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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiac
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Dilated cardiomyopathy is a late complication of what illness?
Erythematous nontender lesions on palms and soles.
stenosis of RV outflow tract - RV hypertrophy - VSD - aorta that overrides the VSD
Myofiber hypertrophy with disarray
Myocarditis
2. What areas of the heart does the LAD supply?
Anterior wall of LV and anterior septum
Early - blowing diastolic murmur bounding pulse - pulsating nail bed - and head bobbing
Endomyocardial fibrosis w/eosinophilic infiltrate and eosinophilia
Coronary artery vasospasm - emboli - vasculitis
3. What generally causes ischemic heart disease?
Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries
Decreased CO due to diastolic dysfx - syncope w/exercise - sudden death due to vfib
Surgical closure small defects may close spontaneously
Endocardial fibroelastosis
4. How long after pharyngitis does acute rheumatic fever occur?
Troponin I
Hypercoagulable state or underlying adenocarcinoma
2-3 weeks
Plump fibroblasts - collagen - blood vessels
5. How do ACE inhibitors tx MI?
Hypertophy of RV atrophy of LV
Congested central veins
Decreases LV dilation by decreasing volume
Reperfusion injury
6. Which coronary artery supplies the anterior wall and anterior septum?
Trisomy 21
ST- segment depression
Ventricular arrhythmia
LAD
7. What is the 1day-1wk -1mo mneumonic for MI?
Pulsating nail bed
1 day: coag necr 1 wk: inflammation (neutrophils and macrophages) 1 mo: scar
Concentric LV hypertophy
Months out fibrosis
8. Which angina(s) cause subendocardial ischemia? Transmural ischemia?
RHF
Stable and unstable prinzmetal
PDA
Limits thrombosis
9. What are the clinical features of RHF due to?
S aureus
Degree of pulmonary artery stenosis
Systemic venous congestion
Endocarditis of prosthetic valves
10. What is the major cause of MI?
Valve scarring that arises as a consequence of rheumatic fever
Coronary artery vasospasm
Decreased forward perfusion pulmonary congestion
Rupture of atherosclerotic plaque and complete occlusion of the coronary artery
11. Foci of chronic inflammation - reactive histiocytes with slender - wavy nuclei - giant cells - and fibrinoid material.
Aneurysm - mural thrombus - Dressler syndrome
Right side - serotonin and other secretory products detoxified in the lung
Aschoff bodies
Annular - non pruritic rash w/erythematous borders trunks and limbs
12. What determines the extent of shunting and cyanosis in tetralogy of fallot?
PDA
Decreased forward perfusion pulmonary congestion
Degree of pulmonary artery stenosis
stenosis of RV outflow tract - RV hypertrophy - VSD - aorta that overrides the VSD
13. What are the cancers that most commonly metastasize to the heart?
Breast and lung carcinoma - melanoma - lymphoma
Spontaneous
Plump fibroblasts - collagen - blood vessels
Constrict peripheral arterioles - increasing TPR - release aldosterone - increasing blood volume
14. What is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death? What are less common causes of sudden cardiac death?
Small vegetations along the line of closure
Acute ischemia - mitral valve prolapse - cardiomyopathy - cocaine abuse
2-4 hours - 24 hours - 7-10 days
Repeat exposure to group A beta - hemolytic strep that results in relapse of the acute phase
15. What cardiac disease is associated with tuberous sclerosis?
Rhabdomyoma
Nitroglycerin
Doxorubicin - cocaine
Autoimmune pericarditis 6-8 wks post MI
16. Endomyocardial fibrosis w/eosinophilic infiltrate and eosinophilia.
Shunt - PGE to maintain PDA until surgical repair can be performed
Loeffler syndrome
VSD
MI
17. Which vasculitis can cause MI?
Kawasaki disease
Colon cancer
Asymptomatic
Infectious endocarditis
18. Dense layer of elastic and fibrotic tissue in the endocardium.
Idiopathic genetic mutation (AD) - myocarditis - alcohol - drugs - pregnancy
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Ventricle
1) migratory polyarthritis 2) pancarditis 3) subcutaneous nodules 4) erythema marginatum 5) Syndenham chorea
19. What % stenosis causes stable angina?
ASD - R-->L
Heart transplant
>70%
Foci of chronic inflammation - reactive histiocytes with slender - wavy nuclei - giant cells - and fibrinoid material
20. What gross and microscopic changes occur months after an MI?
White scar fibrosis
Membrane damage
Cardiac tamponade
Doxorubicin - cocaine
21. What is the rate of congenital heart defects?
Inability to fill ventricles
1%
Chest pain <20 min brought on by exertion or emotional stress
PDA
22. What is the most common primary cardiac tumor in children? Is it malignant or benign?
When a bacterial protein resembles a protein in human tissue
Rhadbomyoma - benign
Mitral regurg
1) damaged endocardial surface develops thrombotic vegetations 2) transient bacteremia leads to trapping of bacteria in the vegetations
23. What effect does aortic regurg have on the pulse pressure? Why?
Widens it diastolic pressure decreases due to regurgitation while systolic pressure increases due to increased stroke volume
Rhadbomyoma - benign
Kawasaki disease
S viridans
24. Which chambers of the heart are generally spared in an MI?
Squatting - increased systemic resistence decreases LV emptying
>60 years - bicuspid aortic valve
PGE
Atria and RV
25. What drug relieves stable angina?
1-3 days
Months out fibrosis
Right -->left
Nitroglycerin
26. What endocarditis is commonly found in patients with colon cancer?
Amyloidosis - sarcoidosis - hemochromatosis - and Loeffler syndrome
Yellow pallor macrophages
L->R
Streptococcus bovis/
27. How does reperfusion injury occur?
Coronary artery vasospasm
Loeffler syndrome
Return of O2 and inflammatory cells cause FR generation - further damaging myocytes
R-->L
28. What is the tx for aortic stenosis?
Valve replacement AFTER the onset of complications
Tetralogy of fallot
RCA
Htn in upper extremities - hypotn in lower extremities - notching of ribs on CXR
29. When is an MI pt at greatest risk for cardiogenic shock?
2-3 weeks
Yellow pallor macrophages
First 4 hours
Wear and tear
30. What are heart failure cells?
Hemosiderin laden macrophages
Small - nondestructive vegetations (subacute endocarditis)
LHF
Decrease in blood flow to an organ
31. What type of shunt dose PDA cause?
Left -->right
Chronic ischemic heart disease
Within the first day
Granulation tissue
32. What are the sx of right - to - left shunt?
Granulation tissue
Coxsackie A or B
Cyanosis - RV hypertrophy - polycythemia - clubbing
Sterile vegetations on mitral valve along lines of closure
33. At What age does wear and tear aortic stenosis present? What congenital disease hastens the onset?
Gelatinous - abundant ground substance
Louder - increased systemic resistence decreases LV emptying
Nitroglycerin
>60 years - bicuspid aortic valve
34. What effect does chronic rheumatic heart disease have the mitral valve?
Myofiber hypertrophy with disarray
Boot shaped heart
Infantile coarctation of the aorta
Thickening of chrodae tendinae and cusps - mitral stenosis
35. With what disease is infantile coarctation of the aorta associated?
Turner syndrome
Atria and RV
Early - blowing diastolic murmur bounding pulse - pulsating nail bed - and head bobbing
1 day: coag necr 1 wk: inflammation (neutrophils and macrophages) 1 mo: scar
36. Myofiber hypertrophy with disarray.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Reversible
Boot shaped heart
Pulsating nail bed
37. In which chamber of the heart are cardiac myxomas found?
RBC damaged while crossing the calcified valve causing schistocytes
LA
Concentric hypertrophy - can't oxygenate full wall - ischemic damage
Prinzmetal angina
38. Vegetations on surface and undersurface of mitral valve.
Libman - Sacks endocarditis
Yellow pallor macrophages
Congestive heart failure
1-3 days out
39. What is the most common tumor of the heart?
Congestive heart failure
Rupture of atherosclerotic plaque and complete occlusion of the coronary artery
Metastasis
Open blocked vessels
40. When is an MI patent at highest risk for fibrionous pericarditis?
Concentric hypertrophy - can't oxygenate full wall - ischemic damage
Aspirin and/or heparin - supplemental O2 - nitrates - beta blocker - ACE inhibitor - fibrinolysis or angioplasty
1-3 days out
LA
41. What type of vegetations does nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (marantic endocarditis) cause?
Pulsating nail bed
Myocarditis
Small - sterile fibrin deposits randomly arranged on closure of valve leaflets
Annular - non pruritic rash w/erythematous borders trunks and limbs
42. When does the heart have dark discoloration post MI?
Stretched muscle loses contractility
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Large - destructive vegetations
4-24 hours
43. How does O2 tx MI?
Contraction band necrosis
Minimizes ischemia
ASD - R-->L
Congestive heart failure
44. What always follows necrosis?
First 4 hours
Sudden cardiac death
Cardiac tamponade
Acute inflammation
45. What is a complication of chronic rheumatic heart disease?
Infectious endocarditis
S aureus
Nonspecific - eg fever and elevated ESR
Mitral valve prolapse
46. What conditions can cause nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis?
Aschoff bodies
Hypercoagulable state or underlying adenocarcinoma
Dark discoloration coagulative necrosis
Red border granulation tissue
47. What are the clinical features of LHF due to?
Prinzmetal angina
Increased hydrostatic pressure
Decreased forward perfusion pulmonary congestion
LAD
48. What is the tx for mitral valve prolapse?
LHF - left - to - right shunt - chronic lung disease (cor pulmonale)
Libman - Sacks endocarditis
Valve replacement
LAD
49. What two things cause coronary artery vasospasm?
Prinzmetal angina - cocaine
Myocarditis
Coxsackie A or B
Left to right shunt causes increased flow thru pulm circulation which results in hypertrophy of pulm vessels and pulm htn - increased pulm resistance results in reveral of shunt
50. What type of ischemia does stable angina cause?
Valve replacement AFTER the onset of complications
Louder - increased systemic resistence decreases LV emptying
Subendocardial
Cyanosis - RV hypertrophy - polycythemia - clubbing