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Ethernet Technologies

Subject : it-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is unknown unicast flooding?
Only temporarily for debugging purposes
Flooding a frame with unknown destination MAC address out all ports assigned to the source port VLAN except the source port itself
Switch(config)#interface vlan {vlan-id}
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information

2. What is TCAM?
The Discard adjacency
Switch(config-if)#no ip route-cache cef
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory
A name assigned to a ranges of interfaces

3. What are the names of CEF optimisation techniques using specialised forwarding hardware?
Per port collision domains; Full duplex mode; Dedicated bandwidth; Error detection; Broadcast thresholds; Intelligent filtering and forwarding
Accelerated CEF (aCEF) and Distributed CEF (dCEF)
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY
Switch#show mac address-table [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

4. What is 10GBASE-LR/LW?
Switch#show running-config interface {interface}
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state
The CEF epoch number
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1310 nm serial laser)

5. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-LX/LH?
1000BASE-T full duplex followed by 1000BASE-T half duplex
550 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause ilpower
100 metres

6. Enables error-disable for errors with offering inline power
Switch#show mac address-table [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
On
Native routed interface
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause ilpower

7. What is Fast EtherChannel (FEC)?
Trunk
Switch#show cef drop
Bundling together two to eight full duplex Fast Ethernet links to act as a single physical link
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8); IGMP message type (/8)

8. Displays error-disabled recovery timer information
Electromagnetic Interference
GBIC-to-GBIC connection between stacking Catalyst switches or between any two Gigabit switch ports over a short distance
LAN PHY and WAN PHY
Switch#show errdisable recovery

9. How are packets marked before being sent to the CEF Layer 3 engine for further processing?
Down - static access - trunk or tunnel
CEF punt
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1550 nm serial laser)
ARP requests and replies; IP packets requiring an ICMP response; IP broadcasts to be relayed; Routing protocol updates; CDP packets; Packets needing encryption; Packets triggering NAT; Other non-IP packets

10. What are the letters used with 10GBASE-X two-letter suffixes to specify the transceiver wavelengths?
S = Short; L = Long; E = Extra-long
Wide-Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Routing table and ARP table
Switch#clear mac address-table [dynamic] [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

11. What is TCAM overflow?
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
Switched virtual interface (SVI)
Switch(config)#default interface {interface}

12. What are the common cabling specifications for Fast Ethernet?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
Cabling specification for 10 Mbps Ethernet over Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling
With MMF cables shorter than 100 metres (to prevent over-driving the far-end receiver) and with MMF cables longer than 300 metres (to lessen the effect of differential mode delay)

13. What is the maximum cabling distance for 10GBASE-LR/LW?
10 km
Static access or dynamic
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T
100 metres

14. What is the default duplex mode of a Gigabit Ethernet interface?
SC fibre optic or RJ-45 UTP
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause storm-control
Full duplex

15. What technology was merged into the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard to create Gigabit Ethernet?
Switch#clear mac address-table [dynamic] [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
ANSI X3T11 FibreChannel
Compiling Access Control Entries (ACE) into the TCAM table
Trunk

16. How are ternary combinations implemented?
Feature Manager (FM) and Switching Database Manager (SDM)
With a mask value in addition to binary values to decide which keys in a table are relevant
Configure the appropriate values manually on both ends of the link
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause rootguard

17. What is 10GBASE-ER/EW?
S = Short; L = Long; E = Extra-long
IEEE 802.3u
Layer 2 source and destination MAC addresses; Layer 3 Time-To-Live (TTL) value and header checksum
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1550 nm serial laser)

18. Enables error-disable detection
A name assigned to a ranges of interfaces
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause {all | {cause-name}}
300 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
The CEF epoch number

19. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-CX?
Half duplex
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
With a mask value in addition to binary values to decide which keys in a table are relevant
25 metres

20. What is 100BASE-TX?
A three-fold combination of 0 - 1 and X (don't care)
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state
Switch(config)#interface vlan {vlan-id}

21. Enables error-disable when a storm control threshold has been exceeded on a port
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause storm-control
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause loopback
300 seconds

22. What are the basic operations that a frame undergoes as it passes through a Layer 2 switch?
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Egress queueing
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
With MMF cables shorter than 100 metres (to prevent over-driving the far-end receiver) and with MMF cables longer than 300 metres (to lessen the effect of differential mode delay)
Content-Addressable Memory

23. What denotes the number of times the CEF table has been flushed and regenerated as a whole?
The CEF epoch number
A name assigned to a ranges of interfaces
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause l2ptguard
Security and QoS ACLs

24. What is the DTP negotiation mode of a switch port configured as static access?
LAN PHY and WAN PHY
The Null adjacency
Off
In TCAM Value entries

25. What is the administrative mode of a switch port that uses DTP to negotiate its operational mode?
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
Switch(config-if)#speed {10 | 100 | 1000 | auto}
Dynamic
Switch(config)#interface range macro {name}

26. Enables error-disable when a link is seen to be unidirectional
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
By Mask/Value - where each unique mask has eight value patterns associated with it
Switch#show ip cef
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause udld

27. What happens to subsequent packets destined for FIB entries in CEF glean state?
A proprietary connector with a high-data-rate copper cable with enhanced signal integrity and EMI performance
They are dropped (ARP throttling)
ARP requests and replies; IP packets requiring an ICMP response; IP broadcasts to be relayed; Routing protocol updates; CDP packets; Packets needing encryption; Packets triggering NAT; Other non-IP packets
With a mask value in addition to binary values to decide which keys in a table are relevant

28. What combinations are TCAM entries composed of?
Tunnel
Forwarding Information Base
Value - Mask - and Result (VMR)
Partition and tune the TCAM on some Catalyst switches into areas for different functions

29. Enables error-disable for the presence of invalid GBIC or SFP modules
Switch(config-if)#no switchport
Listen to the first packet and put its resulting destination in the MLS cache; Route subsequent packets in the same flow based on the MLS cache
CEF glean
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause gbic-invalid

30. What RJ-45 pins must be swapped in a Category 5 UTP crossover cable for Gigabit Ethernet?
Full duplex only
Collision domain
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end - and 4 -5 on one end with 7 -8 on the other end

31. What is the timer range for automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports?
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery interval {seconds}
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)
Route caching and topology based

32. What CEF adjacency is used when packets must be sent to the Layer 3 engine for further processing?
Layer 3 routing information builds and pre-populates a single database of the entire network topology; All table lookups are performed in hardware with the longest matching destination used in forwarding
The Punt adjacency
10GBASE-SR/SW - 10GBASE-LR/LW - 10GBASE-ER/EW - 10GBASE-LX4/LW4 - 10GBASE-CX4
Compiling Access Control Entries (ACE) into the TCAM table

33. What is CEF?
LOU registers
300 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
Cisco Express Forwarding
Configure the appropriate values manually on both ends of the link

34. What is the name of physical network segment where data packets can collide with one another when being sent?
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm WWDM laser)
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause security-violation
Collision domain
Cisco Express Forwarding

35. What mechanism does the TCAM provide for Layer 4 comparisons involving gt - lt - neq or range operators?
LOU registers
Dynamic
CEF glean
Switch(config)#interface range macro {name}

36. Creates an interface-range macro
Numeric values that represent what action to take after the TCAM lookup occurs
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dtp-flap
Switch(config)#define interface-range {macro-name} {type} {module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type} {module}/{number} ...]

37. Displays CEF Drop statistics with number of packets and reason for each line card
Switch#show cef drop
Switch#show errdisable recovery
Enable error-disable for all possible causes
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory

38. What information is stored in CAM?
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper CX4 with Infiniband connectors
The Layer 3 forwarding engine
Logical Operation Unit

39. How are the TCAM Mask/Value pairs evaluated?
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling
Source IPX network (/32); Destination IPX network (/32); Destination node (/48); IPX packet type (/16)
Switch(config)#interface {type}{module}/{number}
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup

40. What CEF adjacency is used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normally?
The Drop adjacency
A station must wait its turn to transmit; it can't transmit and receive at the same time
The CEF epoch number
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end

41. What portion of the FIB contains the Layer 3 next-hop addresses for each entry together with the corresponding Layer 2 information?
10GbE operates only at full duplex
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]
Tunnel
The adjacency table

42. What is 1000BASE-ZX?
300 seconds
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 8 or 9 micron SMF (1550 nm laser)
SVI
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause l2ptguard

43. Displays CEF Punt statistics with number of packets and reason for each line card
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper CX4 with Infiniband connectors
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports

44. What happens when autonegotiating of link duplex mode fails on a Fast Ethernet link?
Logical Operation Unit
Switch(config-if)#shutdown
Switch(config-if)#no switchport
The switch port falls back to default setting of half duplex

45. What is ANSI?
Switch#show adjacency [{interface}] [summary | detail]
American National Standards Institute
1000BASE-T full duplex followed by 1000BASE-T half duplex
Half duplex

46. How do Layer 2 switches provide isolation between hosts?
Switch(config-if)#no switchport
Switch(config)#mac address-table static {mac-address} vlan {vlan} interface {interface}
Per port collision domains; Full duplex mode; Dedicated bandwidth; Error detection; Broadcast thresholds; Intelligent filtering and forwarding
Off

47. What is 1000BASE-CX?
Forwarding Information Base
Source IP (/32) - Destination IP (/32) - Protocol (/16) - IP ToS (/8) - Source port (/16) - Source operator (/4) - Destination port (/16) - Destination operator (/4)
Encapsulation failure; Unresolved address; Unsupported protocol; No valid route; No valid adjacency; Checksum error
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling

48. What is the content of TCAM Mask entries?

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49. What are the letters used with 10GBASE-X two-letter suffixes to specify the PHY type?
Route caching and topology based
Switch(config)#mac address-table aging-time {seconds}
15 metres
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY

50. What connectors can be used with GBIC modules?
Tunnel
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
SC fibre optic or RJ-45 UTP
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap

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