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Certified Sommelier Exam

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1. Soils in Cote Rotie
Condrieu - and Hermitage Steep slopes with granite soils
Grape Variety: Chenin Blanc - Limestone over tufa - Wide range of styles (Sec - demi -sec - moelleux - doux - still - petillant - mousseux)
Sangiovese & clones (Prugnolo Gentile - Brunello - Morellino) - Canaiolo - Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Syrah
Lesser appellations - Cabernet Sauvignon -based wines - No classified growths

2. Cotes -du -Rhone
Alluvial clays
Pinotage - CS - CF - Merlot - Syrah - Grenache - PN
Assyrtiko - Moschofilero - Malagousia - Roditis - White Muscat - Chardonnay - SB
Base Rhone appellation - 95% in the Southern Rhone

3. Gamay (Beaujolais)
GI originated in 1994 with EU agreement
Baix Penedes - Medio Penedes - Alta Penedes
Touriga Nacional - Tinto Roriz (Tempranillo) - Aragonez (Tempranillo) - Baga - Ramisco - Trincadeira - Castelao Frances - Joao de Santarem - Periquita
Bubblegum

4. Rioja DOCa Sub -Zones
A method of fractional blending wherein old wine is periodically refreshed with younger wine (no more than 1/3) to ensure consistency - Wine is taken from a cask in one criadera and blended into a cask fro the next
Finesse
Rioja Alta - Rioja Alavesa - Rioja Baja
France's largest wine producing region (750K acres) - Cinsault -Grenache blends dominant - Also dry whites and Vin Doux Naturels - Mediterranean climate

5. Bual & Malmsey
Mediterranean climate with maritime mountain influences - Whites: Grillo - Grecanico - Inzolia - Carricante - Catarratto - Reds: Nero d'Avola - Nerello Mascalese - Nerello Capuccio
(Bordeaux)Haut Medoc - Saint -Estephe - Pauillac - Saint -Julien - Listrac & Moulis - Margaux - Graves - Pessac - Leognan - Sauternes
Medium sweet & sweet Madeiras served with dessert or cheese course - Fermentation is stopped by addition of spirit
A method of fractional blending wherein old wine is periodically refreshed with younger wine (no more than 1/3) to ensure consistency - Wine is taken from a cask in one criadera and blended into a cask fro the next

6. SA's Primary White Cultivars
Steen (Chenin Blanc) - Hanepoot (Muscat) - Chardonnay - SB - Semillon
Just under half of production is rose - Whites from Chenin Blanc and Sauvignon Blanc - Reds and Roses (both AOCs) from Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon
Dominio de Valdepusa - Finca Elez - Pago Guijoso - Dehesa del Carrizal (Toledo) - Senorio de Arinzano (Navarra) - Bodegas Otazu (Navarra)
Base Rhone appellation - 95% in the Southern Rhone

7. Late Bottled Vintage Port
Bourgogne Aligote Bouzeron (Aligote) - Rully (AC & Premier Cru) - Mercurey (AC & Premier Cru) - Givry (AC & Premier Cru) - Montagny AC (white only) - Premier Cru if more than 11.5% alcohol
Introduced in Australia in 1990 - Guarantees all claims made on label (variety - vintage - region - etc.) - 85% for vintage - variety - and origin
3 years
Produced in non -declared vintages - Fruit sourced from top quintas - Aged 4 -6 years in casks - Vintage and bottling years must be declared on label - Some are age -worthy

8. Portugal Red Varietals
Medium sweet & sweet Madeiras served with dessert or cheese course - Fermentation is stopped by addition of spirit
Adjacent to Sancerre - White - red - and rose from SB - PN - and Gamay
Dry with warm - sunny summers - Rain shadow effect - Tremendously diverse soils - Bound by Vosges Mountains and the Rhine
Touriga Nacional - Tinto Roriz (Tempranillo) - Aragonez (Tempranillo) - Baga - Ramisco - Trincadeira - Castelao Frances - Joao de Santarem - Periquita

9. Rheingau
Cranberry
Riesling & Spatburgunder - Wines are richer than Mosel - great aging potential - trocken wines are important - Erstes Gewachs (First Growths)
Collection of vineyards
After harvest - grapes are dried for several weeks - Used to produce passito - recioto - and Amarone wines

10. Lazio
Produces aromatic whites from Verdejo plus Sauvignon Blanc and Viura
Trebbiano called "Procanico" - Grechetto - Drupeggio - Sangiovese - and Sagrantino grown - Best know white is Orvieto - Torgiano DOC - Torgiano Riserva DOCG - Sagrantino di Montefalco DOCG
Sercial - Verdelho - Bual - Malmsey
Home of Rome - Cesanese del Piglio Rosso/Reserva DOCG - Frascati (carafe wine blended from Trebbiano & Malvasia) - Est! Est! Est! di Montefiascone

11. Pinot Noir
Semi -continental (four seasons; climate issues like frost - rain at harvest - hail)
Cranberry
Maritime climate - 90% Albarino planted
Syrah - Grenache - Mourvedre - Cinsault - Counoise - Terret Noir - Vaccarese - Muscardin - etc.

12. Vintage Solera Madeira
33 total - Important ones are Minho (Vinho Verde) - Dao - Bairrada - Porto & Douro - Borba - Alentejo - Madeira
19th century style now illegal to produce - but still available on the market
Generic term for sparkling
New Zealand

13. VOS
Sparkling wines made from Chenin Blanc with up to 20% Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc - Best wines made by Methode Traditionelle
Finesse
Very Old Sherry - Aged 20 years (average minimum age)
Chehalem Mountains - Ribbon Ridge - Yamhill -Carlton - Dundee Hills - McMinnville - Eola -Amity Hills

14. Primary Greek Red Varietals
Just under half of production is rose - Whites from Chenin Blanc and Sauvignon Blanc - Reds and Roses (both AOCs) from Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon
Xynomavro - Agiorgitiko - Mavrodaphne
Center of Cava production - Traditional Whites: Parellada - Xarel -lo - Macabeo - Traditional Reds: Garnacha - Monstrell - Ull de Liebre
Maritime climate - 90% Albarino planted

15. Umbria
Roussanne - Clairette - Picpoul - Bourbolenc - Grenache Blanc - etc.
Howell Mountain - Chiles Valley - Napa Valley - Atlas Peak - Stag's Leap District - Oak Knoll - Wild Horse Valley - Los Carneros - Yountville - Mount Veeder - Oakville - Rutherford - Spring Mountain District - Diamond Mountain District
Trebbiano called "Procanico" - Grechetto - Drupeggio - Sangiovese - and Sagrantino grown - Best know white is Orvieto - Torgiano DOC - Torgiano Riserva DOCG - Sagrantino di Montefalco DOCG
West of Rioja on the River Duero - Red wines from Tempranillo (Tinto del Pais) and Bordeaux varietals - Wines are richer and fuller than Rioja wines with good aging potential

16. Noble
Aged 12 months in bottle or barrel
Most important DO in Southern Spain
France's largest wine producing region (750K acres) - Cinsault -Grenache blends dominant - Also dry whites and Vin Doux Naturels - Mediterranean climate
roduce of Australia: most general; no vontage - variety allowed on label - South -Eastern Australia Super Zone - State of Origin - Zones (e.g. Barossa is a zone in S. Australia) - Regions (e.g. Barossa is divided into Barossa Valley and Eden Valley)

17. White Port Varietals
Produced by adding distillate to UNfermented must - The distillate is a local brandy - and the must is from similarly local grapes - Pineau des Charentes and Floc de Gascogne
(Bordeaux)Haut Medoc - Saint -Estephe - Pauillac - Saint -Julien - Listrac & Moulis - Margaux - Graves - Pessac - Leognan - Sauternes
Vernaccia - Trebbiano - Malvasia
Arinto - Codega - Malvasia Fino - Malvasia Corada - Rabigato - Vioshino

18. Franken (Franconia)
Wines traditionally bottled in bocksbeutel - Wines from Silvaner - Riesling - and Muller -Thurgau
Rugged mountainous region - Dry temperate climate - Stony schistous soild - Varietals: Garnacha - Carinena - Cabernet
Accounts for less than 3% of all port - Most expensive - BUT easiest to produce (2 years wood aging) - Produced from top quintas - Vintages must be declared and approved by IVP
New Zealand

19. Dao
Terraced vineyards on granite slopes - 90% red; 10% white - 12 approved grape varieties - By law - 20% minimum of red wines must be from Touriga Nacional - Predominant white grapes are Arinto and Encruzado
Adjacent to Sancerre - White - red - and rose from SB - PN - and Gamay
West of Rioja on the River Duero - Red wines from Tempranillo (Tinto del Pais) and Bordeaux varietals - Wines are richer and fuller than Rioja wines with good aging potential
Soils: volcanic - gravel alluvial with sandstone - Cool maritime climate (warmer north - cooler south) - mountain ranges create rain shadow effect

20. Saumur Mousseux
Red wines from Syrah with up to 20% Viognier allowed
Palomino (95% of all plantings) - Pedro Ximenez - Moscatel: along with PX - used to sweeten blended wines and to add color
Sparkling wines made from Chenin Blanc with up to 20% Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc - Best wines made by Methode Traditionelle
Red wines from 100% Syrah

21. New Zealand's North Island Regions
Auckland - Hawkes Bay - Gisborne - Wairarapa
Red wines from minimum 90% Syrah and up to 10% Marsanne and/or Roussanne - Whites from Marsanne and Roussanne
Known for Poverty Bay - High yields and large quantities of Muller -Thurgau - Bulk wine and carafe wine
Howell Mountain - Chiles Valley - Napa Valley - Atlas Peak - Stag's Leap District - Oak Knoll - Wild Horse Valley - Los Carneros - Yountville - Mount Veeder - Oakville - Rutherford - Spring Mountain District - Diamond Mountain District

22. Pipe
Traditional Port cask holding 500 liters (440L of wine added to 110L of aguardente)
Lafite -Rothschild - Latour - Mouton -Rothschild - Margaux - Haut -Brion
Cooler coastal climate with an active sparkling wine industry- Warm interior with old vine Zinfandel - Petite Sirah - Carigange - etc. - Notables include Anderson Valley (Alsatian varietals) - Guenoc - Redwood Valley - Yorkville - Potter Valle
White wines from Viognier from small single estate

23. Ahr Valley
Lesser appellations - Cabernet Sauvignon -based wines - No classified growths
Tawny Port: - Ruby Port
Volcanic slate soils - Predominantly reds from Spatburgunder and Portugieser
Regulators of American Viticultural Areas

24. Willamette Valley Subregion AVAs
Palo Cortado: only partially oxidative - develops limited flor - Oloroso: rich style fortified to 18% and usually long -aged; start dry but almost all are sweetened and sold as Cream Sherries
Accounts for less than 3% of all port - Most expensive - BUT easiest to produce (2 years wood aging) - Produced from top quintas - Vintages must be declared and approved by IVP
Chehalem Mountains - Ribbon Ridge - Yamhill -Carlton - Dundee Hills - McMinnville - Eola -Amity Hills
Traditional Port cask holding 500 liters (440L of wine added to 110L of aguardente)

25. Champagne Grapes
Condrieu - and Hermitage Steep slopes with granite soils
Aged 12 months in bottle or barrel
Dessert wine from passito grapes (Trebbiano & Malvasia) fermented slowly in small wooden barrels - Matured minimum 3 years and up to 6 years
Chardonnay - Pinot Noir - Pinot Meunier

26. Chianti Classico
Tempranillo - Graciano - Mazuelo (Carinena)
Sangiovese and Canaiolo with Trebbiano and Malvasia - Addition of white grapes no longer mandatory - Up to 20% CS - Merlot - and Syrah permitted
Southwest Sicily - Blend of Nero d'Avola (70%) and Frappatto (30%)
Red wines from minimum 90% Syrah and up to 10% Marsanne and/or Roussanne - Whites from Marsanne and Roussanne

27. Soils in St. Joseph and Crozes Hermitage
Heavier - clay -oriented soils
Fruits sourced from BEST quintas - Usually produced in non -declared vintages - Ageworthy - excellent values
Rioja DOCa (sub -zones are Rioja Alta - Rioja Alavesa - Rioja Baja) - Navarra
Very Old Rare Sherry - Aged 30 years (average minimum age)

28. Cultivars
What varietals are called in South Africa
Aged in wood - ready to drink on release - Sees oxygen in the barrel and - thus - loses its color - Aged Tawny Port (with indication of age)
Arrested fermentation fortified wine - Vineyards planted on steep slopes (up to 60 degrees) with schist soils
Known for Poverty Bay - High yields and large quantities of Muller -Thurgau - Bulk wine and carafe wine

29. Australia Primary White Varietals
Chardonnay - Riesling - Semillon - Muscat - Sauvignon Blanc - Chenin Blanc - Verdelho - Viognier
Grass
Neutral grape spirit at 77% alcohol added to port wine
Saumur Mousseux - Cremant de la Loire - Saumur Champigny

30. Most widely planted grape in Champagne
Pinot Noir
Alsatian blended carafe wine (2 or more grapes)
Tafelwein: table wine - Landwein: regional wine - Qualitatswein bestimmter Anbaugbiete (QbA): quality wine from one of the 13 major regions - Qualitatswein mit Pradikat (QmP): quality wine determined by the degree of ripeness at harvest; only classif
Viura - Malvasia - Garnacha Blanca - Chardonnay - Sauvignon Blanc - Verdejo

31. Basis for Burgundy AOC
Plum
Lesser appellations - Cabernet Sauvignon -based wines - No classified growths
Pinot Noir
Terroir

32. Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG

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33. New Zealand's South Island
Syrah - Grenache - Mourvedre - Cinsault - Counoise - Terret Noir - Vaccarese - Muscardin - etc.
Soils: volcanic - gravel alluvial with sandstone - Cool maritime climate (warmer north - cooler south) - mountain ranges create rain shadow effect
Mediterranean climate with maritime mountain influences - Whites: Grillo - Grecanico - Inzolia - Carricante - Catarratto - Reds: Nero d'Avola - Nerello Mascalese - Nerello Capuccio
Lentils

34. Vinho Verde
Red wines are predominantly Grenache
Red - white - and rose wines produced in the Minho province (9 sub -districts) - Bottled young to undergo malolactic fermentation in the bottle (thus - have a prickle or bubble to it) - Best whites are from Alvarinho or Loureiro
Chateauneuf -de -Pape - Gigondas - Vacqueyras - Cotes -du -Rhone - Cotes -du -Rhone Villages - Tavel - Lirac - Beaumes -de -Venise - Vinsobres
Dessert wine from passito grapes (Trebbiano & Malvasia) fermented slowly in small wooden barrels - Matured minimum 3 years and up to 6 years

35. Southern Rhone Varietals (White)
Roussanne - Clairette - Picpoul - Bourbolenc - Grenache Blanc - etc.
Napa County - Sonoma County - Mendocino County - Lake County - Marin County - Solano County
Bottles are disgorged under pressure into large tank - filtered - and rebottled - Used for bottles smaller than half/larger than Jeroboam
One of CA's oldest growing regions - Significant diurnal swings - Known for Zinfandel and Rhone varieties

36. Touraine AOCs
Vouvray - Montlouis - Chinon - Bourgueil & Saint -Nicolas -de -Bourgueil
Well -known for quality rose wines - Includes Southern Rhone varietals and more - Bandol - Cassis
Most important DO in Southern Spain
Sancerre - Pouilly Fume - Menetou Salon - Quincy - Reuilly

37. Musca
Soils: Mostly alluvial mountain runoff with sandstone - some limestone - schist - clay - and chalk - Climate: Cool (South) to warm (North) maritime - windy from West (must plant East of mountain ranges) - high rainfall and humidity
Volcanic slate soils - Predominantly reds from Spatburgunder and Portugieser
Aged in wood - ready to drink on release - Sees oxygen in the barrel and - thus - loses its color - Aged Tawny Port (with indication of age)
Orange Candy

38. Palo Cortado
Produced in non -declared vintages - Fruit sourced from top quintas - Aged 4 -6 years in casks - Vintage and bottling years must be declared on label - Some are age -worthy
A dry style of Sherry that has characteristics of both Fino/Amontillado and Oloroso - Develops limited flor
GI originated in 1994 with EU agreement
Juicyfruit Gum

39. TTB Label Laws I

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40. Marches
Adriatic Sea coast - Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi DOCG - Conero DOCG - Rosso Conero
Napa County - Sonoma County - Mendocino County - Lake County - Marin County - Solano County
Riesling & Spatburgunder - Wines are richer than Mosel - great aging potential - trocken wines are important - Erstes Gewachs (First Growths)
Rugged mountainous region - Dry temperate climate - Stony schistous soild - Varietals: Garnacha - Carinena - Cabernet

41. Grapes in Valpolicella and Amarone
3yr - 5yr Reserve - 10yr Special Reserve - 15yr Extra Reserve
Chardonnay - Riesling - Semillon - Muscat - Sauvignon Blanc - Chenin Blanc - Verdelho - Viognier
Neutral grape spirit at 77% alcohol added to port wine
Corvina - Rondinella - Molinara

42. Loire Valley Primary Red Varietals
Quality Riesling and Pinot Noir - Warm summers - cool autumns - lower rainfall - Most vineyards in plains surrounding Christchurch
Cabernet Franc - Cabernet Sauvignon - Pinot Noir - Gamay - Groslot
Red wines with a minimum of 50% Grenache
Santa Lucia Highlands - Chalone - San Bernabe

43. Appassimento Process
Alluvial deposits and "pudding stones"
Steinfeder (11% alcohol) - Federspiel (Kabinett level) - Smaragd (Spatlese level)
Montagne de Reims (known for PN) - Vallee de la Marne - Cote de Blancs (lots of Chardonnay) - Cote de Sezanne - Aube
After harvest - grapes are dried for several weeks - Used to produce passito - recioto - and Amarone wines

44. Australian Wine Producing States
Best wines are made from Riesling - Area around Schlossbockelheim and Bad Kreuznach - Donhoff is a notable producer
18 villages with elevated status - Red wines are predominantly Grenache
Yeast remnant popped out
New South Wales - Victoria - Tasmania - South Australia - Western Australia - Northern Territory - Queensland

45. Montlouis
Chenin Blanc wines in the same styles as Vouvray
Marsannay - Fixin - Gevrey -Chambertin (8 Grand Crus) - Morey St. Denis (5 Grand Crus) - Chambolle -Musigny (2 Grand Crus) - Vougeot (1 Grand Cru) - Flagey Echezeaux (2 Grand Crus) - Vosnee -Romanee (6 Grand Crus) - Nuits St. Georges (Premier Cru onl
Aged 24 months in bottle or barrel
Alsatian blended carafe wine (2 or more grapes)

46. Reuilly
White - red - and rose from SB - PN - and Pinot Gris
A method of fractional blending wherein old wine is periodically refreshed with younger wine (no more than 1/3) to ensure consistency - Wine is taken from a cask in one criadera and blended into a cask fro the next
Medium sweet & sweet Madeiras served with dessert or cheese course - Fermentation is stopped by addition of spirit
As little as 90 from harvest to final bottling - Potential for lees contact - Eliminates need for riddling - More suitable for some grapes

47. South Africa
Longest tenure of winemaking in the New World
Mediterranean climate with maritime mountain influences - Whites: Grillo - Grecanico - Inzolia - Carricante - Catarratto - Reds: Nero d'Avola - Nerello Mascalese - Nerello Capuccio
Sicily - Full -bodied reds from vineyards on the slopes of Mt. Etna made from Nerello Mascalese and Nerello Capuccio - White grape is Carricante (clone of Garganega)
Red wines are predominantly Grenache

48. North Central Spain: Primary White Varietals
All DOCG - Classico - Rufina - Colli Fiorentini (Florence) - Colli Senesi (Siena) - Colline Pisane (Pisa) - Colli Aretini (Arezzo) - Montalbano - Montespertoli
Viura - Malvasia - Garnacha Blanca - Chardonnay - Sauvignon Blanc - Verdejo
The heating process causes maderization of the wine - caramelizing sugars and promoting oxidation - Estufa do Sol - finest wines are cask aged in lodges exposed to the sun for many years - Estufa - a vat or tank heated by hot water to approximatel
Known as the "Garden of France" - France's longest river (625 miles) - Agricultural center of France - Maritime Climate to West/Coastal - Continental Climate to East/Inland

49. Rheinhessen

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50. Madeira Grapes (Driest to Sweetest)
Galicia (Rias Biaxas) - Toro - Rueda - Ribera del Duero
Just under half of production is rose - Whites from Chenin Blanc and Sauvignon Blanc - Reds and Roses (both AOCs) from Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon
Sercial - Verdelho - Bual - Malmsey
Heavier - clay -oriented soils

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