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Computer Architecture And Design

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Answer 38 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is non - volatile memory?
Storage that retains data even in the absence of a power source.
Add memory - additional processors to handle more tasks in a given time.
Computers that are lodged in other devices where their presence is not immediately obvious.
(1) pipelining (2) multiple instruction issue

2. An example of something typically associated with RISC architecture that is not typical in CISC architecture.
1- response time 2- throughput - response time and throughput are directly proportional or only interrelated - Interrelated only.
A faster processor to complete task sooner - a better algorithm to complete the program/task sooner.
Using fixed or variable length encoding.
Dedicated argument registers to reduce stack usage during procedure calls - consistently sized opcodes - separate instructions for store and load - improved linkage (jal and jr save $ra without using stack)

3. What is response time?
Memory used to hold program while they are executing.
The number of tasks completed per unit of time.
An abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest level software that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly - including instructions - registers - memory access - I/O - etc.
The total time required for the computer to to complete a task. (Includes disk accesses - memory accesses - I/O activities - OS overhead - and CPU execution time.)

4. What is data- level parallelism?
Also called DLP. A form of parallelization of computing across multiple processors in parallel computing environments - which focuses on distributing the data across different parallel computing nodes.
An abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest level software that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly - including instructions - registers - memory access - I/O - etc.
DRAM - RAM - Cache are examples of this type of memory.
Dedicated argument registers to reduce stack usage during procedure calls - consistently sized opcodes - separate instructions for store and load - improved linkage (jal and jr save $ra without using stack)

5. What are two examples of instruction - level parallelism?
The most expensive computers - costing tens of millions of dollars. They emphasize floating- point performance.
Storage that retains data even in the absence of a power source.
(1) pipelining (2) multiple instruction issue
Input - output - memory - datapath - control

6. What is main/primary memory?
Memory used to hold program while they are executing.
Procedure call. Copies PC to $ra - # push $t0 - Subu $sp - $sp - 4 - sw $t0 - ($sp) - # pop $t0 - Lw $t0 - ($sp) - addu $sp - $sp - 4
When a segment of the application has an absolute maximum execution time.
High- level aspects of a computer's design - such as the memory system - the memory interconnect - and the design of the internal processor or CPU (central processing unit

7. What is secondary memory?
DRAM - RAM - Cache are examples of this type of memory.
A faster processor to complete task sooner - a better algorithm to complete the program/task sooner.
The total time required for the computer to to complete a task. (Includes disk accesses - memory accesses - I/O activities - OS overhead - and CPU execution time.)
Non - volatile memory used to store programs and data between executions.

8. An example of non - volatile memory
Input - output - memory - datapath - control
The total time required for the computer to to complete a task. (Includes disk accesses - memory accesses - I/O activities - OS overhead - and CPU execution time.)
Magnetic disk - flash memory are examples of this type of memory.
Points to the next instruction to be executed.

9. What is the $sp register used for?
Points to the current top of the stack
Magnetic disk - flash memory are examples of this type of memory.
Also called ILP. This is the potential overlap among instructions. There are two approaches: (1) hardware - and (2) software.
The performance enhancement possible with a given improvement is limited by the amount that the improvement feature is used.

10. What is a real- time performance requirement?
(1) pipelining (2) multiple instruction issue
Also called ILP. This is the potential overlap among instructions. There are two approaches: (1) hardware - and (2) software.
When a segment of the application has an absolute maximum execution time.
There does not exist the case of negative zero. - Can perform a- b as a+ (- b) without adjustments inside the CPU.

11. What is price performance?
The most expensive computers - costing tens of millions of dollars. They emphasize floating- point performance.
There does not exist the case of negative zero. - Can perform a- b as a+ (- b) without adjustments inside the CPU.
The combination of performance (measured primarily in therms of compute performance and graphics performance) and the price of a system.
Memory used to hold program while they are executing.

12. What is volatile memory?
Also called ILP. This is the potential overlap among instructions. There are two approaches: (1) hardware - and (2) software.
Using fixed or variable length encoding.
Storage that retains data only if it is receiving power
There does not exist the case of negative zero. - Can perform a- b as a+ (- b) without adjustments inside the CPU.

13. Amdahl's Law
Input - output - memory - datapath - control
The performance enhancement possible with a given improvement is limited by the amount that the improvement feature is used.
Using fixed or variable length encoding.
Instructions and data are stored in memory as numbers

14. What are the hardware/software components affecting program performance?
A faster processor to complete task sooner - a better algorithm to complete the program/task sooner.
Computer speeds double every 18-24 months
10^9 cycles per sec
Algorithm - programming language - compiler - instruction set architecture

15. An example of an improvement that would impact response time (but not throughput).
A faster processor to complete task sooner - a better algorithm to complete the program/task sooner.
The performance enhancement possible with a given improvement is limited by the amount that the improvement feature is used.
An abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest level software that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly - including instructions - registers - memory access - I/O - etc.
Instructions and data are stored in memory as numbers

16. How is CPU performance measured?
Procedure call. Copies PC to $ra - # push $t0 - Subu $sp - $sp - 4 - sw $t0 - ($sp) - # pop $t0 - Lw $t0 - ($sp) - addu $sp - $sp - 4
Instructions/unit time (e.g. - instructions/sec) - equal to 1/execution time
High- level aspects of a computer's design - such as the memory system - the memory interconnect - and the design of the internal processor or CPU (central processing unit
Using fixed or variable length encoding.

17. How can you encode an ISA?
Points to the current top of the stack
Points to the address of an instruction that caused an exception
An abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest level software that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly - including instructions - registers - memory access - I/O - etc.
Using fixed or variable length encoding.

18. What are the classes of computing applications (five)?
Storage that retains data even in the absence of a power source.
Points to the address of an instruction that caused an exception
1- response time 2- throughput - response time and throughput are directly proportional or only interrelated - Interrelated only.
Desktop computer / laptop computer - server - super computer - embedded computer - mobile computing

19. Stored Program Concept
When a segment of the application has an absolute maximum execution time.
The performance enhancement possible with a given improvement is limited by the amount that the improvement feature is used.
Instructions and data are stored in memory as numbers
Desktop computer / laptop computer - server - super computer - embedded computer - mobile computing

20. Moore's Law
Dedicated argument registers to reduce stack usage during procedure calls - consistently sized opcodes - separate instructions for store and load - improved linkage (jal and jr save $ra without using stack)
The specifics of a computer - including the detailed logic design and the packaging technology of the computer
Computer speeds double every 18-24 months
(1) pipelining (2) multiple instruction issue

21. What are embedded computers?
There does not exist the case of negative zero. - Can perform a- b as a+ (- b) without adjustments inside the CPU.
Computers that are lodged in other devices where their presence is not immediately obvious.
Also called DLP. A form of parallelization of computing across multiple processors in parallel computing environments - which focuses on distributing the data across different parallel computing nodes.
Procedure call. Copies PC to $ra - # push $t0 - Subu $sp - $sp - 4 - sw $t0 - ($sp) - # pop $t0 - Lw $t0 - ($sp) - addu $sp - $sp - 4

22. What is included in the term organization?

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23. What is the $epc register used for?
The specifics of a computer - including the detailed logic design and the packaging technology of the computer
Non - volatile memory used to store programs and data between executions.
Also called TLP. A form of parallelization of computer code across multiple processors in parallel computing environments - which focuses on distributing execution processes (threads) across different parallel computing nodes.
Points to the address of an instruction that caused an exception

24. What does hardware refer to?
Instructions and data are stored in memory as numbers
The specifics of a computer - including the detailed logic design and the packaging technology of the computer
When it is possible to occasionally miss the time constraint on an event - as long as not too many are missed.
Computer speeds double every 18-24 months

25. What are the five classic components of a computer?
When a segment of the application has an absolute maximum execution time.
Input - output - memory - datapath - control
10^9 cycles per sec
Add memory - additional processors to handle more tasks in a given time.

26. What is the $pc register used for?
1- response time 2- throughput - response time and throughput are directly proportional or only interrelated - Interrelated only.
Procedure call. Copies PC to $ra - # push $t0 - Subu $sp - $sp - 4 - sw $t0 - ($sp) - # pop $t0 - Lw $t0 - ($sp) - addu $sp - $sp - 4
Storage that retains data even in the absence of a power source.
Points to the next instruction to be executed.

27. What is thread- level parallelism?
Points to the address of an instruction that caused an exception
There does not exist the case of negative zero. - Can perform a- b as a+ (- b) without adjustments inside the CPU.
Also called TLP. A form of parallelization of computer code across multiple processors in parallel computing environments - which focuses on distributing execution processes (threads) across different parallel computing nodes.
An abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest level software that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly - including instructions - registers - memory access - I/O - etc.

28. What is a supercomputer?
(1) pipelining (2) multiple instruction issue
The most expensive computers - costing tens of millions of dollars. They emphasize floating- point performance.
Add memory - additional processors to handle more tasks in a given time.
Magnetic disk - flash memory are examples of this type of memory.

29. What are the base units of GHz?
10^9 cycles per sec
Instructions and data are stored in memory as numbers
There does not exist the case of negative zero. - Can perform a- b as a+ (- b) without adjustments inside the CPU.
Instructions/unit time (e.g. - instructions/sec) - equal to 1/execution time

30. What is instruction - level parallelism?
The total time required for the computer to to complete a task. (Includes disk accesses - memory accesses - I/O activities - OS overhead - and CPU execution time.)
Also called ILP. This is the potential overlap among instructions. There are two approaches: (1) hardware - and (2) software.
Instructions and data are stored in memory as numbers
The specifics of a computer - including the detailed logic design and the packaging technology of the computer

31. What is an Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)?
Add memory - additional processors to handle more tasks in a given time.
An abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest level software that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly - including instructions - registers - memory access - I/O - etc.
Instructions and data are stored in memory as numbers
Dedicated argument registers to reduce stack usage during procedure calls - consistently sized opcodes - separate instructions for store and load - improved linkage (jal and jr save $ra without using stack)

32. What is soft real- time?
When it is possible to occasionally miss the time constraint on an event - as long as not too many are missed.
Input - output - memory - datapath - control
1- response time 2- throughput - response time and throughput are directly proportional or only interrelated - Interrelated only.
Magnetic disk - flash memory are examples of this type of memory.

33. An example of an improvement that would impact throughput (but not response time).
An abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest level software that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly - including instructions - registers - memory access - I/O - etc.
The specifics of a computer - including the detailed logic design and the packaging technology of the computer
Using fixed or variable length encoding.
Add memory - additional processors to handle more tasks in a given time.

34. What is throughput?
The combination of performance (measured primarily in therms of compute performance and graphics performance) and the price of a system.
The number of tasks completed per unit of time.
Magnetic disk - flash memory are examples of this type of memory.
Memory used to hold program while they are executing.

35. One reason why two's compliment is used as opposed to signed magnitude or one's compliment?
Input - output - memory - datapath - control
There does not exist the case of negative zero. - Can perform a- b as a+ (- b) without adjustments inside the CPU.
The most expensive computers - costing tens of millions of dollars. They emphasize floating- point performance.
Instructions and data are stored in memory as numbers

36. What does jal <proc> do?
Using fixed or variable length encoding.
DRAM - RAM - Cache are examples of this type of memory.
There does not exist the case of negative zero. - Can perform a- b as a+ (- b) without adjustments inside the CPU.
Procedure call. Copies PC to $ra - # push $t0 - Subu $sp - $sp - 4 - sw $t0 - ($sp) - # pop $t0 - Lw $t0 - ($sp) - addu $sp - $sp - 4

37. An example of volatile memory
Add memory - additional processors to handle more tasks in a given time.
Using fixed or variable length encoding.
DRAM - RAM - Cache are examples of this type of memory.
Instructions and data are stored in memory as numbers

38. What are the industry standard benchmarks to measure performance (e.g. - with different vendor chips)?
1- response time 2- throughput - response time and throughput are directly proportional or only interrelated - Interrelated only.
The number of tasks completed per unit of time.
Non - volatile memory used to store programs and data between executions.
Algorithm - programming language - compiler - instruction set architecture

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Computer Architecture And Design

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