SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
Endocrine
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In which DM is there an islet cell leukocytic infiltrate and what kind of infiltrate does the other have
Stress induced catecholamine surge leading to death by arrhythmia - graves
Metanephrine
Zona fasciculata - ACTH - hypothalamic CRH - cortisol/sex hormones
DM1 - DM2 has islet amyloid deposit
2. What class of drugs are dopamine antagonists
Follicles of thyroid - most T3 formed in the blood
Antibodies against TSH receptors - II
Lumen of follicles - thryglobulin + I2 with MIT and DIT - proteolysis and secrete into blood back through follicular cell
Most antipsychotics and all OCPs - estrogen in pregs
3. What are the likely causes of hypoPTH
All 3 - spares medulla
Direct stimulation of osteoblasts - which indirectly stimulates osteoclastic cells via RANK L (down regulates OPG that usually blocks RANK L from binding RANK)
Urine specific grav < 1.006 - serum osm > 290
Accidental surgical excision - autoimmune destruction and DiGeorge syndrome
4. What does adrenal insufficiency cause
GH - large tognue - deep furrows - deep voice - large hands/feet - coarse fascial features - impaired glucose tolerance
Def in aldosterone and cortisol leading to hypotension (hyponatremic volume contraction) hyperkalemia - acidosis - and skin hyperpigmentation
Right adrenal - right adrenal vein - IVC
Inc PTH - dec Ca - dec PO4 cause inc in active form and then it feedback inhibits its own production
5. What are the endocrine cells of the pancrea
Pheochromocytoma
Iatrogenic - decreased
Kidney stones and stomach ulcers
Islets of langerhans are collections of alpha - beta and delta
6. Is there an association with obesity in DM1 or DM2
Cretinism - whereever there is endemic goiter - sporadic version due to defect in T4 formation or thyroid development
DM2
Diarrhea - aminoglycosides - diuretics - and EtOH
DM1
7. What is the breakdown product of dopamine
Urine osm doesn't inc - and desmopressin admin distinguishes
HVA
FLT - hCG
TRH from the hypothalamus stimulates TSH release from ant pit which stimulates follicular cells - neg feedback to ant bit dec sens to TRH
8. In which DM is polyuria - polydipsia - thirst and weight loss more common
DM1
Inc cortisol after low dose - dec cortisol after high dose
Metanephrine
Chromaffin cells - catecholamines
9. intense thirst - polyuria and inability to concentrate urine
17alpha - HTN - hypokalemia - in males - dec DHT - externally phenotypic females - in females nl genitals but no secondary sex characteristis
Bidirectional - beta cells - liver kidney - small intestine
Alpha antagonists - esp phenoxybenzamine - nonselective - irreversible - surgery to remove tumor
Diabetes insipidus - lack of ADH - or lack of response to ADH in kidney
10. What stimulus causes beta cells to make insulin
DM1 - DM2 has islet amyloid deposit
Inc absorption of dietary Ca and phosphate - inc bone resorption of Ca and phosphate
Prolactin and GH
ATP from glucose metabolism closing K channels and depolarizing cells - required for adipose and skeletal muscle uptake of glucose
11. Recurrent diarrhea - cutaneous flushing - asthatic wheezing - right side valvular disease
PseudohypoPTH - albright's hereditary osteodystrophy
HTN
Carcinoid syndrome
DM1
12. Carcoid tumors are derived From what cells
Neuroendocrine cells of GI tract
Somatostatin analog
DM1 - HLA- DR3 and DR4
MSH - a by product of inc ACTH production from POMC
13. in congenital bilateral adrenal hyperplasia - what enzyme def is most common and associate with dec cortisol - dec mineralcorticoids - inc sex hormones - enzyme and sx
FLAT PiG - FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - Prolactin - GH
Heat intolerance - weight loss - inc appetite - hyperactivity - diarrhea - inc reflexes - pretibial myxedema (graves) warm - moist skin - fine hair - chest pain - palpitations - arrhythmias
ADH - oxytocin - made in the hypothalamus and shipped to posterior pituitary
21 hydroxylase - masculinization - hypotension - hyperkalemia - inc plasma renin - volume depletion
14. How is prolactin secretion regulated
Urine osm doesn't inc - and desmopressin admin distinguishes
ATP from glucose metabolism closing K channels and depolarizing cells - required for adipose and skeletal muscle uptake of glucose
Pheochromocytoma
Tonic DA from hypothalamus inhibits - prolactin causes DA synthesis and increases own inhibition - TRH stimulates prolactin
15. What is the serum insulin level of DM1 vs DM2
Neuroendocrine cells of GI tract
DM1 = dec - DM2 = variable
DM2
17alpha - HTN - hypokalemia - in males - dec DHT - externally phenotypic females - in females nl genitals but no secondary sex characteristis
16. What is the most external latery of the adrenal cortex - What is its primary control and What does it secrete
Accidental surgical excision - autoimmune destruction and DiGeorge syndrome
Cushing's diseaes = ACTH secretion from pit ademona - inc ACTH - ectopic ACTH = non pit tissue secreting ACTH - inc ACTH - adrenal production of cortisol = ademona - carcinoma - nodular adrenal hyperplasia - dec ACTH
Zona glomerulosa - renin - angiontensin - aldosterone
Moderatly enlarged nontender thyroid
17. What happens in the dexamethasone suppression test in somoeone with an ectopic ACTH producing tumor
Left adrenal - left adrenal vein - left renal vein - IVC
DKA - inc insulin requirements from inc stress (infxn) - excess fat breakdown and inc ketogenesis from FFA made into ketone bodies
Alpha = glucagon - beta = insulin - delta = somatostatin
Inc cortisol after low dose and high dose
18. What are the hormones released from the neurohypophysis and where are they made
Inc cortisol after low dose - dec cortisol after high dose
ADH - oxytocin - made in the hypothalamus and shipped to posterior pituitary
Rapid/deep breathing (Kussmal's resps) N/V - abdominal pain - psychosis/delirium - dehydration - FRUITY breath odor -
Toxic multinodular goiter
19. What is secondary adrenal insuff and how can you distinguish it from primary
Raises free testosterone and they gey hirsutism
Chromaffin cells - catecholamines
Metanephrine
Dec in pit ACTH production - no skin hyperpigmentation and no hyperkalemia
20. How is thyroid hormone regulated
Alpha = glucagon - beta = insulin - delta = somatostatin
TRH from the hypothalamus stimulates TSH release from ant pit which stimulates follicular cells - neg feedback to ant bit dec sens to TRH
Caused by aldosterone secreting tumor - resulting in HTN - hypokalemia - metaboolic alkalosis low plasma renin - B/L or unilateral
Rapid/deep breathing (Kussmal's resps) N/V - abdominal pain - psychosis/delirium - dehydration - FRUITY breath odor -
21. What are the 3 P's of MEN type 1 (Werners)
Pancreas - pituitary and PTH
DM1
FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - CRH - hCG - ADH (V2) - MSH - PTH - + calcitonin - GHRH and glucagon
Bound to corticosteroid binding globulin - CGB
22. What is the effect of prolactin on GnRH
Inhib
Direct stimulation of osteoblasts - which indirectly stimulates osteoclastic cells via RANK L (down regulates OPG that usually blocks RANK L from binding RANK)
Def in aldosterone and cortisol leading to hypotension (hyponatremic volume contraction) hyperkalemia - acidosis - and skin hyperpigmentation
Iatrogenic - decreased
23. What do the three endocrine cells of the pancreas secrete
Diffuse thickening of the BM
TSH receptor leading to inc release of T3 and T4 - hot nodules are rarely malignant
Alpha = glucagon - beta = insulin - delta = somatostatin
Correct is slowly
24. increase protein catabolism leads to...
Follicles of thyroid - most T3 formed in the blood
Anwhere along the sympathetic chaing - HVA - N- myc
FLAT
Inc plasma amino acids - nitrogen loss in urine
25. What does pheo tumors secrete - What can they cause and what serum and urinary makers are there
Pancreas - pituitary and PTH
ANP - NO and EDRF
Epi - norepi - and DA - epidosic HTN - urinary VMA and elevated catecholamines
DM1 - DM2 has islet amyloid deposit
26. Which kind of cells don't need insulin to take up glucose
Mesoderm
Alpha = glucagon - beta = insulin - delta = somatostatin
BRICK L - brain - RBC - intestine - cornea - kidney - liver
Fluids - insulin - and K - glucose if necessary to prevent hypoglycemia
27. What is the breakdown product of NE
VMA
Zona reticularis - ACTH hypothalamic CRH - sex hormones - androgens
TGB - dec in hepatic failure - inc in pregnancy via estrogen
Heat intolerance - weight loss - inc appetite - hyperactivity - diarrhea - inc reflexes - pretibial myxedema (graves) warm - moist skin - fine hair - chest pain - palpitations - arrhythmias
28. How is PTH regulated
Dec free serum Ca inc PTH secretion - dec free serum Mg dec PTH secretion
Less likely
Stim
Medullary thyroid carcinoma - calcitonin
29. Why do congential adrenal enzyme deficiences end up with hyperplasia and not hypoplasia
Surgery to remove tumor - sprinolactone - (K sparing diuretic)
GH - large tognue - deep furrows - deep voice - large hands/feet - coarse fascial features - impaired glucose tolerance
Inc in ACTH because low levels of cortisol
Most antipsychotics and all OCPs - estrogen in pregs
30. What is the 1 P of MEN 2B
Carrier protiens in posterior pituitary that carry hormones in circulation - derived from neuroectoderm
Pheochromocytoma
Follicles of thyroid - most T3 formed in the blood
Cushing's diseaes = ACTH secretion from pit ademona - inc ACTH - ectopic ACTH = non pit tissue secreting ACTH - inc ACTH - adrenal production of cortisol = ademona - carcinoma - nodular adrenal hyperplasia - dec ACTH
31. Where are carcinoid tumors often found - What do they secrete and where do they go
RBC brain
Adquate fluid intake - central intranasal desmopressin - for nephrogenic use thiazide (for hypernatremia) - amiloride (for hypokalemia) and indomethacin to dec GFR
Small (metastatic) bowel tumors - 5HT goes to liver for first pass -
Adenoma - hypercalcemia - hypercalciuria - hypophosohatemia - inc PTH - inc alk phos - inc cAMP in urine - often asymptomatic present as weakness and contipation - groans
32. What does the brain use for fuel in starvation
Bromocriptine or cabergoline
Pheochromocytoma
Dec in pit ACTH production - no skin hyperpigmentation and no hyperkalemia
Ketone bodies
33. what vit D conversion takes place in the liver
25- OH vitamin D
Inhib
PTH = inc ca reabsorption and dec PO4 reabsorption in DIC - active vit D = inc absorption of both in gut
Subactute thyroiditis - granulomatous inflammation - elev ESR - jaw pain - ealy inflammation - tender thyroid
34. What happens in the dexamethasone suppression test in someone with an ACTH producing pituitary tumor
Amenorrhea - galactorrhea - low libido - infertility from dec GnRH - - bitemporal heminanopia from imgingement of optic chiasm
Alpha = glucagon - beta = insulin - delta = somatostatin
Sun exposure in skin
Inc cortisol after low dose - dec cortisol after high dose
35. How does the body respond to SIADH and What does that cause
Dec aldosterone causing hyponatremia which can lead to seizures
Small vessel disease - large vessel disease and osmotic drainage
BRICK L - brain - RBC - intestine - cornea - kidney - liver
2A and 2B
36. What is the rule of 1/3s in carcinoid syndrome
Hashimotos thyroiditis
1/3 metastasize - 1/3 present with 2nd malignancy - and 1/3 multiple
DM1 - HLA- DR3 and DR4
Pancreas - pituitary and PTH
37. tapping of the facial nerve leads to contraction of facial muscles
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
38. What is the number one cause of cushing and What is the ACTH value
Iatrogenic - decreased
Removal of pituitary adenoma and octreotide
10% malignant - 10% bilateral - 10% extra - adrenal - 10% calcify - 10% kids - 10% familial
Blood pressure - dec bone formation - anti - inflammatory - dec immune fxn - inc gluconeogenesis - lipolysis - proteolysis
39. What regulates vit D
Inc PTH - dec Ca - dec PO4 cause inc in active form and then it feedback inhibits its own production
Inc cortisol after low and high dose
Direct stimulation of osteoblasts - which indirectly stimulates osteoclastic cells via RANK L (down regulates OPG that usually blocks RANK L from binding RANK)
BRICK L - brain - RBC - intestine - cornea - kidney - liver
40. Describe the signs and symptoms of DKA
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
41. Where can neuroblastomas occur - What do you see elevated in the urine and what oncogene is associated
Anwhere along the sympathetic chaing - HVA - N- myc
TRH from the hypothalamus stimulates TSH release from ant pit which stimulates follicular cells - neg feedback to ant bit dec sens to TRH
Cold intolerance - weight gain - dec appetite - lethargy/fatigue - constipation - dec reflexes - myxedema (facial/periorbital) - dry cool skin - coarse brittle hair - bradycardia - dyspnea on exertion
Def in aldosterone and cortisol leading to hypotension (hyponatremic volume contraction) hyperkalemia - acidosis - and skin hyperpigmentation
42. Most common tumor of adrenal medulla in adults - cells - and embyronic origin
Dec glucose uptake - inc protein catabolism - inc lipolysis
Adquate fluid intake - central intranasal desmopressin - for nephrogenic use thiazide (for hypernatremia) - amiloride (for hypokalemia) and indomethacin to dec GFR
Chromaffin cells from NC
Carrier protiens in posterior pituitary that carry hormones in circulation - derived from neuroectoderm
43. What are the complications of DKA
FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - CRH - hCG - ADH (V2) - MSH - PTH - + calcitonin - GHRH and glucagon
Less likely
Anwhere along the sympathetic chaing - HVA - N- myc
Mucormycosis - Rhizopus infxn - cerebral edema - cardia arrhythmias - HF
44. thyroid cancer in older patients with poor prognosis
Heat intolerance - weight loss - inc appetite - hyperactivity - diarrhea - inc reflexes - pretibial myxedema (graves) warm - moist skin - fine hair - chest pain - palpitations - arrhythmias
Undifferentiated/anaplastic
21 hydroxylase - masculinization - hypotension - hyperkalemia - inc plasma renin - volume depletion
Inc absorption of dietary Ca and phosphate - inc bone resorption of Ca and phosphate
45. What is the next layer in from the ZF - What is its primary control and What does it secrete
Zona reticularis - ACTH hypothalamic CRH - sex hormones - androgens
TSH - elevated in hypo - low in hyper
Hurthle cells - lymphocytic infiltrate with germinal centers
Dec free serum Ca inc PTH secretion - dec free serum Mg dec PTH secretion
46. How can hashimotos present that is not typical hypothyroidism
Adenoma - hypercalcemia - hypercalciuria - hypophosohatemia - inc PTH - inc alk phos - inc cAMP in urine - often asymptomatic present as weakness and contipation - groans
Bromocriptine
Hyperthyroid early in course - thyrotoxicosis during follicular rupture
Zona fasciculata - ACTH - hypothalamic CRH - cortisol/sex hormones
47. What HLA association is with hashimotos and what kind of autoantibodies
Type 1
Medullary thyroid carcinoma - calcitonin
DR5 - antimicrosomal - antithyroglobulin
Lower free testosterone and gynecomastia
48. endocrine hormones that use cAMP - FLAT CHAMP - What are they?
Dec in pit ACTH production - no skin hyperpigmentation and no hyperkalemia
DKA - inc insulin requirements from inc stress (infxn) - excess fat breakdown and inc ketogenesis from FFA made into ketone bodies
Pheochromocytoma and PTH
FSH - LH - ACTH - TSH - CRH - hCG - ADH (V2) - MSH - PTH - + calcitonin - GHRH and glucagon
49. What are neurophysins
Zona fasiculata
Small cell lung cancer and bronchial carcinoids
Carrier protiens in posterior pituitary that carry hormones in circulation - derived from neuroectoderm
Demeclocycline or H2O restriction
50. Where is the source of PTH
Mesoderm
Vitamin d
Inc plasma amino acids - nitrogen loss in urine
Chief cells of parathyroid