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Ethernet Technologies

Subject : it-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What are the operational modes of a Layer 2 switched interface?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T
Down - static access - trunk or tunnel

2. Displays error-disabled recovery timer information
Source IPX network (/32); Destination IPX network (/32); Destination node (/48); IPX packet type (/16)
Switch#show errdisable recovery
Switch#show adjacency [{interface}] [summary | detail]
Trunk

3. What is the default duplex mode of a Gigabit Ethernet interface?
FIB with adjacency table
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 8 or 9 micron SMF (1550 nm laser)
Packets that have been truncated before they were fully received
Full duplex

4. What are the Gigabit Ethernet autonegotiation selection priorities?
ARP requests and replies; IP packets requiring an ICMP response; IP broadcasts to be relayed; Routing protocol updates; CDP packets; Packets needing encryption; Packets triggering NAT; Other non-IP packets
Off
Cisco Express Forwarding
1000BASE-T full duplex followed by 1000BASE-T half duplex

5. Enables error-disable when a storm control threshold has been exceeded on a port
Multilayer Switching
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause storm-control
Listen to the first packet and put its resulting destination in the MLS cache; Route subsequent packets in the same flow based on the MLS cache
Switch(config-if)#description {string}

6. What are the basic operations that a frame undergoes as it passes through a multilayer switch?
Switch(config-if)#speed {10 | 100 | 1000 | auto}
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause arp-inspection
10 km
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing

7. What is LOU?
Mask bits set to 1 for Value bits of interest and 0 for Value bits that don't matter
Logical Operation Unit
Cabling specification for 10 Mbps Ethernet over Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling
Compiling Access Control Entries (ACE) into the TCAM table

8. Displays the entire Forwarding Information Base (FIB)
The Punt adjacency
Full duplex only
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause l2ptguard
Switch#show ip cef

9. What combinations are TCAM entries composed of?
Switch#clear mac address-table [dynamic] [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Value - Mask - and Result (VMR)
Bundling together two to eight full duplex Fast Ethernet links to act as a single physical link
Switch(config-if)#shutdown

10. What is the role of a Route Processor (RP) in first generation MLS?
Native routed interface
Process the first packet in a traffic flow to determine the destination
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
Forwarding Information Base

11. Displays the contents of the CAM table
66-300 metres for 50 micron MMF; 33 metres for 62.5 micron MMF
Switch#show mac address-table [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
300 seconds
Interconnecting switches in a campus network

12. What is IEEE?
Per port collision domains; Full duplex mode; Dedicated bandwidth; Error detection; Broadcast thresholds; Intelligent filtering and forwarding
1000BASE-T full duplex followed by 1000BASE-T half duplex
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use

13. Sets the speed of a Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet interface
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
A three-fold combination of 0 - 1 and X (don't care)
Switch(config-if)#speed {10 | 100 | 1000 | auto}
Wide-Wavelength Division Multiplexing

14. What Ethernet ports allow for autonegotiation?
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+
UTP Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery cause {all | {cause-name}}

15. Enables error-disable for Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDU) received on ports configured for STP PortFast
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause bpduguard
Switch(config-if)#duplex {auto | full | half}
Switch(config)#interface vlan {vlan-id}
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm WWDM laser)

16. What packets are immediately sent to the CEF Layer 3 engine for further processing?

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17. What fields are rewritten in hardware before a Layer 3 packet is switched to the to egress queue of a multilayer switch?
Compiling Access Control Entries (ACE) into the TCAM table
Switch#show cef drop
Layer 2 source and destination MAC addresses; Layer 3 Time-To-Live (TTL) value and header checksum
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm WWDM laser)

18. Enables error-disable when an interface has been looped back
Half duplex
400 metres half duplex and 2000 metres full duplex
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause loopback
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1310 nm serial laser)

19. Enables error-disable for conditions that trigger unicast flood blocking on a port
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Full duplex
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause unicast-flood
Logical Operation Unit

20. What are the symptoms of a duplex setting mismatch between two ends of a link?
IEEE 802.3ab
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause rootguard
Entry not in FIB; FIB table full; IP TTL expired; MTU exceeded; ICMP redirect; Unsupported encapsulation; Tunnelled packets requiring compression or encryption; Access list with 'log' option; NAT must be performed
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports

21. What CEF optimisation technique cache FIB entries in switch line cards?
Tunnel
Route caching and topology based
Accelerated CEF (aCEF)
Switch#show interfaces {interface}

22. Changes an interface to a layer 3 interface and erases all layer 2 interface configurations
40 km
Switch#show interfaces status err-disabled
Switch(config-if)#no switchport
Source IP (/32) - Destination IP (/32) - Protocol (/16) - IP ToS (/8) - Source port (/16) - Source operator (/4) - Destination port (/16) - Destination operator (/4)

23. What is unknown unicast flooding?
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause channel-misconfig
300 seconds
Flooding a frame with unknown destination MAC address out all ports assigned to the source port VLAN except the source port itself

24. What is Fast EtherChannel (FEC)?
Store-and-forward
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
Bundling together two to eight full duplex Fast Ethernet links to act as a single physical link
Compiling Access Control Entries (ACE) into the TCAM table

25. What is the maximum cabling distance for Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre?
Forwarding Information Base
400 metres half duplex and 2000 metres full duplex
The switch port falls back to default setting of half duplex
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause unicast-flood

26. What is 1000BASE-T?
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Content-Addressable Memory

27. Displays a list with status of all interfaces
10GBASE-SR/SW - 10GBASE-LR/LW - 10GBASE-ER/EW - 10GBASE-LX4/LW4 - 10GBASE-CX4
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm WWDM laser)
Layer 3 routing information builds and pre-populates a single database of the entire network topology; All table lookups are performed in hardware with the longest matching destination used in forwarding
Switch#show interfaces status

28. Enables error-disable when the Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) is flapping
Bundling together two to eight full duplex Fast Ethernet links to act as a single physical link
S = Short; L = Long; E = Extra-long
Wide-Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap

29. What are the letters used with 10GBASE-X two-letter suffixes to specify the PHY type?
IEEE 802.3z
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY
When one station transmits at the same time as another on a shared medium
The CEF entry version number

30. Displays static CAM table entries
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
Switch#show running-config interface {interface}
A name assigned to a ranges of interfaces
Switch#show mac address-table static [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

31. What are the common cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet?
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX
Full duplex
GBIC-to-GBIC connection between stacking Catalyst switches or between any two Gigabit switch ports over a short distance
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports

32. What CEF adjacency is used to switch packets destined for the null interface?
The Null adjacency
Source MAC (/48); Destination MAC (/48); Ethertype (/16)
The Drop adjacency
Switch#show errdisable detect

33. What is the DTP negotiation mode of a switch port configured as trunk?
Bundling together two to eight full duplex Fast Ethernet links to act as a single physical link
On
Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) or Small Form factor Pluggable (SFP)
Enable error-disable for all possible causes

34. Enables error-disable for the presence of invalid GBIC or SFP modules
Packets that have been truncated before they were fully received
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause gbic-invalid

35. What are GigaStack GBICs used for?
GBIC-to-GBIC connection between stacking Catalyst switches or between any two Gigabit switch ports over a short distance
IEEE 802.3z
SC fibre optic or RJ-45 UTP
SVI or native routed interface

36. Removes entries from the CAM table
300 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
By Mask/Value - where each unique mask has eight value patterns associated with it
Switch#show mac address-table dynamic [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Switch#clear mac address-table [dynamic] [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

37. What are the duplex modes of a GigaStack GBIC?
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm laser)
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dhcp-rate-limit

38. What is 10GBASE-CX4?
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
Switch#show mac address-table dynamic [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Half duplex
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper CX4 with Infiniband connectors

39. What are the letters used with 10GBASE-X two-letter suffixes to specify the transceiver wavelengths?
S = Short; L = Long; E = Extra-long
In TCAM Value entries
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing

40. Enables error-disable when trunking encapsulation is flapping from one type to another
The Discard adjacency
Cisco Express Forwarding
Distributed CEF (dCEF)
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dtp-flap

41. What is the operational mode of a switch port that carries transparent Layer 2 VPNs?
With MMF cables shorter than 100 metres (to prevent over-driving the far-end receiver) and with MMF cables longer than 300 metres (to lessen the effect of differential mode delay)
Tunnel
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use

42. What is TCAM overflow?
IEEE 802.3ae
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
Mask bits set to 1 for Value bits of interest and 0 for Value bits that don't matter
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP

43. What function is performed by the Switching Database Manager (SDM)?
Switch#show mac address-table static [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Enable error-disable for all possible causes
Partition and tune the TCAM on some Catalyst switches into areas for different functions
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause loopback

44. What is the name of the CEF engine that forwards packets in hardware?
Switch(config-if)#shutdown
In TCAM Value entries
Switch#show mac address-table dynamic [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
The Layer 3 forwarding engine

45. What are the administrative modes of Layer 2 switched interfaces?
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end - and 4 -5 on one end with 7 -8 on the other end
Static access or trunk
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate
Static access - trunk - tunnel or dynamic

46. What are the 100BASE-FX connectors used in Cisco Catalyst switches?
SC or MT-RJ
550 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate

47. What is CEF?
Switch(config-if)#shutdown
Cisco Express Forwarding
Switch(config)#interface vlan {vlan-id}
Only temporarily for debugging purposes

48. What is 10GBASE-ER/EW?
SC or MT-RJ
Only temporarily for debugging purposes
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1550 nm serial laser)

49. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-CX?
25 metres
Switch#show cef drop
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
Switch(config-if)#no switchport

50. Sets the duplex mode of an Ethernet or Fast Ethernet interface
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information
Switch(config-if)#duplex {auto | full | half}
Tunnel
Switch(config)#no ip cef

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