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Ethernet Technologies

Subject : it-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What two IOS software components are involved in TCAM operation?
Feature Manager (FM) and Switching Database Manager (SDM)
25 metres
Full duplex
Cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet

2. What is a ternary combination?

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3. What are the basic operations that a frame undergoes as it passes through a Layer 2 switch?
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Egress queueing
Creating the VLAN
Store-and-forward
The CEF epoch number

4. What is 1000BASE-X?
Switch#show cef drop
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
Cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet
40 km

5. What is the name of physical network segment where data packets can collide with one another when being sent?
The CEF epoch number
Collision domain
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Egress queueing
Switch#show ip cef {network} [{mask}] [longer-prefixes] [detail]

6. What CEF adjacency is used to discard packets because of access list or other policy action?
Security and QoS ACLs
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end
300 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
The Discard adjacency

7. How are the TCAM Mask/Value pairs evaluated?
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup
A name assigned to a ranges of interfaces
Manually by administratively disabling and re-enabling the port
10GBASE-SR/SW - 10GBASE-LR/LW - 10GBASE-ER/EW - 10GBASE-LX4/LW4 - 10GBASE-CX4

8. Displays CEF Punt statistics with number of packets and reason for each line card
Logical Operation Unit
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched
GBIC-to-GBIC connection between stacking Catalyst switches or between any two Gigabit switch ports over a short distance
Incomplete adjacency; Incomplete ARP resolution; Unsupported packet features; ICMP redirect; Packets destined to the router itself; IP options present; Access list evaluation failure; Fragmentation failure

9. What is 10GBASE-X?
100 metres
The switch port falls back to default setting of half duplex
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Switch(config)#interface {type}{module}/{number}

10. What are the common cabling specifications for Fast Ethernet?
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
American National Standards Institute
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause bpduguard
The Punt adjacency

11. Displays dynamic CAM table entries
Enable error-disable for all possible causes
10 km
Switch#show mac address-table dynamic [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1310 nm serial laser)

12. What is 10BASE-T?
40 km
LC - MT-RJ or RJ-45
Cabling specification for 10 Mbps Ethernet over Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling
Switch(config-if)#description {string}

13. What are the default error-disable detection causes?
Only temporarily for debugging purposes
The switch port falls back to default setting of half duplex
Enable error-disable for all possible causes
Switch#show interfaces status err-disabled

14. Where is source and destination addresses and other relevant protocol information for access lists stored in the TCAM table?
In TCAM Value entries
Switch(config)#default interface {interface}
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling
Trunk

15. What is 10GBASE-CX4?
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper CX4 with Infiniband connectors
Switch#show errdisable recovery
Switch(config)#define interface-range {macro-name} {type} {module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type} {module}/{number} ...]
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan {vlan}

16. What is LAN PHY used for?
A proprietary connector with a high-data-rate copper cable with enhanced signal integrity and EMI performance
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dhcp-rate-limit
Interconnecting switches in a campus network
Dynamic

17. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-ZX?
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF
10GbE operates only at full duplex
275 metres for 62.5 micron MMF; 550 metres for 50 micron MMF
Collision domain

18. What is the maximum cabling distance for Ethernet - Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet over UTP cabling?
100 metres
LC - MT-RJ or RJ-45
Wide-Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Full duplex only

19. What is the maximum cabling distance for 10GBASE-ER/EW?
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T
40 km
Switch#show mac address-table static [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

20. What CEF optimisation replicates the entire FIB table among switch line cards?
10GBASE-SR/SW - 10GBASE-LR/LW - 10GBASE-ER/EW - 10GBASE-LX4/LW4 - 10GBASE-CX4
Interconnecting switches in a campus network
Distributed CEF (dCEF)
Packets that have been truncated before they were fully received

21. What is the maximum cabling distance for 10GBASE-SR/SW?
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
Layer 2 destination address changed to next-hop MAC address; Layer 2 source address changed to outbound interface MAC address; Layer 3 TTL decremented by 1; Layer 3 IP checksum recalculated; Layer 2 frame checksum recalculated
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+
66-300 metres for 50 micron MMF; 33 metres for 62.5 micron MMF

22. How does topology based switching work?
Layer 3 routing information builds and pre-populates a single database of the entire network topology; All table lookups are performed in hardware with the longest matching destination used in forwarding
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
Switch#show mac address-table static [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
With MMF cables shorter than 100 metres (to prevent over-driving the far-end receiver) and with MMF cables longer than 300 metres (to lessen the effect of differential mode delay)

23. What denotes the number of times the CEF table has been flushed and regenerated as a whole?
The CEF epoch number
IEEE 802.3
Switch#show adjacency [{interface}] [summary | detail]
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries

24. When should CEF be disabled?
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); ICMP code (/8); ICMP type (/4); IP type of service (ToS) (/8)
LOU registers
10GBASE-SR/SW - 10GBASE-LR/LW - 10GBASE-ER/EW - 10GBASE-LX4/LW4 - 10GBASE-CX4
Only temporarily for debugging purposes

25. What is the standard for 1000BASE-T?
IEEE 802.3ab
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY
300 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
The Discard adjacency

26. What is the maximum cabling distance for Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre?
400 metres half duplex and 2000 metres full duplex
Full duplex
SVI
Switch#show ip cef {network} [{mask}] [longer-prefixes] [detail]

27. Displays the entire Forwarding Information Base (FIB)
Switch#show ip cef
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information
Switch#show cef drop
Full duplex only

28. Displays entries in the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) for a specific interface
Accelerated CEF (aCEF) and Distributed CEF (dCEF)
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Egress queueing

29. How is link duplex mode determined on Fast Ethernet links configured to autonegotiate?
Layer 2 destination address changed to next-hop MAC address; Layer 2 source address changed to outbound interface MAC address; Layer 3 TTL decremented by 1; Layer 3 IP checksum recalculated; Layer 2 frame checksum recalculated
CEF punt
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate
Layer 3 routing information builds and pre-populates a single database of the entire network topology; All table lookups are performed in hardware with the longest matching destination used in forwarding

30. What is Cisco's old recommendation regarding switch port speed and duplex mode?
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan {vlan}
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm WWDM laser)
Configure the appropriate values manually on both ends of the link
Source MAC address; Port of arrival; VLAN; Time stamp

31. What is the TCAM Value and Mask for an Ethernet access list?
Source MAC (/48); Destination MAC (/48); Ethertype (/16)
Switch#show errdisable recovery
The adjacency table
Creating the VLAN

32. Removes entries from the CAM table
Adjacent MAC address (6 octets); Layer 3 engine MAC address (6 octets); EtherType (2 octets)
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used
Switch#clear mac address-table [dynamic] [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
66-300 metres for 50 micron MMF; 33 metres for 62.5 micron MMF

33. Displays switch port information for a specified interface
Layer 2 destination address changed to next-hop MAC address; Layer 2 source address changed to outbound interface MAC address; Layer 3 TTL decremented by 1; Layer 3 IP checksum recalculated; Layer 2 frame checksum recalculated
Tunnel
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery cause {all | {cause-name}}
Switch#show interfaces {interface} switchport

34. What is an interface-range macro?
Switch#show errdisable recovery
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
A name assigned to a ranges of interfaces

35. What is the DTP negotiation mode of a switch port configured as static access?
Half duplex
Feature Manager (FM) and Switching Database Manager (SDM)
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
Off

36. Configures a switch port with a static access VLAN assignment
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan {vlan}
25 metres
Half duplex
Source MAC (/48); Destination MAC (/48); Ethertype (/16)

37. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-CX?
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
100 metres
25 metres
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF (850 nm serial laser)

38. What is the administrative mode of a switch port that carries traffic for multiple VLANs?
Full duplex
Trunk or dynamic
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause {all | {cause-name}}

39. What is the default age-out time for stale entries in the CAM table?
Switch(config)#no ip cef
IEEE 802.3ae
Source MAC address; Port of arrival; VLAN; Time stamp
300 seconds

40. What fields are rewritten in hardware before a Layer 3 packet is switched to the to egress queue of a multilayer switch?
Switch#show ip cef {network} [{mask}] [longer-prefixes] [detail]
Static access or dynamic
Layer 2 source and destination MAC addresses; Layer 3 Time-To-Live (TTL) value and header checksum
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause security-violation

41. What is the original standard for Ethernet (10 Mbps)?
IEEE 802.3
Switch#show mac address-table count [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
The Discard adjacency
They are dropped (ARP throttling)

42. What are GigaStack GBICs used for?
The Layer 3 engine
GBIC-to-GBIC connection between stacking Catalyst switches or between any two Gigabit switch ports over a short distance
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation
IEEE 802.3ae

43. What CEF optimisation technique cache FIB entries in switch line cards?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dhcp-rate-limit
Accelerated CEF (aCEF)
Routing table and ARP table
66-300 metres for 50 micron MMF; 33 metres for 62.5 micron MMF

44. Enables error-disable for Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDU) received on ports configured for STP PortFast
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+
Electromagnetic Interference
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause bpduguard
With MMF cables shorter than 100 metres (to prevent over-driving the far-end receiver) and with MMF cables longer than 300 metres (to lessen the effect of differential mode delay)

45. Enables error-disable for conditions that trigger port security configured on a port
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
Switch(config)#no ip cef

46. Displays the contents of the CAM table
Switch#show mac address-table [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
1000BASE-T full duplex followed by 1000BASE-T half duplex
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause l2ptguard

47. What is the maximum cabling distance for Fast Ethernet over singlemode fibre?
Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) or Small Form factor Pluggable (SFP)
10 km
Source IPX network (/32); Destination IPX network (/32); Destination node (/48); IPX packet type (/16)
Static access or dynamic

48. Enables error-disable for the presence of invalid GBIC or SFP modules
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery interval {seconds}
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause gbic-invalid
The Layer 3 engine

49. What is the state of packets that are sent to the CEF Layer 3 engine because of missing Layer 2 next-hop addresses?
CEF glean
The CEF entry version number
Source IP (/32) - Destination IP (/32) - Protocol (/16) - IP ToS (/8) - Source port (/16) - Source operator (/4) - Destination port (/16) - Destination operator (/4)
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end - and 4 -5 on one end with 7 -8 on the other end

50. Specifies the timer for automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports
Switch(config-if)#duplex {auto | full | half}
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery interval {seconds}
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)
Distributed CEF (dCEF)

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