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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)






2. Bicarbonate ions (Co2+H2O= h2Co3= H+ + HCO3-) Co2 removed by lungs - H+ removed by urine






3. Populations do






4. 2NAA + NAa/2N is p and 2aa + NAa/2N is q (however similar frequencies can have very different genotype frequencies)






5. Migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations (can add new allelles or change Allele frequency)






6. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)






7. Copies of genes that are no longer functional






8. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)

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9. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






10. Change in a single nucleotide in a DnA sequence






11. Main excretory organ of vertebrates: 1. specialized tubules of epithelial cell - 2. salt and water homeostasis - 3. Nitrogeneous waste elimination 4.Renal cortex= filtration - renal medulla = filtration concentrated 5. milions of nephrons






12. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






13. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite






14. Change salt water balance: 1. respiration - 2. metabolism - 3. waste elimination - 4. food ingestion 5. body temperature regulation






15. Changes at the DNA - RNA and protein scale






16. Cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and where filtration takes place

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17. 1. No mutation 2. No differential selection among genotypes 3. There is no gene flow 4. Population size is infinite 5. Mating is random






18. Environments where species can survive within their geographic range






19. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






20. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)






21. 1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm 3. Mesoderm






22. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)






23. Harmful mutation






24. Releases fatty acids to diffuse into cells of the body - some used during absorptive phase for energy






25. Some animals move around to increase decrease temperature (pray themselves with water/dust - find shade - put on clothing)






26. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)






27. The Origin of Species 1859

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28. When an organisms phenotype influences ability to attract mates






29. Rate at which an organism uses energy to power these reactions






30. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)






31. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)






32. Taken up by all body cells - used to synthesize proteins - excess converted into fatty acids and then triglycerides






33. Favors the mean - selection against any deleterious mutations (baby size)






34. Inherited but no use (whale pelvis)






35. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next






36. Blood into dialyzer (acts as filtrater) to create artificaill countercurrent exchange system






37. Proportion of allele in population






38. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






39. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes






40. Wallace






41. BMI of 30 or greater






42. Generate their own heat - maintain relatively constant body temperature - BMR measured in thermoneutral zone (birds and mammals)






43. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)






44. When a few pioneers colonize a new region - they possess fewer alleles than their source population creating a bottleneck effect






45. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population






46. The body's resting rate of energy expenditure






47. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






48. Body temp changes with enviro - BMR measured at standard temp for each species - SMR or standard metabolic rate (fish - ambhibia - reptiles)






49. Glycogen hodrolysis in liver






50. One loci