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1. Appellations shared between WA and OR
Columbia River - Walla Walla Valley - Columbia Gorge
Touriga Nacional - Touriga Francesa - Tinta Cao - Tinta Roriz - Tinta Baroca - Mourisco Tinto - Sousao
Borders Rioja - Known for Rosado wines - Five sub -districts - Reds based on Garnacha - Tempranillo - Cabernet - Merlot - Whites based on Viura with Malvasia and Chardonnay
Center of Cava production - Traditional Whites: Parellada - Xarel -lo - Macabeo - Traditional Reds: Garnacha - Monstrell - Ull de Liebre


2. Anbaugebiete
Major Growing Region
Val do Salnes - O Rosal - Condado do Tea - Soutomaiort - Ribeira do Ulla
Pinotage - CS - CF - Merlot - Syrah - Grenache - PN
True tawnies matured entirely in cask - After 6 years in cask - wines take on a smooth - creamy character - fruitcake spices - Age declarations: 10yr - 20yr - 30yr - 40yr (based on how old it "feels")


3. Soils in Cote Rotie
Vaudesir - Valmur - Les Preuses - Grenouilles - Bougros - Les Clos - Blanchot - Highest minimum alcohol of Chablis ACs
All DOCG - Classico - Rufina - Colli Fiorentini (Florence) - Colli Senesi (Siena) - Colline Pisane (Pisa) - Colli Aretini (Arezzo) - Montalbano - Montespertoli
Condrieu - and Hermitage Steep slopes with granite soils
Northeast corner of Italy adjacent to Slovenia and Austria - Known for whites - but Merlot is most planted varietal


4. Charmat Process (Cuve Close)

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5. Saumur Champigny

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6. Margaux
Mediterranean climate with maritime mountain influences - Whites: Grillo - Grecanico - Inzolia - Carricante - Catarratto - Reds: Nero d'Avola - Nerello Mascalese - Nerello Capuccio
Longest growing season in CA - Series of east -west valleys - Cool - dry coastal climate - Sauvignon Blanc - Chardonnay - Pinot Noir - Syrah - Merlot
Palo Cortado: only partially oxidative - develops limited flor - Oloroso: rich style fortified to 18% and usually long -aged; start dry but almost all are sweetened and sold as Cream Sherries
Largest AOC in Haut Medoc - Wines know for elegance and finesse - First Growth (Chateau Margaux) - Other notables: Chateau Palmer - Giscours - Brane - Cantenac


7. Etna DOC
Must be made from 100% of stated varietal - Must be aged for a minimum of 20 years in wood and 2 years in bottle before release
Sicily - Full -bodied reds from vineyards on the slopes of Mt. Etna made from Nerello Mascalese and Nerello Capuccio - White grape is Carricante (clone of Garganega)
Vinho de Mesa: table wines - Vinho Regional (VR); similar to VdP - IPR: similar to VDQS or IGT - Denominacao de Origem Controlada (DOC) - Garrafeira: reserve wines
Regions: Penedes and Priorat DOCa - Mediterranean - Home of Catalunya and Barcelona


8. South Spain
Siciliy - Fortified wine in both dry and sweet styles made from a blend including Catarratto - Inzolia - Grillo - etc.
Castilla: La Mancha - Whites from Airen (63%) - Reds from Cencibel (Tempranillo) - Large elevated central plateau - Arid climate with temperature extremes
Rioja Alta - Rioja Alavesa - Rioja Baja
A method of fractional blending wherein old wine is periodically refreshed with younger wine (no more than 1/3) to ensure consistency - Wine is taken from a cask in one criadera and blended into a cask fro the next


9. Vintage Port
Tempranillo (Tinto Fino - etc.) - Carinena - Garnacha - Cabernet Sauvignon - Mencia - Monastrell
Accounts for less than 3% of all port - Most expensive - BUT easiest to produce (2 years wood aging) - Produced from top quintas - Vintages must be declared and approved by IVP
Sweet botrytis wines from Chenin Blanc made only in exceptional years
Red wines from minimum 90% Syrah and up to 10% Marsanne and/or Roussanne - Whites from Marsanne and Roussanne


10. Rioja DOCa Sub -Zones
Limestone (best whites) and Marl (best reds)
Sparkling wines from Marsanne and Roussanne
Rioja Alta - Rioja Alavesa - Rioja Baja
Aloxe Corton (red Grand Cru is Corton - white Grand Cru is Corton Charlemagne) - Beaune (Premier Cru only) - Pommard (Premier Cru only) - Volnay (Premier Cru only) - Puligny -Motrachet (4 Grand Cru*) - Chassagne -Montrachet (4 Grand Cru*) *2 overlap


11. Marches
One of Italy's largest producing regions - Over 250 miles of coastline - flat regions of fertile plains - Montepulciano - Negroamaro - Primitivo - Malvasia Nera - Bombino are primary red grapes - Brindisi - Salice Salentino - San Severo - Man
Adriatic Sea coast - Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi DOCG - Conero DOCG - Rosso Conero
Tempranillo (Tinto Fino - etc.) - Carinena - Garnacha - Cabernet Sauvignon - Mencia - Monastrell
33 total - Important ones are Minho (Vinho Verde) - Dao - Bairrada - Porto & Douro - Borba - Alentejo - Madeira


12. Santa Barbera County
Wine pumped into tanks with liqueur de tirage - Fermentation complete in 4 -5 days - Best for certain varietals (e.g. Moscato d'Asti - Prosecco - Sekt)
Neutral grape spirit at 77% alcohol added to port wine
Single Vineyard
Longest growing season in CA - Series of east -west valleys - Cool - dry coastal climate - Sauvignon Blanc - Chardonnay - Pinot Noir - Syrah - Merlot


13. Tavel
Stewed fruits
Rose from Grenache and Cinsault
Grape Variety: Chenin Blanc - Limestone over tufa - Wide range of styles (Sec - demi -sec - moelleux - doux - still - petillant - mousseux)
12 months


14. Languedoc -Roussillon Primary Red Varietals
Continental with LeMistral winds
Sancerre - Pouilly Fume - Menetou Salon - Quincy - Reuilly
Red wines from Syrah with up to 15% Marsanne and Roussanne - Whites from Marsanne and Roussanne
Cinsault - Grenache - Syrah - Mourvedre - Merlot - Cabernet Sauvignon - Cabernet Franc


15. Basis for Burgundy AOC
roduce of Australia: most general; no vontage - variety allowed on label - South -Eastern Australia Super Zone - State of Origin - Zones (e.g. Barossa is a zone in S. Australia) - Regions (e.g. Barossa is divided into Barossa Valley and Eden Valley)
Only a small percentage of grapes grown may be used for Port production - DOC status for table wines earned in 1982 - Grapes: Touriga Nacional - Tinta Roriz - Tinta Barroca
Tawny Port: - Ruby Port
Terroir


16. Vacqueyras
Cabernet Franc - Cabernet Sauvignon - Pinot Noir - Gamay - Groslot
Red wines from Grenache blends with Syrah - Mourvedre - Clairette - and Bourboulenc
Saumur Mousseux - Cremant de la Loire - Saumur Champigny
90km northeast of Paris


17. Southern Rhone Appellations
1/4 annual production of France - 60% Whites - Extreme northern latitudes - Primary Whites: Riesling - Muller -Thurgau - Silvaner - Scheurebe - Weissburgunder - Grauburgunder - Primary Reds: Spatburgunder - Dornfelder - Portugieser
District of villages & vineyards
Chateauneuf -de -Pape - Gigondas - Vacqueyras - Cotes -du -Rhone - Cotes -du -Rhone Villages - Tavel - Lirac - Beaumes -de -Venise - Vinsobres
Red wines with maximum with maximum 80% Grenache


18. Portugal White Varietals
Furmint - Harslevelu - Muskatoly (Muscat Ottonel) - Oremus
Trajadura - Alvarinho - Loureiro - Gouveio - Encruzado - Maria Gomez - Fernao Pires - Arinto - Roupeiro
Mediterranean climate with maritime mountain influences - Whites: Grillo - Grecanico - Inzolia - Carricante - Catarratto - Reds: Nero d'Avola - Nerello Mascalese - Nerello Capuccio
Airen - Viura (Macabeo) - Chardonnay - Verdejo - Albarino


19. Biologically -aged Sherry Styles & Descriptions
Fino: lightest; fortified to 15.5% - Manzanilla: a delicate style of Fino aged only in the coastal town of Sanlucar de Barrameda - Amontillado: a Fino that has been left in cask for additional aging and develops a rich - nutty flaor; usually dry -
Sangiovese and Canaiolo with Trebbiano and Malvasia - Addition of white grapes no longer mandatory - Up to 20% CS - Merlot - and Syrah permitted
Alsatian late harvest wines - Rich - full -bodied in style - Not necessarily sweet
VOS (Very Old Sherry) - VORS (Very Old Rare Sherry) - Anada - Almacenistas


20. Portugal DOC Regions
Sparkling wines from Marsanne and Roussanne
White - red - and rose from SB - PN - and Pinot Gris
33 total - Important ones are Minho (Vinho Verde) - Dao - Bairrada - Porto & Douro - Borba - Alentejo - Madeira
Winery and vineyards must be located in the same AVA - Winery must own or control the vineyards where the grapes are grown


21. Edna Valley
Volcanic soils - red basalt - low fertility - Cool maritime climate - high humidity - windy (East facing slopes) - Chardonnay - Riesling - Gewurztraminer - Pinot Noir - sparkling wines - Hobart - Launceston - Piper's River - Coal River
Airen - Viura (Macabeo) - Chardonnay - Verdejo - Albarino
Steen (Chenin Blanc) - Hanepoot (Muscat) - Chardonnay - SB - Semillon
South of Paso Robles - Maritime influence - cool climate - Chardonnay and Pinot Noir


22. 85% Varietal Madeiras
Quality Riesling and Pinot Noir - Warm summers - cool autumns - lower rainfall - Most vineyards in plains surrounding Christchurch
3yr - 5yr Reserve - 10yr Special Reserve - 15yr Extra Reserve
Southern OR - Rogue Valley - Applegate Valley - Umqua - Douglas Red Hills - Snake River - Columbia River - Walla Walla Valley - Columbia Gorge - Willamette Valley
Semi -continental (four seasons; climate issues like frost - rain at harvest - hail)


23. Anjou
Just under half of production is rose - Whites from Chenin Blanc and Sauvignon Blanc - Reds and Roses (both AOCs) from Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon
Galicia (Rias Biaxas) - Toro - Rueda - Ribera del Duero
Used in dosage phase to fill the space left after the yeast remnant pops out
Terroir


24. Germany
Red wines from Syrah with up to 20% Viognier allowed
Regulators of American Viticultural Areas
1/4 annual production of France - 60% Whites - Extreme northern latitudes - Primary Whites: Riesling - Muller -Thurgau - Silvaner - Scheurebe - Weissburgunder - Grauburgunder - Primary Reds: Spatburgunder - Dornfelder - Portugieser
Sangiovese and Canaiolo with Trebbiano and Malvasia - Addition of white grapes no longer mandatory - Up to 20% CS - Merlot - and Syrah permitted


25. Vintage Champagne Aging Requirements
Columbia River - Walla Walla Valley - Columbia Gorge
Assyrtiko - Moschofilero - Malagousia - Roditis - White Muscat - Chardonnay - SB
3 years
Soils: volcanic - gravel alluvial with sandstone - Cool maritime climate (warmer north - cooler south) - mountain ranges create rain shadow effect


26. Paso Robles

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27. Emilia Romagna
33 total - Important ones are Minho (Vinho Verde) - Dao - Bairrada - Porto & Douro - Borba - Alentejo - Madeira
Xarel -lo - Macabeo - Parellada - Chardonnay
Winery and vineyards must be located in the same AVA - Winery must own or control the vineyards where the grapes are grown
Central Italy - The food center of Italy - Divided by 7 rivers


28. TTB Label Laws I

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29. Single Quinta Port
Whites: Viognier - Roussanne - Marsanne Reds: Syrah
Marlborough - Nelson - Canterbury - Otago
Fruits sourced from BEST quintas - Usually produced in non -declared vintages - Ageworthy - excellent values
Bourgogne Aligote Bouzeron (Aligote) - Rully (AC & Premier Cru) - Mercurey (AC & Premier Cru) - Givry (AC & Premier Cru) - Montagny AC (white only) - Premier Cru if more than 11.5% alcohol


30. Bourgueil & Saint -Nicolas -de -Bourgueil
Vaudesir - Valmur - Les Preuses - Grenouilles - Bougros - Les Clos - Blanchot - Highest minimum alcohol of Chablis ACs
Howell Mountain - Chiles Valley - Napa Valley - Atlas Peak - Stag's Leap District - Oak Knoll - Wild Horse Valley - Los Carneros - Yountville - Mount Veeder - Oakville - Rutherford - Spring Mountain District - Diamond Mountain District
Same styles as Chinon - Sandy soils
ed wines from Syrah with up to 15% Marsanne and Roussanne - Whites from Marsanne and Roussanne


31. New York State AVAs
The Hamptons - North Fork Long Island - Long Island - Hudson Valley - Seneca Lake - Cayuga Lake - Finger Lakes
Longest growing season in CA - Series of east -west valleys - Cool - dry coastal climate - Sauvignon Blanc - Chardonnay - Pinot Noir - Syrah - Merlot
Tuscany's dry white DOCG - Up to 10% Chardonnay and Trebbiano allowed
Appellation for red and dry whites - No ranking; all designated Cru Classe - Pessac -Leognan AC in northern part


32. Primary Tuscan Red Varietals
Sancerre - Pouilly Fume - Menetou Salon - Quincy - Reuilly
Sangiovese & clones (Prugnolo Gentile - Brunello - Morellino) - Canaiolo - Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Syrah
Vino de Mesa (VdM) - Vino de la Tierra (VdIT): 60% from region - Denominacion de Origen (DO) - Denominacion de Origen Calificada (DOCa - DOC - DOQ): Rioja and Priorat in 1988; Ridera del Duero pending - DO Pagos: single estates only
Wines traditionally bottled in bocksbeutel - Wines from Silvaner - Riesling - and Muller -Thurgau


33. Niederosterreich
Clone of Garganega grown in Sicily
Tafelwein: table wine - Landwein: regional wine - Qualitatswein bestimmter Anbaugbiete (QbA): quality wine from one of the 13 major regions - Qualitatswein mit Pradikat (QmP): quality wine determined by the degree of ripeness at harvest; only classif
Viura - Malvasia - Garnacha Blanca - Chardonnay - Sauvignon Blanc - Verdejo
Wachau: steep vineyards facing the Danube - Wagram - Kremstal - Kamptal


34. Saint -Joseph
Great oyster wines made from Muscadet (Melon de Bourgogne - Maritime climate - Muscadet de Sevre et Maine AOC - Muscadet Sur Lie (must be used in conjunction with one of the appellations - Sur lie bottling: wines matured on lees for 6 -9 months follo
Whites from Sauvignon Blanc - Red and rose classified as Vin de Pays
eanut shell
Red wines from minimum 90% Syrah and up to 10% Marsanne and/or Roussanne - Whites from Marsanne and Roussanne


35. Chenin Blanc (Loire)
Dry with warm - sunny summers - Rain shadow effect - Tremendously diverse soils - Bound by Vosges Mountains and the Rhine
Renowned botrytis dessert wine from Hungary that has been produced for centuries - Technically a dry still wine sweetened with botrytized grapes (Aszu) - Sweetness levels measured in 3 -6 puttonyos - Eszencia is 100% botrytised grapes
VOS (Very Old Sherry) - VORS (Very Old Rare Sherry) - Anada - Almacenistas
Bruised red apple (Oxidative)


36. Penedes Sub -Districts
Baix Penedes - Medio Penedes - Alta Penedes
A dry style of Sherry that has characteristics of both Fino/Amontillado and Oloroso - Develops limited flor
Yeast remnant popped out
Alluvial deposits and "pudding stones"


37. Rias Biaxas Sub -Zones
Major Growing Region
Juicyfruit Gum
Castilla: La Mancha - Whites from Airen (63%) - Reds from Cencibel (Tempranillo) - Large elevated central plateau - Arid climate with temperature extremes
Val do Salnes - O Rosal - Condado do Tea - Soutomaiort - Ribeira do Ulla


38. Vernaccia di San Gimignano DOCG

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39. GI Quality Categories
roduce of Australia: most general; no vontage - variety allowed on label - South -Eastern Australia Super Zone - State of Origin - Zones (e.g. Barossa is a zone in S. Australia) - Regions (e.g. Barossa is divided into Barossa Valley and Eden Valley)
3 years
Condrieu - and Hermitage Steep slopes with granite soils
Harvest in early September - Palomino grapes pressed immediately - Pedro Ximenez grapes sun dried (Soleo) for use in sweetening agents - Fortification with neutral grape spirit


40. Tokaji
Accounts for less than 3% of all port - Most expensive - BUT easiest to produce (2 years wood aging) - Produced from top quintas - Vintages must be declared and approved by IVP
Heavier - clay -oriented soils
Renowned botrytis dessert wine from Hungary that has been produced for centuries - Technically a dry still wine sweetened with botrytized grapes (Aszu) - Sweetness levels measured in 3 -6 puttonyos - Eszencia is 100% botrytised grapes
Mediterranean climate with maritime mountain influences - Whites: Grillo - Grecanico - Inzolia - Carricante - Catarratto - Reds: Nero d'Avola - Nerello Mascalese - Nerello Capuccio


41. Tempranillo (Rioja Riserva/Gran Riserva)
Stewed fruits
Adjacent to Sancerre - White - red - and rose from SB - PN - and Gamay
Fino: lightest; fortified to 15.5% - Manzanilla: a delicate style of Fino aged only in the coastal town of Sanlucar de Barrameda - Amontillado: a Fino that has been left in cask for additional aging and develops a rich - nutty flaor; usually dry -
Volcanic slate soils - Predominantly reds from Spatburgunder and Portugieser


42. Cote Rotie
The heating process causes maderization of the wine - caramelizing sugars and promoting oxidation - Estufa do Sol - finest wines are cask aged in lodges exposed to the sun for many years - Estufa - a vat or tank heated by hot water to approximatel
Hazelnut
Airen - Viura (Macabeo) - Chardonnay - Verdejo - Albarino
Red wines from Syrah with up to 20% Viognier allowed


43. Palo Cortado
Anjou AOC - Dry wines from Chenin Blanc - Tiny appellation with low yields - Best wines have great aging potential - Clos de la Coulee de Serrant - Chateau de la Roche aux Moines
A dry style of Sherry that has characteristics of both Fino/Amontillado and Oloroso - Develops limited flor
Soils: Mostly alluvial mountain runoff with sandstone - some limestone - schist - clay - and chalk - Climate: Cool (South) to warm (North) maritime - windy from West (must plant East of mountain ranges) - high rainfall and humidity
Tawny Port: - Ruby Port


44. Austria Major Regions
Accounts for less than 3% of all port - Most expensive - BUT easiest to produce (2 years wood aging) - Produced from top quintas - Vintages must be declared and approved by IVP
Bourgogne Aligote Bouzeron (Aligote) - Rully (AC & Premier Cru) - Mercurey (AC & Premier Cru) - Givry (AC & Premier Cru) - Montagny AC (white only) - Premier Cru if more than 11.5% alcohol
Burgenland - Niederosterreich - Steiermark (Styria) - Wien (Vienna)
Lesser appellations - Cabernet Sauvignon -based wines - No classified growths


45. VOS
South end of North Island - Includes Marlborough - Quality Pinot Noir (up and coming region)
South of Paso Robles - Maritime influence - cool climate - Chardonnay and Pinot Noir
Very Old Sherry - Aged 20 years (average minimum age)
Tafelwein: table wine - Landwein: regional wine - Qualitatswein bestimmter Anbaugbiete (QbA): quality wine from one of the 13 major regions - Qualitatswein mit Pradikat (QmP): quality wine determined by the degree of ripeness at harvest; only classif


46. Primary Greek White Varietals
Regulators of American Viticultural Areas
Palomino (95% of all plantings) - Pedro Ximenez - Moscatel: along with PX - used to sweeten blended wines and to add color
Assyrtiko - Moschofilero - Malagousia - Roditis - White Muscat - Chardonnay - SB
Vinho de Mesa: table wines - Vinho Regional (VR); similar to VdP - IPR: similar to VDQS or IGT - Denominacao de Origem Controlada (DOC) - Garrafeira: reserve wines


47. Beaumes -de -Venise
Palo Cortado: only partially oxidative - develops limited flor - Oloroso: rich style fortified to 18% and usually long -aged; start dry but almost all are sweetened and sold as Cream Sherries
Lentils
Chenin Blanc wines in the same styles as Vouvray
Red wines are predominantly Grenache - Home of a famous Vin Doux Naturel


48. Chianti Classico
Only a small percentage of grapes grown may be used for Port production - DOC status for table wines earned in 1982 - Grapes: Touriga Nacional - Tinta Roriz - Tinta Barroca
Dehydrated strawberries
Sangiovese and Canaiolo with Trebbiano and Malvasia - Addition of white grapes no longer mandatory - Up to 20% CS - Merlot - and Syrah permitted
Cooler coastal climate with an active sparkling wine industry- Warm interior with old vine Zinfandel - Petite Sirah - Carigange - etc. - Notables include Anderson Valley (Alsatian varietals) - Guenoc - Redwood Valley - Yorkville - Potter Valle


49. White Port Varietals
AKA Palatinate - Warm climate - Trocken wines important (Grosses Gerwachs) - Riesling - Scheurebe - Grauburgunder - Muller -Thurgau - Spatburgunder
Arinto - Codega - Malvasia Fino - Malvasia Corada - Rabigato - Vioshino
AVAs - Columbia Valley - Yakima Valley - Walla Walla Valley - Red Mountain - Horse Heaven Hills - Columbia Gorge - Wahluke Slope - Snipes Mountain - Lake Chelan - Puget Sound
Aloxe Corton (red Grand Cru is Corton - white Grand Cru is Corton Charlemagne) - Beaune (Premier Cru only) - Pommard (Premier Cru only) - Volnay (Premier Cru only) - Puligny -Motrachet (4 Grand Cru*) - Chassagne -Montrachet (4 Grand Cru*) *2 overlap


50. Franken (Franconia)
Siciliy - Fortified wine in both dry and sweet styles made from a blend including Catarratto - Inzolia - Grillo - etc.
Wines traditionally bottled in bocksbeutel - Wines from Silvaner - Riesling - and Muller -Thurgau
Moderate climate - Tradition - influence - innovation - research - Maremma - Morellino di Scansano - etc.
Red wines from Syrah with up to 15% Marsanne and Roussanne - Whites from Marsanne and Roussanne