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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Rate at which an organism uses energy to power these reactions






2. In ECM - protein fibers makeup cartilage and bone (mineralized) - ECM of plasma liquid - Adipose=fat cells - energy storing






3. Taken up by all body cells - used to synthesize proteins - excess converted into fatty acids and then triglycerides






4. Daily decline of body temp to save energy (bouts of torpor last mustiple days in hibernation)






5. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next






6. Heat in must equal heat out - or body temperature changes (metabolism + Rabs= Rout+convection - conduction and evaporation)






7. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






8. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is






9. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)






10. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area






11. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)






12. Actively regulate osmolarity of their extracellular fluid (300 Mosm/L)






13. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)






14. Heat in must equal heat out - or body temperature changes (metabolism + Rabs= Rout+convection - conduction and evaporation)






15. 1. Regulate volume of fluid in body 2. regulate osmolarity - 3. Maintain Ca2+ - H+ - NA+ (ionic regulation) 4. eliminate nitrogenous wastes produced by protein and nucleic acid catabolism (URINE)






16. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)






17. Heat transfers away from a sruface due to evaporation (expensive to sweat and pant - burn more calories)






18. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on variation in their traits






19. Inherited but no use (whale pelvis)






20. Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries - supplied by afferent arteriole - drained by efferent arteriole - podocytes form filatration slits






21. A favored trait that evolves through natural selection (more organisms with that trait survive than those without)






22. Stored as either glycogen in liver or as triglycerides






23. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






24. Ability to compete for mates






25. Some animals move around to increase decrease temperature (pray themselves with water/dust - find shade - put on clothing)






26. Hot fish have arteries closer to muscle to warm blood (countercurrent heat exchanger)- allows them to swim faster - catch prey






27. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)






28. Cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and where filtration takes place

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29. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities






30. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






31. The body's resting rate of energy expenditure






32. Major cell movement - 3 germ layers form






33. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine






34. Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs






35. Liver converts no carbs into glucose (lipolysis-fatty acids and glycerol to glucose)






36. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)






37. Different form of a gene






38. One loci






39. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)






40. Copies of genes that are no longer functional






41. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






42. Self fertilization - homozygous genotypes increase - heterozygous genotypes decrease






43. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly






44. Continuous within Bowman's capsule - Loop of Henle






45. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills






46. Asexual 1. Doesn't need a mate 2. Maintains adaptive genes 3. All kids asexual (able to reproduce) V.S. Sexual 1. Repairs damaged DNA 2. Elimination of deleterious mutations (asexual makes exact copies) 3. Greater genetic variation (genetic combinati






47. Hormone - stimulates active transport of 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into tubule






48. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)






49. Extracellular fluid - including blood/plasma (Allow cells to take in nutrients and remove waste)






50. Body temp changes with enviro - BMR measured at standard temp for each species - SMR or standard metabolic rate (fish - ambhibia - reptiles)