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Ethernet Technologies

Subject : it-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is the administrative mode of a switch port that uses DTP to negotiate its operational mode?
In TCAM Value entries
Value - Mask - and Result (VMR)
Dynamic
Listen to the first packet and put its resulting destination in the MLS cache; Route subsequent packets in the same flow based on the MLS cache

2. Enables automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery cause {all | {cause-name}}
LOU registers
Source IPX network (/32); Destination IPX network (/32); Destination node (/48); IPX packet type (/16)
The adjacency table

3. What is the maximum cabling distance for 10GBASE-LX4/LW4?
Switch#show ip cef
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause unicast-flood
300 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
IEEE 802.3ab

4. How do Layer 2 switches provide isolation between hosts?
The adjacency table
Per port collision domains; Full duplex mode; Dedicated bandwidth; Error detection; Broadcast thresholds; Intelligent filtering and forwarding
A proprietary connector with a high-data-rate copper cable with enhanced signal integrity and EMI performance
Enable error-disable for all possible causes

5. What are the reasons for packets being punted by CEF?
Incomplete adjacency; Incomplete ARP resolution; Unsupported packet features; ICMP redirect; Packets destined to the router itself; IP options present; Access list evaluation failure; Fragmentation failure
LC - MT-RJ or RJ-45
Multilayer Switching
FIB with adjacency table

6. What function is performed by the Switching Database Manager (SDM)?
Switch(config)#mac address-table aging-time {seconds}
Switch#show ip cef {network} [{mask}] [longer-prefixes] [detail]
Partition and tune the TCAM on some Catalyst switches into areas for different functions
Switch#show interfaces {interface}

7. What are the basic operations that a frame undergoes as it passes through a Layer 2 switch?
IEEE 802.3u
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Egress queueing
Full duplex only
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery cause {all | {cause-name}}

8. Enables error-disable for when the port link state is flapping between the up and down states
400 metres half duplex and 2000 metres full duplex
Packets that have been truncated before they were fully received
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause link-flap
Full duplex if only one of the two stacking connectors is used; Half duplex over a shared bus if if both connectors are used

9. Adds a static entry to the MAC address table
Switch(config)#interface range {type}{module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type}{module}/{number} ...]
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dtp-flap
Switch(config)#mac address-table static {mac-address} vlan {vlan} interface {interface}
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8); IGMP message type (/8)

10. Disables a switch port
IEEE 802.3z
Switch(config-if)#shutdown
IEEE 802.3ab
The CEF entry version number

11. Displays dynamic CAM table entries
Switch#show mac address-table dynamic [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY
Switch(config)#define interface-range {macro-name} {type} {module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type} {module}/{number} ...]
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF (850 nm serial laser)

12. Displays CEF adjacency table information
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Egress queueing
Store-and-forward
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause {all | {cause-name}}
Switch#show adjacency [{interface}] [summary | detail]

13. What is the standard for Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps)?
IEEE 802.3z
Static access or trunk
Layer 2 destination address changed to next-hop MAC address; Layer 2 source address changed to outbound interface MAC address; Layer 3 TTL decremented by 1; Layer 3 IP checksum recalculated; Layer 2 frame checksum recalculated
300 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF

14. How are ports that are in error-disable state re-enabled by default?
Down - static access - trunk or tunnel
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
Switch#show mac address-table dynamic [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Manually by administratively disabling and re-enabling the port

15. How is link duplex mode determined on Fast Ethernet links configured to autonegotiate?
25 metres
Cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan {vlan}

16. Adds a description to an interface configuration
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end
Adjacent MAC address (6 octets); Layer 3 engine MAC address (6 octets); EtherType (2 octets)
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX
Switch(config-if)#description {string}

17. What are the common cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet?
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX
Collision domain
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause dtp-flap
Full duplex only

18. What is the maximum cabling distance for 10GBASE-LR/LW?
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF (850 nm laser)
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
10 km
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm laser)

19. What is the TCAM Value and Mask for an extended IP access list using TCP/UDP?
The CEF entry version number
Switch(config)#mac address-table aging-time {seconds}
Source IP (/32) - Destination IP (/32) - Protocol (/16) - IP ToS (/8) - Source port (/16) - Source operator (/4) - Destination port (/16) - Destination operator (/4)
Switch#show ip cef {network} [{mask}] [longer-prefixes] [detail]

20. Displays administrative and operational status for a specified interface
Half duplex
Creating the VLAN
Logical Operation Unit
Switch#show interfaces {interface}

21. What CEF adjacency is used to discard packets because of access list or other policy action?
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)
The Discard adjacency
The adjacency table
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup

22. What are GigaStack GBICs used for?
GBIC-to-GBIC connection between stacking Catalyst switches or between any two Gigabit switch ports over a short distance
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause rootguard
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions
300 seconds

23. Resets the configuration of a switch port to its default values
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions
Switch(config)#default interface {interface}
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause l2ptguard
40 km

24. What is 10GBASE-X?
IEEE 802.3ae
Cabling specifications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Partition and tune the TCAM on some Catalyst switches into areas for different functions
Entry not in FIB; FIB table full; IP TTL expired; MTU exceeded; ICMP redirect; Unsupported encapsulation; Tunnelled packets requiring compression or encryption; Access list with 'log' option; NAT must be performed

25. What is the maximum cabling distance for 1000BASE-LX/LH?
A name assigned to a ranges of interfaces
550 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause unicast-flood
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause udld

26. Removes entries from the CAM table
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause security-violation
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
A station must wait its turn to transmit; it can't transmit and receive at the same time
Switch#clear mac address-table [dynamic] [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

27. What is 100BASE-T4?
The Layer 3 forwarding engine
Creating the VLAN
Fast Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper CX4 with Infiniband connectors

28. What function is performed by the Feature Manager (FM)?
400 metres half duplex and 2000 metres full duplex
Compiling Access Control Entries (ACE) into the TCAM table
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched
Tunnel

29. What RJ-45 pins must be swapped in a Category 5 UTP crossover cable for Gigabit Ethernet?
FIB with adjacency table
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end - and 4 -5 on one end with 7 -8 on the other end
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause rootguard
With a mask value in addition to binary values to decide which keys in a table are relevant

30. How is link speed determined on Fast Ethernet links configured to autonegotiate?
Switch#show interfaces status
On
Store-and-forward
By electrical signalling so that either end of a link can determine what speed the other end is trying to use

31. What is the operational mode of a switch port that uses DTP negotiation?
Static access or trunk
CEF punt
Listen to the first packet and put its resulting destination in the MLS cache; Route subsequent packets in the same flow based on the MLS cache
Switch#show ip cef

32. What are the default error-disable detection causes?
400 metres half duplex and 2000 metres full duplex
On
Interconnecting with existing Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) networks
Enable error-disable for all possible causes

33. Enables error-disable when a storm control threshold has been exceeded on a port
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause storm-control
Feature Manager (FM) and Switching Database Manager (SDM)
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm WWDM laser)
1000BASE-T full duplex followed by 1000BASE-T half duplex

34. What are the administrative modes of Layer 2 switched interfaces?
Store-and-forward
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8); IGMP message type (/8)
Static access - trunk - tunnel or dynamic
The Layer 3 forwarding engine

35. Displays entries in the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) for a specific subnet
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap
IEEE 802.3z
Switch#show ip cef {network} [{mask}] [longer-prefixes] [detail]
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched

36. What is the name of physical network segment where data packets can collide with one another when being sent?
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause rootguard
American National Standards Institute
Collision domain
Static access - trunk - tunnel or dynamic

37. What is WWDM?
275 metres for 62.5 micron MMF; 550 metres for 50 micron MMF
Packets that have been truncated before they were fully received
Wide-Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP

38. What is 10GBASE-CX4?
A switch port that has been shut down automatically due to a serious error condition
Cabling specification for 10 Mbps Ethernet over Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper CX4 with Infiniband connectors

39. What is unknown unicast flooding?
Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre (MMF) or 9 micron singlemode fibre (SMF)
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end
Logical Operation Unit
Flooding a frame with unknown destination MAC address out all ports assigned to the source port VLAN except the source port itself

40. What is the maximum cabling distance for Fast Ethernet over singlemode fibre?
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
300 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
10 km
Switch#show errdisable detect

41. What is the timer range for automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports?
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)
Accelerated CEF (aCEF) and Distributed CEF (dCEF)
Layer 2 destination address changed to next-hop MAC address; Layer 2 source address changed to outbound interface MAC address; Layer 3 TTL decremented by 1; Layer 3 IP checksum recalculated; Layer 2 frame checksum recalculated

42. What CEF adjacency is used when packets must be sent to the Layer 3 engine for further processing?
The Punt adjacency
Packets that have been truncated before they were fully received
100BASE-TX - 100BASE-T2 - 100BASE-T4 and 100-BASE-FX
Encapsulation failure; Unresolved address; Unsupported protocol; No valid route; No valid adjacency; Checksum error

43. What is a GigaStack GBIC?
10GBASE-SR/SW - 10GBASE-LR/LW - 10GBASE-ER/EW - 10GBASE-LX4/LW4 - 10GBASE-CX4
By Mask/Value - where each unique mask has eight value patterns associated with it
Switch(config-if)#speed {10 | 100 | 1000 | auto}
A proprietary connector with a high-data-rate copper cable with enhanced signal integrity and EMI performance

44. What is the default timer for automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports?
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
300 seconds
Switch(config-if)#no ip route-cache cef
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]

45. What is the role of a Switch Engine (SE) in first generation MLS?
ANSI X3T11 FibreChannel
Listen to the first packet and put its resulting destination in the MLS cache; Route subsequent packets in the same flow based on the MLS cache
Configure the appropriate values manually on both ends of the link
Cabling specification for 10 Mbps Ethernet over Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling

46. What is full duplex operation?
Fast Ethernet over 2 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
Routing table and ARP table
Half duplex
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions

47. What is the standard for 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE)?
Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre (MMF) or 9 micron singlemode fibre (SMF)
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause storm-control
Entry not in FIB; FIB table full; IP TTL expired; MTU exceeded; ICMP redirect; Unsupported encapsulation; Tunnelled packets requiring compression or encryption; Access list with 'log' option; NAT must be performed
IEEE 802.3ae

48. What are the 100BASE-FX connectors used in Cisco Catalyst switches?
UTP Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
10 km
Collision domain
SC or MT-RJ

49. What is ANSI?
American National Standards Institute
SVI or native routed interface
Switch(config)#define interface-range {macro-name} {type} {module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type} {module}/{number} ...]
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8); IGMP message type (/8)

50. Enables error-disable for the presence of invalid GBIC or SFP modules
Static access - trunk - tunnel or dynamic
Incomplete adjacency; Incomplete ARP resolution; Unsupported packet features; ICMP redirect; Packets destined to the router itself; IP options present; Access list evaluation failure; Fragmentation failure
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause gbic-invalid
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 8 or 9 micron SMF (1550 nm laser)

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