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Test your basic knowledge |
Business Competition
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
business-skills
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The price of a product that results in the most efficient allocation of an economy's resources and that is equal to the marginal cost of the product
Profit
Socially optimal price
Import competition
Reservation Price
2. The situation that exists when two or more groups need each other and must depend on each other to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them
Cooperative equilibrium
Third-degree price discrimination
Mutual Interdependence
Present Value (PV)
3. Maximize economic profit by producing the quantity at which MC=MR
Randomized pricing
Cutthroat Competition
Maximizing profit in Oligopoly games
Rent-seeking behavior
4. When an upstream divisions leverages "monopoly like" power to charge higher marginal cost to a downstream division - resulting in failure of the firm to optimize profits based on the wrong quantity decision at the firms level
Simultaneous decision games
Nash equilibrium
Double marginalization
First-Degree Price Discrimination (Perfect)
5. A measure of the difference between price and marginal cost as a fraction of the product's price. L=(P-MC)/P - refactoring gives: P=MC(1/(1-L)) - which gives us the "1/(1-L)" markup factor
Cross-subsidy pricing
Sequential-move game
Lerner index
Tacit collusion
6. Set marginal cost for the cartel equal to marginal revenue for the cartel; -cartel's marginal cost curve is the horizontal sum of the MC curves of the two firms; -Marginal revenue curve is like that of a monopoly
Nash equilibrium
Maximizing profit in Oligopoly games
The Threat from Potential Entrants Firms
Finding profit for oligopoly games
7. Pricing strategy in which consumers are charged a fixed fee for the right to purchase a product - plus a per-unit charge for each unit purchased
Two-part pricing
Dominant strategy equilibrium
Barrier to entry
Simultaneous-move game
8. One large firm that has a significant cost advantage over many other - smaller competing firms; -the large firm operates as a monopoly: setting price and output to maximize profit; -the small firms act as perfect competitors: taking as given the mar
Tacit collusion
Dominant firm oligopoly
Rent-seeking behavior
Interdependence
9. A strategy whereby a player randomizes over two or more available actions in order to keep rivals from being able to predict his action
Mixed (randomized) strategy
Monopoly (characteristics)
Rent-seeking behavior
Joint Venture
10. Rival who sets its output after the leader (Stackelberg's model)
Simultaneous consumption
Vertical Merger
Price Leadership
Follower
11. Ignoring the effects of their actions on each others' profits
Cutthroat Competition
Inefficiency
Non-cooperative behavior
Simultaneous-move game
12. A measure of market power - the percentage of all sales that is accounted for by the four or eight largest firms in the market
Peak-load pricing
Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI)
Cross-subsidy pricing
Concentration Ratio
13. A representation of a game that summarizes the players - the information available to them at each stage - the strategies available to them - the sequence of moves - and the payoffs resulting from alternative strategies
Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI)
Extensive-form game
Strategy
Commodity bundling
14. A merger of firms in unrelated industries. Example: If Purina Dow Chow merged with Pampers Diaper Company
Merger
Conglomerate Merger
Cutthroat Competition
Undifferentiated
15. Pricing strategy in which identical products are packaged together in order to enhance profits by forcing customers to make an all-or-none decision to purchase
Price war
High Price Elasticity
Block pricing
Marginal Revenue
16. The competition that domestic firms encounter from the products and services of foreign producers
Brand Multiplication
Nonprime competition
Basis for Product Differentiation
Import competition
17. Each seller can sell all he wants to sell at the going price - Buyers and sellers are price takers - The goods offered by the different sellers are largely the same - The actions of any single buyer or seller will have a negligible impact on the m
Perfect Competitor Characteristics
Bargaining Power of Buyers
Competitive market
Natural Monopoly (local phone or electric company)
18. Physical differences - Convenience - Ambience - Reputations - Appeals to vanity - Unconscious fears and desires - Snob appeal - Customized products
Tacit collusion
Monopoly (characteristics)
Payoff matrix
Basis for Product Differentiation
19. Operates like the alleged Mafia. Region division of the market among the firms in the industry
Socially optimal price
Open Collusion
Perfect Competition Short Run Supply
Product Differentiation
20. Anything that keeps new firms from entering an industry in which firms are earning economic profits (e.g. Ownership of a Key Input - Capital - Patents - Economies of scale)
Inefficiency
Minimum efficient scale (full capacity)
Transfer pricing
Barrier to entry
21. When each firm has an incentive to cheat - but both are worse off if both cheat -- illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial to do so
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22. Different units of a product are sold at different prices. Examples are buying in bulk - or - commodity-bundling
Payoff table
Bertrand oligopoly
Sequential-move game
Second-Degree Price Discrimination
23. A product's ability to satisfy a large number of consumers at the same time
Limit price
Simultaneous consumption
Interdependence
Brand Multiplication
24. Nash equilibrium - the result when each player in a game chooses the action that maximizes his or her payoff given the actions of other players - ignoring the effects of his or her action on the payoffs received by those players (when you confess w
Dominant firm oligopoly
Non-cooperative equilibrium
High Price Elasticity
Mixed (randomized) strategy
25. The percentage of the total industry sales accounted for by the four largest firms in the industry. OUTPUT of 4 largest firms over TOTAL output in industry. C4=(S1+...+S4)/St or (w1+...+w4)
Disappearing invisible hand
Price matching
Brand Multiplication
Four-firm concentration ratio
26. A merger between two firms in the same industry. Example: 2004 K-Mart merged with Sears
Horizontal Merger/Integration
Product Differentiation
Perfect Competition (characteristics)
Import competition
27. An attempt by a firm to convince buyers that its product is different from the products of other firms in the industry
Product differentiation
Market Structure
Price Leadership
First-mover advantage
28. The competition for sales between the products of one industry and the products of another industry
Horizontal Merger/Integration
Inter-industry competition
First-Degree Price Discrimination (Perfect)
Product Differentiation
29. The reward received by a player in a game - such as the profit earned by an oligopolist
Payoff
Profit
Third-Degree Price Discrimination
Monopoly (characteristics)
30. The demand curve for a non-collusive oligopolist - which is based on the assumption that rivals will match a price decrease and will ignore a price increase
Non-cooperative equilibrium
What is game?
Kinked-demand curve
Peak-load pricing
31. Single seller in an industry - Strong barriers to entry - Profit maximization - faces market demand and sets MR=MC - Unexploited gains from trade
Covert Collusion
Business strategy
Monopoly (characteristics)
First-Degree Price Discrimination (Perfect)
32. The derivative of total revenue
Marginal Revenue
Product Differentiation
Monopolistic Competition
Barrier to entry
33. Pricing strategy in which a firm optimally sets the internal price at which an upstream division wells an input to a downstream division
Transfer pricing
Leader
Non-cooperative equilibrium
Common knowledge
34. Steel - autos - colas - airlines
Basis for Product Differentiation
Finding profit for oligopoly games
Examples of Oligopoly
First-mover advantage
35. A strategy that guarantees the highest payoff given the worst possible scenario
Secure strategy
Nonprime competition
Randomized pricing
Peak-load pricing
36. In game theory - a game that is played again sometime after the previous game ends
Repeated game
Mutual interdependence
Imperfect competition
What is game?
37. A table that shows the payoffs for every possible action by each player for every possible action by the other player
Empty threat
Limit pricing
Perfect Competitor Characteristics
Payoff matrix
38. Specific assets - Economies of scale - Excess capacity - Reputation effects
Second-Degree Price Discrimination
Merger
Perfect Competition Barriers to Entry
Covert Collusion
39. Where a firm can charge different groups of consumers different prices for the same product. Example: student or senior discounts
Homogenous oligopoly
Double marginalization
Third-degree price discrimination
Examples of Oligopoly
40. Cooperation among firms that does not involve an explicit agreement
Brand Multiplication
Cooperation
Payoff
Tacit collusion
41. When firms limit production and raise prices in a way that raises each others' profits - even though they have not made any formal agreement
Empty threat
Market Structure
Collusion
Tacit collusion
42. When no one firm has a monopoly - but producers nonetheless realize that they can affect market prices. Firms compete but possess market power
Imperfect competition
Simultaneous consumption
Marginal Revenue
Cournot oligopoly
43. When firms make decisions that make every firm better off than in a noncooperative Nash equilibrium
Implicit Collusion
Simultaneous consumption
Cooperation
Basis for Product Differentiation
44. The exclusive right to a product for a period of 20 years from the date the product is invented
Cutthroat Competition
Ownership of a Key Input
Patent
Dominant strategy
45. Increases in the value of a product to each user - including existing users - as the total number of users rises
Network effects
Mixed (randomized) strategy
Minimum efficient scale (full capacity)
Limit pricing
46. When a manager makes a noncooperative decision
Cheating
Contestable market
Limit pricing
Sweezy oligopoly
47. Industry in which (1) few firms serving many customers; (2) firms produce identical products t constant marginal cost; (3) firms compete in price and react optimally to competitor's prices; (4) consumers have perfect information and here are no trans
Tacit collusion
First-Degree Price Discrimination (Perfect)
Bertrand oligopoly
Kinked demand curve model
48. A market in which: (1) all have access to the same technology; (2) consumers respond quickly to price changes; (3) existing firms cannot respond quickly to entry by lowering their prices; and (4) there are no sunk costs
Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI)
Perfect Competition Short Run Supply
Contestable market
Patent
49. The players end up worse off than they would if they were able to cooperate; -the pursuit of self-interest does not promote the social interest in these games
Unbalanced Oligopoly
Import competition
Disappearing invisible hand
Four-firm concentration ratio
50. A table showing - for every possible combination of decisions players can make - the outcomes or "payoffs" for each of the players in each decision combination
Payoff table
Limit pricing
Third-degree price discrimination
Lerner index