste)
Kidney
Interstitial fluid
Osmoconformers
Cold fish vs hot fish
37. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required
Positive feedback
Gene pool
Ketones
Disruptive selection
38. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next
Interstitial fluid
Heterochrony
Absorptive phase
Fitness
39. Number of individuals per unit of area/volume (dynamic - change over time)
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
Thermal insulation
Population density
Osmoregulators
40. Changes set point altogether (being awake - daytime activity - disease - skin temperature)
Nervous tissue
Gluconeogenesis
Other guy who came up with natural selection
Feedforward information
41. Proportion of allele in population
Alleles
Allele frequency
Metanephridia
Excess Glucose
42. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)
Muller's Ratchet
Brown fat
Heterotherms
Insulin
43. Fluctuating temperatures
Heat budget equation
Vestigial structures
Heterotherms
Heat budget equation
44. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)
Radiation
Glomerulus
Quantitative
Missense Substitution
45. In ECM - protein fibers makeup cartilage and bone (mineralized) - ECM of plasma liquid - Adipose=fat cells - energy storing
Absorbed triglycerides
Calorie
Connective tissue
Deleterious
46. Q10= Rt/Rt-10 (rate of process or reaction - and rate at 10 degreed celcius lower)-- If not sensititve - Q10 is usually 1 - generally between 2 and 3
Psuedogenes
Temperature sensitivity
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
Allele frequency formula
47. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite
Convection
Other guy who came up with natural selection
Satiation
Energy expenditure
48. Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries - supplied by afferent arteriole - drained by efferent arteriole - podocytes form filatration slits
Hemodialysis
Glomerulus
Stabilizing Selection
Lower critical temperature
49. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz
Gene Flow
Neutral Theory
Microevolution
Intracellular fluid
50. Much of variation in size lies in non coding DNA as opposed to functional genes. Also in large populations - slightly deleterious sequences more likely to be purged than in small size (thus more noncoding DNA in large population over small)
Genome size
Darwin's book
Vestigial structures
Founder effect