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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






2. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes






3. Change on scale at or above species - changes in separate gene pools






4. Fine tuning of adaptive mechanisms (adjusts to climate/temperature- sweating begins sooner and is greater in volume)






5. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)






6. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population






7. Low glucose level in blood






8. Two or more homologous genes found in different species






9. In medulla - run parrallel to loops of Henlue and medullary collecting ducts - minimize excessive loss of solutes via diffusion






10. Glucose-used to syntheisize ATP (and triglycerides) - galactose - and fructose






11. Made by pancreas - binds to cell surface receptor and stimulates singaling pathway - faciliates glucose diffusion into cell (secretion rises when blood glucose rises - eating - or parasympathetic stimulation ie negative feedback)






12. Refers to all the bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life






13. Thermostat of the brain (when cooled - constricts blood vessels in skin and increases metabolic heat production= body temp increases)






14. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)






15. Region where species are found (densities are zero elsewhere)






16. Excrete ammonia






17. Several loci






18. A sudden change to population that causes large changes in allele frequencies over time ie population bottleneck






19. Heat transfers to a surrounding medium ie air or water via surface






20. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes






21. 2NAA + NAa/2N is p and 2aa + NAa/2N is q (however similar frequencies can have very different genotype frequencies)






22. What organisms look like and how they behave






23. Hormone - stimulates active transport of 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into tubule






24. Reuglated rise in body temp caused by a rise in the hypothalamic set point for metabloic heat production (fights pathogrens - and increased production of white blood cells)






25. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






26. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)






27. Body temp changes with enviro - BMR measured at standard temp for each species - SMR or standard metabolic rate (fish - ambhibia - reptiles)






28. Self fertilization - homozygous genotypes increase - heterozygous genotypes decrease






29. Humans do this through clothing






30. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






31. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper






32. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)






33. One loci






34. 1. Must consume more food - run risk of overheating (hyperthermia) - restricted to water plentiful environments






35. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)






36. Allow extracellular fluid to equilibrate with seawater






37. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine






38. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)






39. Humans do this through clothing






40. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is






41. Functional unit of kidney - millions per - renal corpuscle forms filtrate - tubule performs secretion and reabsorption






42. Change on scale at or above species - changes in separate gene pools






43. Insects have these which transport uric acid - postassium ions and sodium ions into tubules - but ercovers water (allows insects to live in dry environments






44. Tissues other than skeletal muscles produce metabolic heat by uncoulping oxidative phosphorylation (burn fuel without producing ATP)






45. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






46. Glycogen hodrolysis in liver






47. 1. No mutation 2. No differential selection among genotypes 3. There is no gene flow 4. Population size is infinite 5. Mating is random






48. Total number of individuals in a population






49. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills






50. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus - which results in the production of sex cells