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Ethernet Technologies

Subject : it-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is the maximum cabling distance for Fast Ethernet over singlemode fibre?
SC or MT-RJ
American National Standards Institute
10 km
Switch#show cef drop

2. Displays CEF Punt statistics with number of packets and reason for each line card
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause arp-inspection
Half duplex
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched
300 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF

3. What is CEF?
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory
Distributed CEF (dCEF)
Logical Operation Unit
Cisco Express Forwarding

4. Enables error-disable when the Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) is flapping
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
SVI or native routed interface
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dtp-flap
10 km

5. Enables error-disable for errors with offering inline power
Process the first packet in a traffic flow to determine the destination
The switch port falls back to default setting of half duplex
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause {all | {cause-name}}
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause ilpower

6. What is a GigaStack GBIC?
Switch(config)#interface range {type}{module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type}{module}/{number} ...]
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 8 or 9 micron SMF (1550 nm laser)
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory
A proprietary connector with a high-data-rate copper cable with enhanced signal integrity and EMI performance

7. Displays the CAM table size with number of MAC addresses
Packets that have been truncated before they were fully received
Switch#show mac address-table count [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use
Off

8. What is the content of TCAM Mask entries?

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9. What information is stored in CAM?
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information
Switch(config-if)#duplex {auto | full | half}
Trunk or dynamic
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); ICMP code (/8); ICMP type (/4); IP type of service (ToS) (/8)

10. What is the maximum cabling distance for 10GBASE-LR/LW?
Layer 2 source and destination MAC addresses; Layer 3 Time-To-Live (TTL) value and header checksum
10 km
With MMF cables shorter than 100 metres (to prevent over-driving the far-end receiver) and with MMF cables longer than 300 metres (to lessen the effect of differential mode delay)
Adjacent MAC address (6 octets); Layer 3 engine MAC address (6 octets); EtherType (2 octets)

11. What are the common PMD types for 10 Gigabit Ethernet?
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
Switch#show mac address-table [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
10GBASE-SR/SW - 10GBASE-LR/LW - 10GBASE-ER/EW - 10GBASE-LX4/LW4 - 10GBASE-CX4
LC - MT-RJ or RJ-45

12. How is link duplex mode determined on Fast Ethernet links configured to autonegotiate?
The Null adjacency
Switch(config-if)#no switchport
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate
The Punt adjacency

13. What are the common cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet?
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX
Route caching and topology based
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup

14. What are the default error-disable detection causes?
Switch#show cef drop
SC or MT-RJ
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1550 nm serial laser)
Enable error-disable for all possible causes

15. What is LAN PHY used for?
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)
10GbE operates only at full duplex
Switch(config)#mac address-table aging-time {seconds}
Interconnecting switches in a campus network

16. What are runts?
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) or Small Form factor Pluggable (SFP)
Switched virtual interface (SVI)
Packets that have been truncated before they were fully received

17. What is the state of packets that are sent to the CEF Layer 3 engine because of missing Layer 2 next-hop addresses?
IEEE 802.3ab
CEF glean
Layer 3 routing information builds and pre-populates a single database of the entire network topology; All table lookups are performed in hardware with the longest matching destination used in forwarding
The CEF entry version number

18. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-LX/LH?
Cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup
550 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
CEF glean

19. What CEF optimisation technique cache FIB entries in switch line cards?
Creating the VLAN
Only temporarily for debugging purposes
Accelerated CEF (aCEF)
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched

20. Specifies the timer for automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery interval {seconds}
Value - Mask - and Result (VMR)
Switch(config)#mac address-table static {mac-address} vlan {vlan} interface {interface}
On

21. What fields are rewritten in hardware before a Layer 3 packet is switched to the to egress queue of a multilayer switch?
Wide-Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Per port collision domains; Full duplex mode; Dedicated bandwidth; Error detection; Broadcast thresholds; Intelligent filtering and forwarding
Layer 2 source and destination MAC addresses; Layer 3 Time-To-Live (TTL) value and header checksum
100 metres

22. What tables are maintained by the CEF Layer 3 engine?
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
Switch(config)#define interface-range {macro-name} {type} {module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type} {module}/{number} ...]
Routing table and ARP table

23. What is 1000BASE-LX/LH?
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Egress queueing
Source IPX network (/32); Destination IPX network (/32); Destination node (/48); IPX packet type (/16)
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm laser)
300 seconds

24. What function is performed by the Switching Database Manager (SDM)?
Partition and tune the TCAM on some Catalyst switches into areas for different functions
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 8 or 9 micron SMF (1550 nm laser)
Feature Manager (FM) and Switching Database Manager (SDM)
Switch(config-if)#duplex {auto | full | half}

25. What is a SVI?
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling
A proprietary connector with a high-data-rate copper cable with enhanced signal integrity and EMI performance
Full duplex only
Switched virtual interface (SVI)

26. When should CEF be disabled?
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions
Only temporarily for debugging purposes

27. Enables error-disable when a link is seen to be unidirectional
A switch port that has been shut down automatically due to a serious error condition
Numeric values that represent what action to take after the TCAM lookup occurs
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause udld
Switch#show errdisable detect

28. What is 1000BASE-SX?
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF (850 nm laser)
Wide-Wavelength Division Multiplexing
The Layer 3 forwarding engine

29. When do collisions occur?
Source MAC address; Port of arrival; VLAN; Time stamp
Full duplex only
400 metres half duplex and 2000 metres full duplex
When one station transmits at the same time as another on a shared medium

30. What is the name of a Layer 3 physical interface on a switch?
Switch(config)#interface range macro {name}
Logical Operation Unit
Native routed interface
Entry not in FIB; FIB table full; IP TTL expired; MTU exceeded; ICMP redirect; Unsupported encapsulation; Tunnelled packets requiring compression or encryption; Access list with 'log' option; NAT must be performed

31. Enables error-disable for conditions that trigger port security configured on a port
550 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation
Source MAC address; Port of arrival; VLAN; Time stamp
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1310 nm serial laser)

32. How does the IEEE 802.3ae standard differ from its predecessors at the physical layer?
10GbE operates only at full duplex
SVI or native routed interface
The Drop adjacency
Trunk

33. Enables error-disable for rate-limiting of DHCP snooping
By Mask/Value - where each unique mask has eight value patterns associated with it
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing
Switch#clear mac address-table [dynamic] [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dhcp-rate-limit

34. What is 1000BASE-ZX?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause unicast-flood
300 seconds
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 8 or 9 micron SMF (1550 nm laser)
Half duplex

35. What denotes the number of times the CEF table has been flushed and regenerated as a whole?
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm laser)
The CEF epoch number
IEEE 802.3u

36. What is the operational mode of a switch port that carries transparent Layer 2 VPNs?
40 km
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dtp-flap
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched
Tunnel

37. Changes an interface to a layer 3 interface and erases all layer 2 interface configurations
Source MAC (/48); Destination MAC (/48); Ethertype (/16)
Switch(config-if)#no switchport
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause vmps
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause {all | {cause-name}}

38. What CEF adjacency is used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normally?
The Drop adjacency
GBIC-to-GBIC connection between stacking Catalyst switches or between any two Gigabit switch ports over a short distance
Source MAC address; Port of arrival; VLAN; Time stamp
Full duplex

39. Displays a list with status of all interfaces
Switch#show interfaces status
Distributed CEF (dCEF)
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state
Off

40. How do Layer 2 switches provide isolation between hosts?
Switch(config)#interface {type}{module}/{number}
Switch#show mac address-table count [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Per port collision domains; Full duplex mode; Dedicated bandwidth; Error detection; Broadcast thresholds; Intelligent filtering and forwarding
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP

41. How are the TCAM Mask/Value pairs evaluated?
Static access
Entry not in FIB; FIB table full; IP TTL expired; MTU exceeded; ICMP redirect; Unsupported encapsulation; Tunnelled packets requiring compression or encryption; Access list with 'log' option; NAT must be performed
Switch(config-if)#duplex {auto | full | half}
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup

42. Enables error-disable for errors related to 802.1x security
Switch#show running-config interface {interface}
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause security-violation
Switch#show mac address-table count [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Numeric values that represent what action to take after the TCAM lookup occurs

43. Displays error-disabled detection status
CEF punt
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+
Switch(config-if)#no switchport
Switch#show errdisable detect

44. What are the 100BASE-FX connectors used in Cisco Catalyst switches?
SC or MT-RJ
10GBASE-SR/SW - 10GBASE-LR/LW - 10GBASE-ER/EW - 10GBASE-LX4/LW4 - 10GBASE-CX4
Switch(config)#mac address-table aging-time {seconds}
Multilayer Switching

45. Sets the speed of a Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet interface
The Punt adjacency
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan {vlan}
Switch(config-if)#speed {10 | 100 | 1000 | auto}
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap

46. What is FIB?
Forwarding Information Base
Switch#show interfaces status err-disabled
Switch#show interfaces {interface} switchport
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause security-violation

47. What is 1000BASE-T?
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
Trunk
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing
Switch#show mac address-table count [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

48. What RJ-45 pins have been swapped in a Category 5 UTP crossover cable for Fast Ethernet?
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
Half duplex
UTP Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end

49. How is link speed determined on Fast Ethernet links configured to autonegotiate?
LAN PHY and WAN PHY
GBIC-to-GBIC connection between stacking Catalyst switches or between any two Gigabit switch ports over a short distance
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use
300 seconds

50. What is error-disable state?
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY
A switch port that has been shut down automatically due to a serious error condition
Listen to the first packet and put its resulting destination in the MLS cache; Route subsequent packets in the same flow based on the MLS cache
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use

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