Test your basic knowledge |

CISSP Business Continuity And Disaster Recovery

Subjects : certifications, it-skills, cissp

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What format does management want to see in the BCP?
Typically a copy is stored at the BCP coordinator's home - and another copy is stored at the offsite facility... when they are stored offsite - they need to be stored in a way that provides just as much protection as the primary site would provide
Back up the files that have been modified since the LAST FULL BACKUP. this process does not change the archive bit value
Make business continuity a part of every business decision - Insert the maintenance responsibilities into job description - Include maintenance in personnel evaluations - Perform internal audits that include disaster recovery and continuity documenta
They want information stated in monetary - quantitative terms - not in subjective - qualitative terms.

2. Parallel Test
At the intersection of the cost of disruption and the cost to recover
Includes getting critical systems to another environment while repair of the original facilities is under way - getting the right people to the right places - and performing business in a different mode until regular conditions are back in place
Before too many people come to their own conclusions about the company and begin to start false rumors
Done to ensure that the specific systems can actually perform adequately at the alternate offsite facility. some systems are moved to the alternate site and processing takes place. the results are compared with the regular processing that is done at

3. Who should be responsible for notifying the appropriate authorities and who would those authorities be?
One person should be responsible... the authorities are the police department - security guards - fire department - emergency rescue - and management
A type of policy in which the insurance company will pay for specified expenses and lost earnings in the event that a company is forced out of business for a certain length of time. another policy can be bought that insures accounts receivable - so i
A new type of coverage that insures losses caused by denial-of-service attacks - malware damages - hackers - electronic theft - privacy-related lawsuits and more
The least critical functions... it ensures that the critical operations of the company are not negatively affected

4. What are the three main types of threats?
A document that outlines who should be contacted in the event of a disaster - in what order - and who is responsible for doing the calling
There is more risk for the organization because replacement systems won't be available... that's why many organizations have moved to commercial off the shelf (COTS) products. they want to make sure replacement is possible
Lead the BCP team and oversee the development - implementation - and testing of the continuity and disaster recovery plans... this person needs to have direct access to management and have the credibility and authority to carry out leadership tasks
Manmade: arsonist - terrorist - a simple mistake - Natural: tornadoes - floods - hurricanes - or earthquakes - Technical: data corruption - loss of power - device failure - or loss of a data communications line

5. Why does Insurance exist?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

6. What is the difference between preventive mechanisms and recovery strategies?
Lead the BCP team and oversee the development - implementation - and testing of the continuity and disaster recovery plans... this person needs to have direct access to management and have the credibility and authority to carry out leadership tasks
Preventive mechanisms are put into place to try to reduce the possibility of the company experiencing a disaster and - if a disaster does hit - to lessen the amount of damage that will take place - Recovery strategies are processes on how to rescue t
Responsibility: each individual involved should have their responsibilities spelled out in writing and the tasks should be assigned to the individual most situated to handle it - Authority: you need to know what leaders are going to step up to the pl
It's used when threats are identified that cannot be prevented. Taking on the full risk of these threats is often dangerous

7. Differential Backup
If the company does not practice due care - the insurance company may not be legally obligated to pay if a disaster hits... this is why it's important to read and understand the fine print
Back up the files that have been modified since the LAST FULL BACKUP. this process does not change the archive bit value
Responsible for starting the recovery of the original site. Needs to know how to install OSes - configure workstations and servers - string wiring and cabling - set up the network and configure networking services - and install equipment and applicat
The plans that determine the steps needed to protect the company in the event that a senior executive retires - leaves the company - or is killed. also details the people who would step in and assume responsibility

8. Why do you need a combination of consultants and employees on the BCP team?
Typically a copy is stored at the BCP coordinator's home - and another copy is stored at the offsite facility... when they are stored offsite - they need to be stored in a way that provides just as much protection as the primary site would provide
Consultants are experts in the field and know the necessary steps - questions to ask - and issues to look for - and they can also offer general reasonable advice. In-house employees know their company intimately and have a full understanding of how c
When the power goes on the computers - it's also going to go out for the phones
Preventive mechanisms are put into place to try to reduce the possibility of the company experiencing a disaster and - if a disaster does hit - to lessen the amount of damage that will take place - Recovery strategies are processes on how to rescue t

9. When should a Damage Assessment Team change into Recovery mode?
The plans that determine the steps needed to protect the company in the event that a senior executive retires - leaves the company - or is killed. also details the people who would step in and assume responsibility
When it detects danger to human life - When it detects danger to state or national security - When it detects damage to the facility - When it detects damage to critical systems
The primary and secondary copies are always in sync - which provides true real-time duplication
Responsible for starting the recovery of the original site. Needs to know how to install OSes - configure workstations and servers - string wiring and cabling - set up the network and configure networking services - and install equipment and applicat

10. What is the main goal of business continuity?
Before too many people come to their own conclusions about the company and begin to start false rumors
It's used when threats are identified that cannot be prevented. Taking on the full risk of these threats is often dangerous
1. Initiation Phase: goal statements - overview of concepts - roles and teams definitions - task definitions 2. Activation Phase: notification steps - damage assessment - plan activation 3. Recovery Phase: move to alternate site - restore processes -
To resume business as quickly as possible - spending the least amount of money

11. What tasks should the BCP team carry out and have addressed in the resulting plan?
When the power goes on the computers - it's also going to go out for the phones
Define essential business functions and supporting departments - Identify interdependencies between these functions and departments - Discover all possible disruptions that could affect the mechanisms necessary to allow these departments to function
Preventive mechanisms are put into place to try to reduce the possibility of the company experiencing a disaster and - if a disaster does hit - to lessen the amount of damage that will take place - Recovery strategies are processes on how to rescue t
A new type of coverage that insures losses caused by denial-of-service attacks - malware damages - hackers - electronic theft - privacy-related lawsuits and more

12. Role of the Business Continuity Coordinator
One person should be responsible... the authorities are the police department - security guards - fire department - emergency rescue - and management
A functional analysis in which a team collects data through interviews - workshops - and documentary sources; documents business functions - activities - and transactions (maybe in a set of flow charts); develops a hierarchy of business functions; an
Preventive mechanisms are put into place to try to reduce the possibility of the company experiencing a disaster and - if a disaster does hit - to lessen the amount of damage that will take place - Recovery strategies are processes on how to rescue t
Lead the BCP team and oversee the development - implementation - and testing of the continuity and disaster recovery plans... this person needs to have direct access to management and have the credibility and authority to carry out leadership tasks

13. Skeleton Crew
Business Resumption Plan - Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) - IT Contingency Plan - Crisis Communications Plan - Cyber Incident Response Plan - Disaster Recovery Plan
The employees who carry out the most critical functions of the company who must be put back to work first
After it has been tested
Preventive mechanisms are put into place to try to reduce the possibility of the company experiencing a disaster and - if a disaster does hit - to lessen the amount of damage that will take place - Recovery strategies are processes on how to rescue t

14. Where should the business continuity and disaster recovery plans be stored when they're completed?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

15. Continuity Planning Policy Statement
Reduce the risk of financial loss by improving the company's ability to recover and restore operations
A document that lays out the scope of the BCP project - the team member roles - and the goals of the project. it outlines what needs to be accomplished after the team communicates with management and comes to agreement on the terms of the project
It's used when threats are identified that cannot be prevented. Taking on the full risk of these threats is often dangerous
Hot Site - Warm Site - Colde Site

16. Business Impact Analysis (BIA)
They want information stated in monetary - quantitative terms - not in subjective - qualitative terms.
A functional analysis in which a team collects data through interviews - workshops - and documentary sources; documents business functions - activities - and transactions (maybe in a set of flow charts); develops a hierarchy of business functions; an
Management support
Focuses on how to re-create the necessary business processes that need to be reestablished instead of focusing on IT components

17. What are management's responsibilities with regards to BCP planning?
Define essential business functions and supporting departments - Identify interdependencies between these functions and departments - Discover all possible disruptions that could affect the mechanisms necessary to allow these departments to function
To minimize the effects of a disaster and to take the necessary steps to ensure that the resources - personnel - and business processes are able to resume operation in a timely manner. A disaster recovery plan is carried out when everything is still
65%
Committing fully to the BCP - Setting policy and goals - Making available the necessary funds and resources - Taking responsibility for the outcome of the development of the BCP - Appointing a team for the process

18. What does the BCP team need to understand about critical business processes?
Representatives from at least each of the following departments must be involved with not only the planning stages but also the testing and implementation stages: - Business Units - Senior Management - IT Department - Security Department - Communicat
Required roles - Required resources - Input and output mechanisms - Workflow steps - Required time for completion - How they interface with other processes
Preventive mechanisms are put into place to try to reduce the possibility of the company experiencing a disaster and - if a disaster does hit - to lessen the amount of damage that will take place - Recovery strategies are processes on how to rescue t
Consultants are experts in the field and know the necessary steps - questions to ask - and issues to look for - and they can also offer general reasonable advice. In-house employees know their company intimately and have a full understanding of how c

19. Where does the Recovery Time Objective sit on a chart that keeps track of cost and time?
One person should be responsible... the authorities are the police department - security guards - fire department - emergency rescue - and management
At the intersection of the cost of disruption and the cost to recover
Copies of the BCP are distributed to the different departments and functional areas for review
1. Select individuals to interview for data gathering 2. Create data-gathering techniques (surveys - questionnaires - qualitative and quantitative approaches) 3. Identify the company's critical business functions 4. Identify the resources these funct

20. Especially in a software development environment - what should be backed up?
Computer systems - Personnel - Procedures - Tasks - Supplies - Vendor support
Object code - source code - libraries - patches and fixes
Company A agrees to allow company B to use its facilities if company B is hit by a disaster - and vice versa. This is a cheaper way to go than the other offsite choices - but is not always the best choice because most environments are maxed out perta
It should be far enough away from the original site so one disaster does not take out both locations... alternate facilities should be at a bare minimum at least five miles away from the primary site - while 15 miles is recommended for most low-to-me

21. What is the main limitation of insurance coverage?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

22. What are some of the resources that would be required for individual business processes?
Data are dynamically created and maintained as images on two or more identical disks. this method is used to ensure the availability of data and to provide a fault-tolerant solution by duplicating hardware and maintaining more than one copy of the in
A functional analysis in which a team collects data through interviews - workshops - and documentary sources; documents business functions - activities - and transactions (maybe in a set of flow charts); develops a hierarchy of business functions; an
Computer systems - Personnel - Procedures - Tasks - Supplies - Vendor support
65%

23. IT Contingency Plan
Includes getting critical systems to another environment while repair of the original facilities is under way - getting the right people to the right places - and performing business in a different mode until regular conditions are back in place
The client pays a monthly fee to retain the right to use the facility in a time of need and then incurs a large activation fee when the facility actually has to be used... most recovery site contracts do not promise to house the company in need at a
Management support
Plan for systems - networks - and major applications recovery procedures after disruptions. a contingency plan should be developed for each major system and application

24. Checklist Test (Deckcheck Test)
Typically a copy is stored at the BCP coordinator's home - and another copy is stored at the offsite facility... when they are stored offsite - they need to be stored in a way that provides just as much protection as the primary site would provide
It needs to ensure the safety of employees - It needs to ensure an adequate environment is provided (power - facility infrastructure - water - HVAC) - It needs to ensure that the necessary equipment and supplies are present and in working order - It
The primary and secondary data volumes are only a few milliseconds out of sync - so the replication is nearly real-time
Copies of the BCP are distributed to the different departments and functional areas for review

25. What should the BCP team do in the recovery strategy stage?
Backing up business data to tapes that are then manually transferred to an offsite facility by a courier or an employee... with automatic tape vaulting - the data are sent over a serial line to a backup tape system at the offsite facility. Electronic
Reduce the risk of financial loss by improving the company's ability to recover and restore operations
Focuses on malware - hackers - intrusions - attacks - and other security issues. outlines procedures for incident response
It has to figure out what the company needs to do to actually recover the items it has identified as being so important to the organization overall... the BIA provides the footprint

26. Tape Vaulting
Backing up business data to tapes that are then manually transferred to an offsite facility by a courier or an employee... with automatic tape vaulting - the data are sent over a serial line to a backup tape system at the offsite facility. Electronic
A type of facility-backup option where the back of a large truck or a trailer is turned into a data processing or working area (typically used by military organizations and large insurance companies)
At the intersection of the cost of disruption and the cost to recover
Fortification of the facility in its construction materials - redundant servers and communications links - power lines coming in through different transformers - redundant vendor support - purchasing of insurance - purchasing of UPS and generators -

27. Structured Walk-Through Test
Representatives from each department or functional area come together to over the plan to ensure its accuracy
Identifying regulatory and legal requirements that must be met - Identifying all possible vulnerabilities and threats - Estimating the possibilities of these threats and the loss potential - Performing a BIA - Outlining which departments - systems -
A new type of coverage that insures losses caused by denial-of-service attacks - malware damages - hackers - electronic theft - privacy-related lawsuits and more
They should make sure there are at least two copies of the company's operating system and critical applications

28. Crisis Communications Plan
1. Select individuals to interview for data gathering 2. Create data-gathering techniques (surveys - questionnaires - qualitative and quantitative approaches) 3. Identify the company's critical business functions 4. Identify the resources these funct
The primary and secondary copies are always in sync - which provides true real-time duplication
Includes internal and external communications structure and roles. identifies specific individuals who will communicate with external entities. contains predeveloped statements that are to be released
The estimated lifetime of a piece of equipment... calculated by the vendor of the equipment or a third party

29. Once the project plan is completed - what should be done before further steps are taken?
Computer systems - Personnel - Procedures - Tasks - Supplies - Vendor support
Establishes personnel safety and evacuation procedures
The outage time that can be endured by a company
Present it to management for written approval

30. What are some examples of teams a company may need to construct - train - and have available in the event of a disaster?
Damage assessment team - legal team - media relations team - network recovery team - relocation team - restoration team - salvage team - security team - telecommunications team
Business Resumption Plan - Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) - IT Contingency Plan - Crisis Communications Plan - Cyber Incident Response Plan - Disaster Recovery Plan
At the intersection of the cost of disruption and the cost to recover
Responsible for starting the recovery of the original site. Needs to know how to install OSes - configure workstations and servers - string wiring and cabling - set up the network and configure networking services - and install equipment and applicat

31. Maximum Tolerable Downtime (MTD)
The most intrusive test to regular operations and business productivity. the original site is shut down - and processing takes place at the alternate site. this test takes a lot of planning and coordination but it can reveal many holes in the plan. f
The outage time that can be endured by a company
Includes internal and external communications structure and roles. identifies specific individuals who will communicate with external entities. contains predeveloped statements that are to be released
The file system sets the archive bit of the file to 1 when a file is modified or created

32. Who should be involved in the Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery plans? In what part of the process?
Determines the cause of the disaster - Determines the potential for further damage - Identifies the affected business functions and areas - Identifies the level of functionality for the critical resources - Identifies the resources that must be repla
Responsible for getting the alternate site into a working and functioning environment. Needs to know how to install OSes - configure workstations and servers - string wiring and cabling - set up the network and configure networking services - and ins
Representatives from at least each of the following departments must be involved with not only the planning stages but also the testing and implementation stages: - Business Units - Senior Management - IT Department - Security Department - Communicat
It has to figure out what the company needs to do to actually recover the items it has identified as being so important to the organization overall... the BIA provides the footprint

33. Hot Site
Copies of the BCP are distributed to the different departments and functional areas for review
Base it off of the probability of the threat becoming real and the loss potential. the goal is to make sure the insurance coverage fills in the gap of what the current preventative countermeasures cannot protect against
A facility that is leased or rented and is fully configured and ready to operate within a few hours... the only missing resources are usually the data - which will be retrieved from a backup site - and the people who are processing the data. The equi
A type of facility-backup option where the back of a large truck or a trailer is turned into a data processing or working area (typically used by military organizations and large insurance companies)

34. What issues does a company need to look at when determining when it should move into Reconstitution Phase?
Establishes senior management and a headquarters after a disaster. outlines roles and authorities - orders of succession - and individual role tasks
It needs to ensure the safety of employees - It needs to ensure an adequate environment is provided (power - facility infrastructure - water - HVAC) - It needs to ensure that the necessary equipment and supplies are present and in working order - It
An estimate of how long it will take to fix a piece of equipment and get it back into production
When the power goes on the computers - it's also going to go out for the phones

35. Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)
Fortification of the facility in its construction materials - redundant servers and communications links - power lines coming in through different transformers - redundant vendor support - purchasing of insurance - purchasing of UPS and generators -
An estimate of how long it will take to fix a piece of equipment and get it back into production
Focuses on how to recover various IT mechanisms after a disaster. whereas a contingency plan is usually for nondisasters - a disaster recover plan is for disasters that require IT processing to take place at another facility
A leased or rented facility that supplies the basic environment - electrical wiring - air conditioning - plumbing and flooring - but none of the equipment or additional services. It may take weeks to get the site activated and ready for work. This is

36. Reconstitution Phase
65%
When it is time for the company to move back into its original site or a new site
The estimated lifetime of a piece of equipment... calculated by the vendor of the equipment or a third party
The employees who carry out the most critical functions of the company who must be put back to work first

37. How are offsite backup facility contracts usually established?
A set of interrelated steps linked through specific decision activities to accomplish a specific task... business processes have starting and ending points and are repeatable
The client pays a monthly fee to retain the right to use the facility in a time of need and then incurs a large activation fee when the facility actually has to be used... most recovery site contracts do not promise to house the company in need at a
Determines the cause of the disaster - Determines the potential for further damage - Identifies the affected business functions and areas - Identifies the level of functionality for the critical resources - Identifies the resources that must be repla
Typically a copy is stored at the BCP coordinator's home - and another copy is stored at the offsite facility... when they are stored offsite - they need to be stored in a way that provides just as much protection as the primary site would provide

38. What is the goal of Disaster Recovery?
To minimize the effects of a disaster and to take the necessary steps to ensure that the resources - personnel - and business processes are able to resume operation in a timely manner. A disaster recovery plan is carried out when everything is still
There is more risk for the organization because replacement systems won't be available... that's why many organizations have moved to commercial off the shelf (COTS) products. they want to make sure replacement is possible
A type of policy in which the insurance company will pay for specified expenses and lost earnings in the event that a company is forced out of business for a certain length of time. another policy can be bought that insures accounts receivable - so i
Makes copies of files as they are modified and periodically transmits them to an offsite backup site. The transmission doesn't happen in real time but is carried out in batches

39. Disk Mirroring
A new type of coverage that insures losses caused by denial-of-service attacks - malware damages - hackers - electronic theft - privacy-related lawsuits and more
If the company does not practice due care - the insurance company may not be legally obligated to pay if a disaster hits... this is why it's important to read and understand the fine print
Each disk would have a corresponding mirrored disk that contains the exact same information
Backup all the files that have changed since the last full or incremental backup. this process sets the archive bit to 0

40. What are the different types of recovery plans?
Business Resumption Plan - Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP) - IT Contingency Plan - Crisis Communications Plan - Cyber Incident Response Plan - Disaster Recovery Plan
A functional analysis in which a team collects data through interviews - workshops - and documentary sources; documents business functions - activities - and transactions (maybe in a set of flow charts); develops a hierarchy of business functions; an
1. Initiation Phase: goal statements - overview of concepts - roles and teams definitions - task definitions 2. Activation Phase: notification steps - damage assessment - plan activation 3. Recovery Phase: move to alternate site - restore processes -
1. Develop the continuity planning policy statement 2. Conduct the business impact analysis (BIA) 3. Identify preventive controls 4. Develop recovery strategies 5. Develop the contingency plan 6. Test the plan and conduct training and exercises 7. Ma

41. Continuity Planning
Provides methods and procedures for dealing with longer-term outages and disaster.
The file system sets the archive bit of the file to 1 when a file is modified or created
Backing up business data to tapes that are then manually transferred to an offsite facility by a courier or an employee... with automatic tape vaulting - the data are sent over a serial line to a backup tape system at the offsite facility. Electronic
1. Develop the continuity planning policy statement 2. Conduct the business impact analysis (BIA) 3. Identify preventive controls 4. Develop recovery strategies 5. Develop the contingency plan 6. Test the plan and conduct training and exercises 7. Ma

42. Damage Assessment Team
Manmade: arsonist - terrorist - a simple mistake - Natural: tornadoes - floods - hurricanes - or earthquakes - Technical: data corruption - loss of power - device failure - or loss of a data communications line
Determines the cause of the disaster - Determines the potential for further damage - Identifies the affected business functions and areas - Identifies the level of functionality for the critical resources - Identifies the resources that must be repla
Responsible for getting the alternate site into a working and functioning environment. Needs to know how to install OSes - configure workstations and servers - string wiring and cabling - set up the network and configure networking services - and ins
Representatives from at least each of the following departments must be involved with not only the planning stages but also the testing and implementation stages: - Business Units - Senior Management - IT Department - Security Department - Communicat

43. In terms of software backups - what should your BCP team address?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

44. As a general rule of thumb - how far away should a backup facility be from the main facility?
After it has been tested
It should be far enough away from the original site so one disaster does not take out both locations... alternate facilities should be at a bare minimum at least five miles away from the primary site - while 15 miles is recommended for most low-to-me
It needs to ensure the safety of employees - It needs to ensure an adequate environment is provided (power - facility infrastructure - water - HVAC) - It needs to ensure that the necessary equipment and supplies are present and in working order - It
There is more than one disk controller - so if one fails - the other is ready and available

45. Reciprocal Agreement (Mutual Aid)
Company A agrees to allow company B to use its facilities if company B is hit by a disaster - and vice versa. This is a cheaper way to go than the other offsite choices - but is not always the best choice because most environments are maxed out perta
There is more risk for the organization because replacement systems won't be available... that's why many organizations have moved to commercial off the shelf (COTS) products. they want to make sure replacement is possible
The outage time that can be endured by a company
Objective-to-task mapping - Resource-to-task mapping - Milestones - Budget estimates - Success factors - Deadlines

46. What are the benefits of using the Differential or Incremental backup methods?
It requires less resources and time
Back up the files that have been modified since the LAST FULL BACKUP. this process does not change the archive bit value
Plan for systems - networks - and major applications recovery procedures after disruptions. a contingency plan should be developed for each major system and application
Present it to management for written approval

47. Business Interruption Insurance
Annually
A type of policy in which the insurance company will pay for specified expenses and lost earnings in the event that a company is forced out of business for a certain length of time. another policy can be bought that insures accounts receivable - so i
Maximum tolerable downtime - Operational disruption and productivity - Financial considerations - Regulatory responsibilities - Reputation
Representatives from each department or functional area come together to over the plan to ensure its accuracy

48. What are the three types of disruptions that a facility can have and what does each mean?
If the company does not practice due care - the insurance company may not be legally obligated to pay if a disaster hits... this is why it's important to read and understand the fine print
To minimize the effects of a disaster and to take the necessary steps to ensure that the resources - personnel - and business processes are able to resume operation in a timely manner. A disaster recovery plan is carried out when everything is still
Nondisaster: a disruption in service due to a device malfunction or failure - Disaster: an event that causes the entire facility to be unusable for a day or longer - Catastrophe: a major disruption that destroys the facility altogether --> requires b
Establishes senior management and a headquarters after a disaster. outlines roles and authorities - orders of succession - and individual role tasks

49. Occupant Emergency Plan
Backup all the files that have changed since the last full or incremental backup. this process sets the archive bit to 0
Establishes senior management and a headquarters after a disaster. outlines roles and authorities - orders of succession - and individual role tasks
Establishes personnel safety and evacuation procedures
They want information stated in monetary - quantitative terms - not in subjective - qualitative terms.

50. Business Process
A leased or rented facility that usually partially configured with some equipment (peripheral devices) - but not the actual computers... it's usually a hot site without the expensive equipment. This is the most widely-used model... it is less expensi
Makes copies of files as they are modified and periodically transmits them to an offsite backup site. The transmission doesn't happen in real time but is carried out in batches
They want information stated in monetary - quantitative terms - not in subjective - qualitative terms.
A set of interrelated steps linked through specific decision activities to accomplish a specific task... business processes have starting and ending points and are repeatable