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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1. Regulate volume of fluid in body 2. regulate osmolarity - 3. Maintain Ca2+ - H+ - NA+ (ionic regulation) 4. eliminate nitrogenous wastes produced by protein and nucleic acid catabolism (URINE)






2. Allow extracellular fluid to equilibrate with seawater






3. Shifts mean towards one extreme (positive selection) ie long horned cows






4. Migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations (can add new allelles or change Allele frequency)






5. Region where species are found (densities are zero elsewhere)






6. Several loci






7. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population






8. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






9. Change on scale at or above species - changes in separate gene pools






10. A favored trait that evolves through natural selection (more organisms with that trait survive than those without)






11. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






12. Heat transfers to a surrounding medium ie air or water via surface






13. Heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler ones via infrared radiation (radiation absorbed or emitted)






14. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






15. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes






16. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)

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17. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on specific traits chosen by humans






18. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)






19. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






20. Maintenance of stable conditions within the internal environment (temperature - PH level - ion concentrations - 02 levels - co2 levels - fuel molecules ie glucose)






21. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine






22. Migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations (can add new allelles or change Allele frequency)






23. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required






24. 1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm 3. Mesoderm






25. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper






26. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)






27. Heat transfer when two objects come into direct contact (icepack on sprained ankle)






28. Ability to compete for mates






29. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes






30. Changes set point altogether (being awake - daytime activity - disease - skin temperature)






31. Native to one location and no where else






32. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)






33. Two or more homologous genes found in different species






34. Changes at the DNA - RNA and protein scale






35. BMI of 30 or greater






36. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)






37. Glucose-used to syntheisize ATP (and triglycerides) - galactose - and fructose






38. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next






39. Hot fish have arteries closer to muscle to warm blood (countercurrent heat exchanger)- allows them to swim faster - catch prey






40. Inherited but no use (whale pelvis)






41. The Origin of Species 1859

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42. Number of individuals per unit of area/volume (dynamic - change over time)






43. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)






44. Stable temperatures






45. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)






46. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite






47. Tissues other than skeletal muscles produce metabolic heat by uncoulping oxidative phosphorylation (burn fuel without producing ATP)






48. Much of variation in size lies in non coding DNA as opposed to functional genes. Also in large populations - slightly deleterious sequences more likely to be purged than in small size (thus more noncoding DNA in large population over small)






49. Individuals interacting at a given time and place






50. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)







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