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Test your basic knowledge |
Endocrine
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. cystic bone spaces filled with brown fibrous tissue causing pain
Hurthle cells - lymphocytic infiltrate with germinal centers
Osteitis fibrosa cystica
Inc cortisol after low dose - dec cortisol after high dose
Undifferentiated/anaplastic
2. Which kind of cells don't need insulin to take up glucose
BRICK L - brain - RBC - intestine - cornea - kidney - liver
GH - prolactin also IL-2
Autoimmune - TB - metastasis
Hypocalcemia and tetany
3. What are the clinical findings of cushing's
Stress induced catecholamine surge leading to death by arrhythmia - graves
HTN - weight gain - moon facies - truncal obesity - buffalo hump - hyperglycemia - skin thinning and striae - osteoporosis - amenorrhea - immune suppression
Correct is slowly
Peroxidase
4. What is the fxn of prolactin
Rapid/deep breathing (Kussmal's resps) N/V - abdominal pain - psychosis/delirium - dehydration - FRUITY breath odor -
Bone growth - brain (CNS maturation) - inc Beta 1 receptors - BML - inc glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
Bound to corticosteroid binding globulin - CGB
Milk production in females and spermatogenesis in males (by inhibiting GnRH synthesis and release
5. What are the common pancreatic endocrine tumors in MEN type 1
Hyperglycemia - glucosuria - osmotic diureses - lyte depletion
Z- E - insulinomas - VIPomas - glucagonomas are rare
Undifferentiated/anaplastic
Epi - norepi - and DA - epidosic HTN - urinary VMA and elevated catecholamines
6. Gastrin secreting tumor of pancreas or duodenum
Zollinger Ellison
Peripheral tissue
Hyperglycemia - inc H+ - dec bicarb leading to anion gap acidosis - inc blood ketone levels - leukocytosis - hyperkalemia - but depleted intracellular K
Metanephrine
7. What are the 5 fxns of thyroid hormone
Accidental surgical excision - autoimmune destruction and DiGeorge syndrome
Parafollicular C cells - calcitonin histo = sheets of cells in amyloid stroma - associated with MEN 2A/2B
Inc plasma amino acids - nitrogen loss in urine
Bone growth - brain (CNS maturation) - inc Beta 1 receptors - BML - inc glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
8. Where are T3/T4 made
Right adrenal - right adrenal vein - IVC
Chromaffin cells from NC
FLT - hCG
Lumen of follicles - thryglobulin + I2 with MIT and DIT - proteolysis and secrete into blood back through follicular cell
9. What happens in the dexamethasone suppression test in someone with an ACTH producing pituitary tumor
Inhibits glucagon release
Inc cortisol after low dose - dec cortisol after high dose
Inc PTH - dec Ca - dec PO4 cause inc in active form and then it feedback inhibits its own production
Small vessel disease - large vessel disease and osmotic drainage
10. tapping of the facial nerve leads to contraction of facial muscles
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11. Where is low serum phosphorus sensed to maintain phosphorus homeostasis - and what substance is key for increasing serum levels of phosphorus
Kidney - 1 -25 OH2 vit d
Hypocalcemia and tetany
Removal of pituitary adenoma and octreotide
Left adrenal - left adrenal vein - left renal vein - IVC
12. What is the primary defect in DM1 vs DM2
No - proinsulin to insulin + C peptide
1 = viral/immune destruction beta cells - 2 = insulin resistance
Inc cortisol after low and high dose
Follicles of thyroid - most T3 formed in the blood
13. What are the clinical findings of graves
Osteitis fibrosa cystica
Proptosis - EOM swelling - pretibial mxyedema - diffuse goiter
Insulin responsive - adipose and skeletal muscle
Phenylalaline - tyrosine - L- dopa - dopa - NE - epi
14. What is the common etiology of primary hyperPTH and What are the expected changes in serum and urine - How does it present
Caused by aldosterone secreting tumor - resulting in HTN - hypokalemia - metaboolic alkalosis low plasma renin - B/L or unilateral
Bound to corticosteroid binding globulin - CGB
Fluids - insulin - and K - glucose if necessary to prevent hypoglycemia
Adenoma - hypercalcemia - hypercalciuria - hypophosohatemia - inc PTH - inc alk phos - inc cAMP in urine - often asymptomatic present as weakness and contipation - groans
15. Recurrent diarrhea - cutaneous flushing - asthatic wheezing - right side valvular disease
Carcinoid syndrome
Dec free serum Ca inc PTH secretion - dec free serum Mg dec PTH secretion
Cold intolerance - weight gain - dec appetite - lethargy/fatigue - constipation - dec reflexes - myxedema (facial/periorbital) - dry cool skin - coarse brittle hair - bradycardia - dyspnea on exertion
Left adrenal - left adrenal vein - left renal vein - IVC
16. What is the depleted intracellular K due to in DKA
Retinopathy (hemorrhage - exudates - microanuerysms - vessel proliferation) - glaucoma - nephropathy (noduclar sclerosis - progressive proteinuria - CRF) - arteriosclerosis leading to HTN - kimmelstiel wilson nodules
Nonenzymatic glycosylation
Transcellular shif from dec insulin
Adenoma - hypercalcemia - hypercalciuria - hypophosohatemia - inc PTH - inc alk phos - inc cAMP in urine - often asymptomatic present as weakness and contipation - groans
17. What thyroid condition is associated with lymphoma
Hashimotos
Lumen of follicles - thryglobulin + I2 with MIT and DIT - proteolysis and secrete into blood back through follicular cell
Most antipsychotics and all OCPs - estrogen in pregs
Def in aldosterone and cortisol leading to hypotension (hyponatremic volume contraction) hyperkalemia - acidosis - and skin hyperpigmentation
18. Where is the source of PTH
Prolactin or GH
Phenylalaline - tyrosine - L- dopa - dopa - NE - epi
Accidental surgical excision - autoimmune destruction and DiGeorge syndrome
Chief cells of parathyroid
19. How does the body respond to SIADH and What does that cause
Kids = rickets - adults = osteomalacia
Dec aldosterone causing hyponatremia which can lead to seizures
DM1 - DM2 has islet amyloid deposit
Small vessel disease - large vessel disease and osmotic drainage
20. When diagnosing diabetes insipidus - what happens to the urine osm in the water deprivation test and How do you distinguish between central and nephrogenic
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21. What is the effect of CRH on ACTH
Inhib
Stim
Inc absorption of dietary Ca and phosphate - inc bone resorption of Ca and phosphate
Small vessel disease - large vessel disease and osmotic drainage
22. What other diseases or syndromes are associated with pheochromocytoma
Dec cortisol after lose dose
Neurofibramtosis - MEN types 2A and 2B
Inc plasma FFAs - ketogenesis - ketonuria - ketonemia
Blood pressure - dec bone formation - anti - inflammatory - dec immune fxn - inc gluconeogenesis - lipolysis - proteolysis
23. How is calcitonin regulated
Correct is slowly
Inc in serum Ca causes calcitonin secretion
Anwhere along the sympathetic chaing - HVA - N- myc
TSH - elevated in hypo - low in hyper
24. What are the 4 fxns of PTH
Inc bone resorption of Ca and PO4 - inc kidney reabsorption of Ca in DIC - dec kidney reabsorption of PO4 - inc calcitriol production by stimulated 1alpha - hydroxylase
Trousseau's sign
Most antipsychotics and all OCPs - estrogen in pregs
Accidental surgical excision - autoimmune destruction and DiGeorge syndrome
25. What is the fxn of vitamin D
Inc absorption of dietary Ca and phosphate - inc bone resorption of Ca and phosphate
FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - CRH - hCG - ADH (V2) - MSH - PTH - + calcitonin - GHRH and glucagon
Neuroblastoma
Follicular carcinoma of thyroid
26. Where can neuroblastomas occur - What do you see elevated in the urine and what oncogene is associated
Anwhere along the sympathetic chaing - HVA - N- myc
Peroxidase
Cretinism - whereever there is endemic goiter - sporadic version due to defect in T4 formation or thyroid development
Diffuse thickening of the BM
27. What does fetal hypothyroidism cause - where do you see this birth defect endemically - and What causes the sporadic form
Cretinism - whereever there is endemic goiter - sporadic version due to defect in T4 formation or thyroid development
Diarrhea - aminoglycosides - diuretics - and EtOH
Lower free testosterone and gynecomastia
Mesoderm
28. intense thirst - polyuria and inability to concentrate urine
Tonic DA from hypothalamus inhibits - prolactin causes DA synthesis and increases own inhibition - TRH stimulates prolactin
Bidirectional - beta cells - liver kidney - small intestine
Diabetes insipidus - lack of ADH - or lack of response to ADH in kidney
Chromaffin cells - catecholamines
29. Where is T3 made
Carrier protiens in posterior pituitary that carry hormones in circulation - derived from neuroectoderm
Peripheral tissue
Dec cortisol after lose dose
Type 1
30. occlusion of brachial artery with BP cuff leads to carpal spasm
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31. What is seen in the urine in carcinoid syndrome
5- HIAA
Hypocalcemia and tetany
TGB - dec in hepatic failure - inc in pregnancy via estrogen
Inhib
32. hypothyroidism - signs/symptoms
Cold intolerance - weight gain - dec appetite - lethargy/fatigue - constipation - dec reflexes - myxedema (facial/periorbital) - dry cool skin - coarse brittle hair - bradycardia - dyspnea on exertion
Bidirectional - beta cells - liver kidney - small intestine
DM1
Correct is slowly
33. What causes primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) and What are the lab findings
Caused by aldosterone secreting tumor - resulting in HTN - hypokalemia - metaboolic alkalosis low plasma renin - B/L or unilateral
Bone growth - brain (CNS maturation) - inc Beta 1 receptors - BML - inc glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
Raises free testosterone and they gey hirsutism
11beta - HTN because - 11 deoxycorticosterone is a mineralcorticoid and secreted in excess - masculinization because too much DHEA shuttling
34. What is dopamine agonist is used to inhibit prolactin secretion in prolactinoma
Hypocalcemia and tetany
Blood pressure - dec bone formation - anti - inflammatory - dec immune fxn - inc gluconeogenesis - lipolysis - proteolysis
Parafollicular C cells - calcitonin histo = sheets of cells in amyloid stroma - associated with MEN 2A/2B
Bromocriptine
35. What are two examples of ectopic ACTH producing tumors
Urine osm doesn't inc - and desmopressin admin distinguishes
Pheochromocytoma
Peripheral tissue
Small cell lung cancer and bronchial carcinoids
36. focal patches of hyperfxning follicular cells working independently of TSH
Neurofibramtosis - MEN types 2A and 2B
Diffuse thickening of the BM
21 hydroxylase - masculinization - hypotension - hyperkalemia - inc plasma renin - volume depletion
Toxic multinodular goiter
37. What is the next layer in from ZG - What is its primary control - What does it secrete
Stim
DM1 - HLA- DR3 and DR4
Zona fasciculata - ACTH - hypothalamic CRH - cortisol/sex hormones
Dec aldosterone causing hyponatremia which can lead to seizures
38. In congenital bilateral hyperplasia what enzyme def would lead to a dec in cortisol - aldosterone and corticosterone - enzyme and why do you have HTN and masculinization
11beta - HTN because - 11 deoxycorticosterone is a mineralcorticoid and secreted in excess - masculinization because too much DHEA shuttling
Diarrhea - aminoglycosides - diuretics - and EtOH
17alpha - HTN - hypokalemia - in males - dec DHT - externally phenotypic females - in females nl genitals but no secondary sex characteristis
Gigantism - linear bone growth
39. What are the consequences of thyrotoxicisos - and who is at risk
Stim
Cretinism - whereever there is endemic goiter - sporadic version due to defect in T4 formation or thyroid development
HVA
Stress induced catecholamine surge leading to death by arrhythmia - graves
40. What do the three endocrine cells of the pancreas secrete
Small vessel disease - large vessel disease and osmotic drainage
Thyroid hormones T3/T4
MSH - a by product of inc ACTH production from POMC
Alpha = glucagon - beta = insulin - delta = somatostatin
41. What diseases can cause primary adrenal insufficiency
Inc in serum Ca causes calcitonin secretion
HVA
Caused by aldosterone secreting tumor - resulting in HTN - hypokalemia - metaboolic alkalosis low plasma renin - B/L or unilateral
Autoimmune - TB - metastasis
42. What is the source of D2
TGB - dec in hepatic failure - inc in pregnancy via estrogen
Hyperglycemia - inc H+ - dec bicarb leading to anion gap acidosis - inc blood ketone levels - leukocytosis - hyperkalemia - but depleted intracellular K
Parafollicular cells of thyroid (C cells) - dec bone resorption of Ca
Ingested from plants
43. What is secondary hyperPTH due to and What are the expected serum values
Beta - hydroxybutyrate > acetoacetate
FLAT PiG - FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - Prolactin - GH
Due to dec gut absorption of Ca - inc PO4 due to chronic renal disease (no vit D) hypOcalcemia - hyperphophatemia - inc alk phos - inc PTH
Bidirectional - beta cells - liver kidney - small intestine
44. What is the source of D3
Polydipsia - polyuria - polyphagia - weight loss - DKA (type1) - hyperosmolor coma (type2) unopposed secretion of GH and epi (exacerbating hyperglycemia
TSH - elevated in hypo - low in hyper
Tonic DA from hypothalamus inhibits - prolactin causes DA synthesis and increases own inhibition - TRH stimulates prolactin
Sun exposure in skin
45. What happens in the dexamethasone suppression test in someone with a cortisol producing tumor
FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - CRH - hCG - ADH (V2) - MSH - PTH - + calcitonin - GHRH and glucagon
Inc cortisol after low and high dose
Removal of pituitary adenoma and octreotide
MSH - a by product of inc ACTH production from POMC
46. endocrine hormones that use cAMP - FLAT CHAMP - What are they?
Polydipsia - polyuria - polyphagia - weight loss - DKA (type1) - hyperosmolor coma (type2) unopposed secretion of GH and epi (exacerbating hyperglycemia
Dehydration and acidosis leading to coma and death
Prolactinoma
FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - CRH - hCG - ADH (V2) - MSH - PTH - + calcitonin - GHRH and glucagon
47. in the congenital bilateral adrenal hyperplasias which enzyme deficiency is characterized by dec in sex hormones - dec in cortisol - and inc in mineralcorticoids - enzyme and sx
VMA
GH - large tognue - deep furrows - deep voice - large hands/feet - coarse fascial features - impaired glucose tolerance
17alpha - HTN - hypokalemia - in males - dec DHT - externally phenotypic females - in females nl genitals but no secondary sex characteristis
2A and 2B
48. How can hashimotos present that is not typical hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroid early in course - thyrotoxicosis during follicular rupture
Epi - norepi - and DA - epidosic HTN - urinary VMA and elevated catecholamines
Left adrenal - left adrenal vein - left renal vein - IVC
Octreotide
49. What does NEG cause in small vessels
Surgery to remove tumor - sprinolactone - (K sparing diuretic)
DM1
Cushing's diseaes = ACTH secretion from pit ademona - inc ACTH - ectopic ACTH = non pit tissue secreting ACTH - inc ACTH - adrenal production of cortisol = ademona - carcinoma - nodular adrenal hyperplasia - dec ACTH
Diffuse thickening of the BM
50. What causes secdonary hyperaldosteronism and what plasma marker is different from primary
Autoimmune - TB - metastasis
Neuroblastoma
Kidney perception of low intravascular volume results in overactive renin - angiotensin system - due to renal artery stenosis - CRF - CHF - cirrhosis or nephrotic syndrome - associated with HIGH plasma renin
21 hydroxylase - masculinization - hypotension - hyperkalemia - inc plasma renin - volume depletion