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Business Competition
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Subject
:
business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The situation when a firm's long-run average costs fall as it increases output
Monopolistic Characteristics:
Economies of scale
Natural Monopoly (local phone or electric company)
Four-firm concentration ratio
2. A measure of market power - the percentage of all sales that is accounted for by the four or eight largest firms in the market
Oligopoly
Rent-seeking behavior
Fair return price
Concentration Ratio
3. Rules - strategies - payoffs - outcomes
Perfect Competition Barriers to Entry
What is game?
Double marginalization
Credible threat
4. Anything that keeps new firms from entering an industry in which firms are earning economic profits (e.g. Ownership of a Key Input - Capital - Patents - Economies of scale)
Barrier to entry
Monopolistic Competition
Business strategy
Dominant strategy
5. Keeps the price just where it is to maximize profit
Four-firm concentration ratio
Extensive-form game
Cutthroat Competition
One-shot game
6. The price that is low enough to deter entry
Limit price
Finding profit for oligopoly games
Equilibrium
Kinked-demand curve
7. A table that shows the payoffs for every possible action by each player for every possible action by the other player
Examples of Oligopoly
Dansby-Willig performance index
Payoff matrix
Present Value (PV)
8. Multiple firms produce similar products - Firms face downward sloping demand curves - Profit maximization occurs where MC=MR - With free entry and exit - firms compete away economic profits
Monopolistic Competition
Perfect Competition Barriers to Entry
Examples of Oligopoly
Contestable market
9. A game that is played over and over again forever and in which players receive payoffs during each play of the game
Reservation Price
Indefinitely repeated game
Third-Degree Price Discrimination
Four-firm concentration ratio
10. (1) Economies of Scale; (2) Economies of Scope; (3) Cost Complementarity; and (4)Patents & Other Legal Barriers
Primary Sources of Monopolistic Power
Empty threat
Nash equilibrium
Perfect Competitor Characteristics
11. A pricing strategy in which profits gained from the sale of one product are used to subsidize sales of a related product
Network effects
Cross-subsidy pricing
Business strategy
Leader
12. Where a firm can charge different groups of consumers different prices for the same product. Example: student or senior discounts
Third-degree price discrimination
Transfer pricing
Four-firm concentration ratio
Limit pricing
13. When managers are able to charge each consumer their reservation price. Examples are car and home sales
Basis for Product Differentiation
Network effects
Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI)
First-Degree Price Discrimination (Perfect)
14. The price of a product that results in the most efficient allocation of an economy's resources and that is equal to the marginal cost of the product
Repeated game
Socially optimal price
Perfect Competition Barriers to Entry
Mutual interdependence
15. A trigger strategy that punishes after an episode of cheating and returns to cooperation if cheating ends
Second-Degree Price Discrimination
Tit-for-tat strategy
Interdependence
Inefficiency
16. Marginal cost curve above average variable cost - P* = SRMC
Extensive-form game
Finding profit for oligopoly games
Perfect Competition Short Run Supply
Non-rivalrous consumption
17. Different units of a product are sold at different prices. Examples are buying in bulk - or - commodity-bundling
First-Degree Price Discrimination (Perfect)
Bertrand oligopoly
Second-Degree Price Discrimination
Cournot oligopoly
18. A situation in which no one wants to change his or her behavior
Equilibrium
Strategy
Perfect Competition Long Run Supply
Competitive market
19. A strategy in which a firm advertises a price and a promise to match any lower prices offered by a competitor
Indefinitely repeated game
Limit pricing
One-shot game
Price matching
20. First firm to set its output (Stackelberg's model)
Leader
Merger
Non-cooperative equilibrium
Horizontal Merger/Integration
21. Increases in the value of a product to each user - including existing users - as the total number of users rises
Sweezy oligopoly
Network effects
Implicit Collusion
Competitive market
22. A merger of firms in unrelated industries. Example: If Purina Dow Chow merged with Pampers Diaper Company
Cournot equilibrium
Conglomerate Merger
Contestable market
Collusion
23. Operates like the alleged Mafia. Region division of the market among the firms in the industry
Bertrand oligopoly
Open Collusion
Payoff matrix
Third-Degree Price Discrimination
24. An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge in attempts to limit competition
Collusion
Examples of Oligopoly
Extensive-form game
Prisoners' dilemma
25. The maximum price that a buyer is willing to pay for a good - or the minimum price that a seller will accept
Reservation Price
Monopolistic Characteristics:
Non-cooperative behavior
Tit-for-tat strategy
26. An oligopoly in which the firms produce a differentiated product
Rothschild index
Transfer pricing
Patent
Differentiated oligopoly
27. The situation that exists when two or more groups need each other and must depend on each other to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them
Patent
Ownership of a Key Input
Mutual Interdependence
Cooperation
28. A strategy whereby a player randomizes over two or more available actions in order to keep rivals from being able to predict his action
Barrier to entry
Kinked-demand curve
Tacit collusion
Mixed (randomized) strategy
29. The competition that domestic firms encounter from the products and services of foreign producers
Monopolistic Characteristics:
Import competition
Two-part pricing
Third-degree price discrimination
30. Industry in which (1) there are few firms serving many customers; (2) firms produce either differentiated or homogenous products; (3) a single (leader) firm chooses an output quantity before their rivals select their outputs; (4) all other (follower)
Perfect Competition Barriers to Entry
Simultaneous-move game
Dominant firm oligopoly
Stackelberg oligopoly
31. Intense competition in which competitors cut retail prices to gain business--oligopolistic competition
Open Collusion
Normal-form game
Kinked demand curve model
Price war
32. Toothpaste - shampoo - restaurants - banks
Perfect Competitor Characteristics
Examples of Monopolistic Competition
Mutual Interdependence
Barrier to entry
33. When firms make decisions that make every firm better off than in a noncooperative Nash equilibrium
Cooperation
Sequential game
Fair return price
Two-part Tariff Method of Pricing
34. Pricing strategy in which identical products are packaged together in order to enhance profits by forcing customers to make an all-or-none decision to purchase
Monopolistic Competition
Transfer pricing
Cooperation
Block pricing
35. Both players have dominant strategies and play them
Barrier to entry
Payoff table
Perfect Competition Short Run Supply
Dominant strategy equilibrium
36. An equilibrium in a game in which players do not cooperate but pursue their own self-interest
Cournot equilibrium
No cooperative equilibrium
Follower
Sequential-move game
37. A representation of a game indicating the players - their possible strategies - and the payoffs resulting from alternative strategies
Equilibrium
Extensive-form game
Bertrand oligopoly
Normal-form game
38. 1/(1+i)n
Profit
Fair return price
Marginal Revenue
Present Value (PV)
39. Competition based on factors that are not related to price - such as product quality - service and financing - business location - and reputation
Nonprime competition
Monopolistic Characteristics:
Marginal Revenue
The Threat from Potential Entrants Firms
40. If buyers have enough bargaining power - they can insist on lower prices - higher-quality products - or additional services
Bargaining Power of Buyers
Strategy
Maximizing profit in Oligopoly games
Nash equilibrium
41. If production of a good requires a particular input - then control of that input can be a barrier to entry
Price matching
Import competition
Ownership of a Key Input
Dominant strategy equilibrium
42. Takes Place inside the Mind of the consumer
Prisoner's dilemma
Market Structure
Product Differentiation
Tit-for-tat strategy
43. An establishment firm commits to setting price below the profit-maximizing level to prevent entry
Minimum efficient scale (full capacity)
Limit pricing
Import competition
Unbalanced Oligopoly
44. A measure of the difference between price and marginal cost as a fraction of the product's price. L=(P-MC)/P - refactoring gives: P=MC(1/(1-L)) - which gives us the "1/(1-L)" markup factor
Finding profit for oligopoly games
Third-degree price discrimination
Double marginalization
Lerner index
45. Variations on one good so that a firm can increase market sharea
Brand Multiplication
Pure monopoly
Two-part pricing
One-shot game
46. One large firm that has a significant cost advantage over many other - smaller competing firms; -the large firm operates as a monopoly: setting price and output to maximize profit; -the small firms act as perfect competitors: taking as given the mar
Payoff matrix
Dominant firm oligopoly
Perfect Competition (characteristics)
Reservation Price
47. An attempt by a firm to convince buyers that its product is different from the products of other firms in the industry
Product differentiation
Pure monopoly
Perfect Competition (characteristics)
Payoff
48. Single seller in an industry - Strong barriers to entry - Profit maximization - faces market demand and sets MR=MC - Unexploited gains from trade
Monopoly (characteristics)
Perfect Competition Short Run Supply
Business strategy
Merger
49. Produce differentiated products. Make a profit or take a lost in the short run - in the long run the firm will break even. (MOST number of firms.)
Merger
Kinked demand curve model
Bertrand oligopoly
Monopolistic Characteristics:
50. A measure of the sensitivity to price of a product group as a whole relative to the sensitivity of the quantity demanded of a single firm to a change in its price. R=Et/Ef
Rothschild index
Mutual Interdependence
Simultaneous consumption
Price war
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