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Ethernet Technologies

Subject : it-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is the default timer for automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports?
300 seconds
Interconnecting with existing Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) networks
LAN PHY and WAN PHY
Tunnel

2. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-CX?
550 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
25 metres
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end - and 4 -5 on one end with 7 -8 on the other end
With a mask value in addition to binary values to decide which keys in a table are relevant

3. What is the standard for 1000BASE-T?
Fast Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
LAN PHY and WAN PHY
They are dropped (ARP throttling)
IEEE 802.3ab

4. What are the names of the two basic generations of MLS?
Switch#show mac address-table static [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
10GbE operates only at full duplex
Route caching and topology based
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY

5. What is FIB?
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+
Forwarding Information Base
Switch(config)#interface range {type}{module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type}{module}/{number} ...]
Switch#show mac address-table count [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

6. What is the maximum cabling distance for 10GBASE-SR/SW?
American National Standards Institute
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use
10 km
66-300 metres for 50 micron MMF; 33 metres for 62.5 micron MMF

7. What is the name of the CEF engine that maintains routing information in software?
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state
The Layer 3 engine
Interconnecting switches in a campus network
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause storm-control

8. What is the standard for Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps)?
IEEE 802.3z
Static access or trunk
IEEE 802.3ae
In TCAM Value entries

9. What information is stored in CAM?
Encapsulation failure; Unresolved address; Unsupported protocol; No valid route; No valid adjacency; Checksum error
Static access or trunk
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information
They are dropped (ARP throttling)

10. What are the common cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet?
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX
The Null adjacency
ARP requests and replies; IP packets requiring an ICMP response; IP broadcasts to be relayed; Routing protocol updates; CDP packets; Packets needing encryption; Packets triggering NAT; Other non-IP packets
In TCAM Value entries

11. What information is recorded in CAM as frames arrive on a switch port?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause storm-control
Electromagnetic Interference
Source MAC address; Port of arrival; VLAN; Time stamp
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use

12. What is the standard for 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE)?
Fast Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
IEEE 802.3ae
Dynamic
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation

13. What are the operational modes of a Layer 2 switched interface?
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Switch(config)#interface range {type}{module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type}{module}/{number} ...]
Down - static access - trunk or tunnel
Listen to the first packet and put its resulting destination in the MLS cache; Route subsequent packets in the same flow based on the MLS cache

14. Enables automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery cause {all | {cause-name}}
Interconnecting switches in a campus network
Switch#show interfaces status err-disabled
Manually by administratively disabling and re-enabling the port

15. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-ZX?
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF
Switch(config-if)#no ip route-cache cef
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Half duplex

16. Sets the duplex mode of an Ethernet or Fast Ethernet interface
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used
Packets that have been truncated before they were fully received
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing
Switch(config-if)#duplex {auto | full | half}

17. What are the administrative modes of Layer 2 switched interfaces?
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions
Switch#show interfaces status
Static access - trunk - tunnel or dynamic

18. What is the default duplex mode of a 10 Mbps Ethernet interface?
Distributed CEF (dCEF)
Half duplex
GBIC-to-GBIC connection between stacking Catalyst switches or between any two Gigabit switch ports over a short distance
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery cause {all | {cause-name}}

19. What is a GigaStack GBIC?
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1310 nm serial laser)
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions
A proprietary connector with a high-data-rate copper cable with enhanced signal integrity and EMI performance
Interconnecting switches in a campus network

20. What is the role of a Route Processor (RP) in first generation MLS?
LAN PHY and WAN PHY
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
Process the first packet in a traffic flow to determine the destination
Route caching and topology based

21. Enables error-disable for rate-limiting of DHCP snooping
When one station transmits at the same time as another on a shared medium
400 metres half duplex and 2000 metres full duplex
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dhcp-rate-limit
Manually by administratively disabling and re-enabling the port

22. Enables error-disable for the presence of invalid GBIC or SFP modules
IEEE 802.3
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause gbic-invalid
275 metres for 62.5 micron MMF; 550 metres for 50 micron MMF
Layer 2 source and destination MAC addresses; Layer 3 Time-To-Live (TTL) value and header checksum

23. What CEF optimisation technique cache FIB entries in switch line cards?
Creating the VLAN
Switch(config)#mac address-table static {mac-address} vlan {vlan} interface {interface}
Switch#show interfaces status
Accelerated CEF (aCEF)

24. When do collisions occur?
When one station transmits at the same time as another on a shared medium
LOU registers
Switch#show errdisable recovery
40 km

25. Displays entries in the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) for a specific subnet
Switch#show ip cef {network} [{mask}] [longer-prefixes] [detail]
Dynamic
The CEF epoch number
Logical Operation Unit

26. What are the types of layer 3 switched interfaces
Manually by administratively disabling and re-enabling the port
IEEE 802.3
SVI or native routed interface
Full duplex only

27. What is the operational mode of a switch port that carries transparent Layer 2 VPNs?
Switch#show interfaces status err-disabled
Static access or dynamic
Tunnel
Interconnecting with existing Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) networks

28. What changes are made to packets by the CEF packet rewrite engine just before forwarding?
The Null adjacency
A station must wait its turn to transmit; it can't transmit and receive at the same time
Layer 2 destination address changed to next-hop MAC address; Layer 2 source address changed to outbound interface MAC address; Layer 3 TTL decremented by 1; Layer 3 IP checksum recalculated; Layer 2 frame checksum recalculated
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing

29. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-LX/LH?
The adjacency table
Switch#show ip cef {network} [{mask}] [longer-prefixes] [detail]
550 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre (MMF) or 9 micron singlemode fibre (SMF)

30. What is a SVI?
Switched virtual interface (SVI)
Encapsulation failure; Unresolved address; Unsupported protocol; No valid route; No valid adjacency; Checksum error
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
Switch#show mac address-table static [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

31. What is the operational mode of a switch port that carries traffic for multiple VLANs?
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); ICMP code (/8); ICMP type (/4); IP type of service (ToS) (/8)
Trunk
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
Static access or trunk

32. What happens to subsequent packets destined for FIB entries in CEF glean state?
They are dropped (ARP throttling)
A station must wait its turn to transmit; it can't transmit and receive at the same time
Incomplete adjacency; Incomplete ARP resolution; Unsupported packet features; ICMP redirect; Packets destined to the router itself; IP options present; Access list evaluation failure; Fragmentation failure
LC - MT-RJ or RJ-45

33. Displays CEF adjacency table information
Switch#show interfaces status
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dtp-flap
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
Switch#show adjacency [{interface}] [summary | detail]

34. What are the symptoms of a duplex setting mismatch between two ends of a link?
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
Tunnel
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory
American National Standards Institute

35. What two IOS software components are involved in TCAM operation?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
Incomplete adjacency; Incomplete ARP resolution; Unsupported packet features; ICMP redirect; Packets destined to the router itself; IP options present; Access list evaluation failure; Fragmentation failure
Feature Manager (FM) and Switching Database Manager (SDM)

36. What is the TCAM Value and Mask for an Ethernet access list?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause security-violation
LOU registers
Source MAC (/48); Destination MAC (/48); Ethertype (/16)
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end

37. Displays a list of all interfaces in an error-disabled state
Switch#show interfaces status err-disabled
Off
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause l2ptguard
15 metres

38. What is 10GBASE-LR/LW?
Static access
Switch(config-if)#speed {10 | 100 | 1000 | auto}
Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre (MMF) or 9 micron singlemode fibre (SMF)
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1310 nm serial laser)

39. What is TCAM overflow?
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery interval {seconds}
Switch#show interfaces status err-disabled
Switch(config)#interface {type}{module}/{number}
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries

40. What is full duplex operation?
Packets that have been truncated before they were fully received
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used
LOU registers

41. What is LAN PHY used for?
Switch(config-if)#speed {10 | 100 | 1000 | auto}
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause channel-misconfig
Interconnecting switches in a campus network
Layer 2 destination address changed to next-hop MAC address; Layer 2 source address changed to outbound interface MAC address; Layer 3 TTL decremented by 1; Layer 3 IP checksum recalculated; Layer 2 frame checksum recalculated

42. Enables error-disable for errors with dynamic ARP inspection
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause arp-inspection
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1310 nm serial laser)
Manually by administratively disabling and re-enabling the port
The Layer 3 forwarding engine

43. Displays CEF Punt statistics with number of packets and reason for each line card
Route caching and topology based
Source IP (/32) - Destination IP (/32) - Protocol (/16) - IP ToS (/8) - Source port (/16) - Source operator (/4) - Destination port (/16) - Destination operator (/4)
When one station transmits at the same time as another on a shared medium
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched

44. What is the administrative mode of a switch port that is a member of one VLAN?
Static access or dynamic
Switch#show mac address-table [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Interconnecting switches in a campus network
Half duplex

45. Enables error-disable when an interface has been looped back
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1550 nm serial laser)
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause loopback
Accelerated CEF (aCEF) and Distributed CEF (dCEF)
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Egress queueing

46. Enables error-disable for conditions that trigger port security configured on a port
100 metres
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dtp-flap
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1550 nm serial laser)

47. How are ports that are in error-disable state re-enabled by default?
The CEF epoch number
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause udld
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dtp-flap
Manually by administratively disabling and re-enabling the port

48. What is 10GBASE-LX4/LW4?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dhcp-rate-limit
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm WWDM laser)
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause channel-misconfig
Store-and-forward

49. What is the timer range for automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports?
With a mask value in addition to binary values to decide which keys in a table are relevant
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)

50. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-SX?
Logical Operation Unit
Native routed interface
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper CX4 with Infiniband connectors
275 metres for 62.5 micron MMF; 550 metres for 50 micron MMF

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Ethernet Technologies

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