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Chemical Basis For Life

Subject : engineering
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The main component of triglycerides present in all fats; triglycerides are soluble in water and alcohol.






2. A glycerol composed of three fatty acids - which are the main storage form of water- insoluble lipids; also known as neutral fat.






3. Any ionic copmound composed of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions so that the product is electrically neutral.






4. The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom; in a neutrally charged atom - the atomic number is also the number of electrons.






5. An animal's physiologic pH.






6. Hormonelike substances that are produced and exert many effects locally in a variety of body tissues.






7. Referred to as DNA; the genetic material of a living organism found in strands called chromatin in the nucleus of the cell.






8. An eicosanoid produced by platelets that causes vasoconstriction and promotes the clumping of platelets.






9. A substance made up of two or more elements.






10. Complex proteins bearing a spherical shape; highly biochemically active. Also called globular proteins (e.g. - immunoglobulins or antibodies).






11. This minor element is a component of bones and teeth - along with phosphorous; it forms salts that ossify the bones to make them hard and strong.






12. The grouping of electrons around the nucleus of an atom; the electrons in the outer level are responsible for chemical reactions.






13. This major element is the primary component of organic molecules.






14. The smallest particle of a substance composed of two or more atoms that retains the properties of the substance.






15. Subatomic particles with a positive charge that - along with neutrons - make up the entire mass of the nucleus; number of these defines the atomic number.






16. 'Many sugars'; a carbohydrate containing many monosaccharides. Two major groups: cellulose and starch.






17. XY >> X + Y






18. A substance in which another substance is dissolved; water is the universal solvent.






19. One of two or more atoms having the same atomic number (same number of protons) but different masses (different number of neutrons).






20. Chains of more than 10 amino acids.






21. Two or more substances mixed homogenously.






22. Any of a group of substances derived from 20- carbon unsaturated fatty acids - such as arachidonic acid; includes prostaglandins - leukotrienes - and thromboxanes. They are the principle mediators of inflammation.






23. Threadlike accumulations of DNA in the nuclei of cells that are particularly visible during mitosis. The DNA contains the genetic material of the cell.






24. Fatty acids in which not all chemical binding sites of the molecules are filled with hydrogen; contain one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature. Usually plant in origin.






25. The class of substances that inclde RNA and DNA and are located within cells of all living things.






26. A process that results in the creation of new chemicals involving changes in the movement of electrons in forming and breaking chemical bonds.






27. Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton that contains four fused rings; cholesterol is an example.






28. This trace element is a critical component of hemoglobin; without adequate amounts of this element - animals develop anemia.






29. The smallest unit of an element having all the characteristics of that element.






30. Substance that is dissolved in another substance; the component of a solution that is present in the lesser amount.






31. A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction. Arrows are used to denote in which direction the reaction is occurring. Chemical symbols are used to denote the reactants and products of the reaction.






32. Abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate.






33. A dense region at the center of an atom consisting of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons.






34. Proteins produced by plasma cells (B lymphocytes) in response to the presence of an antigen; type of functional protein.






35. This minor element is the principal - positive ion within cells and is important in nerve function.






36. WX + YZ >> WY + XZ






37. Simple sugars; single sugar molecules - including glucose - galactose - and fructose.






38. The abbreviation of the name of a chemical element. Used to identify the element in the Periodic Table of the Elements.






39. A chemical reaction in which chemical substances exchange molecules or elements to form different chemcial substances; a combination of decomposition and synthesis reactions.






40. A chemical reaction in which a complex reactant is divided into simpler molecules or elements; the opposite of a synthesis reaction.






41. Fatty acids with no double bonds in their carbon chains; can accomodate the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Typically in animal fats and solid at room temperature.






42. A force by which atoms are bound in a molecule: covalent bonds - ionic bonds - and hydrogen bonds.






43. Chemical bonds in which electrons are shared.






44. The combination of phosphoric acid - pentose sugars - and pyrimidine or purine bases that make up nucleic acids.






45. Substances initially involved in a chemical reaction.






46. An unstable isotope of an element that decomposes spontaneously by emission of subatomic particles and radiation.






47. Phosphate bonds in ADP and ATP containing large amounts of energy; when the bond is broken - the energy becomes available to do cellular work.






48. A substance that minimizes the change of the acidity of a solution when an acid or base is added to the solution.






49. The force between two particles of opposite electrical charge.






50. The organic compounds of hydrogen - oxygen - and carbon that - when mixed with glycerol - form fat; may be saturated - unsaturated - or volatile.







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