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Chemical Basis For Life

Subject : engineering
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A process that results in the creation of new chemicals involving changes in the movement of electrons in forming and breaking chemical bonds.






2. Chemical bonds in which electrons are shared.






3. The smallest particle of a substance composed of two or more atoms that retains the properties of the substance.






4. Substance acted on by an enzyme.






5. The new substance created by the interaction of two or more chemical substances.






6. Two or more substances mixed homogenously.






7. A molecule with oppositely charged ends.






8. This minor element is an important positive ion in extracellular fluid and is important in nerve funciton.






9. This trace element is a key component of thyroid hormone; without this element - the thyroid gland cannot make its hormone - resulting in a swelling called goiter.






10. An eicosanoid produced by platelets that causes vasoconstriction and promotes the clumping of platelets.






11. The class of substances that inclde RNA and DNA and are located within cells of all living things.






12. Phosphate bonds in ADP and ATP containing large amounts of energy; when the bond is broken - the energy becomes available to do cellular work.






13. This minor element is a component of bones and teeth - along with phosphorous; it forms salts that ossify the bones to make them hard and strong.






14. An unstable isotope of an element that decomposes spontaneously by emission of subatomic particles and radiation.






15. An eicosanoid formed from the activation of white blood cells; act to sustain inflammation in asthmatic and allergic reactions.






16. A molecule composed of three parts: phosphorous - fatty acids and glycerol; major component of cell membranes.






17. This inorganic molecule serves as a transport substance in blood - lymph - and urine; its other properties include universal solvent - high heat of vaporization - and lubricant.






18. Fatty acids in which not all chemical binding sites of the molecules are filled with hydrogen; contain one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature. Usually plant in origin.






19. Threadlike accumulations of DNA in the nuclei of cells that are particularly visible during mitosis. The DNA contains the genetic material of the cell.






20. The smallest unit of an element having all the characteristics of that element.






21. Any of a group of substances derived from 20- carbon unsaturated fatty acids - such as arachidonic acid; includes prostaglandins - leukotrienes - and thromboxanes. They are the principle mediators of inflammation.






22. Substances initially involved in a chemical reaction.






23. Complex proteins bearing a spherical shape; highly biochemically active. Also called globular proteins (e.g. - immunoglobulins or antibodies).






24. A chemical reaction in which elements or simple molecular reactants are combined into a more complex product; the opposite of a decomposition reaction.






25. A subatomic particle with no electrical charge that joins with the protons to make up the entire mass of the nucleus.






26. Substances that dissolve in water to yield hydroxyl ions and give the solution a pH greater than 7.






27. A compound composed of a carbohydrate - usually in the form of a sugar - and a protein.






28. A compound containing hydrocarbon groups.






29. The grouping of electrons around the nucleus of an atom; the electrons in the outer level are responsible for chemical reactions.






30. One of two or more atoms having the same atomic number (same number of protons) but different masses (different number of neutrons).






31. This minor element is the principal - positive ion within cells and is important in nerve function.






32. The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom; in a neutrally charged atom - the atomic number is also the number of electrons.






33. A substance that minimizes the change of the acidity of a solution when an acid or base is added to the solution.






34. The tendency of a tissue to absorb or be attracted to water; water- loving.






35. Proteins produced by plasma cells (B lymphocytes) in response to the presence of an antigen; type of functional protein.






36. The organic compounds of hydrogen - oxygen - and carbon that - when mixed with glycerol - form fat; may be saturated - unsaturated - or volatile.






37. A molecule that contains both a lipid and a protein; often function as transmembrane proteins to move substances across the cell membrane or as transport proteins in the blood.






38. The tendency of a tissue to be repelled by water or to be insoluble; water- fearing.






39. WX + YZ >> WY + XZ






40. Abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate.






41. An animal's physiologic pH.






42. Reactions that break down more complex materials into simpler ones by adding water; water molecules are consumed in the reaction.






43. This major element is the primary component of organic molecules.






44. This trace element is a critical component of hemoglobin; without adequate amounts of this element - animals develop anemia.






45. The combination of two or more simple materials to form one or more complex materials by removing water; e.g. - two monosaccharides combining to form a disaccharide + water.






46. A chemical reaction in which a complex reactant is divided into simpler molecules or elements; the opposite of a synthesis reaction.






47. A type of chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or molecules (ions).






48. A substance made up of two or more elements.






49. The form of metabolism in which cells build large molecules from smaller ones - using energy in the process; the opposite of catabolism.






50. A molecule produced in the mitochondria of the cell that holds large amounts of energy in its chemical bonds - which - when released - drives chemical reactions in the cell.