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Test your basic knowledge |
Bio 101: Harvard
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
science
,
biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)
Silent substitution
Muscle tissue
Obesity
Dehydration
2. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required
Kidney
Darwin's book
Nucleotide Substitution
Ketones
3. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)
Heterozygote populations
Mutation
Nervous tissue
Hypoglycemia
4. Glucose-used to syntheisize ATP (and triglycerides) - galactose - and fructose
Chief monomers absorbed
Electrolytes
Interstitial fluid
Convection
5. Number of individuals per unit of area/volume (dynamic - change over time)
Obesity
Population density
Gene pool
Calorie
6. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)
Population
Hypoglycemia
Acclimatization
Darwin's book
7. Liver converts no carbs into glucose (lipolysis-fatty acids and glycerol to glucose)
Gluconeogenesis
Fever
Acclimatization
Endotherms
8. Daily decline of body temp to save energy (bouts of torpor last mustiple days in hibernation)
Endotherms
Acclimatization
Daily torpor
Electrolytes
9. Different form of a gene
Alleles
Population
3 germ layers
Population density
10. Outcrops of species due to suitable habitats separated by areas of unsuitable habitat
Electrolytes
Nucleotide Substitution
Endemic
Habitat patches
11. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes
Heterozygote populations
Size in BMR
Gene Flow
Excess Glucose
12. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)
Alleles
Honest signal
Three theories of Darwin
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
13. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog
P53
Deleterious
Basal Metabolic Rate
Hypoglycemia
14. Actively regulate osmolarity of their extracellular fluid (300 Mosm/L)
Obligatory Exchanges
Individuals do not evolve
Nervous tissue
Osmoregulators
15. Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries - supplied by afferent arteriole - drained by efferent arteriole - podocytes form filatration slits
Hemodialysis
Glomerulus
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
Macroevolution
16. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)
Intrasexual Selection
Connective tissue
Endotherms
Brown fat
17. When a few pioneers colonize a new region - they possess fewer alleles than their source population creating a bottleneck effect
Founder effect
Daily torpor
Vasa recta
Microevolution
18. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills
Connective tissue
Ectotherms
Disruptive selection
Aldosterone
19. Change on scale at or above species - changes in separate gene pools
Macroevolution
Meiosis
Artificial directional selection
Insulin
20. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)
Artificial directional selection
Nucleotide Substitution
Natural selection
Leptin
21. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)
Psuedogenes
Calorie
Thermal insulation
Hypothalamus
22. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)
Psuedogenes
Nucleotide Substitution
Glucose Transporters
Negative feedback
23. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly
Muller's Ratchet
Antidiuretic hormone
Ketones
Nonsynonymous vs synonymous
24. Heat in must equal heat out - or body temperature changes (metabolism + Rabs= Rout+convection - conduction and evaporation)
Heat budget equation
Evolutionary trend
Intracellular fluid
Glomerulus
25. Bicarbonate ions (Co2+H2O= h2Co3= H+ + HCO3-) Co2 removed by lungs - H+ removed by urine
Dehydration
Macroevolution
Hypothalamus
Major blood buffer
26. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)
Metabolism
Nitrogenous wastes
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Cold fish vs hot fish
27. 1. Must consume more food - run risk of overheating (hyperthermia) - restricted to water plentiful environments
Population size
3 disadvantages of endotherms
Kidney
Absorbed triglycerides
28. Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
Calorie
Heterotherms
Muller's Ratchet
Selfing
29. Favors the mean - selection against any deleterious mutations (baby size)
Gluconeogenesis
Ammonotelic
Stabilizing Selection
Secretion
30. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)
Aldosterone
Loop of Henle
Evolutionary trend
Macroevolution
31. In ECM - protein fibers makeup cartilage and bone (mineralized) - ECM of plasma liquid - Adipose=fat cells - energy storing
Secretion
Connective tissue
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Aldosterone
32. Blood into dialyzer (acts as filtrater) to create artificaill countercurrent exchange system
Homeostasis
Hemodialysis
Mutation
Gene Flow
33. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next
Fitness
Directional selection
Tubule
Population size
34. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)
Absorptive phase
Missense Substitution
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
Homeostasis
35. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog
Non shivering thermogensis
P53
Thermal insulation
Other guy who came up with natural selection
36. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper
Gastrulation
Ketones
Mutation
Heterochrony
37. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)
Major blood buffer
Negative feedback
Connective tissue
Hypothalamus
38. Migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations (can add new allelles or change Allele frequency)
Excretory system functions
Reabsorption
Gene Flow
Insulin
39. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes
Diploid
Lateral gene transfer
Absorptive phase
Ketones
40. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes
P53
Electrolytes
Glomerulus
Diploid
41. Proportion of genotype in population
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Absorptive phase
Allele frequency
Genotype frequency
42. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)
Obligatory Exchanges
Artificial selection
Excretory organs
Phenotype
43. A favored trait that evolves through natural selection (more organisms with that trait survive than those without)
Adaptation
Natural selection
Hypoglycemia
Three theories of Darwin
44. BMI of 30 or greater
Obesity
Aldosterone
Directional selection
Acclimatization
45. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus - which results in the production of sex cells
Meiosis
Post absorptive stage
Heterotherms
Hypoglycemia
46. Creates new genes by inserting exons and flanking introns into a different gene sequence - there by introducing a new domain in the gene product
Dehydration
Mutation
Exon shuffling
Founder effect
47. Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
Dobzhansky Muller Model
Calorie
Homeotherms
Metabolism
48. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion
Metabolism
Gluconeogenesis
Vasa recta
Gene Flow
49. Reuglated rise in body temp caused by a rise in the hypothalamic set point for metabloic heat production (fights pathogrens - and increased production of white blood cells)
Adaptation
Gene Flow
Aldosterone
Fever
50. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities
Diploid
Electrolytes
Dehydration
Brown fat