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Ethernet Technologies

Subject : it-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. Displays interface configuration information
10GbE operates only at full duplex
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery interval {seconds}
Partition and tune the TCAM on some Catalyst switches into areas for different functions
Switch#show running-config interface {interface}

2. What are the Gigabit Ethernet autonegotiation selection priorities?
Collision domain
Switch(config)#no ip cef
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 8 or 9 micron SMF (1550 nm laser)
1000BASE-T full duplex followed by 1000BASE-T half duplex

3. How are MAC addresses shown in the detailed output from the CEF adjacency table?
Security and QoS ACLs
Adjacent MAC address (6 octets); Layer 3 engine MAC address (6 octets); EtherType (2 octets)
Switch#show interfaces {interface} switchport
LOU registers

4. What is the name of a Layer 3 physical interface on a switch?
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX
Compiling Access Control Entries (ACE) into the TCAM table
Native routed interface
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause udld

5. What is the TCAM Value and Mask for an IGMP access list?
1000BASE-T full duplex followed by 1000BASE-T half duplex
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate
Half duplex
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8); IGMP message type (/8)

6. What RJ-45 pins must be swapped in a Category 5 UTP crossover cable for Gigabit Ethernet?
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end - and 4 -5 on one end with 7 -8 on the other end
300 seconds
LAN PHY and WAN PHY
Switch#show errdisable recovery

7. What is WWDM?
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]
Wide-Wavelength Division Multiplexing
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+
Electromagnetic Interference

8. Creates an interface-range macro
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause {all | {cause-name}}
Switch(config)#mac address-table aging-time {seconds}
The Drop adjacency
Switch(config)#define interface-range {macro-name} {type} {module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type} {module}/{number} ...]

9. Enables error-disable when a link is seen to be unidirectional
Creating the VLAN
The Null adjacency
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause udld
Numeric values that represent what action to take after the TCAM lookup occurs

10. Enables error-disable for when the port link state is flapping between the up and down states
Static access or trunk
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause link-flap
S = Short; L = Long; E = Extra-long
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dhcp-rate-limit

11. What technology was merged into the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard to create Gigabit Ethernet?
On
ANSI X3T11 FibreChannel
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8); IGMP message type (/8)
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap

12. What is 1000BASE-X?
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end - and 4 -5 on one end with 7 -8 on the other end
Dynamic
Cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan {vlan}

13. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-CX?
25 metres
Trunk or dynamic
UTP Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
The CEF entry version number

14. What is full duplex operation?
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions
Switch#show adjacency [{interface}] [summary | detail]
Interconnecting with existing Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) networks
A switch port that has been shut down automatically due to a serious error condition

15. What is the operational mode of a switch port that uses DTP negotiation?
Switch(config-if)#no ip route-cache cef
Static access or trunk
15 metres
Multilayer Switching

16. What is the maximum cabling distance for 10GBASE-SR/SW?
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8)
66-300 metres for 50 micron MMF; 33 metres for 62.5 micron MMF
Routing table and ARP table
Trunk

17. Enables error-disable for conditions that trigger port security configured on a port
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF
Entry not in FIB; FIB table full; IP TTL expired; MTU exceeded; ICMP redirect; Unsupported encapsulation; Tunnelled packets requiring compression or encryption; Access list with 'log' option; NAT must be performed
Cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet

18. What are the basic operations that a frame undergoes as it passes through a Layer 2 switch?
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Egress queueing

19. Creates a switched virtual interface (SVI) and enters interface configuration mode
Switch(config)#interface vlan {vlan-id}
Configure the appropriate values manually on both ends of the link
Switch(config)#mac address-table aging-time {seconds}
FIB with adjacency table

20. What is the maximum cabling distance for 10GBASE-ER/EW?
40 km
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm WWDM laser)
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 8 or 9 micron SMF (1550 nm laser)
66-300 metres for 50 micron MMF; 33 metres for 62.5 micron MMF

21. How does topology based switching work?
Layer 3 routing information builds and pre-populates a single database of the entire network topology; All table lookups are performed in hardware with the longest matching destination used in forwarding
American National Standards Institute
IEEE 802.3ae
The adjacency table

22. What is the default age-out time for stale entries in the CAM table?
A name assigned to a ranges of interfaces
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); ICMP code (/8); ICMP type (/4); IP type of service (ToS) (/8)
Layer 2 source and destination MAC addresses; Layer 3 Time-To-Live (TTL) value and header checksum
300 seconds

23. What is half duplex operation?

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24. What is the TCAM Value and Mask for an IP access list?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
LOU registers
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan {vlan}
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8)

25. What are the common cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet?
Listen to the first packet and put its resulting destination in the MLS cache; Route subsequent packets in the same flow based on the MLS cache
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause link-flap
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX
Distributed CEF (dCEF)

26. What function is performed by the Switching Database Manager (SDM)?
Static access or trunk
Partition and tune the TCAM on some Catalyst switches into areas for different functions
Switch#show interfaces {interface} switchport
Static access or dynamic

27. Configures the maximum ageing time for entries in the MAC address table
Switch(config)#mac address-table aging-time {seconds}
Full duplex only
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory
Adjacent MAC address (6 octets); Layer 3 engine MAC address (6 octets); EtherType (2 octets)

28. Adds a description to an interface configuration
Switch#show mac address-table dynamic [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Switch(config-if)#description {string}
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause udld
The switch port falls back to default setting of half duplex

29. What RJ-45 pins have been swapped in a Category 5 UTP crossover cable for Fast Ethernet?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause storm-control
Feature Manager (FM) and Switching Database Manager (SDM)
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end

30. What is 100BASE-FX?
Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre (MMF) or 9 micron singlemode fibre (SMF)
Cisco Express Forwarding
300 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
SC fibre optic or RJ-45 UTP

31. What is the prerequesite for creating a working SVI?
Creating the VLAN
Electromagnetic Interference
Dynamic
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm WWDM laser)

32. Enables error-disable when the Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) is flapping
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
CEF glean
By Mask/Value - where each unique mask has eight value patterns associated with it
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause {all | {cause-name}}

33. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-ZX?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause link-flap
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF
Distributed CEF (dCEF)
15 metres

34. What are the common cabling specifications for Fast Ethernet?
Layer 2 source and destination MAC addresses; Layer 3 Time-To-Live (TTL) value and header checksum
Switch(config-if)#duplex {auto | full | half}
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
Interconnecting with existing Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) networks

35. What are GigaStack GBICs used for?
Accelerated CEF (aCEF)
ANSI X3T11 FibreChannel
GBIC-to-GBIC connection between stacking Catalyst switches or between any two Gigabit switch ports over a short distance
ARP requests and replies; IP packets requiring an ICMP response; IP broadcasts to be relayed; Routing protocol updates; CDP packets; Packets needing encryption; Packets triggering NAT; Other non-IP packets

36. What are the reasons for packets being punted by CEF?
Entry not in FIB; FIB table full; IP TTL expired; MTU exceeded; ICMP redirect; Unsupported encapsulation; Tunnelled packets requiring compression or encryption; Access list with 'log' option; NAT must be performed
Incomplete adjacency; Incomplete ARP resolution; Unsupported packet features; ICMP redirect; Packets destined to the router itself; IP options present; Access list evaluation failure; Fragmentation failure
Switch(config)#no ip cef
100 metres

37. Displays entries in the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) for a specific interface
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
Switch(config)#interface vlan {vlan-id}
XENPAK - X2 - or SFP+

38. What tables are maintained by the CEF Layer 3 engine?
Switch#show errdisable recovery
Cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing
Routing table and ARP table

39. Displays switch port information for a specified interface
Switch#show interfaces {interface} switchport
Layer 3 routing information builds and pre-populates a single database of the entire network topology; All table lookups are performed in hardware with the longest matching destination used in forwarding
Source IP (/32) - Destination IP (/32) - Protocol (/16) - IP ToS (/8) - Source port (/16) - Source operator (/4) - Destination port (/16) - Destination operator (/4)
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)

40. What are the administrative modes of Layer 2 switched interfaces?
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8)
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8); IGMP message type (/8)
Static access - trunk - tunnel or dynamic

41. What is 100BASE-TX?
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
Flooding a frame with unknown destination MAC address out all ports assigned to the source port VLAN except the source port itself
70 km for 9 micron SMF; 100 km for 8 micron SMF

42. What is 10GBASE-ER/EW?
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1550 nm serial laser)
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF (850 nm laser)
Switch#show mac address-table dynamic [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Full duplex only

43. Displays CEF Punt statistics with number of packets and reason for each line card
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched
Collision domain
Incomplete adjacency; Incomplete ARP resolution; Unsupported packet features; ICMP redirect; Packets destined to the router itself; IP options present; Access list evaluation failure; Fragmentation failure
IEEE 802.3u

44. Displays CEF Drop statistics with number of packets and reason for each line card
Slow response times - low throughput - runts and other input errors on the switch ports
300 seconds
Switch#show errdisable recovery
Switch#show cef drop

45. How are ternary combinations implemented?
With a mask value in addition to binary values to decide which keys in a table are relevant
Full duplex
Dynamic
CEF glean

46. What is the administrative mode of a switch port that uses DTP to negotiate its operational mode?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
CEF punt
Dynamic
Switch#show interfaces status

47. How is link speed determined on Fast Ethernet links configured to autonegotiate?
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause rootguard
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use
ANSI X3T11 FibreChannel

48. How is the TCAM organised?
By Mask/Value - where each unique mask has eight value patterns associated with it
SC fibre optic or RJ-45 UTP
Encapsulation failure; Unresolved address; Unsupported protocol; No valid route; No valid adjacency; Checksum error
Switch(config)#interface range {type}{module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type}{module}/{number} ...]

49. What is the timer range for automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports?
Switch(config)#default interface {interface}
Source IP (/32) - Destination IP (/32) - Protocol (/16) - IP ToS (/8) - Source port (/16) - Source operator (/4) - Destination port (/16) - Destination operator (/4)
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)
Creating the VLAN

50. Displays CEF adjacency table information
Switch(config)#define interface-range {macro-name} {type} {module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type} {module}/{number} ...]
Switch#show adjacency [{interface}] [summary | detail]
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Egress queueing
American National Standards Institute

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