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Test your basic knowledge |
Bio 101: Harvard
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
science
,
biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1. Regulate volume of fluid in body 2. regulate osmolarity - 3. Maintain Ca2+ - H+ - NA+ (ionic regulation) 4. eliminate nitrogenous wastes produced by protein and nucleic acid catabolism (URINE)
Muscle tissue
Excretory system functions
Genetic structure
Geographic Range
2. Allow extracellular fluid to equilibrate with seawater
Adaptation
Loop of Henle
Osmoconformers
Genetic structure
3. Shifts mean towards one extreme (positive selection) ie long horned cows
Hypoglycemia
Directional selection
Bowman's capsule
Dehydration
4. Migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations (can add new allelles or change Allele frequency)
Homeostasis
Feedforward information
Gene Flow
Excess Glucose
5. Region where species are found (densities are zero elsewhere)
Geographic Range
Osmolarity
Behavioral thermoregulatory adaptation
Artificial directional selection
6. Several loci
Quantitative
Alleles
Sexual recombination vs asexual reproduction
Interstitial fluid
7. Change in allele frequencies that occur over time in a population
Major blood buffer
Molecular Evolution
Microevolution
Gene pool
8. Does not change the encoded amino acid. Occurs at highest rate (also synonymous substitution)
Silent substitution
Interstitial fluid
Reabsorption
Insulin
9. Change on scale at or above species - changes in separate gene pools
Lateral gene transfer
Macroevolution
Microevolution
Loop of Henle
10. A favored trait that evolves through natural selection (more organisms with that trait survive than those without)
Gene pool
Brown fat
Adaptation
Exon shuffling
11. Species change over time - divergent species share a common ancestor - change is produced by natural selection
Ammonotelic
Sexual recombination vs asexual reproduction
Three theories of Darwin
Metanephridia
12. Heat transfers to a surrounding medium ie air or water via surface
Gene pool
Darwin's book
Ectotherms
Convection
13. Heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler ones via infrared radiation (radiation absorbed or emitted)
Artificial selection
Size in BMR
Radiation
Kidney
14. If directional selection occurs for generations - however can be stopped due to change in environment or when optimal phenotype reached (then stabilizing)
Population
Evolutionary trend
Muller's Ratchet
Diploid
15. Like in butterfly - often give organism an survival and mating advantage-- however homozygotes will always exist as children of heterozygotes
MR equation
Feedforward information
Heterozygote populations
Deleterious
16. Deleterious mutations in a non-recombining genome accumulate at each replication (asexual reproductivity)
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17. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on specific traits chosen by humans
Post absorptive stage
Absorbed triglycerides
Darwin's book
Artificial selection
18. Human based selection (ie cows with more milk or high fat content)
Artificial directional selection
Sexual recombination vs asexual reproduction
Diploid
Absorbed amino acids
19. 1. Most variation caused by neutral changes - do not confer advantage or disadvantage. 2. Since netural mutation is constant - can be used as a molecular clock to calculate divergence btwn species. 3. Neutral mutations not dependent on population siz
Meiosis
Neutral Theory
Gene Flow
Absorbed triglycerides
20. Maintenance of stable conditions within the internal environment (temperature - PH level - ion concentrations - 02 levels - co2 levels - fuel molecules ie glucose)
Acclimatization
Darwin's book
Homeostasis
Radiation
21. In annelids ie earthworms - coelomic fluid is swept through by cilia and tubule cells actively reabsorb good molecules and secret others - exits as urine
Negative feedback
Hypoglycemia
Metanephridia
Radiation
22. Migration of individuals and movements of gametes between populations (can add new allelles or change Allele frequency)
Gene Flow
Positive feedback
Obesity
Other guy who came up with natural selection
23. Prolonged energy source for many tissues - and brain - less protein breakdown required
Absorbed amino acids
Heterotherms
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Ketones
24. 1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm 3. Mesoderm
Genetic Drift
Sexual recombination vs asexual reproduction
3 germ layers
Osmolarity
25. Time (duration gene active) eg dolphin flipper
Population
Basal Metabolic Rate
Heterochrony
Osmoconformers
26. 1. Filtration 2. Reaborption 3. Secretion (Kidney can perform well with only 10% of nephrons functioning)
Excretory organs
Founder effect
Nucleotide Substitution
Glomerulus
27. Heat transfer when two objects come into direct contact (icepack on sprained ankle)
Non shivering thermogensis
Conduction
Metabolism
Molecular Evolution
28. Ability to compete for mates
Intrasexual Selection
Honest signal
Homeotherms
Missense Substitution
29. Cells or organisms having two sets of chromosomes
Obesity
Energy expenditure
Diploid
Phenotype
30. Changes set point altogether (being awake - daytime activity - disease - skin temperature)
Feedforward information
Heat budget equation
Absorbed amino acids
Tubule
31. Native to one location and no where else
Endemic
Homeostasis
Molecular Evolution
Selfing
32. Skeletal muscle (major consumer of glucose) - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle (gut - bladder and blood vessels)
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Habitat patches
Heat budget equation
Muscle tissue
33. Two or more homologous genes found in different species
Population density
Orthologs
Reabsorption
Evolutionary trend
34. Changes at the DNA - RNA and protein scale
Heterotherms
Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)
Molecular Evolution
Population
35. BMI of 30 or greater
Ammonotelic
Darwin's book
Obesity
Energy expenditure
36. Descending loop permeable to waterbut not solutes - ascending not permeable to water and actively transports salts out (desert animals - long Henles - freshwater fish - no Henle)
Leptin
Selfing
Absorbed triglycerides
Loop of Henle
37. Glucose-used to syntheisize ATP (and triglycerides) - galactose - and fructose
Chief monomers absorbed
Ammonotelic
Kidney
Muscle tissue
38. Change in relative frequency of the genotype from one generation to the next
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Fitness
Honest signal
Population size
39. Hot fish have arteries closer to muscle to warm blood (countercurrent heat exchanger)- allows them to swim faster - catch prey
Cold fish vs hot fish
Osmoregulators
Gene duplication
Positive feedback
40. Inherited but no use (whale pelvis)
Metabolism
Dobzhansky Muller Model
Artificial selection
Vestigial structures
41. The Origin of Species 1859
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42. Number of individuals per unit of area/volume (dynamic - change over time)
Evaporation
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Temperature sensitivity
Population density
43. Allow individual genes - organelles or fragments of genomes to move horizontally from one lineage to another (virus take genes from one host to new host or mitochondria/chloroplasts)
Genome size
Dehydration
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Lateral gene transfer
44. Stable temperatures
Homeotherms
Gene duplication
Energy expenditure
Intrasexual Selection
45. Below TNZ must increase metabolic heat production (shivering increase four times above BMR)
Homeotherms
Lower critical temperature
Allele frequency
Muller's Ratchet
46. Short term control of feeding - stretch receptors in stomach and small intestines sens signals to the brain - realease hormones to supress appetite
Satiation
Antidiuretic hormone
Macroevolution
Connective tissue
47. Tissues other than skeletal muscles produce metabolic heat by uncoulping oxidative phosphorylation (burn fuel without producing ATP)
Population density
Non shivering thermogensis
Vestigial structures
Basal Metabolic Rate
48. Much of variation in size lies in non coding DNA as opposed to functional genes. Also in large populations - slightly deleterious sequences more likely to be purged than in small size (thus more noncoding DNA in large population over small)
Genome size
Epithelial tissue
Lateral gene transfer
Exon shuffling
49. Individuals interacting at a given time and place
Population
Artificial selection
Lateral gene transfer
Allele frequency formula
50. Pxp is genotype for AA qxq is genotype for aa and pq is heterozygotes - model shows scientists what mechanisms are causing evolution (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq+q2=1)
Why Hardy Weinberg is Important
Nervous tissue
Sexual selection
Excretory system functions
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