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Ethernet Technologies

Subject : it-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is an interface-range macro?
A name assigned to a ranges of interfaces
Logical Operation Unit
Bundling together two to eight full duplex Fast Ethernet links to act as a single physical link
Static access or trunk

2. What is the maximum cabling distance for 10GBASE-ER/EW?
Layer 3 routing information builds and pre-populates a single database of the entire network topology; All table lookups are performed in hardware with the longest matching destination used in forwarding
LOU registers
40 km
Routing table and ARP table

3. What is 1000BASE-CX?
Interconnecting switches in a campus network
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dtp-flap
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling
300 seconds

4. How are ternary combinations implemented?
With a mask value in addition to binary values to decide which keys in a table are relevant
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause bpduguard
IEEE 802.3z
Source IPX network (/32); Destination IPX network (/32); Destination node (/48); IPX packet type (/16)

5. What is the administrative mode of a switch port that uses DTP to negotiate its operational mode?
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery cause {all | {cause-name}}
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1310 nm serial laser)
275 metres for 62.5 micron MMF; 550 metres for 50 micron MMF
Dynamic

6. Enables error-disable for errors with dynamic ARP inspection
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup
66-300 metres for 50 micron MMF; 33 metres for 62.5 micron MMF
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause arp-inspection
Flooding a frame with unknown destination MAC address out all ports assigned to the source port VLAN except the source port itself

7. What are the classes of Physical Media Dependent (PMD) interfaces defined by IEEE 802.3ae?
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan {vlan}
LAN PHY and WAN PHY
IEEE 802.3z
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 8 or 9 micron SMF (1550 nm laser)

8. What is full duplex operation?
40 km
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions
Per port collision domains; Full duplex mode; Dedicated bandwidth; Error detection; Broadcast thresholds; Intelligent filtering and forwarding
Feature Manager (FM) and Switching Database Manager (SDM)

9. Removes entries from the CAM table
Static access or trunk
IEEE 802.3z
Switch#clear mac address-table [dynamic] [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Numeric values that represent what action to take after the TCAM lookup occurs

10. What CEF optimisation technique cache FIB entries in switch line cards?
Source MAC (/48); Destination MAC (/48); Ethertype (/16)
CEF punt
Tunnel
Accelerated CEF (aCEF)

11. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-CX?
Listen to the first packet and put its resulting destination in the MLS cache; Route subsequent packets in the same flow based on the MLS cache
400 metres half duplex and 2000 metres full duplex
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state
25 metres

12. What is the DTP negotiation mode of a switch port configured as static access?
IEEE 802.3u
Off
Configure the appropriate values manually on both ends of the link
Switch#show running-config interface {interface}

13. What is the default timer for automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports?
Switch#show mac address-table count [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
400 metres half duplex and 2000 metres full duplex
300 seconds
Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) or Small Form factor Pluggable (SFP)

14. What is a ternary combination?

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15. What is FIB?
Configure the appropriate values manually on both ends of the link
Incomplete adjacency; Incomplete ARP resolution; Unsupported packet features; ICMP redirect; Packets destined to the router itself; IP options present; Access list evaluation failure; Fragmentation failure
CEF glean
Forwarding Information Base

16. Specifies the timer for automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery interval {seconds}
Multilayer Switching
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
S = Short; L = Long; E = Extra-long

17. What type of packets can not be forwarded by CEF but are instead sent to the switch CPU for process switching in software?
Tunnel
ARP requests and replies; IP packets requiring an ICMP response; IP broadcasts to be relayed; Routing protocol updates; CDP packets; Packets needing encryption; Packets triggering NAT; Other non-IP packets
300 seconds
Switch(config-if)#speed {10 | 100 | 1000 | auto}

18. What mechanism does the TCAM provide for Layer 4 comparisons involving gt - lt - neq or range operators?
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper CX4 with Infiniband connectors
CEF punt
LOU registers
Layer 2 destination address changed to next-hop MAC address; Layer 2 source address changed to outbound interface MAC address; Layer 3 TTL decremented by 1; Layer 3 IP checksum recalculated; Layer 2 frame checksum recalculated

19. What is the timer range for automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports?
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)
A switch port that has been shut down automatically due to a serious error condition
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery interval {seconds}
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation

20. What CEF adjacency is used when packets must be sent to the Layer 3 engine for further processing?
The Punt adjacency
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause channel-misconfig
Forwarding Information Base

21. What are the common cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet?
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Egress queueing
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX

22. Adds a description to an interface configuration
Logical Operation Unit
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF
Switch(config-if)#description {string}
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause rootguard

23. What is 10GBASE-LR/LW?
Only temporarily for debugging purposes
Switch#show interfaces status err-disabled
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1310 nm serial laser)
Switch#clear mac address-table [dynamic] [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

24. How is link duplex mode determined on Fast Ethernet links configured to autonegotiate?
Cabling specification for 10 Mbps Ethernet over Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate
300 seconds
Security and QoS ACLs

25. What is the standard for Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)?
Switch#show ip cef {network} [{mask}] [longer-prefixes] [detail]
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate
Source MAC address; Port of arrival; VLAN; Time stamp
IEEE 802.3u

26. When are mode-conditioning patch leads required with 1000BASE-LX/LH transceivers?
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
10 km
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Egress queueing
With MMF cables shorter than 100 metres (to prevent over-driving the far-end receiver) and with MMF cables longer than 300 metres (to lessen the effect of differential mode delay)

27. What is the default age-out time for stale entries in the CAM table?
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8)
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause storm-control
Interconnecting with existing Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) networks
300 seconds

28. Enables error-disable for misconfiguration of EtherChannel bundles
400 metres half duplex and 2000 metres full duplex
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause channel-misconfig
With a mask value in addition to binary values to decide which keys in a table are relevant
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup

29. What is TCAM overflow?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause vmps
Adjacent MAC address (6 octets); Layer 3 engine MAC address (6 octets); EtherType (2 octets)
FIB with adjacency table
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries

30. What denotes the number of times a CEF entry has been updated since the CEF table was created?
UTP Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
Feature Manager (FM) and Switching Database Manager (SDM)
The CEF entry version number
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause rootguard

31. What is the name of the CEF engine that forwards packets in hardware?
Switch(config)#interface {type}{module}/{number}
The Layer 3 forwarding engine
Tunnel
Collision domain

32. What is the DTP negotiation mode of a switch port configured as dynamic?
Switch(config-if)#duplex {auto | full | half}
10GbE operates only at full duplex
On
SC fibre optic or RJ-45 UTP

33. What is 10GBASE-ER/EW?
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause loopback
10GBASE-SR/SW - 10GBASE-LR/LW - 10GBASE-ER/EW - 10GBASE-LX4/LW4 - 10GBASE-CX4
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1550 nm serial laser)

34. Enables error-disable for errors with offering inline power
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause ilpower
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+

35. Enables error-disable for errors with Layer 2 Protocol Tunnelling
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause gbic-invalid
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause l2ptguard
LAN PHY and WAN PHY

36. What are the operational modes of a Layer 2 switched interface?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause bpduguard
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause l2ptguard
Down - static access - trunk or tunnel
In TCAM Value entries

37. Displays entries in the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) for a specific subnet
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup
Switch#show ip cef {network} [{mask}] [longer-prefixes] [detail]
Adjacent MAC address (6 octets); Layer 3 engine MAC address (6 octets); EtherType (2 octets)
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling

38. How are the TCAM Mask/Value pairs evaluated?
Feature Manager (FM) and Switching Database Manager (SDM)
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup
Multilayer Switching
The Null adjacency

39. Displays interface configuration information
Partition and tune the TCAM on some Catalyst switches into areas for different functions
UTP Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
Switch#show running-config interface {interface}
Store-and-forward

40. What are the 10GBASE-X PMD transceiver form factors used in Cisco Catalyst switches?
Switch(config)#interface vlan {vlan-id}
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+
Switch(config)#interface range macro {name}

41. What is WAN PHY used for?
Interconnecting with existing Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) networks
Numeric values that represent what action to take after the TCAM lookup occurs
Switch(config-if)#speed {10 | 100 | 1000 | auto}
A three-fold combination of 0 - 1 and X (don't care)

42. What is 1000BASE-SX?
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup
IEEE 802.3
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF (850 nm laser)

43. What is a SVI?
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
On
Switched virtual interface (SVI)
Manually by administratively disabling and re-enabling the port

44. What is 10BASE-T?
Cabling specification for 10 Mbps Ethernet over Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
10 km

45. What are the reasons for packets being punted by CEF?
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause bpduguard
40 km
Incomplete adjacency; Incomplete ARP resolution; Unsupported packet features; ICMP redirect; Packets destined to the router itself; IP options present; Access list evaluation failure; Fragmentation failure

46. Displays switch port information for a specified interface
Static access or trunk
Switch#show mac address-table dynamic [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Switch#show interfaces {interface} switchport
Manually by administratively disabling and re-enabling the port

47. What is the name of a Layer 3 logical interface on a switch that represents an entire VLAN?
IEEE 802.3
Down - static access - trunk or tunnel
SVI
SC or MT-RJ

48. What is the operational mode of a switch port that is a member of one VLAN?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause arp-inspection
66-300 metres for 50 micron MMF; 33 metres for 62.5 micron MMF
Store-and-forward
Static access

49. What is IEEE?
SC or MT-RJ
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Mask bits set to 1 for Value bits of interest and 0 for Value bits that don't matter
Listen to the first packet and put its resulting destination in the MLS cache; Route subsequent packets in the same flow based on the MLS cache

50. What is CAM?
Content-Addressable Memory
Switch#show interfaces status err-disabled
Route caching and topology based
Static access or dynamic

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