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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes






2. Actively regulate osmolarity of their extracellular fluid (300 Mosm/L)






3. 2NAA + NAa/2N is p and 2aa + NAa/2N is q (however similar frequencies can have very different genotype frequencies)






4. Region where species are found (densities are zero elsewhere)






5. Much of variation in size lies in non coding DNA as opposed to functional genes. Also in large populations - slightly deleterious sequences more likely to be purged than in small size (thus more noncoding DNA in large population over small)






6. 1. No mutation 2. No differential selection among genotypes 3. There is no gene flow 4. Population size is infinite 5. Mating is random






7. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)






8. Total number of individuals in a population






9. Number of individuals per unit of area/volume (dynamic - change over time)






10. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities






11. Low glucose level in blood






12. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






13. The Origin of Species 1859

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14. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus - which results in the production of sex cells






15. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)






16. Much of variation in size lies in non coding DNA as opposed to functional genes. Also in large populations - slightly deleterious sequences more likely to be purged than in small size (thus more noncoding DNA in large population over small)






17. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)






18. Most of the water in an animal's body located within its cells






19. Cover inner and outer surface areas - secrete substances - selective barriers - transport - cilia or sensory






20. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)






21. Conversion of chemical bond energy in nutrients into the chemical bond energy in ATP - and use of ATP to do work produces heat as byproduct






22. Some animals move around to increase decrease temperature (pray themselves with water/dust - find shade - put on clothing)






23. Several loci






24. In ECM - protein fibers makeup cartilage and bone (mineralized) - ECM of plasma liquid - Adipose=fat cells - energy storing






25. Populations do






26. Environments where species can survive within their geographic range






27. Migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations (can add new allelles or change Allele frequency)






28. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)






29. Amount of fuel used during a given time to power all of its metabolic requirement - = MR - sometimes appears as heat






30. Blood into dialyzer (acts as filtrater) to create artificaill countercurrent exchange system






31. Changes set point altogether (being awake - daytime activity - disease - skin temperature)






32. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required






33. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion






34. 1. Both copies retain original function 2. Both copies able to produce original gene product - but expression diverges in different tissues or at different times in development 3. One copy may become psuedogene 4. One copy maintains function and seco






35. ADH- increase number of water channels - allows more water to leave duct - urine volume decreases






36. Occurs when ingested nutrients enter the blood stream from the GI tract






37. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population






38. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)






39. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






40. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






41. Extracellular fluid - including blood/plasma (Allow cells to take in nutrients and remove waste)






42. Native to one location and no where else






43. Proportion of genotype in population






44. Hormone - stimulates active transport of 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into tubule






45. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities






46. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)

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47. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)






48. Stored as either glycogen in liver or as triglycerides






49. Liver converts no carbs into glucose (lipolysis-fatty acids and glycerol to glucose)






50. Copies of genes that are no longer functional







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