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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiac
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is molecular mimicry?
S epidermidis
Metastasis
When a bacterial protein resembles a protein in human tissue
Colon cancer
2. When do neutrophils infiltrate the myocardium post MI?
1-3 days
RCA
Aortic regurg
Aspirin and/or heparin - supplemental O2 - nitrates - beta blocker - ACE inhibitor - fibrinolysis or angioplasty
3. How does transmural MI/ischemia present on EKG?
Circumflex
Plump fibroblasts - collagen - blood vessels
ST- segment elevation
Doxorubicin - cocaine
4. What are the sx of cardiac myxoma?
LHF
Pedunculated mass in the LA that causes syncope due to obstruction of MV
Subendocardial
Atria and RV
5. How does dilated cardiomyopathy cause LHF?
Ventricular arrhythmia
Stretched muscle loses contractility
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Rhabdomyoma
6. What is an important complication of ASD?
Kawasaki disease
Paradoxical emboli
1) damaged endocardial surface develops thrombotic vegetations 2) transient bacteremia leads to trapping of bacteria in the vegetations
Libman - Sacks endocarditis
7. What are the sx of pericardiits?
Subendocardial
Friction rub and chest pain
Cyanosis - RV hypertrophy - polycythemia - clubbing
Ventricular arrhythmia
8. Tender lesions on fingers or toes.
Harmartoma
Osler nodes (ouch - ouch Osler)
PDA
Endomyocardial fibrosis w/eosinophilic infiltrate and eosinophilia
9. Systolic ejection click followed by crescendo - decrescendo murmur.
Acute inflammation
Aortic stenosis
Breast and lung carcinoma - melanoma - lymphoma
Blood vessels coming in from normal tissue
10. Foci of chronic inflammation - reactive histiocytes with slender - wavy nuclei - giant cells - and fibrinoid material.
Aschoff bodies
Aneurysm - mural thrombus - Dressler syndrome
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Ventricles cannot pump
11. What are the causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy in adults?
Concentric hypertrophy - can't oxygenate full wall - ischemic damage
Pulsating nail bed
LA
Amyloidosis - sarcoidosis - hemochromatosis - and Loeffler syndrome
12. What gross and microscopic changes occur 4-24 hours after an MI?
Dark discoloration coagulative necrosis
S aureus
Metastasis
Ventricles cannot pump
13. Which congenital heart defect is associated with congenital rubella?
Fever: due to bacteremia murmur: due to vegetations janeway lesions - osler nodes - and splinter hemorrhages: due to embolization of septic vegetations anemia of chronic disease: due to chronic inflammation
Pump failure
Systemic venous congestion
PDA
14. What complications occur 4-7 days post MI?
1-3 days
RCA
Cardiogenic shock - CHF - arrhythmia
Rupture of free wall - IV septum - or papillary muscle
15. What type of vegetations form in nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis?
Haemophilus - Actinobacillus - Cardiobacterium - Eikenella - Kingella endocarditis w/negative blood culture
Sterile vegetations on mitral valve along lines of closure
Rupture of free wall - IV septum - or papillary muscle
Low voltage EKG w/diminished QRS amplitude
16. What causes acute endocarditis?
Prinzmetal angina
Large vegetations of S aureus
Turner syndrome
Breast and lung carcinoma - melanoma - lymphoma
17. What is the most common type of ASD? What %?
Coexisting mitral stenosis and fusion of commisures exist
Ostium secundum (90%)
Mitral regurg
Hemosiderin laden macrophages
18. Which angina(s) cause subendocardial ischemia? Transmural ischemia?
Stable and unstable prinzmetal
Dark discoloration coagulative necrosis
Volume overload and LHF
Eisenmenger syndrome
19. What type of vegetations are associated with Libman - Sacks endocarditis?
Turner syndrome
Boot shaped heart
Sterile vegetations on surface and undersurface on mitral valve
Regurg vs stenosis
20. What gross and microscopic changes occur 1-3 weeks after an MI?
Pulsating nail bed
Valve scarring that arises as a consequence of rheumatic fever
Red border granulation tissue
Backward LHF pulm htn and RHF - afib and associated mural thombis
21. What genetic conditions predispose a pt to mitral valve prolapse?
4-7 days macrophage infiltration
Large vegetations of S aureus
Ehlers - Danlow and Marfan syndrome
Shunt
22. In which pts does S viridans cause endocarditits?
Pts w/previously damaged valves
R-->L
Months out fibrosis
stenosis of RV outflow tract - RV hypertrophy - VSD - aorta that overrides the VSD
23. What iis the tx for aortic regurg?
Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries
Mitral and tricuspid regurg - arrhythmia
Valve replacement once LV dysfx develops
Rupture of atherosclerotic plaque and complete occlusion of the coronary artery
24. What two things happen when a blocked vessel is opened after an MI?
Mitral regurg
S epidermidis
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (marantic endocarditis)
Contraction band necrosis - reperfusion injury
25. What are heart failure cells?
Loss of LV fx
Pancarditis
Membrane damage
Hemosiderin laden macrophages
26. What are the complications that occur months after an MI?
Reperfusion injury
Aneurysm - mural thrombus - Dressler syndrome
Aortic regurg
Months out fibrosis
27. What vavular defect results from acute rheumatic fever?
Mitral regurgitation due to vegetations
Constrict peripheral arterioles - increasing TPR - release aldosterone - increasing blood volume
Yellow pallor macrophages
When a bacterial protein resembles a protein in human tissue
28. What effect does aortic stenosis have on the chambers of the heart?
Concentric LV hypertophy
Decrease in blood flow to an organ
Gelatinous - abundant ground substance
NG or Ca channel blocker
29. What is the most common primary cardiac tumor in adults? Is it malignant or benign?
Decrease in blood flow to an organ
Blood vessels coming in from normal tissue
Myxoma - benign
Systemic venous congestion
30. What type of vegetations does nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (marantic endocarditis) cause?
Yellow pallor neutrophils
Small - sterile fibrin deposits randomly arranged on closure of valve leaflets
Rupture of atherosclerotic plaque and complete occlusion of the coronary artery
Tuberous sclerosis
31. What is the effect of acute vs chronic rheumatic disease off the mitral valve?
Coxsackie A or B
Janeway lesions
Regurg vs stenosis
Return of O2 and inflammatory cells cause FR generation - further damaging myocytes
32. Turner syndrome is associated with which congenital heart defect?
Endocarditis of prosthetic valves
Infantile coarctation of the aorta
Aortic stenosis
RCA
33. Which angina is relieved by Ca channel blockers?
2-3 weeks
Htn in upper extremities - hypotn in lower extremities - notching of ribs on CXR
Prinzmetal
Foci of chronic inflammation - reactive histiocytes with slender - wavy nuclei - giant cells - and fibrinoid material
34. What are the sx of aortic regurg?
Mitral insufficiency
Infantile coarctation of the aorta PDA
Prinzmetal angina - cocaine
Early - blowing diastolic murmur bounding pulse - pulsating nail bed - and head bobbing
35. What does rupture of a papillary muscle cause?
Myocarditis
Mitral insufficiency
Regurg vs stenosis
ST- segment elevation
36. What is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death? What are less common causes of sudden cardiac death?
VSD
Within the first day
Pts w/previously damaged valves
Acute ischemia - mitral valve prolapse - cardiomyopathy - cocaine abuse
37. What is the most common type of endocarditis?
LHF - left - to - right shunt - chronic lung disease (cor pulmonale)
Infectious
Mitral regurg
S viridans
38. Large vegetations on tricuspid valve?
Mid - systolic click followed by regurgitation murmur
S aureus
2-3 weeks
Squatting - increased systemic resistence decreases LV emptying
39. What makes the MV prolapse murmur louder? Why?
Systolic dysfx leading to biventricular CHF
Valve scarring that arises as a consequence of rheumatic fever
Small - sterile fibrin deposits randomly arranged on closure of valve leaflets
Squatting - increased systemic resistence decreases LV emptying
40. What is the JOneS mneumonic?
stenosis of RV outflow tract - RV hypertrophy - VSD - aorta that overrides the VSD
Turner syndrome
Holosystolic machine like murmur
Major criteria of Jones criteria for acute rheumatic fever J: joint (migratory polyarthritis) O: heart (pancarditis) N: nodules (subcutaneous nodules) E: erythema marginatum S: Sydenham chorea
41. With what virus is PDA associated?
Congenital rubella
Right to left
Subendocardial
IV drug users
42. What does granulation tissue contain?
Plump fibroblasts - collagen - blood vessels
Mitral insufficiency
Autoimmune pericarditis 6-8 wks post MI
Sudden cardiac death
43. How does asprin/heparin tx MI?
Fibrosis and dystrophic calcification
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (marantic endocarditis)
Systolic ejection click followed by crescendo - decrescendo murmur
Limits thrombosis
44. What causes a mid - systolic click followed by a regurgitation murmur?
Mitral valve prolapse
Maternal diabetes
2-3 weeks
Shunt - PGE to maintain PDA until surgical repair can be performed
45. EKG for stable angina?
Tuberous sclerosis
ST- segment depression
Reversible
Gelatinous - abundant ground substance
46. What is systolic dysfx?
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (marantic endocarditis)
Bacterial endocarditis
Ventricles cannot pump
VSD
47. When is an MI pt at greatest risk for cardiogenic shock?
First 4 hours
Tender lesions on fingers or toes.
MV prolapse LV dilation - infective endocarditis - acute rheumatic heart disease - papillary muscle rupture
Dark discoloration coagulative necrosis
48. What bug causes acute rheumatic fever?
R-->L
Group A beta - hemolytic streptococci
Sterile vegetations on mitral valve along lines of closure
Louder - increased systemic resistence decreases LV emptying
49. Chest pain the arises with exertion or emotional stress and is relieved by NG or rest. The pain lasts <20 min and radiates to the left arm or jaw. There is also diaphoresis and SOB - EKG shows ST- segment depression.
Yellow pallor neutrophils
Stable angina
Osler nodes (ouch - ouch Osler)
Right -->left
50. What type of shunt does a VSD cause?
PDA
L->R
RHF
Concentric LV hypertophy