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Ethernet Technologies

Subject : it-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. Removes entries from the CAM table
Wide-Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Switch#clear mac address-table [dynamic] [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
SVI
Source MAC (/48); Destination MAC (/48); Ethertype (/16)

2. What is 100BASE-TX?
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
LOU registers
Switch#show interfaces status
Switch#show cef drop

3. What is the maximum cabling distance for Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre?
On
Logical Operation Unit
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
400 metres half duplex and 2000 metres full duplex

4. What is the content of TCAM Mask entries?

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5. What is a ternary combination?

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6. What is CSMA/CD?
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
Flooding a frame with unknown destination MAC address out all ports assigned to the source port VLAN except the source port itself
A switch port that has been shut down automatically due to a serious error condition
GBIC-to-GBIC connection between stacking Catalyst switches or between any two Gigabit switch ports over a short distance

7. What is CEF?
The CEF epoch number
Cisco Express Forwarding
Enable error-disable for all possible causes
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause link-flap

8. What is TCAM overflow?
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF (850 nm laser)
Tunnel
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper CX4 with Infiniband connectors
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries

9. Enables error-disable for rate-limiting of DHCP snooping
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dhcp-rate-limit
Fast Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
Switch(config)#mac address-table static {mac-address} vlan {vlan} interface {interface}
Interconnecting with existing Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) networks

10. What Ethernet ports allow for autonegotiation?
Switch(config)#define interface-range {macro-name} {type} {module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type} {module}/{number} ...]
UTP Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause l2ptguard
SVI or native routed interface

11. What are the common PMD types for 10 Gigabit Ethernet?
Store-and-forward
Switch#show mac address-table static [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper CX4 with Infiniband connectors
10GBASE-SR/SW - 10GBASE-LR/LW - 10GBASE-ER/EW - 10GBASE-LX4/LW4 - 10GBASE-CX4

12. Configures a switch port with a static access VLAN assignment
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan {vlan}
1000BASE-T full duplex followed by 1000BASE-T half duplex
Switch(config)#no ip cef
Store-and-forward

13. What is EMI?
Manually by administratively disabling and re-enabling the port
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF
Electromagnetic Interference
Switch#show interfaces {interface} switchport

14. Enables error-disable for the presence of invalid GBIC or SFP modules
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause gbic-invalid
Switch(config-if)#no ip route-cache cef
Source MAC (/48); Destination MAC (/48); Ethertype (/16)
Feature Manager (FM) and Switching Database Manager (SDM)

15. Displays CEF Punt statistics with number of packets and reason for each line card
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched
Switch(config)#mac address-table aging-time {seconds}
Content-Addressable Memory
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery cause {all | {cause-name}}

16. What denotes the number of times a CEF entry has been updated since the CEF table was created?
The CEF entry version number
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause udld
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause arp-inspection
The Punt adjacency

17. What two IOS software components are involved in TCAM operation?
Interconnecting switches in a campus network
Feature Manager (FM) and Switching Database Manager (SDM)
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling
Adjacent MAC address (6 octets); Layer 3 engine MAC address (6 octets); EtherType (2 octets)

18. What are the names of the two basic generations of MLS?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause security-violation
Switch(config-if)#shutdown
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); ICMP code (/8); ICMP type (/4); IP type of service (ToS) (/8)
Route caching and topology based

19. What CEF optimisation replicates the entire FIB table among switch line cards?
Numeric values that represent what action to take after the TCAM lookup occurs
Distributed CEF (dCEF)
LC - MT-RJ or RJ-45
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF

20. What portion of the FIB contains the Layer 3 next-hop addresses for each entry together with the corresponding Layer 2 information?
Down - static access - trunk or tunnel
The adjacency table
Switch(config)#mac address-table aging-time {seconds}
IEEE 802.3z

21. Creates an interface-range macro
Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre (MMF) or 9 micron singlemode fibre (SMF)
On
Switch(config)#define interface-range {macro-name} {type} {module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type} {module}/{number} ...]
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing

22. Displays static CAM table entries
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF (850 nm serial laser)
Entry not in FIB; FIB table full; IP TTL expired; MTU exceeded; ICMP redirect; Unsupported encapsulation; Tunnelled packets requiring compression or encryption; Access list with 'log' option; NAT must be performed
Switch(config)#interface range macro {name}
Switch#show mac address-table static [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

23. What is the administrative mode of a switch port that carries transparent Layer 2 VPNs?
Feature Manager (FM) and Switching Database Manager (SDM)
Tunnel
Source MAC address; Port of arrival; VLAN; Time stamp
Process the first packet in a traffic flow to determine the destination

24. Changes an interface to a layer 3 interface and erases all layer 2 interface configurations
Accelerated CEF (aCEF)
Switch(config-if)#no switchport
15 metres
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]

25. Where is source and destination addresses and other relevant protocol information for access lists stored in the TCAM table?
LC - MT-RJ or RJ-45
Logical Operation Unit
Creating the VLAN
In TCAM Value entries

26. What is the TCAM Value and Mask for an ICMP access list?
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); ICMP code (/8); ICMP type (/4); IP type of service (ToS) (/8)
ANSI X3T11 FibreChannel

27. What are the letters used with 10GBASE-X two-letter suffixes to specify the PHY type?
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY
Switch(config)#interface range macro {name}
Security and QoS ACLs
CEF glean

28. How is link duplex mode determined on Fast Ethernet links configured to autonegotiate?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause {all | {cause-name}}
Adjacent MAC address (6 octets); Layer 3 engine MAC address (6 octets); EtherType (2 octets)
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate
FIB with adjacency table

29. How are the TCAM Mask/Value pairs evaluated?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause arp-inspection
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause link-flap
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup
Mask bits set to 1 for Value bits of interest and 0 for Value bits that don't matter

30. What is the default timer for automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports?
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+
10GbE operates only at full duplex
300 seconds
Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) or Small Form factor Pluggable (SFP)

31. What is 100BASE-T2?
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
Switch#show interfaces {interface}
Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre (MMF) or 9 micron singlemode fibre (SMF)
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP

32. What is the TCAM Value and Mask for an IPX access list?
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF
Source IPX network (/32); Destination IPX network (/32); Destination node (/48); IPX packet type (/16)
Configure the appropriate values manually on both ends of the link

33. Displays entries in the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) for a specific subnet
Multilayer Switching
Switch#show ip cef {network} [{mask}] [longer-prefixes] [detail]
Switch#show interfaces status err-disabled
Source IPX network (/32); Destination IPX network (/32); Destination node (/48); IPX packet type (/16)

34. What are the symptoms of a duplex setting mismatch between two ends of a link?
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause udld
Encapsulation failure; Unresolved address; Unsupported protocol; No valid route; No valid adjacency; Checksum error
Partition and tune the TCAM on some Catalyst switches into areas for different functions

35. How is the TCAM organised?
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched
With MMF cables shorter than 100 metres (to prevent over-driving the far-end receiver) and with MMF cables longer than 300 metres (to lessen the effect of differential mode delay)
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
By Mask/Value - where each unique mask has eight value patterns associated with it

36. What is 1000BASE-T?
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T
Switch(config)#define interface-range {macro-name} {type} {module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type} {module}/{number} ...]
550 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF

37. How are MAC addresses shown in the detailed output from the CEF adjacency table?
IEEE 802.3ae
Adjacent MAC address (6 octets); Layer 3 engine MAC address (6 octets); EtherType (2 octets)
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling
Source IP (/32) - Destination IP (/32) - Protocol (/16) - IP ToS (/8) - Source port (/16) - Source operator (/4) - Destination port (/16) - Destination operator (/4)

38. What is the name of the CEF engine that forwards packets in hardware?
SVI
The Layer 3 forwarding engine
Forwarding Information Base
25 metres

39. What is LOU?
Switch(config)#interface range macro {name}
Logical Operation Unit
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF (850 nm serial laser)
Per port collision domains; Full duplex mode; Dedicated bandwidth; Error detection; Broadcast thresholds; Intelligent filtering and forwarding

40. What tables are maintained by the CEF Layer 3 forwarding engine?
Half duplex
FIB with adjacency table
Down - static access - trunk or tunnel
Interconnecting with existing Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) networks

41. What is WWDM?
Wide-Wavelength Division Multiplexing
GBIC-to-GBIC connection between stacking Catalyst switches or between any two Gigabit switch ports over a short distance
On
UTP Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet

42. What is the name of physical network segment where data packets can collide with one another when being sent?
400 metres half duplex and 2000 metres full duplex
Collision domain
Adjacent MAC address (6 octets); Layer 3 engine MAC address (6 octets); EtherType (2 octets)
Mask bits set to 1 for Value bits of interest and 0 for Value bits that don't matter

43. What is the role of a Route Processor (RP) in first generation MLS?
Layer 2 destination address changed to next-hop MAC address; Layer 2 source address changed to outbound interface MAC address; Layer 3 TTL decremented by 1; Layer 3 IP checksum recalculated; Layer 2 frame checksum recalculated
Process the first packet in a traffic flow to determine the destination
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end
550 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF

44. What are the letters used with 10GBASE-X two-letter suffixes to specify the transceiver wavelengths?
Configure the appropriate values manually on both ends of the link
Logical Operation Unit
The Punt adjacency
S = Short; L = Long; E = Extra-long

45. What is IEEE?
A proprietary connector with a high-data-rate copper cable with enhanced signal integrity and EMI performance
Collision domain
Switch#show interfaces {interface}
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

46. What is ANSI?
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]
Source MAC (/48); Destination MAC (/48); Ethertype (/16)
American National Standards Institute
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm laser)

47. What CEF adjacency is used when packets must be sent to the Layer 3 engine for further processing?
The Punt adjacency
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Switch#show interfaces {interface}
Switch(config)#interface vlan {vlan-id}

48. What is the content of TCAM Result entries?
Switch(config-if)#description {string}
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end - and 4 -5 on one end with 7 -8 on the other end
Numeric values that represent what action to take after the TCAM lookup occurs

49. What is half duplex operation?

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50. What is 100BASE-FX?
10GbE operates only at full duplex
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause unicast-flood
The Punt adjacency
Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre (MMF) or 9 micron singlemode fibre (SMF)

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