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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






2. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required






3. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)






4. Glucose-used to syntheisize ATP (and triglycerides) - galactose - and fructose






5. Number of individuals per unit of area/volume (dynamic - change over time)






6. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)






7. Liver converts no carbs into glucose (lipolysis-fatty acids and glycerol to glucose)






8. Daily decline of body temp to save energy (bouts of torpor last mustiple days in hibernation)






9. Different form of a gene






10. Outcrops of species due to suitable habitats separated by areas of unsuitable habitat






11. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes






12. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)






13. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog






14. Actively regulate osmolarity of their extracellular fluid (300 Mosm/L)






15. Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries - supplied by afferent arteriole - drained by efferent arteriole - podocytes form filatration slits






16. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)






17. When a few pioneers colonize a new region - they possess fewer alleles than their source population creating a bottleneck effect






18. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills






19. Change on scale at or above species - changes in separate gene pools






20. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)






21. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)






22. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)






23. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly






24. Heat in must equal heat out - or body temperature changes (metabolism + Rabs= Rout+convection - conduction and evaporation)






25. Bicarbonate ions (Co2+H2O= h2Co3= H+ + HCO3-) Co2 removed by lungs - H+ removed by urine






26. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)






27. 1. Must consume more food - run risk of overheating (hyperthermia) - restricted to water plentiful environments






28. Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius






29. Favors the mean - selection against any deleterious mutations (baby size)






30. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)






31. In ECM - protein fibers makeup cartilage and bone (mineralized) - ECM of plasma liquid - Adipose=fat cells - energy storing






32. Blood into dialyzer (acts as filtrater) to create artificaill countercurrent exchange system






33. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next






34. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)






35. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog






36. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper






37. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)






38. Migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations (can add new allelles or change Allele frequency)






39. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes






40. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes






41. Proportion of genotype in population






42. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)






43. A favored trait that evolves through natural selection (more organisms with that trait survive than those without)






44. BMI of 30 or greater






45. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus - which results in the production of sex cells






46. Creates new genes by inserting exons and flanking introns into a different gene sequence - there by introducing a new domain in the gene product






47. Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius






48. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion






49. Reuglated rise in body temp caused by a rise in the hypothalamic set point for metabloic heat production (fights pathogrens - and increased production of white blood cells)






50. Minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance - imbalance can alter membrane potentials/disrupt cell activities