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Chemical Basis For Life

Subject : engineering
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The form of metabolism in which cells build large molecules from smaller ones - using energy in the process; the opposite of catabolism.






2. One of two or more atoms having the same atomic number (same number of protons) but different masses (different number of neutrons).






3. An animal's physiologic pH.






4. Fatty acids with no double bonds in their carbon chains; can accomodate the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Typically in animal fats and solid at room temperature.






5. The class of substances that inclde RNA and DNA and are located within cells of all living things.






6. The grouping of electrons around the nucleus of an atom; the electrons in the outer level are responsible for chemical reactions.






7. Threadlike accumulations of DNA in the nuclei of cells that are particularly visible during mitosis. The DNA contains the genetic material of the cell.






8. This trace element is a key component of thyroid hormone; without this element - the thyroid gland cannot make its hormone - resulting in a swelling called goiter.






9. Electrically charged atoms or molecules.






10. An unstable isotope of an element that decomposes spontaneously by emission of subatomic particles and radiation.






11. The tendency of a tissue to be repelled by water or to be insoluble; water- fearing.






12. The breaking down of nutrients into smaller and simpler materials for use by the cell to release energy; the opposite of anabolism.






13. Complex proteins bearing a spherical shape; highly biochemically active. Also called globular proteins (e.g. - immunoglobulins or antibodies).






14. Storage form of polysaccharides in the body; can be broken down to glucose by the liver and sent to the cells to make more energy.






15. Positively charged ions.






16. The rate at which radioactive isotopes emit energy; used to determine the age of artifacts found on archeological digs.






17. Proteins produced by plasma cells (B lymphocytes) in response to the presence of an antigen; type of functional protein.






18. A compound containing hydrocarbon groups.






19. Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton that contains four fused rings; cholesterol is an example.






20. Substances that dissolve in water to yield hydroxyl ions and give the solution a pH greater than 7.






21. Reactions that break down more complex materials into simpler ones by adding water; water molecules are consumed in the reaction.






22. A molecule composed of three parts: phosphorous - fatty acids and glycerol; major component of cell membranes.






23. The combination of two or more simple materials to form one or more complex materials by removing water; e.g. - two monosaccharides combining to form a disaccharide + water.






24. A simple sugar - such as glucose or fructose - that has six carbon atoms per molecule.






25. Unique specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.






26. A lipid composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol; also known as triglycerides.






27. Hormonelike substances that are produced and exert many effects locally in a variety of body tissues.






28. A molecule with oppositely charged ends.






29. The combination of phosphoric acid - pentose sugars - and pyrimidine or purine bases that make up nucleic acids.






30. Any ionic copmound composed of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions so that the product is electrically neutral.






31. Anything that has mass and exists as a solid - liquid or gas.






32. 'Many sugars'; a carbohydrate containing many monosaccharides. Two major groups: cellulose and starch.






33. Substance that is dissolved in another substance; the component of a solution that is present in the lesser amount.






34. A subatomic particle with no electrical charge that joins with the protons to make up the entire mass of the nucleus.






35. A glycerol composed of three fatty acids - which are the main storage form of water- insoluble lipids; also known as neutral fat.






36. A chemical reaction in which chemical substances exchange molecules or elements to form different chemcial substances; a combination of decomposition and synthesis reactions.






37. Fatty acids in which not all chemical binding sites of the molecules are filled with hydrogen; contain one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature. Usually plant in origin.






38. Substance acted on by an enzyme.






39. A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction. Arrows are used to denote in which direction the reaction is occurring. Chemical symbols are used to denote the reactants and products of the reaction.






40. A peptide that consists of three amino acids.






41. Substances initially involved in a chemical reaction.






42. This major element is the primary component of organic molecules.






43. Any of a group of substances derived from 20- carbon unsaturated fatty acids - such as arachidonic acid; includes prostaglandins - leukotrienes - and thromboxanes. They are the principle mediators of inflammation.






44. Chemical bonds in which electrons are shared.






45. A molecule that contains both a lipid and a protein; often function as transmembrane proteins to move substances across the cell membrane or as transport proteins in the blood.






46. This minor element is a component of bones and teeth - along with phosphorous; it forms salts that ossify the bones to make them hard and strong.






47. Two or more substances mixed homogenously.






48. A force by which atoms are bound in a molecule: covalent bonds - ionic bonds - and hydrogen bonds.






49. A large molecule consisting of smaller units linked together such as a polysaccharide or polypeptide.






50. Simple sugars; single sugar molecules - including glucose - galactose - and fructose.