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Bio 101: Harvard

Subjects : science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Copies of genes that are no longer functional






2. Environments where species can survive within their geographic range






3. Different form of a gene






4. Neurons (generate and conduct electrical signals) and glial cells (release chemical signals)






5. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on variation in their traits






6. Generate their own heat - maintain relatively constant body temperature - BMR measured in thermoneutral zone (birds and mammals)






7. Bicarbonate ions (Co2+H2O= h2Co3= H+ + HCO3-) Co2 removed by lungs - H+ removed by urine






8. 1. Both copies retain original function 2. Both copies able to produce original gene product - but expression diverges in different tissues or at different times in development 3. One copy may become psuedogene 4. One copy maintains function and seco






9. Humans do this through clothing






10. Any change in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA (deleterious - neutral - beneficial)






11. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine






12. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)

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13. Heat transfer when two objects come into direct contact (icepack on sprained ankle)






14. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)






15. Heat transfers away from a sruface due to evaporation (expensive to sweat and pant - burn more calories)






16. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz






17. Amount of fuel used during a given time to power all of its metabolic requirement - = MR - sometimes appears as heat






18. Glucose-used to syntheisize ATP (and triglycerides) - galactose - and fructose






19. Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs






20. Produced in adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass - leptin reduces appetite through hypothalamus (increases BMR). Decrease in leptin decreases BMR - increases appetite






21. Found in many animals and prevents cancer - an ortholog






22. Changes set point altogether (being awake - daytime activity - disease - skin temperature)






23. Lack of water --> lack of body water - compromises the circulatory system and regulation of body temperature






24. Native to one location and no where else






25. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection






26. Self fertilization - homozygous genotypes increase - heterozygous genotypes decrease






27. Heat transfer when two objects come into direct contact (icepack on sprained ankle)






28. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)






29. Heat transfers to a surrounding medium ie air or water via surface






30. When an organisms phenotype influences ability to attract mates






31. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)






32. Harmful mutation






33. 2/3 of all useful solute reabsorbed ie Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - organic molecule - glucose - amino acids (TRANSPORT MAXIMUM based on saturatino of membrane transport proteins)






34. Location (pelvis in fish)-- Where gene effects - BMP4 causing webs to apoptosis






35. Refers to all the bodily activities and chemical reactions in an organism that maintain life






36. Tissues other than skeletal muscles produce metabolic heat by uncoulping oxidative phosphorylation (burn fuel without producing ATP)






37. Trait with true indicator of ability to survive in local environment ie bull frogs lifespan can be determined by its size which determines how low it's voice is






38. Insects have these which transport uric acid - postassium ions and sodium ions into tubules - but ercovers water (allows insects to live in dry environments






39. Outcrops of species due to suitable habitats separated by areas of unsuitable habitat






40. Region where species are found (densities are zero elsewhere)






41. Populations do






42. Heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler ones via infrared radiation (radiation absorbed or emitted)






43. Releases fatty acids to diffuse into cells of the body - some used during absorptive phase for energy






44. Number of individuals per unit of area/volume (dynamic - change over time)






45. Allow extracellular fluid to equilibrate with seawater






46. Cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries - supplied by afferent arteriole - drained by efferent arteriole - podocytes form filatration slits






47. 1. Must consume more food - run risk of overheating (hyperthermia) - restricted to water plentiful environments






48. Shifts mean towards one extreme (positive selection) ie long horned cows






49. Changes at the DNA - RNA and protein scale






50. 1. No mutation 2. No differential selection among genotypes 3. There is no gene flow 4. Population size is infinite 5. Mating is random