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Ethernet Technologies

Subject : it-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. How is link duplex mode determined on Fast Ethernet links configured to autonegotiate?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause arp-inspection
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate
Incomplete adjacency; Incomplete ARP resolution; Unsupported packet features; ICMP redirect; Packets destined to the router itself; IP options present; Access list evaluation failure; Fragmentation failure
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory

2. What function is performed by the Feature Manager (FM)?
Switch#show mac address-table static [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Compiling Access Control Entries (ACE) into the TCAM table
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation

3. What is a SVI?
Switched virtual interface (SVI)
The CEF epoch number
CEF punt
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP

4. How are ternary combinations implemented?
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
With a mask value in addition to binary values to decide which keys in a table are relevant
IEEE 802.3z
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use

5. What is 100BASE-TX?
IEEE 802.3ab
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used
Source IPX network (/32); Destination IPX network (/32); Destination node (/48); IPX packet type (/16)
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP

6. Enables error-disable for errors with Layer 2 Protocol Tunnelling
Value - Mask - and Result (VMR)
Cabling specification for 10 Mbps Ethernet over Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling
SVI or native routed interface
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause l2ptguard

7. What are the names of the two basic generations of MLS?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause ilpower
American National Standards Institute
Route caching and topology based
Mask bits set to 1 for Value bits of interest and 0 for Value bits that don't matter

8. Configures the maximum ageing time for entries in the MAC address table
Collision domain
Switch(config)#mac address-table aging-time {seconds}
Trunk
SC fibre optic or RJ-45 UTP

9. Enables error-disable for conditions that trigger unicast flood blocking on a port
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause l2ptguard
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause unicast-flood
550 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF

10. What are the duplex modes of a GigaStack GBIC?
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used
Flooding a frame with unknown destination MAC address out all ports assigned to the source port VLAN except the source port itself
Switch(config-if)#no ip route-cache cef
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX

11. What is 1000BASE-ZX?
The CEF entry version number
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm laser)
The Punt adjacency
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 8 or 9 micron SMF (1550 nm laser)

12. What is the state of packets that are sent to the CEF Layer 3 engine because of missing Layer 2 next-hop addresses?
CEF glean
Switch#show interfaces {interface} switchport
Switch(config)#interface {type}{module}/{number}
Packets that have been truncated before they were fully received

13. What are the operational modes of a Layer 2 switched interface?
Down - static access - trunk or tunnel
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause bpduguard
Switch(config)#interface {type}{module}/{number}
Cabling specification for 10 Mbps Ethernet over Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling

14. Enables error-disable for Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDU) received on ports configured for STP PortFast
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Per port collision domains; Full duplex mode; Dedicated bandwidth; Error detection; Broadcast thresholds; Intelligent filtering and forwarding
American National Standards Institute
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause bpduguard

15. What is the administrative mode of a switch port that is a member of one VLAN?
Static access or dynamic
400 metres half duplex and 2000 metres full duplex
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause udld
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dhcp-rate-limit

16. Enables error-disable for the presence of invalid GBIC or SFP modules
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause gbic-invalid
Wide-Wavelength Division Multiplexing
40 km
300 seconds

17. What is the name of the CEF engine that maintains routing information in software?
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
Switch#show mac address-table [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
The Layer 3 engine
Entry not in FIB; FIB table full; IP TTL expired; MTU exceeded; ICMP redirect; Unsupported encapsulation; Tunnelled packets requiring compression or encryption; Access list with 'log' option; NAT must be performed

18. What are the 100BASE-FX connectors used in Cisco Catalyst switches?
SC or MT-RJ
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause unicast-flood
Switch(config)#interface range macro {name}
FIB with adjacency table

19. What changes are made to packets by the CEF packet rewrite engine just before forwarding?
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used
Layer 2 destination address changed to next-hop MAC address; Layer 2 source address changed to outbound interface MAC address; Layer 3 TTL decremented by 1; Layer 3 IP checksum recalculated; Layer 2 frame checksum recalculated
The Layer 3 forwarding engine
Full duplex only

20. What is half duplex operation?

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21. Enables error-disable for errors when assigning a port to a dynamic VLAN through a VMPS
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause vmps
Switch(config)#mac address-table static {mac-address} vlan {vlan} interface {interface}
10GBASE-SR/SW - 10GBASE-LR/LW - 10GBASE-ER/EW - 10GBASE-LX4/LW4 - 10GBASE-CX4
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX

22. What is the operational mode of a switch port that uses DTP negotiation?
Store-and-forward
Switch(config)#interface vlan {vlan-id}
Trunk or dynamic
Static access or trunk

23. What is the content of TCAM Mask entries?

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24. Enables error-disable for rate-limiting of DHCP snooping
Routing table and ARP table
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dhcp-rate-limit
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause channel-misconfig
Switch(config)#mac address-table static {mac-address} vlan {vlan} interface {interface}

25. What is the maximum cabling distance for 10GBASE-LX4/LW4?
300 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1310 nm serial laser)
Switch#show interfaces {interface}
Interconnecting switches in a campus network

26. What is the TCAM Value and Mask for an IP access list?
Switch#show interfaces {interface} switchport
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8)
Interconnecting switches in a campus network
Trunk

27. Specifies the timer for automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports
Switch(config)#interface range {type}{module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type}{module}/{number} ...]
Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre (MMF) or 9 micron singlemode fibre (SMF)
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery interval {seconds}
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8)

28. What is the operational mode of a switch port that carries transparent Layer 2 VPNs?
40 km
Dynamic
Static access or dynamic
Tunnel

29. What is the DTP negotiation mode of a switch port configured as static access?
The Drop adjacency
10GBASE-SR/SW - 10GBASE-LR/LW - 10GBASE-ER/EW - 10GBASE-LX4/LW4 - 10GBASE-CX4
Off
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper CX4 with Infiniband connectors

30. Sets the speed of a Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet interface
Switch(config-if)#speed {10 | 100 | 1000 | auto}
Switch(config-if)#shutdown
Numeric values that represent what action to take after the TCAM lookup occurs
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T

31. What is error-disable state?
LC - MT-RJ or RJ-45
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8); IGMP message type (/8)
CEF glean
A switch port that has been shut down automatically due to a serious error condition

32. Adds a static entry to the MAC address table
Full duplex
Switch(config)#mac address-table static {mac-address} vlan {vlan} interface {interface}
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
66-300 metres for 50 micron MMF; 33 metres for 62.5 micron MMF

33. Enables error-disable for errors related to 802.1x security
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
They are dropped (ARP throttling)
Switch(config)#mac address-table aging-time {seconds}
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause security-violation

34. What is 1000BASE-CX?
10GbE operates only at full duplex
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory
Switch(config)#default interface {interface}

35. When do collisions occur?
The Discard adjacency
When one station transmits at the same time as another on a shared medium
Forwarding Information Base
Enable error-disable for all possible causes

36. What is 100BASE-FX?
Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre (MMF) or 9 micron singlemode fibre (SMF)
A name assigned to a ranges of interfaces
Native routed interface
Switch(config-if)#description {string}

37. What is the prerequesite for creating a working SVI?
Switch#show ip cef
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T
Creating the VLAN
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX

38. How are packets marked before being sent to the CEF Layer 3 engine for further processing?
CEF punt
Cabling specification for 10 Mbps Ethernet over Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling
Cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries

39. Displays dynamic CAM table entries
Switch#show mac address-table dynamic [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Full duplex
275 metres for 62.5 micron MMF; 550 metres for 50 micron MMF
On

40. Enables error-disable for errors with dynamic ARP inspection
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
300 seconds
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause arp-inspection

41. What happens when autonegotiating of link duplex mode fails on a Fast Ethernet link?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause udld
Switch#show mac address-table count [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
The switch port falls back to default setting of half duplex
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dhcp-rate-limit

42. What is the operational mode of a switch port that carries traffic for multiple VLANs?
Trunk
In TCAM Value entries
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF (850 nm laser)
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause udld

43. What are the common cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet?
Routing table and ARP table
They are dropped (ARP throttling)
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1550 nm serial laser)

44. Enables error-disable when the Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) is flapping
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
LAN PHY and WAN PHY
Switch#show mac address-table static [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

45. What are the symptoms of a duplex setting mismatch between two ends of a link?
Switch(config)#interface range {type}{module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type}{module}/{number} ...]
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
Source IP (/32) - Destination IP (/32) - Protocol (/16) - IP ToS (/8) - Source port (/16) - Source operator (/4) - Destination port (/16) - Destination operator (/4)
ARP requests and replies; IP packets requiring an ICMP response; IP broadcasts to be relayed; Routing protocol updates; CDP packets; Packets needing encryption; Packets triggering NAT; Other non-IP packets

46. Selects an interface-range macro and enters interface configuration mode
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
Switch(config)#interface range macro {name}
Collision domain
Switch#show ip cef

47. What CEF adjacency is used to discard packets because of access list or other policy action?
Enable error-disable for all possible causes
Source MAC address; Port of arrival; VLAN; Time stamp
The Discard adjacency
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup

48. What mechanism does the TCAM provide for Layer 4 comparisons involving gt - lt - neq or range operators?
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate
LOU registers
A switch port that has been shut down automatically due to a serious error condition
Half duplex

49. Sets the duplex mode of an Ethernet or Fast Ethernet interface
Listen to the first packet and put its resulting destination in the MLS cache; Route subsequent packets in the same flow based on the MLS cache
Switch(config-if)#duplex {auto | full | half}
Switch#show adjacency [{interface}] [summary | detail]
Switch#show mac address-table dynamic [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

50. When should CEF be disabled?
Enable error-disable for all possible causes
Only temporarily for debugging purposes
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)
Accelerated CEF (aCEF) and Distributed CEF (dCEF)

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