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Chemical Basis For Life

Subject : engineering
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Substances initially involved in a chemical reaction.






2. Subatomic particles with a positive charge that - along with neutrons - make up the entire mass of the nucleus; number of these defines the atomic number.






3. A chemical that does not contain hydrocarbon groups.






4. A chemical reaction in which chemical substances exchange molecules or elements to form different chemcial substances; a combination of decomposition and synthesis reactions.






5. The rate at which radioactive isotopes emit energy; used to determine the age of artifacts found on archeological digs.






6. The smallest unit of an element having all the characteristics of that element.






7. Anything that has mass and exists as a solid - liquid or gas.






8. The combination of phosphoric acid - pentose sugars - and pyrimidine or purine bases that make up nucleic acids.






9. A simple sugar - such as glucose or fructose - that has six carbon atoms per molecule.






10. Fatty acids with no double bonds in their carbon chains; can accomodate the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Typically in animal fats and solid at room temperature.






11. XY >> X + Y






12. An eicosanoid formed from the activation of white blood cells; act to sustain inflammation in asthmatic and allergic reactions.






13. 'Many sugars'; a carbohydrate containing many monosaccharides. Two major groups: cellulose and starch.






14. This trace element is a key component of thyroid hormone; without this element - the thyroid gland cannot make its hormone - resulting in a swelling called goiter.






15. The breaking down of nutrients into smaller and simpler materials for use by the cell to release energy; the opposite of anabolism.






16. Substances that dissolve in water to yield hydroxyl ions and give the solution a pH greater than 7.






17. A type of chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or molecules (ions).






18. This minor element is a component of bones and teeth - along with phosphorous; it forms salts that ossify the bones to make them hard and strong.






19. The smallest particle of a substance composed of two or more atoms that retains the properties of the substance.






20. Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton that contains four fused rings; cholesterol is an example.






21. The abbreviation of the name of a chemical element. Used to identify the element in the Periodic Table of the Elements.






22. Threadlike accumulations of DNA in the nuclei of cells that are particularly visible during mitosis. The DNA contains the genetic material of the cell.






23. X + Y >> XY






24. Two or more substances mixed homogenously.






25. Reactions that break down more complex materials into simpler ones by adding water; water molecules are consumed in the reaction.






26. The new substance created by the interaction of two or more chemical substances.






27. A subatomic particle with no electrical charge that joins with the protons to make up the entire mass of the nucleus.






28. The organic compounds of hydrogen - oxygen - and carbon that - when mixed with glycerol - form fat; may be saturated - unsaturated - or volatile.






29. The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.






30. The tendency of a tissue to be repelled by water or to be insoluble; water- fearing.






31. Unique specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.






32. Storage form of polysaccharides in the body; can be broken down to glucose by the liver and sent to the cells to make more energy.






33. Referred to as DNA; the genetic material of a living organism found in strands called chromatin in the nucleus of the cell.






34. A compound containing hydrocarbon groups.






35. Fatty acids in which not all chemical binding sites of the molecules are filled with hydrogen; contain one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature. Usually plant in origin.






36. This minor element is an important positive ion in extracellular fluid and is important in nerve funciton.






37. A molecule with oppositely charged ends.






38. Any of a group of substances derived from 20- carbon unsaturated fatty acids - such as arachidonic acid; includes prostaglandins - leukotrienes - and thromboxanes. They are the principle mediators of inflammation.






39. The form of metabolism in which cells build large molecules from smaller ones - using energy in the process; the opposite of catabolism.






40. A molecule that contains both a lipid and a protein; often function as transmembrane proteins to move substances across the cell membrane or as transport proteins in the blood.






41. Chains of more than 10 amino acids.






42. Proteins produced by plasma cells (B lymphocytes) in response to the presence of an antigen; type of functional protein.






43. A molecule produced in the mitochondria of the cell that holds large amounts of energy in its chemical bonds - which - when released - drives chemical reactions in the cell.






44. Chemical messenger of the body produced and excreted by specific cells for the purpose of regulating specific organs or cells.






45. Substance that is dissolved in another substance; the component of a solution that is present in the lesser amount.






46. The main component of triglycerides present in all fats; triglycerides are soluble in water and alcohol.






47. A compound composed of a carbohydrate - usually in the form of a sugar - and a protein.






48. A molecule composed of three parts: phosphorous - fatty acids and glycerol; major component of cell membranes.






49. A substance made up of two or more elements.






50. The group of fatty or fatlike substances that are insoluble in water; can dissolve in alcohol - ether - chloroform - and other nonpolar substances.







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