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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Allele and genotype frequencies






2. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






3. The Origin of Species 1859

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4. When a few pioneers colonize a new region - they possess fewer alleles than their source population creating a bottleneck effect






5. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)

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6. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required






7. Occurs when ingested nutrients enter the blood stream from the GI tract






8. BMI of 30 or greater






9. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)






10. MR is at minimal level combatible with all physiological functionsfor homestastis (BMR level)






11. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






12. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills






13. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills






14. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)






15. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on specific traits chosen by humans






16. Major cell movement - 3 germ layers form






17. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes






18. Humans do this through clothing






19. Change in a single nucleotide in a DnA sequence






20. Refers to all the bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life






21. Different form of a gene






22. What organisms look like and how they behave






23. When an organisms phenotype influences ability to attract mates






24. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next






25. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)






26. Number of individuals per unit of area/volume (dynamic - change over time)






27. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes






28. Actively regulate osmolarity of their extracellular fluid (300 Mosm/L)






29. Favors the mean - selection against any deleterious mutations (baby size)






30. Generate their own heat - maintain relatively constant body temperature - BMR measured in thermoneutral zone (birds and mammals)






31. 2NAA + NAa/2N is p and 2aa + NAa/2N is q (however similar frequencies can have very different genotype frequencies)






32. Releases fatty acids to diffuse into cells of the body - some used during absorptive phase for energy






33. Hot fish have arteries closer to muscle to warm blood (countercurrent heat exchanger)- allows them to swim faster - catch prey






34. Cover inner and outer surface areas - secrete substances - selective barriers - transport - cilia or sensory






35. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)






36. Changes set point altogether (being awake - daytime activity - disease - skin temperature)






37. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)






38. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)






39. Hormone - stimulates active transport of 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into tubule






40. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)






41. Major cell movement - 3 germ layers form






42. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)






43. The body's resting rate of energy expenditure






44. (GLUTS) move to surface - inhibit glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis






45. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






46. Reuglated rise in body temp caused by a rise in the hypothalamic set point for metabloic heat production (fights pathogrens - and increased production of white blood cells)






47. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)






48. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is






49. Rate at which an organism uses energy to power these reactions






50. 1. No mutation 2. No differential selection among genotypes 3. There is no gene flow 4. Population size is infinite 5. Mating is random