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Ethernet Technologies

Subject : it-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is unknown unicast flooding?
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); ICMP code (/8); ICMP type (/4); IP type of service (ToS) (/8)
Flooding a frame with unknown destination MAC address out all ports assigned to the source port VLAN except the source port itself
Manually by administratively disabling and re-enabling the port
Source IPX network (/32); Destination IPX network (/32); Destination node (/48); IPX packet type (/16)

2. What Ethernet ports allow for autonegotiation?
The CEF epoch number
A switch port that has been shut down automatically due to a serious error condition
The Null adjacency
UTP Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet

3. What is the TCAM Value and Mask for an IGMP access list?
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8); IGMP message type (/8)
Enable error-disable for all possible causes
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause arp-inspection
SVI

4. What is 100BASE-FX?
LAN PHY and WAN PHY
Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre (MMF) or 9 micron singlemode fibre (SMF)
ANSI X3T11 FibreChannel
Switch#show mac address-table static [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

5. What are the reasons for packets being dropped by CEF?
Encapsulation failure; Unresolved address; Unsupported protocol; No valid route; No valid adjacency; Checksum error
Native routed interface
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan {vlan}

6. What is the maximum cabling distance for 10GBASE-SR/SW?
66-300 metres for 50 micron MMF; 33 metres for 62.5 micron MMF
Full duplex
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause l2ptguard
Native routed interface

7. Sets the duplex mode of an Ethernet or Fast Ethernet interface
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dhcp-rate-limit
Switch(config-if)#duplex {auto | full | half}
Collision domain
Switch#show cef drop

8. What CEF adjacency is used to discard packets because of access list or other policy action?
300 seconds
The Discard adjacency
A name assigned to a ranges of interfaces
Static access or trunk

9. What tables are maintained by the CEF Layer 3 forwarding engine?
FIB with adjacency table
Half duplex
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory
Only temporarily for debugging purposes

10. What are the administrative modes of Layer 2 switched interfaces?
Mask bits set to 1 for Value bits of interest and 0 for Value bits that don't matter
Static access - trunk - tunnel or dynamic
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF

11. What is IEEE?
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Configure the appropriate values manually on both ends of the link
1000BASE-T full duplex followed by 1000BASE-T half duplex
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8)

12. What is the DTP negotiation mode of a switch port configured as dynamic?
On
Tunnel
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
Store-and-forward

13. How does topology based switching work?
Layer 3 routing information builds and pre-populates a single database of the entire network topology; All table lookups are performed in hardware with the longest matching destination used in forwarding
Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) or Small Form factor Pluggable (SFP)
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access

14. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-LX/LH?
66-300 metres for 50 micron MMF; 33 metres for 62.5 micron MMF
Interconnecting with existing Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) networks
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions
550 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF

15. Changes an interface to a layer 3 interface and erases all layer 2 interface configurations
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
Switch(config-if)#no switchport
Bundling together two to eight full duplex Fast Ethernet links to act as a single physical link

16. What is the state of packets that are sent to the CEF Layer 3 engine because of missing Layer 2 next-hop addresses?
IEEE 802.3ae
Half duplex
Dynamic
CEF glean

17. What denotes the number of times a CEF entry has been updated since the CEF table was created?
The CEF entry version number
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup
The Punt adjacency
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched

18. Displays dynamic CAM table entries
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup
Switch#show mac address-table dynamic [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Down - static access - trunk or tunnel

19. What is the DTP negotiation mode of a switch port configured as static access?
Accelerated CEF (aCEF) and Distributed CEF (dCEF)
Off
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dtp-flap
SC fibre optic or RJ-45 UTP

20. What are the supported duplex mode settings for Gigabit Ethernet on Cisco switches?
15 metres
Per port collision domains; Full duplex mode; Dedicated bandwidth; Error detection; Broadcast thresholds; Intelligent filtering and forwarding
Full duplex only
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP

21. What is the name of the CEF engine that forwards packets in hardware?
The Layer 3 forwarding engine
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1310 nm serial laser)
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing
A station must wait its turn to transmit; it can't transmit and receive at the same time

22. Displays the CAM table size with number of MAC addresses
S = Short; L = Long; E = Extra-long
Switch#show mac address-table count [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Route caching and topology based
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used

23. What are the symptoms of a duplex setting mismatch between two ends of a link?
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
IEEE 802.3
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause loopback

24. What is 1000BASE-CX?
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end
Switch#show errdisable recovery
Source IP (/32) - Destination IP (/32) - Protocol (/16) - IP ToS (/8) - Source port (/16) - Source operator (/4) - Destination port (/16) - Destination operator (/4)

25. What are the letters used with 10GBASE-X two-letter suffixes to specify the transceiver wavelengths?
S = Short; L = Long; E = Extra-long
The Layer 3 forwarding engine
On
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm laser)

26. When can a switch start to learn source MAC addresses on incoming ports?
The Drop adjacency
A proprietary connector with a high-data-rate copper cable with enhanced signal integrity and EMI performance
When one station transmits at the same time as another on a shared medium
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state

27. What is FIB?
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+
Mask bits set to 1 for Value bits of interest and 0 for Value bits that don't matter
Forwarding Information Base
Flooding a frame with unknown destination MAC address out all ports assigned to the source port VLAN except the source port itself

28. Enables error-disable for conditions that trigger unicast flood blocking on a port
Switch#show errdisable recovery
Switch(config)#mac address-table static {mac-address} vlan {vlan} interface {interface}
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause unicast-flood
15 metres

29. Enables error-disable for the presence of invalid GBIC or SFP modules
IEEE 802.3
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause gbic-invalid
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
Switch(config-if)#no ip route-cache cef

30. What is the administrative mode of a switch port that carries transparent Layer 2 VPNs?
Switch#show mac address-table count [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
SVI or native routed interface
Tunnel
Source IP (/32) - Destination IP (/32) - Protocol (/16) - IP ToS (/8) - Source port (/16) - Source operator (/4) - Destination port (/16) - Destination operator (/4)

31. What is a GigaStack GBIC?
A proprietary connector with a high-data-rate copper cable with enhanced signal integrity and EMI performance
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause link-flap
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF
Mask bits set to 1 for Value bits of interest and 0 for Value bits that don't matter

32. Enables error-disable for Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDU) received on ports configured for STP PortFast
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause bpduguard
SVI or native routed interface
Creating the VLAN

33. Enables error-disable for conditions that trigger port security configured on a port
Numeric values that represent what action to take after the TCAM lookup occurs
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation
Off
Switch(config)#define interface-range {macro-name} {type} {module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type} {module}/{number} ...]

34. What is full duplex operation?
IEEE 802.3ab
66-300 metres for 50 micron MMF; 33 metres for 62.5 micron MMF
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions
The switch port falls back to default setting of half duplex

35. What tables are maintained by the CEF Layer 3 engine?
Accelerated CEF (aCEF) and Distributed CEF (dCEF)
The switch port falls back to default setting of half duplex
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper CX4 with Infiniband connectors
Routing table and ARP table

36. What is LOU?
Logical Operation Unit
Switch#show mac address-table count [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
CEF punt
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]

37. When do collisions occur?
Switch#clear mac address-table [dynamic] [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Dynamic
When one station transmits at the same time as another on a shared medium
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF

38. What is 1000BASE-LX/LH?
Half duplex
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm laser)
Electromagnetic Interference
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause gbic-invalid

39. What is the maximum cabling distance for Fast Ethernet over singlemode fibre?
Switch(config)#default interface {interface}
Security and QoS ACLs
10 km
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan {vlan}

40. What is the default duplex mode of a Gigabit Ethernet interface?
Full duplex
Switch#show interfaces {interface}
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
Mask bits set to 1 for Value bits of interest and 0 for Value bits that don't matter

41. What are the Gigabit Ethernet autonegotiation selection priorities?
Switch#show mac address-table [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Native routed interface
CEF glean
1000BASE-T full duplex followed by 1000BASE-T half duplex

42. Displays the contents of the CAM table
The Layer 3 forwarding engine
Switch#show mac address-table [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) or Small Form factor Pluggable (SFP)
Fast Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP

43. Displays a list with status of all interfaces
Static access
Switch(config)#interface range macro {name}
Switch#show interfaces status
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)

44. What is the maximum cabling distance for 10GBASE-LR/LW?
15 metres
Switch(config)#interface range {type}{module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type}{module}/{number} ...]
Switch(config)#mac address-table aging-time {seconds}
10 km

45. What are the names of CEF optimisation techniques using specialised forwarding hardware?
Layer 2 source and destination MAC addresses; Layer 3 Time-To-Live (TTL) value and header checksum
Numeric values that represent what action to take after the TCAM lookup occurs
Accelerated CEF (aCEF) and Distributed CEF (dCEF)
Per port collision domains; Full duplex mode; Dedicated bandwidth; Error detection; Broadcast thresholds; Intelligent filtering and forwarding

46. How are MAC addresses shown in the detailed output from the CEF adjacency table?
Switch#show interfaces {interface} switchport
Adjacent MAC address (6 octets); Layer 3 engine MAC address (6 octets); EtherType (2 octets)
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
Per port collision domains; Full duplex mode; Dedicated bandwidth; Error detection; Broadcast thresholds; Intelligent filtering and forwarding

47. What is 100BASE-T4?
Fast Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause {all | {cause-name}}
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
Switch(config-if)#speed {10 | 100 | 1000 | auto}

48. How is link duplex mode determined on Fast Ethernet links configured to autonegotiate?
Switched virtual interface (SVI)
Creating the VLAN
IEEE 802.3u
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate

49. What is the administrative mode of a switch port that is a member of one VLAN?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause bpduguard
Static access or dynamic
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T
Trunk

50. What is 1000BASE-T?
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
Fast Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
400 metres half duplex and 2000 metres full duplex
Distributed CEF (dCEF)

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