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Ethernet Technologies

Subject : it-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What RJ-45 pins must be swapped in a Category 5 UTP crossover cable for Gigabit Ethernet?
Switch#show adjacency [{interface}] [summary | detail]
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dtp-flap
Configure the appropriate values manually on both ends of the link
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end - and 4 -5 on one end with 7 -8 on the other end

2. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-CX?
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1550 nm serial laser)
With MMF cables shorter than 100 metres (to prevent over-driving the far-end receiver) and with MMF cables longer than 300 metres (to lessen the effect of differential mode delay)
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
25 metres

3. How are the TCAM Mask/Value pairs evaluated?
Switch(config)#no ip cef
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup
100 metres
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access

4. Sets the administrative mode of a switch port to access
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
The Layer 3 engine
Accelerated CEF (aCEF)

5. Enables error-disable for errors with Layer 2 Protocol Tunnelling
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause l2ptguard
Source MAC (/48); Destination MAC (/48); Ethertype (/16)
Cabling specification for 10 Mbps Ethernet over Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling
Interconnecting with existing Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) networks

6. What is the maximum cabling distance for 10GBASE-ER/EW?
The Punt adjacency
40 km
A three-fold combination of 0 - 1 and X (don't care)
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm laser)

7. What are GigaStack GBICs used for?
GBIC-to-GBIC connection between stacking Catalyst switches or between any two Gigabit switch ports over a short distance
Wide-Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Switch#show interfaces status err-disabled
Switch#show interfaces {interface}

8. What is LAN PHY used for?
Per port collision domains; Full duplex mode; Dedicated bandwidth; Error detection; Broadcast thresholds; Intelligent filtering and forwarding
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory
Switch#show ip cef
Interconnecting switches in a campus network

9. What is IEEE?
Layer 2 destination address changed to next-hop MAC address; Layer 2 source address changed to outbound interface MAC address; Layer 3 TTL decremented by 1; Layer 3 IP checksum recalculated; Layer 2 frame checksum recalculated
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause ilpower
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

10. What is the default age-out time for stale entries in the CAM table?
Creating the VLAN
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
300 seconds
Interconnecting with existing Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) networks

11. What are the types of layer 3 switched interfaces
SVI or native routed interface
When one station transmits at the same time as another on a shared medium
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling

12. What is 100BASE-FX?
LC - MT-RJ or RJ-45
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre (MMF) or 9 micron singlemode fibre (SMF)
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause channel-misconfig

13. What is 1000BASE-LX/LH?
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm laser)
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end - and 4 -5 on one end with 7 -8 on the other end
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY
Switch(config-if)#duplex {auto | full | half}

14. Displays CEF Drop statistics with number of packets and reason for each line card
Routing table and ARP table
Switch#show cef drop
On
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state

15. What are the basic operations that a frame undergoes as it passes through a Layer 2 switch?
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Egress queueing
Switch(config)#interface range {type}{module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type}{module}/{number} ...]
Trunk
Tunnel

16. What is CAM?
Forwarding Information Base
Content-Addressable Memory
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

17. How is link duplex mode determined on Fast Ethernet links configured to autonegotiate?
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate
Only temporarily for debugging purposes
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory
Value - Mask - and Result (VMR)

18. What is the role of a Route Processor (RP) in first generation MLS?
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory
Incomplete adjacency; Incomplete ARP resolution; Unsupported packet features; ICMP redirect; Packets destined to the router itself; IP options present; Access list evaluation failure; Fragmentation failure
Process the first packet in a traffic flow to determine the destination
Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) or Small Form factor Pluggable (SFP)

19. What is the maximum cabling distance for 10GBASE-SR/SW?
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
With MMF cables shorter than 100 metres (to prevent over-driving the far-end receiver) and with MMF cables longer than 300 metres (to lessen the effect of differential mode delay)
66-300 metres for 50 micron MMF; 33 metres for 62.5 micron MMF
Switch(config-if)#no switchport

20. What is the content of TCAM Mask entries?

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21. Creates an interface-range macro
Switch(config)#default interface {interface}
Switch(config)#define interface-range {macro-name} {type} {module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type} {module}/{number} ...]
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation
CEF punt

22. What information is stored in TCAM?
Encapsulation failure; Unresolved address; Unsupported protocol; No valid route; No valid adjacency; Checksum error
The CEF epoch number
Security and QoS ACLs
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate

23. What is the TCAM Value and Mask for an extended IP access list using TCP/UDP?
Cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause ilpower
SC fibre optic or RJ-45 UTP
Source IP (/32) - Destination IP (/32) - Protocol (/16) - IP ToS (/8) - Source port (/16) - Source operator (/4) - Destination port (/16) - Destination operator (/4)

24. Removes entries from the CAM table
Cabling specification for 10 Mbps Ethernet over Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling
LAN PHY and WAN PHY
Layer 3 routing information builds and pre-populates a single database of the entire network topology; All table lookups are performed in hardware with the longest matching destination used in forwarding
Switch#clear mac address-table [dynamic] [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

25. What two IOS software components are involved in TCAM operation?
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]
Feature Manager (FM) and Switching Database Manager (SDM)
Switch(config)#interface range {type}{module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type}{module}/{number} ...]
Half duplex

26. Enables error-disable for errors with dynamic ARP inspection
ANSI X3T11 FibreChannel
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used
Only temporarily for debugging purposes
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause arp-inspection

27. What is the administrative mode of a switch port that carries transparent Layer 2 VPNs?
SC fibre optic or RJ-45 UTP
Layer 2 destination address changed to next-hop MAC address; Layer 2 source address changed to outbound interface MAC address; Layer 3 TTL decremented by 1; Layer 3 IP checksum recalculated; Layer 2 frame checksum recalculated
Tunnel
Interconnecting switches in a campus network

28. Changes an interface to a layer 3 interface and erases all layer 2 interface configurations
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8); IGMP message type (/8)
LOU registers
Switch(config-if)#no switchport

29. What are the 10GBASE-X PMD transceiver form factors used in Cisco Catalyst switches?
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+
Static access
1000BASE-T full duplex followed by 1000BASE-T half duplex
A name assigned to a ranges of interfaces

30. What is 1000BASE-X?
Switch#show cef drop
Cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet
Trunk
Switch#show interfaces {interface} switchport

31. What is the default duplex mode of a Fast Ethernet interface?
Adjacent MAC address (6 octets); Layer 3 engine MAC address (6 octets); EtherType (2 octets)
Trunk or dynamic
Half duplex
The CEF entry version number

32. Enables error-disable for conditions that trigger port security configured on a port
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use
Tunnel

33. What happens to subsequent packets destined for FIB entries in CEF glean state?
They are dropped (ARP throttling)
Static access or trunk
Enable error-disable for all possible causes
IEEE 802.3ae

34. What is 100BASE-T4?
Numeric values that represent what action to take after the TCAM lookup occurs
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used
Source IPX network (/32); Destination IPX network (/32); Destination node (/48); IPX packet type (/16)
Fast Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP

35. What information is stored in CAM?
CEF glean
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information
Source MAC (/48); Destination MAC (/48); Ethertype (/16)
Trunk

36. What are the administrative modes of Layer 2 switched interfaces?
Static access - trunk - tunnel or dynamic
Switch#show mac address-table static [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
By Mask/Value - where each unique mask has eight value patterns associated with it
CEF punt

37. What are the Gigabit Ethernet autonegotiation selection priorities?
1000BASE-T full duplex followed by 1000BASE-T half duplex
American National Standards Institute
Incomplete adjacency; Incomplete ARP resolution; Unsupported packet features; ICMP redirect; Packets destined to the router itself; IP options present; Access list evaluation failure; Fragmentation failure
LOU registers

38. What are the basic operations that a frame undergoes as it passes through a multilayer switch?
ARP requests and replies; IP packets requiring an ICMP response; IP broadcasts to be relayed; Routing protocol updates; CDP packets; Packets needing encryption; Packets triggering NAT; Other non-IP packets
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY
LAN PHY and WAN PHY

39. Displays static CAM table entries
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause channel-misconfig
Switch#show mac address-table static [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper CX4 with Infiniband connectors

40. Displays interface configuration information
Half duplex
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
10 km
Switch#show running-config interface {interface}

41. What is 10GBASE-X?
400 metres half duplex and 2000 metres full duplex
Forwarding Information Base
Bundling together two to eight full duplex Fast Ethernet links to act as a single physical link
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet

42. What fields are rewritten in hardware before a Layer 3 packet is switched to the to egress queue of a multilayer switch?
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
Layer 2 source and destination MAC addresses; Layer 3 Time-To-Live (TTL) value and header checksum
Cabling specification for 10 Mbps Ethernet over Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling
Distributed CEF (dCEF)

43. What CEF adjacency is used to discard packets because of access list or other policy action?
The Discard adjacency
10GbE operates only at full duplex
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF
Switch(config)#no ip cef

44. What is 10GBASE-CX4?
10 km
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper CX4 with Infiniband connectors
UTP Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
Switch#show errdisable detect

45. What are the supported duplex mode settings for Gigabit Ethernet on Cisco switches?
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling
The Null adjacency
Full duplex only

46. What is FIB?
Half duplex
They are dropped (ARP throttling)
Forwarding Information Base
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched

47. How are ports that are in error-disable state re-enabled by default?
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX
300 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T
Manually by administratively disabling and re-enabling the port

48. Enables error-disable when an STP BPDU is received from a root bridge on an unexpected port
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause rootguard
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
Electromagnetic Interference
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 8 or 9 micron SMF (1550 nm laser)

49. How are MAC addresses shown in the detailed output from the CEF adjacency table?
Encapsulation failure; Unresolved address; Unsupported protocol; No valid route; No valid adjacency; Checksum error
Adjacent MAC address (6 octets); Layer 3 engine MAC address (6 octets); EtherType (2 octets)
Compiling Access Control Entries (ACE) into the TCAM table
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information

50. What are the reasons for packets being punted by CEF?
Switch#show ip cef
Incomplete adjacency; Incomplete ARP resolution; Unsupported packet features; ICMP redirect; Packets destined to the router itself; IP options present; Access list evaluation failure; Fragmentation failure
550 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
SC or MT-RJ

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