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Chemical Basis For Life

Subject : engineering
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. An unstable isotope of an element that decomposes spontaneously by emission of subatomic particles and radiation.






2. A process that results in the creation of new chemicals involving changes in the movement of electrons in forming and breaking chemical bonds.






3. 'Many sugars'; a carbohydrate containing many monosaccharides. Two major groups: cellulose and starch.






4. The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom; in a neutrally charged atom - the atomic number is also the number of electrons.






5. WX + YZ >> WY + XZ






6. A chemical that does not contain hydrocarbon groups.






7. Substances initially involved in a chemical reaction.






8. Chemical bonds in which electrons are shared.






9. The grouping of electrons around the nucleus of an atom; the electrons in the outer level are responsible for chemical reactions.






10. The smallest particle of a substance composed of two or more atoms that retains the properties of the substance.






11. The breaking down of nutrients into smaller and simpler materials for use by the cell to release energy; the opposite of anabolism.






12. Unique specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.






13. The average mass of an atom of an element; equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.






14. Any of 116 known substances that cannot be separated into smaller substances; the smallest unit of this is an atom.






15. An eicosanoid formed from the activation of white blood cells; act to sustain inflammation in asthmatic and allergic reactions.






16. Threadlike accumulations of DNA in the nuclei of cells that are particularly visible during mitosis. The DNA contains the genetic material of the cell.






17. A subatomic particle with no electrical charge that joins with the protons to make up the entire mass of the nucleus.






18. The tendency of a tissue to absorb or be attracted to water; water- loving.






19. The main component of triglycerides present in all fats; triglycerides are soluble in water and alcohol.






20. A chemical reaction in which chemical substances exchange molecules or elements to form different chemcial substances; a combination of decomposition and synthesis reactions.






21. A compound containing hydrocarbon groups.






22. The new substance created by the interaction of two or more chemical substances.






23. The combination of phosphoric acid - pentose sugars - and pyrimidine or purine bases that make up nucleic acids.






24. Subatomic particles with a positive charge that - along with neutrons - make up the entire mass of the nucleus; number of these defines the atomic number.






25. Chemical messenger of the body produced and excreted by specific cells for the purpose of regulating specific organs or cells.






26. Phosphate bonds in ADP and ATP containing large amounts of energy; when the bond is broken - the energy becomes available to do cellular work.






27. Hormonelike substances that are produced and exert many effects locally in a variety of body tissues.






28. The rate at which radioactive isotopes emit energy; used to determine the age of artifacts found on archeological digs.






29. A type of chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or molecules (ions).






30. The tendency of a tissue to be repelled by water or to be insoluble; water- fearing.






31. A chemical reaction in which a complex reactant is divided into simpler molecules or elements; the opposite of a synthesis reaction.






32. The class of substances that inclde RNA and DNA and are located within cells of all living things.






33. Two or more substances mixed homogenously.






34. X + Y >> XY






35. Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton that contains four fused rings; cholesterol is an example.






36. The form of metabolism in which cells build large molecules from smaller ones - using energy in the process; the opposite of catabolism.






37. Substances that dissolve in water to yield hydrogen ions and produce a solution with a pH less than 7.






38. A simple sugar - such as glucose or fructose - that has six carbon atoms per molecule.






39. The abbreviation of the name of a chemical element. Used to identify the element in the Periodic Table of the Elements.






40. The smallest unit of an element having all the characteristics of that element.






41. Positively charged ions.






42. Fatty acids in which not all chemical binding sites of the molecules are filled with hydrogen; contain one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature. Usually plant in origin.






43. Fatty acids with no double bonds in their carbon chains; can accomodate the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Typically in animal fats and solid at room temperature.






44. A large molecule consisting of smaller units linked together such as a polysaccharide or polypeptide.






45. Referred to as DNA; the genetic material of a living organism found in strands called chromatin in the nucleus of the cell.






46. A chemical reaction in which elements or simple molecular reactants are combined into a more complex product; the opposite of a decomposition reaction.






47. The combination of two or more simple materials to form one or more complex materials by removing water; e.g. - two monosaccharides combining to form a disaccharide + water.






48. An animal's physiologic pH.






49. Proteins produced by plasma cells (B lymphocytes) in response to the presence of an antigen; type of functional protein.






50. A simple sugar that has five carbon atoms per molecule; an important component of riboflavin and ribonucleic acid (RNA)







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