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Chemical Basis For Life

Subject : engineering
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Large organic compounds that are composed of amino acids held in peptide bonds to form polypeptides; the most abundant organic molecules in the body with the widest variety of functions.






2. A chemical reaction in which elements or simple molecular reactants are combined into a more complex product; the opposite of a decomposition reaction.






3. Two or more substances mixed homogenously.






4. The group of fatty or fatlike substances that are insoluble in water; can dissolve in alcohol - ether - chloroform - and other nonpolar substances.






5. The average mass of an atom of an element; equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.






6. The combination of phosphoric acid - pentose sugars - and pyrimidine or purine bases that make up nucleic acids.






7. A large molecule consisting of smaller units linked together such as a polysaccharide or polypeptide.






8. This minor element is an important positive ion in extracellular fluid and is important in nerve funciton.






9. Substances that dissolve in water to yield hydrogen ions and produce a solution with a pH less than 7.






10. A type of chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or molecules (ions).






11. The grouping of electrons around the nucleus of an atom; the electrons in the outer level are responsible for chemical reactions.






12. The new substance created by the interaction of two or more chemical substances.






13. A compound containing hydrocarbon groups.






14. Unique specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.






15. The abbreviation of the name of a chemical element. Used to identify the element in the Periodic Table of the Elements.






16. Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton that contains four fused rings; cholesterol is an example.






17. A molecule produced in the mitochondria of the cell that holds large amounts of energy in its chemical bonds - which - when released - drives chemical reactions in the cell.






18. Reactions that break down more complex materials into simpler ones by adding water; water molecules are consumed in the reaction.






19. A process that results in the creation of new chemicals involving changes in the movement of electrons in forming and breaking chemical bonds.






20. Any ionic copmound composed of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions so that the product is electrically neutral.






21. This major element is the primary component of organic molecules.






22. Threadlike accumulations of DNA in the nuclei of cells that are particularly visible during mitosis. The DNA contains the genetic material of the cell.






23. Any of 116 known substances that cannot be separated into smaller substances; the smallest unit of this is an atom.






24. A substance that minimizes the change of the acidity of a solution when an acid or base is added to the solution.






25. The combination of two or more simple materials to form one or more complex materials by removing water; e.g. - two monosaccharides combining to form a disaccharide + water.






26. A chemical that does not contain hydrocarbon groups.






27. Substances that dissolve in water to yield hydroxyl ions and give the solution a pH greater than 7.






28. An unstable isotope of an element that decomposes spontaneously by emission of subatomic particles and radiation.






29. A force by which atoms are bound in a molecule: covalent bonds - ionic bonds - and hydrogen bonds.






30. The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom; in a neutrally charged atom - the atomic number is also the number of electrons.






31. A chemical reaction in which chemical substances exchange molecules or elements to form different chemcial substances; a combination of decomposition and synthesis reactions.






32. The force between two particles of opposite electrical charge.






33. The main component of triglycerides present in all fats; triglycerides are soluble in water and alcohol.






34. Complex proteins bearing a spherical shape; highly biochemically active. Also called globular proteins (e.g. - immunoglobulins or antibodies).






35. Phosphate bonds in ADP and ATP containing large amounts of energy; when the bond is broken - the energy becomes available to do cellular work.






36. Storage form of polysaccharides in the body; can be broken down to glucose by the liver and sent to the cells to make more energy.






37. 'Many sugars'; a carbohydrate containing many monosaccharides. Two major groups: cellulose and starch.






38. Substances initially involved in a chemical reaction.






39. An eicosanoid produced by platelets that causes vasoconstriction and promotes the clumping of platelets.






40. The tendency of a tissue to be repelled by water or to be insoluble; water- fearing.






41. The smallest unit of an element having all the characteristics of that element.






42. One of two or more atoms having the same atomic number (same number of protons) but different masses (different number of neutrons).






43. Anything that has mass and exists as a solid - liquid or gas.






44. A molecule composed of three parts: phosphorous - fatty acids and glycerol; major component of cell membranes.






45. Abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate.






46. A molecule with oppositely charged ends.






47. Chemical messenger of the body produced and excreted by specific cells for the purpose of regulating specific organs or cells.






48. A chemical reaction in which a complex reactant is divided into simpler molecules or elements; the opposite of a synthesis reaction.






49. The breaking down of nutrients into smaller and simpler materials for use by the cell to release energy; the opposite of anabolism.






50. Hormonelike substances that are produced and exert many effects locally in a variety of body tissues.