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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






2. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is






3. Humans do this through clothing






4. 1. If equal - then amino acid residue drifting neutrally 2. If nonsynon higher than sysnon - positive selection causing change in amino acid residue 3. If sysnon higher than nonsynon then purifying selection resisting change in amino acid residue (ly






5. 1. Regulate volume of fluid in body 2. regulate osmolarity - 3. Maintain Ca2+ - H+ - NA+ (ionic regulation) 4. eliminate nitrogenous wastes produced by protein and nucleic acid catabolism (URINE)






6. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)






7. Most of the water in an animal's body located within its cells






8. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population






9. Individuals interacting at a given time and place






10. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes






11. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)






12. Change in a single nucleotide in a DnA sequence






13. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite






14. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next






15. ADH- increase number of water channels - allows more water to leave duct - urine volume decreases






16. Number of individuals per unit of area/volume (dynamic - change over time)






17. The Origin of Species 1859


18. Sum of all alleles






19. Change salt water balance: 1. respiration - 2. metabolism - 3. waste elimination - 4. food ingestion 5. body temperature regulation






20. 1. Must consume more food - run risk of overheating (hyperthermia) - restricted to water plentiful environments






21. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






22. Several loci






23. The creation of bimodal distribution (both extremes favored) ie Bird bills






24. Change on scale at or above species - changes in separate gene pools






25. The number of osmoles of solute particles per liter of solvent - must be maintained between extracellular and intracellular fluid or cells can change volume and burst/die






26. Main excretory organ of vertebrates: 1. specialized tubules of epithelial cell - 2. salt and water homeostasis - 3. Nitrogeneous waste elimination 4.Renal cortex= filtration - renal medulla = filtration concentrated 5. milions of nephrons






27. Shifts mean towards one extreme (positive selection) ie long horned cows






28. When a few pioneers colonize a new region - they possess fewer alleles than their source population creating a bottleneck effect






29. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine






30. Changes at the DNA - RNA and protein scale






31. Generate their own heat - maintain relatively constant body temperature - BMR measured in thermoneutral zone (birds and mammals)






32. Wallace






33. Changes the encoded amino acid-- usually deleterious (nonsynonymous substitution)






34. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite






35. Harmful mutation






36. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)






37. Neurons (generate and conduct electrical signals) and glial cells (release chemical signals)






38. When an organisms phenotype influences ability to attract mates






39. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine






40. Cover inner and outer surface areas - secrete substances - selective barriers - transport - cilia or sensory






41. Functional unit of kidney - millions per - renal corpuscle forms filtrate - tubule performs secretion and reabsorption






42. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes






43. Occurs when GI tract is empty of nutrients so body's stores are used






44. Bicarbonate ions (Co2+H2O= h2Co3= H+ + HCO3-) Co2 removed by lungs - H+ removed by urine






45. A sudden change to population that causes large changes in allele frequencies over time ie population bottleneck






46. Glucose-used to syntheisize ATP (and triglycerides) - galactose - and fructose






47. Continuous within Bowman's capsule - Loop of Henle






48. What organisms look like and how they behave






49. Allow extracellular fluid to equilibrate with seawater






50. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)