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Ethernet Technologies

Subject : it-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-CX?
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information
Multilayer Switching
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX
25 metres

2. Displays entries in the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) for a specific interface
Switch(config)#mac address-table aging-time {seconds}
Trunk
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper CX4 with Infiniband connectors

3. What is the DTP negotiation mode of a switch port configured as trunk?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dhcp-rate-limit
On
Adjacent MAC address (6 octets); Layer 3 engine MAC address (6 octets); EtherType (2 octets)
Switch#show interfaces {interface}

4. What is the name of a Layer 3 logical interface on a switch that represents an entire VLAN?
Switch(config)#no ip cef
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state
SVI
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan {vlan}

5. What CEF adjacency is used when packets must be sent to the Layer 3 engine for further processing?
The Punt adjacency
Layer 3 routing information builds and pre-populates a single database of the entire network topology; All table lookups are performed in hardware with the longest matching destination used in forwarding
By Mask/Value - where each unique mask has eight value patterns associated with it
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports

6. Specifies the timer for automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports
Switch#show mac address-table [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery interval {seconds}
Multilayer Switching
Half duplex

7. What are the names of the two basic generations of MLS?
Forwarding Information Base
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause link-flap
Route caching and topology based
400 metres half duplex and 2000 metres full duplex

8. Enables error-disable for conditions that trigger unicast flood blocking on a port
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions
Cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet
Packets that have been truncated before they were fully received
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause unicast-flood

9. What is Cisco's old recommendation regarding switch port speed and duplex mode?
Switch(config-if)#speed {10 | 100 | 1000 | auto}
Configure the appropriate values manually on both ends of the link
S = Short; L = Long; E = Extra-long
Switch#show interfaces status

10. What is EMI?
Electromagnetic Interference
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T
25 metres
Logical Operation Unit

11. What is 10GBASE-ER/EW?
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1550 nm serial laser)
The Discard adjacency
Flooding a frame with unknown destination MAC address out all ports assigned to the source port VLAN except the source port itself

12. What is the TCAM Value and Mask for an IP access list?
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8)
Compiling Access Control Entries (ACE) into the TCAM table
LOU registers
SVI

13. What function is performed by the Switching Database Manager (SDM)?
Switch(config-if)#duplex {auto | full | half}
Partition and tune the TCAM on some Catalyst switches into areas for different functions
CEF glean
IEEE 802.3u

14. What are GigaStack GBICs used for?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dhcp-rate-limit
Wide-Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Security and QoS ACLs
GBIC-to-GBIC connection between stacking Catalyst switches or between any two Gigabit switch ports over a short distance

15. What is the prerequesite for creating a working SVI?
Creating the VLAN
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); ICMP code (/8); ICMP type (/4); IP type of service (ToS) (/8)
Logical Operation Unit
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end

16. What is the operational mode of a switch port that uses DTP negotiation?
Collision domain
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause udld
Static access or trunk

17. Selects multiple switch port interfaces at the same time and enters interface configuration mode
Tunnel
Mask bits set to 1 for Value bits of interest and 0 for Value bits that don't matter
Switch(config)#interface range {type}{module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type}{module}/{number} ...]
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dhcp-rate-limit

18. How is link duplex mode determined on Fast Ethernet links configured to autonegotiate?
The Null adjacency
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate
Cabling specification for 10 Mbps Ethernet over Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling

19. What is the standard for Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)?
IEEE 802.3u
On
300 seconds
Content-Addressable Memory

20. What are the common PMD types for 10 Gigabit Ethernet?
Creating the VLAN
10GBASE-SR/SW - 10GBASE-LR/LW - 10GBASE-ER/EW - 10GBASE-LX4/LW4 - 10GBASE-CX4
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause unicast-flood
IEEE 802.3ab

21. Enables error-disable for errors with Layer 2 Protocol Tunnelling
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause l2ptguard
100 metres
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation
Switch#clear mac address-table [dynamic] [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

22. What are the supported duplex mode settings for Gigabit Ethernet on Cisco switches?
UTP Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause channel-misconfig
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan {vlan}
Full duplex only

23. What is the role of a Switch Engine (SE) in first generation MLS?
Cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet
Source MAC (/48); Destination MAC (/48); Ethertype (/16)
CEF punt
Listen to the first packet and put its resulting destination in the MLS cache; Route subsequent packets in the same flow based on the MLS cache

24. What CEF adjacency is used to discard packets because of access list or other policy action?
Bundling together two to eight full duplex Fast Ethernet links to act as a single physical link
10 km
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing
The Discard adjacency

25. Configures the maximum ageing time for entries in the MAC address table
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 8 or 9 micron SMF (1550 nm laser)
Switch(config)#mac address-table aging-time {seconds}
Switch#show interfaces status err-disabled
Switch#show interfaces status

26. What are the classes of Physical Media Dependent (PMD) interfaces defined by IEEE 802.3ae?
Packets that have been truncated before they were fully received
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]
LAN PHY and WAN PHY
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used

27. What is 100BASE-T4?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause l2ptguard
The Layer 3 forwarding engine
Fast Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end

28. How are the TCAM Mask/Value pairs evaluated?
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm laser)
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup

29. How is link speed determined on Fast Ethernet links configured to autonegotiate?
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause link-flap
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF (850 nm serial laser)

30. What connectors can be used with SFP modules?
Trunk
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery cause {all | {cause-name}}
LC - MT-RJ or RJ-45
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY

31. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-ZX?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause rootguard
Static access or trunk
Tunnel
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF

32. What are the default error-disable detection causes?
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 8 or 9 micron SMF (1550 nm laser)
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing
Enable error-disable for all possible causes

33. What are the duplex modes of a GigaStack GBIC?
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used
Forwarding Information Base
Half duplex
In TCAM Value entries

34. What is 1000BASE-SX?
Logical Operation Unit
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause rootguard
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF (850 nm laser)

35. What is the state of packets that are sent to the CEF Layer 3 engine because of missing Layer 2 next-hop addresses?
10GBASE-SR/SW - 10GBASE-LR/LW - 10GBASE-ER/EW - 10GBASE-LX4/LW4 - 10GBASE-CX4
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery cause {all | {cause-name}}
CEF glean
Flooding a frame with unknown destination MAC address out all ports assigned to the source port VLAN except the source port itself

36. When do collisions occur?
Only temporarily for debugging purposes
The adjacency table
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
When one station transmits at the same time as another on a shared medium

37. What is the content of TCAM Mask entries?

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38. Where is source and destination addresses and other relevant protocol information for access lists stored in the TCAM table?
In TCAM Value entries
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)
The Layer 3 engine
Content-Addressable Memory

39. What is IEEE?
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm laser)
Switch(config-if)#description {string}
A switch port that has been shut down automatically due to a serious error condition
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

40. What are the basic operations that a frame undergoes as it passes through a Layer 2 switch?
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Egress queueing
Switch(config)#interface range {type}{module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type}{module}/{number} ...]
Routing table and ARP table
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY

41. What information is stored in CAM?
Switch(config)#interface range macro {name}
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information
They are dropped (ARP throttling)

42. What are the symptoms of a duplex setting mismatch between two ends of a link?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause storm-control
On
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports

43. What is 10GBASE-X?
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Dynamic
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan {vlan}
300 seconds

44. Enables error-disable when the Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) is flapping
A station must wait its turn to transmit; it can't transmit and receive at the same time
Static access
Switch#show mac address-table [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap

45. Displays a list with status of all interfaces
Route caching and topology based
Cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet
Source IPX network (/32); Destination IPX network (/32); Destination node (/48); IPX packet type (/16)
Switch#show interfaces status

46. Disables CEF operation globally
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T
Distributed CEF (dCEF)
Switch(config)#no ip cef
A switch port that has been shut down automatically due to a serious error condition

47. What is ANSI?
A switch port that has been shut down automatically due to a serious error condition
Layer 2 source and destination MAC addresses; Layer 3 Time-To-Live (TTL) value and header checksum
American National Standards Institute
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause bpduguard

48. Displays CEF Punt statistics with number of packets and reason for each line card
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched
Cisco Express Forwarding
UTP Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
Incomplete adjacency; Incomplete ARP resolution; Unsupported packet features; ICMP redirect; Packets destined to the router itself; IP options present; Access list evaluation failure; Fragmentation failure

49. What is half duplex operation?

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50. Enables error-disable for conditions that trigger port security configured on a port
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T
Layer 2 source and destination MAC addresses; Layer 3 Time-To-Live (TTL) value and header checksum
Trunk or dynamic

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