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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Allele and genotype frequencies






2. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly






3. Occurs when GI tract is empty of nutrients so body's stores are used






4. (GLUTS) move to surface - inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis






5. A favored trait that evolves through natural selection (more organisms with that trait survive than those without)






6. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)






7. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)






8. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area






9. Several loci






10. Cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and where filtration takes place

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11. Secrete penicillin - toxins - K+ and H+






12. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)






13. Glucose-used to syntheisize ATP (and triglycerides) - galactose - and fructose






14. Some animals move around to increase decrease temperature (pray themselves with water/dust - find shade - put on clothing)






15. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






16. Refers to all the bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life






17. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)






18. The Origin of Species 1859

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19. Neurons (generate and conduct electrical signals) and glial cells (release chemical signals)






20. Excrete ammonia






21. Rate at which an organism uses energy to power these reactions






22. Bicarbonate ions (Co2+H2O= h2Co3= H+ + HCO3-) Co2 removed by lungs - H+ removed by urine






23. Fluctuating temperatures






24. Humans do this through clothing






25. Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries - supplied by afferent arteriole - drained by efferent arteriole - podocytes form filatration slits






26. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)

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27. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite






28. 20%of plasma leaves capillaries and filters into bowman's space. GFR= Rate of filtrate production (controlled by dilation and constriction of afferent arteriole)






29. Proportion of allele in population






30. ADH- increase number of water channels - allows more water to leave duct - urine volume decreases






31. Total number of individuals in a population






32. The body's resting rate of energy expenditure






33. 1. Must consume more food - run risk of overheating (hyperthermia) - restricted to water plentiful environments






34. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)






35. One loci






36. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog






37. The body's resting rate of energy expenditure






38. Change salt water balance: 1. respiration - 2. metabolism - 3. waste elimination - 4. food ingestion 5. body temperature regulation






39. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite






40. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)






41. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






42. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)






43. What organisms look like and how they behave






44. When a few pioneers colonize a new region - they possess fewer alleles than their source population creating a bottleneck effect






45. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area






46. Lack of water --> lack of body water - compromises the circulatory system and regulation of body temperature






47. Proportion of genotype in population






48. Migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations (can add new allelles or change Allele frequency)






49. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)






50. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)