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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius






2. Amount of fuel used during a given time to power all of its metabolic requirement - = MR - sometimes appears as heat






3. Self fertilization - homozygous genotypes increase - heterozygous genotypes decrease






4. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)






5. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite






6. Change in a single nucleotide in a DnA sequence






7. Rate at which an organism uses energy to power these reactions






8. Feedback information used to counteract the influence that created the error signal (stabilizes back to set point)






9. Individuals interacting at a given time and place






10. Product of protein and nucleic acid degradation: 1. Ammonia (NH3) - 2. Urea (lose lots of water)-humans are ureotelic - 3. Uric acid (lose little water)






11. Maintenance of stable conditions within the internal environment (temperature - PH level - ion concentrations - 02 levels - co2 levels - fuel molecules ie glucose)






12. Generate their own heat - maintain relatively constant body temperature - BMR measured in thermoneutral zone (birds and mammals)






13. Insects have these which transport uric acid - postassium ions and sodium ions into tubules - but ercovers water (allows insects to live in dry environments






14. Cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and where filtration takes place

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15. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required






16. Some animals move around to increase decrease temperature (pray themselves with water/dust - find shade - put on clothing)






17. High denisty of mitochodira abnd blood vessels (good at non shivering thermogensis)






18. Fluctuating temperatures






19. Actively regulate osmolarity of their extracellular fluid (300 Mosm/L)






20. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






21. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is






22. MR= K(Tb-Ta) K is the slope of thermal conductancce - how readily the animal loses heat






23. Shifts mean towards one extreme (positive selection) ie long horned cows






24. Creates new genes by inserting exons and flanking introns into a different gene sequence - there by introducing a new domain in the gene product






25. Changes set point altogether (being awake - daytime activity - disease - skin temperature)






26. Stored as either glycogen in liver or as triglycerides






27. Bicarbonate ions (Co2+H2O= h2Co3= H+ + HCO3-) Co2 removed by lungs - H+ removed by urine






28. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next






29. MR is at minimal level combatible with all physiological functionsfor homestastis (BMR level)






30. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)






31. Favors the mean - selection against any deleterious mutations (baby size)






32. The number of osmoles of solute particles per liter of solvent - must be maintained between extracellular and intracellular fluid or cells can change volume and burst/die






33. Actively regulate osmolarity of their extracellular fluid (300 Mosm/L)






34. Total number of individuals in a population






35. Heat in must equal heat out - or body temperature changes (metabolism + Rabs= Rout+convection - conduction and evaporation)






36. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)






37. Allele and genotype frequencies






38. In ECM - protein fibers makeup cartilage and bone (mineralized) - ECM of plasma liquid - Adipose=fat cells - energy storing






39. Tissues other than skeletal muscles produce metabolic heat by uncoulping oxidative phosphorylation (burn fuel without producing ATP)






40. What organisms look like and how they behave






41. Heat production = volume - but heat loss= Surface Area






42. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)






43. Taken up by all body cells - used to synthesize proteins - excess converted into fatty acids and then triglycerides






44. Some animals move around to increase decrease temperature (pray themselves with water/dust - find shade - put on clothing)






45. 1. Regulate volume of fluid in body 2. regulate osmolarity - 3. Maintain Ca2+ - H+ - NA+ (ionic regulation) 4. eliminate nitrogenous wastes produced by protein and nucleic acid catabolism (URINE)






46. The Origin of Species 1859

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47. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






48. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)






49. When an organisms phenotype influences ability to attract mates






50. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus - which results in the production of sex cells