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Chemical Basis For Life

Subject : engineering
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A process that results in the creation of new chemicals involving changes in the movement of electrons in forming and breaking chemical bonds.






2. The rate at which radioactive isotopes emit energy; used to determine the age of artifacts found on archeological digs.






3. The class of substances that inclde RNA and DNA and are located within cells of all living things.






4. Simple sugars; single sugar molecules - including glucose - galactose - and fructose.






5. Threadlike accumulations of DNA in the nuclei of cells that are particularly visible during mitosis. The DNA contains the genetic material of the cell.






6. Hormonelike substances that are produced and exert many effects locally in a variety of body tissues.






7. A molecule with oppositely charged ends.






8. A peptide that consists of three amino acids.






9. Positively charged ions.






10. The combination of two or more simple materials to form one or more complex materials by removing water; e.g. - two monosaccharides combining to form a disaccharide + water.






11. Referred to as DNA; the genetic material of a living organism found in strands called chromatin in the nucleus of the cell.






12. An animal's physiologic pH.






13. Substance acted on by an enzyme.






14. A chemical reaction in which a complex reactant is divided into simpler molecules or elements; the opposite of a synthesis reaction.






15. A lipid composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol; also known as triglycerides.






16. Complex proteins bearing a spherical shape; highly biochemically active. Also called globular proteins (e.g. - immunoglobulins or antibodies).






17. Reactions that break down more complex materials into simpler ones by adding water; water molecules are consumed in the reaction.






18. Fatty acids in which not all chemical binding sites of the molecules are filled with hydrogen; contain one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature. Usually plant in origin.






19. An unstable isotope of an element that decomposes spontaneously by emission of subatomic particles and radiation.






20. Any of a group of substances derived from 20- carbon unsaturated fatty acids - such as arachidonic acid; includes prostaglandins - leukotrienes - and thromboxanes. They are the principle mediators of inflammation.






21. The new substance created by the interaction of two or more chemical substances.






22. A compound containing hydrocarbon groups.






23. A molecule composed of three parts: phosphorous - fatty acids and glycerol; major component of cell membranes.






24. A simple sugar - such as glucose or fructose - that has six carbon atoms per molecule.






25. This major element is the primary component of organic molecules.






26. The organic compounds of hydrogen - oxygen - and carbon that - when mixed with glycerol - form fat; may be saturated - unsaturated - or volatile.






27. A substance in which another substance is dissolved; water is the universal solvent.






28. This minor element is an important positive ion in extracellular fluid and is important in nerve funciton.






29. Substance that induces chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed; e.g. - heat - enzymes.






30. The force between two particles of opposite electrical charge.






31. The form of metabolism in which cells build large molecules from smaller ones - using energy in the process; the opposite of catabolism.






32. Electrically charged atoms or molecules.






33. The average mass of an atom of an element; equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.






34. Substance that is dissolved in another substance; the component of a solution that is present in the lesser amount.






35. Abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate.






36. This inorganic molecule serves as a transport substance in blood - lymph - and urine; its other properties include universal solvent - high heat of vaporization - and lubricant.






37. The smallest particle of a substance composed of two or more atoms that retains the properties of the substance.






38. Unique specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.






39. A type of chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or molecules (ions).






40. A compound composed of a carbohydrate - usually in the form of a sugar - and a protein.






41. One of two or more atoms having the same atomic number (same number of protons) but different masses (different number of neutrons).






42. Substances initially involved in a chemical reaction.






43. The tendency of a tissue to absorb or be attracted to water; water- loving.






44. Any ionic copmound composed of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions so that the product is electrically neutral.






45. This trace element is a critical component of hemoglobin; without adequate amounts of this element - animals develop anemia.






46. The abbreviation of the name of a chemical element. Used to identify the element in the Periodic Table of the Elements.






47. A glycerol composed of three fatty acids - which are the main storage form of water- insoluble lipids; also known as neutral fat.






48. X + Y >> XY






49. The breaking down of nutrients into smaller and simpler materials for use by the cell to release energy; the opposite of anabolism.






50. WX + YZ >> WY + XZ







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