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Ethernet Technologies

Subject : it-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What CEF optimisation technique cache FIB entries in switch line cards?
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan {vlan}
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end - and 4 -5 on one end with 7 -8 on the other end
Accelerated CEF (aCEF)
The CEF entry version number

2. What is CSMA/CD?
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
10 km
Source IPX network (/32); Destination IPX network (/32); Destination node (/48); IPX packet type (/16)
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)

3. What are the names of CEF optimisation techniques using specialised forwarding hardware?
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm WWDM laser)
Accelerated CEF (aCEF)
Accelerated CEF (aCEF) and Distributed CEF (dCEF)
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP

4. Resets the configuration of a switch port to its default values
Switched virtual interface (SVI)
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
Switch(config)#default interface {interface}
10GBASE-SR/SW - 10GBASE-LR/LW - 10GBASE-ER/EW - 10GBASE-LX4/LW4 - 10GBASE-CX4

5. Displays entries in the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) for a specific interface
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation
25 metres

6. Enables error-disable when an STP BPDU is received from a root bridge on an unexpected port
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause rootguard
Cisco Express Forwarding
When one station transmits at the same time as another on a shared medium
In TCAM Value entries

7. Selects a switch port interface and enters interface configuration mode
Switch(config)#interface {type}{module}/{number}
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause rootguard
Mask bits set to 1 for Value bits of interest and 0 for Value bits that don't matter
Electromagnetic Interference

8. What are the names of the two basic generations of MLS?
Full duplex
Off
Route caching and topology based
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Egress queueing

9. What information is recorded in CAM as frames arrive on a switch port?
Mask bits set to 1 for Value bits of interest and 0 for Value bits that don't matter
Source MAC address; Port of arrival; VLAN; Time stamp
Switch#show errdisable detect
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing

10. What is the TCAM Value and Mask for an extended IP access list using TCP/UDP?
SVI or native routed interface
Source IP (/32) - Destination IP (/32) - Protocol (/16) - IP ToS (/8) - Source port (/16) - Source operator (/4) - Destination port (/16) - Destination operator (/4)
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery interval {seconds}
Switch#show interfaces status err-disabled

11. What is IEEE?
Dynamic
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause vmps
Packets that have been truncated before they were fully received
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

12. What is the DTP negotiation mode of a switch port configured as dynamic?
On
Switch(config)#no ip cef
Layer 2 destination address changed to next-hop MAC address; Layer 2 source address changed to outbound interface MAC address; Layer 3 TTL decremented by 1; Layer 3 IP checksum recalculated; Layer 2 frame checksum recalculated
IEEE 802.3ab

13. How does topology based switching work?
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); ICMP code (/8); ICMP type (/4); IP type of service (ToS) (/8)
The CEF entry version number
Layer 3 routing information builds and pre-populates a single database of the entire network topology; All table lookups are performed in hardware with the longest matching destination used in forwarding

14. What is the role of a Switch Engine (SE) in first generation MLS?
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling
10 km
Listen to the first packet and put its resulting destination in the MLS cache; Route subsequent packets in the same flow based on the MLS cache
Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) or Small Form factor Pluggable (SFP)

15. What is unknown unicast flooding?
IEEE 802.3ab
Switch#show interfaces {interface}
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause {all | {cause-name}}
Flooding a frame with unknown destination MAC address out all ports assigned to the source port VLAN except the source port itself

16. Displays CEF Drop statistics with number of packets and reason for each line card
Switch#show adjacency [{interface}] [summary | detail]
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause security-violation
Switch#show cef drop
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use

17. What denotes the number of times a CEF entry has been updated since the CEF table was created?
On
Switch#show running-config interface {interface}
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state
The CEF entry version number

18. Enables error-disable for errors with dynamic ARP inspection
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause arp-inspection
66-300 metres for 50 micron MMF; 33 metres for 62.5 micron MMF
Collision domain
A station must wait its turn to transmit; it can't transmit and receive at the same time

19. What is the name of a Layer 3 physical interface on a switch?
Switch#show interfaces status
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause {all | {cause-name}}
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause arp-inspection
Native routed interface

20. What CEF adjacency is used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normally?
15 metres
25 metres
The Drop adjacency
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF (850 nm serial laser)

21. What Ethernet ports allow for autonegotiation?
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling
Switch#show mac address-table static [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
UTP Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup

22. What are the symptoms of a duplex setting mismatch between two ends of a link?
UTP Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
Static access - trunk - tunnel or dynamic
American National Standards Institute

23. Enables error-disable for the presence of invalid GBIC or SFP modules
Accelerated CEF (aCEF)
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause loopback
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause gbic-invalid
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries

24. What is the standard for 1000BASE-T?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause udld
IEEE 802.3ab
Static access - trunk - tunnel or dynamic
The adjacency table

25. What is the prerequesite for creating a working SVI?
IEEE 802.3ae
Enable error-disable for all possible causes
Creating the VLAN
Switched virtual interface (SVI)

26. What is EMI?
CEF glean
Electromagnetic Interference
300 seconds
10 km

27. What is WWDM?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause bpduguard
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Entry not in FIB; FIB table full; IP TTL expired; MTU exceeded; ICMP redirect; Unsupported encapsulation; Tunnelled packets requiring compression or encryption; Access list with 'log' option; NAT must be performed
Wide-Wavelength Division Multiplexing

28. What is the administrative mode of a switch port that carries transparent Layer 2 VPNs?
The CEF entry version number
Tunnel
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause vmps
SVI or native routed interface

29. Displays administrative and operational status for a specified interface
Switch#show interfaces {interface}
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Egress queueing
Source MAC (/48); Destination MAC (/48); Ethertype (/16)
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1310 nm serial laser)

30. What function is performed by the Feature Manager (FM)?
300 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm WWDM laser)
Compiling Access Control Entries (ACE) into the TCAM table
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause bpduguard

31. What CEF adjacency is used to discard packets because of access list or other policy action?
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery cause {all | {cause-name}}
The Discard adjacency
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched
Distributed CEF (dCEF)

32. What packets are immediately sent to the CEF Layer 3 engine for further processing?

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33. Enables error-disable for Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDU) received on ports configured for STP PortFast
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause bpduguard
Switch#show mac address-table static [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX

34. Displays a list of all interfaces in an error-disabled state
The switch port falls back to default setting of half duplex
Trunk
The Punt adjacency
Switch#show interfaces status err-disabled

35. Enables error-disable when the Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) is flapping
Bundling together two to eight full duplex Fast Ethernet links to act as a single physical link
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used
When one station transmits at the same time as another on a shared medium

36. What is the default duplex mode of a 10 Mbps Ethernet interface?
Creating the VLAN
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T
IEEE 802.3z
Half duplex

37. How is link speed determined on Fast Ethernet links configured to autonegotiate?
550 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
Adjacent MAC address (6 octets); Layer 3 engine MAC address (6 octets); EtherType (2 octets)
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use
SVI or native routed interface

38. Displays CEF Punt statistics with number of packets and reason for each line card
ARP requests and replies; IP packets requiring an ICMP response; IP broadcasts to be relayed; Routing protocol updates; CDP packets; Packets needing encryption; Packets triggering NAT; Other non-IP packets
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched
Flooding a frame with unknown destination MAC address out all ports assigned to the source port VLAN except the source port itself

39. What is CEF?
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm WWDM laser)
Cisco Express Forwarding
10GbE operates only at full duplex
With MMF cables shorter than 100 metres (to prevent over-driving the far-end receiver) and with MMF cables longer than 300 metres (to lessen the effect of differential mode delay)

40. Disables CEF operation globally
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan {vlan}
Trunk or dynamic
The Discard adjacency
Switch(config)#no ip cef

41. What are the basic operations that a frame undergoes as it passes through a multilayer switch?
Tunnel
On
Switch(config-if)#no switchport
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing

42. What is the name of the CEF engine that maintains routing information in software?
The Layer 3 forwarding engine
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
The Layer 3 engine

43. What is a GigaStack GBIC?
A proprietary connector with a high-data-rate copper cable with enhanced signal integrity and EMI performance
Static access - trunk - tunnel or dynamic
American National Standards Institute
Switch(config-if)#description {string}

44. Enables error-disable for errors with offering inline power
CEF glean
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause ilpower
When one station transmits at the same time as another on a shared medium
Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre (MMF) or 9 micron singlemode fibre (SMF)

45. What is the administrative mode of a switch port that carries traffic for multiple VLANs?
Incomplete adjacency; Incomplete ARP resolution; Unsupported packet features; ICMP redirect; Packets destined to the router itself; IP options present; Access list evaluation failure; Fragmentation failure
15 metres
25 metres
Trunk or dynamic

46. What is a SVI?
Per port collision domains; Full duplex mode; Dedicated bandwidth; Error detection; Broadcast thresholds; Intelligent filtering and forwarding
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery interval {seconds}
Switched virtual interface (SVI)
Compiling Access Control Entries (ACE) into the TCAM table

47. What is LOU?
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate
Logical Operation Unit
Interconnecting with existing Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) networks
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8)

48. What is the content of TCAM Mask entries?

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49. Displays a list with status of all interfaces
Switch#show interfaces status
Manually by administratively disabling and re-enabling the port
Down - static access - trunk or tunnel
Full duplex only

50. What function is performed by the Switching Database Manager (SDM)?
Dynamic
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
Partition and tune the TCAM on some Catalyst switches into areas for different functions
Enable error-disable for all possible causes

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