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Ethernet Technologies

Subject : it-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. How does the IEEE 802.3ae standard differ from its predecessors at the physical layer?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause rootguard
10GbE operates only at full duplex
Static access
Fast Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP

2. Displays a list with status of all interfaces
LAN PHY and WAN PHY
Switch#show interfaces status
Switch(config)#interface vlan {vlan-id}
LOU registers

3. What is the maximum cabling distance for 10GBASE-SR/SW?
66-300 metres for 50 micron MMF; 33 metres for 62.5 micron MMF
Cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY
Compiling Access Control Entries (ACE) into the TCAM table

4. Creates a switched virtual interface (SVI) and enters interface configuration mode
Per port collision domains; Full duplex mode; Dedicated bandwidth; Error detection; Broadcast thresholds; Intelligent filtering and forwarding
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling
Route caching and topology based
Switch(config)#interface vlan {vlan-id}

5. Displays static CAM table entries
Switch#show mac address-table static [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Electromagnetic Interference
Half duplex
The CEF entry version number

6. Selects an interface-range macro and enters interface configuration mode
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]
Switch(config)#interface range macro {name}
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
Logical Operation Unit

7. What is unknown unicast flooding?
300 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
Electromagnetic Interference
Numeric values that represent what action to take after the TCAM lookup occurs
Flooding a frame with unknown destination MAC address out all ports assigned to the source port VLAN except the source port itself

8. What are the types of layer 3 switched interfaces
SC fibre optic or RJ-45 UTP
Switch#show interfaces {interface}
With MMF cables shorter than 100 metres (to prevent over-driving the far-end receiver) and with MMF cables longer than 300 metres (to lessen the effect of differential mode delay)
SVI or native routed interface

9. Displays the entire Forwarding Information Base (FIB)
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm laser)
Switch#show ip cef
Partition and tune the TCAM on some Catalyst switches into areas for different functions

10. What is 1000BASE-CX?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause gbic-invalid
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+
10GbE operates only at full duplex
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling

11. Enables error-disable for conditions that trigger port security configured on a port
A three-fold combination of 0 - 1 and X (don't care)
With a mask value in addition to binary values to decide which keys in a table are relevant
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause l2ptguard
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation

12. What is 100BASE-T2?
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
ARP requests and replies; IP packets requiring an ICMP response; IP broadcasts to be relayed; Routing protocol updates; CDP packets; Packets needing encryption; Packets triggering NAT; Other non-IP packets
Trunk
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions

13. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-ZX?
Compiling Access Control Entries (ACE) into the TCAM table
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause channel-misconfig
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP

14. Enables automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports
The Drop adjacency
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery cause {all | {cause-name}}
Enable error-disable for all possible causes
300 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF

15. What is 1000BASE-SX?
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information
Wide-Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF (850 nm laser)
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); ICMP code (/8); ICMP type (/4); IP type of service (ToS) (/8)

16. What CEF optimisation technique cache FIB entries in switch line cards?
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information
SC or MT-RJ
Accelerated CEF (aCEF)
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm laser)

17. What is LOU?
Logical Operation Unit
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan {vlan}
Switch#show errdisable recovery

18. What is CEF?
Cisco Express Forwarding
Flooding a frame with unknown destination MAC address out all ports assigned to the source port VLAN except the source port itself
Numeric values that represent what action to take after the TCAM lookup occurs
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP

19. What is the timer range for automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports?
Forwarding Information Base
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8); IGMP message type (/8)
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)

20. What are the duplex modes of a GigaStack GBIC?
Process the first packet in a traffic flow to determine the destination
Switch(config-if)#duplex {auto | full | half}
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used
Only temporarily for debugging purposes

21. Enables error-disable when trunking encapsulation is flapping from one type to another
By Mask/Value - where each unique mask has eight value patterns associated with it
Security and QoS ACLs
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery interval {seconds}
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dtp-flap

22. What is the standard for Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)?
Logical Operation Unit
On
Switch(config)#default interface {interface}
IEEE 802.3u

23. Displays a list of all interfaces in an error-disabled state
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state
Switch#show interfaces status err-disabled
SC fibre optic or RJ-45 UTP

24. What are the common cabling specifications for Fast Ethernet?
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF (850 nm laser)
IEEE 802.3ab
With a mask value in addition to binary values to decide which keys in a table are relevant
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX

25. What is the DTP negotiation mode of a switch port configured as dynamic?
On
Routing table and ARP table
SVI or native routed interface
Switch#show mac address-table [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

26. What are the default error-disable detection causes?
Switch(config-if)#no switchport
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory
Enable error-disable for all possible causes
With MMF cables shorter than 100 metres (to prevent over-driving the far-end receiver) and with MMF cables longer than 300 metres (to lessen the effect of differential mode delay)

27. What is the standard for 1000BASE-T?
FIB with adjacency table
IEEE 802.3ab
Forwarding Information Base
The CEF epoch number

28. What CEF adjacency is used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normally?
Compiling Access Control Entries (ACE) into the TCAM table
The Drop adjacency
Switch#clear mac address-table [dynamic] [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Switch#show mac address-table static [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

29. What is 100BASE-FX?
FIB with adjacency table
S = Short; L = Long; E = Extra-long
Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre (MMF) or 9 micron singlemode fibre (SMF)
Mask bits set to 1 for Value bits of interest and 0 for Value bits that don't matter

30. How are ternary combinations implemented?
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used
With a mask value in addition to binary values to decide which keys in a table are relevant
Source IPX network (/32); Destination IPX network (/32); Destination node (/48); IPX packet type (/16)

31. What denotes the number of times the CEF table has been flushed and regenerated as a whole?
Distributed CEF (dCEF)
Switch(config-if)#no ip route-cache cef
The CEF epoch number
LOU registers

32. Configures the maximum ageing time for entries in the MAC address table
Encapsulation failure; Unresolved address; Unsupported protocol; No valid route; No valid adjacency; Checksum error
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
Half duplex
Switch(config)#mac address-table aging-time {seconds}

33. What are the reasons for packets being dropped by CEF?
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF (850 nm serial laser)
Creating the VLAN
Encapsulation failure; Unresolved address; Unsupported protocol; No valid route; No valid adjacency; Checksum error
Down - static access - trunk or tunnel

34. What happens to subsequent packets destined for FIB entries in CEF glean state?
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX
They are dropped (ARP throttling)
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1550 nm serial laser)

35. What are the operational modes of a Layer 2 switched interface?
Down - static access - trunk or tunnel
15 metres
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup
SVI or native routed interface

36. What denotes the number of times a CEF entry has been updated since the CEF table was created?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
Source IPX network (/32); Destination IPX network (/32); Destination node (/48); IPX packet type (/16)
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause {all | {cause-name}}
The CEF entry version number

37. What is the name of the CEF engine that maintains routing information in software?
The Layer 3 engine
Switch(config)#interface range macro {name}
Down - static access - trunk or tunnel
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm WWDM laser)

38. Enables error-disable for errors when assigning a port to a dynamic VLAN through a VMPS
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause vmps
Static access
Source MAC address; Port of arrival; VLAN; Time stamp

39. What are the letters used with 10GBASE-X two-letter suffixes to specify the PHY type?
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)
The CEF entry version number
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY

40. What are runts?
SC fibre optic or RJ-45 UTP
Packets that have been truncated before they were fully received
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm WWDM laser)
The Discard adjacency

41. What are the 10GBASE-X PMD transceiver form factors used in Cisco Catalyst switches?
A three-fold combination of 0 - 1 and X (don't care)
GBIC-to-GBIC connection between stacking Catalyst switches or between any two Gigabit switch ports over a short distance
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+

42. Enables error-disable for errors with offering inline power
40 km
Full duplex
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause ilpower
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm WWDM laser)

43. What is the operational mode of a switch port that carries transparent Layer 2 VPNs?
Tunnel
275 metres for 62.5 micron MMF; 550 metres for 50 micron MMF
Switch(config)#default interface {interface}
UTP Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet

44. Displays administrative and operational status for a specified interface
Switch#show interfaces {interface}
Layer 2 destination address changed to next-hop MAC address; Layer 2 source address changed to outbound interface MAC address; Layer 3 TTL decremented by 1; Layer 3 IP checksum recalculated; Layer 2 frame checksum recalculated
300 seconds
Switch(config-if)#duplex {auto | full | half}

45. What are the names of the two basic generations of MLS?
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm laser)
Route caching and topology based
On

46. Enables error-disable for rate-limiting of DHCP snooping
By Mask/Value - where each unique mask has eight value patterns associated with it
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dhcp-rate-limit
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8)

47. What are the common cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet?
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions
Dynamic
Full duplex only

48. What is the name of physical network segment where data packets can collide with one another when being sent?
Static access or dynamic
Collision domain
A station must wait its turn to transmit; it can't transmit and receive at the same time
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm laser)

49. What is WAN PHY used for?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause ilpower
Interconnecting with existing Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) networks
100 metres
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet

50. What changes are made to packets by the CEF packet rewrite engine just before forwarding?
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause rootguard
Process the first packet in a traffic flow to determine the destination
Layer 2 destination address changed to next-hop MAC address; Layer 2 source address changed to outbound interface MAC address; Layer 3 TTL decremented by 1; Layer 3 IP checksum recalculated; Layer 2 frame checksum recalculated

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