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Ethernet Technologies

Subject : it-skills

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is Cisco's old recommendation regarding switch port speed and duplex mode?
CEF punt
Interconnecting with existing Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) networks
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)
Configure the appropriate values manually on both ends of the link

2. What is the operational mode of a switch port that carries traffic for multiple VLANs?
Trunk
Static access or trunk
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause psecure-violation
Full duplex

3. What is the role of a Route Processor (RP) in first generation MLS?
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY
Process the first packet in a traffic flow to determine the destination
Switch#show ip cef
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions

4. What fields are rewritten in hardware before a Layer 3 packet is switched to the to egress queue of a multilayer switch?
Layer 2 source and destination MAC addresses; Layer 3 Time-To-Live (TTL) value and header checksum
S = Short; L = Long; E = Extra-long
Route caching and topology based
Switch(config)#interface range macro {name}

5. What are the Fast Ethernet autonegotiation selection priorities?
Wide-Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Value - Mask - and Result (VMR)
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause link-flap
7 100BASE-T2 full duplex; 6 100BASE-TX full duplex; 5 100BASE-T2 half duplex; 4 100BASE-T4; 3 100BASE-TX; 2 10BASE-T full duplex; 1 10BASE-T

6. What RJ-45 pins have been swapped in a Category 5 UTP crossover cable for Fast Ethernet?
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end
CEF glean
The Layer 3 engine
40 km

7. What is half duplex operation?

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8. Enables error-disable when a link is seen to be unidirectional
Compiling Access Control Entries (ACE) into the TCAM table
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause udld
Adjacent MAC address (6 octets); Layer 3 engine MAC address (6 octets); EtherType (2 octets)
Layer 3 routing information builds and pre-populates a single database of the entire network topology; All table lookups are performed in hardware with the longest matching destination used in forwarding

9. Enables error-disable for misconfiguration of EtherChannel bundles
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state
S = Short; L = Long; E = Extra-long
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause channel-misconfig
10 km

10. Adds a description to an interface configuration
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end
The Layer 3 engine
Switch(config-if)#description {string}
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause {all | {cause-name}}

11. Changes an interface to a layer 3 interface and erases all layer 2 interface configurations
On
Stations can transmit and receive at the same time because switched Ethernet removes the possibility of collisions
Fast Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 3 - 4 - 5 UTP
Switch(config-if)#no switchport

12. Enables error-disable for conditions that trigger unicast flood blocking on a port
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause unicast-flood
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state
The CEF entry version number
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1550 nm serial laser)

13. Displays entries in the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) for a specific interface
Switch#show ip cef {interface} [detail]
A switch port that has been shut down automatically due to a serious error condition
The Layer 3 forwarding engine
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX

14. What two IOS software components are involved in TCAM operation?
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
Feature Manager (FM) and Switching Database Manager (SDM)
10 km
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause security-violation

15. What is the TCAM Value and Mask for an Ethernet access list?
Interconnecting switches in a campus network
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1550 nm serial laser)
Source MAC (/48); Destination MAC (/48); Ethertype (/16)
Layer 2 source and destination MAC addresses; Layer 3 Time-To-Live (TTL) value and header checksum

16. What is 10GBASE-CX4?
Multilayer Switching
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper CX4 with Infiniband connectors
Numeric values that represent what action to take after the TCAM lookup occurs
Trunk

17. What are the names of CEF optimisation techniques using specialised forwarding hardware?
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery cause {all | {cause-name}}
Switch(config-if)#shutdown
Accelerated CEF (aCEF) and Distributed CEF (dCEF)
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched

18. What is the administrative mode of a switch port that uses DTP to negotiate its operational mode?
Dynamic
Route caching and topology based
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8)
Switch#show mac address-table dynamic [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

19. What are the default error-disable detection causes?
Enable error-disable for all possible causes
Accelerated CEF (aCEF)
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cabling
Switch#show interfaces {interface}

20. What is 10GBASE-ER/EW?
10 km
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1550 nm serial laser)
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 50 or 62.5 micron MMF or 9 micron SMF (1300 nm WWDM laser)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

21. What is TCAM overflow?
550 metres for 50 or 62.5 micron MMF; 10 km for 9 micron SMF
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause loopback
Route caching and topology based
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries

22. When can a switch start to learn source MAC addresses on incoming ports?
Switch#show mac address-table dynamic [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
In parallel revealing the best (longest) match in a single table lookup
IEEE 802.3ab
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state

23. What is the operational mode of a switch port that carries transparent Layer 2 VPNs?
Layer 3 routing information builds and pre-populates a single database of the entire network topology; All table lookups are performed in hardware with the longest matching destination used in forwarding
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory
The Layer 3 forwarding engine
Tunnel

24. Displays the CAM table size with number of MAC addresses
Switch(config-if)#description {string}
Feature Manager (FM) and Switching Database Manager (SDM)
Switch#show ip cef
Switch#show mac address-table count [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

25. Displays a list with status of all interfaces
When the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) has put the switch port in learning or forwarding state
R = LAN PHY; W = WAN PHY
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
Switch#show interfaces status

26. Enables error-disable for the presence of invalid GBIC or SFP modules
The Layer 3 forwarding engine
The Punt adjacency
Switch(config-if)#no switchport
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause gbic-invalid

27. Enables error-disable for errors with dynamic ARP inspection
LAN PHY and WAN PHY
10 Gigabit Ethernet over 9 micron SMF (1310 nm serial laser)
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause arp-inspection
Packets that have been truncated before they were fully received

28. What are the reasons for packets being punted by CEF?
A name assigned to a ranges of interfaces
Incomplete adjacency; Incomplete ARP resolution; Unsupported packet features; ICMP redirect; Packets destined to the router itself; IP options present; Access list evaluation failure; Fragmentation failure
1000BASE-T full duplex followed by 1000BASE-T half duplex
SVI or native routed interface

29. Sets the administrative mode of a switch port to access
1 -2 on one end with 3 -6 on the other end - and 4 -5 on one end with 7 -8 on the other end
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
Switch#show mac address-table count [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Enable error-disable for all possible causes

30. What type of packets can not be forwarded by CEF but are instead sent to the switch CPU for process switching in software?
A name assigned to a ranges of interfaces
Switch(config)#interface range {type}{module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type}{module}/{number} ...]
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information
ARP requests and replies; IP packets requiring an ICMP response; IP broadcasts to be relayed; Routing protocol updates; CDP packets; Packets needing encryption; Packets triggering NAT; Other non-IP packets

31. Disables a switch port
Switch#show mac address-table [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
Incomplete adjacency; Incomplete ARP resolution; Unsupported packet features; ICMP redirect; Packets destined to the router itself; IP options present; Access list evaluation failure; Fragmentation failure
Cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet
Switch(config-if)#shutdown

32. What are the common cabling specifications for Gigabit Ethernet?
Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP
Switch(config-if)#speed {10 | 100 | 1000 | auto}
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX
GBIC-to-GBIC connection between stacking Catalyst switches or between any two Gigabit switch ports over a short distance

33. What CEF optimisation technique cache FIB entries in switch line cards?
Accelerated CEF (aCEF)
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause vmps
Electromagnetic Interference
On

34. What is TCAM?
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory
With a mask value in addition to binary values to decide which keys in a table are relevant
Fast Ethernet over 62.5/125 micron multimode fibre (MMF) or 9 micron singlemode fibre (SMF)
Switch(config)#interface range {type}{module}/{number} [- {number}] [ - {type}{module}/{number} ...]

35. What are the 100BASE-FX connectors used in Cisco Catalyst switches?
Switched virtual interface (SVI)
SC or MT-RJ
40 km
Switch(config)#interface vlan {vlan-id}

36. Enables error-disable for errors when assigning a port to a dynamic VLAN through a VMPS
Half duplex
Trunk or dynamic
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause vmps
66-300 metres for 50 micron MMF; 33 metres for 62.5 micron MMF

37. What is the timer range for automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports?
Switch#show mac address-table dynamic [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)
Source IP (/32); Destination IP (/32); Protocol (/16); IP ToS (/8)
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause pagp-flap

38. Displays the contents of the CAM table
Switch(config-if)#shutdown
With MMF cables shorter than 100 metres (to prevent over-driving the far-end receiver) and with MMF cables longer than 300 metres (to lessen the effect of differential mode delay)
Route caching and topology based
Switch#show mac address-table [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

39. What packets are immediately sent to the CEF Layer 3 engine for further processing?

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40. Specifies the timer for automatic re-enabling of error-disabled ports
Full duplex only
Switch(config)#errdisable recovery interval {seconds}
The switch port falls back to default setting of half duplex
The Layer 3 engine

41. What happens to subsequent packets destined for FIB entries in CEF glean state?
They are dropped (ARP throttling)
10 km
Ternary Content-Addressable Memory
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause {all | {cause-name}}

42. Displays error-disabled detection status
SVI
Switch#show errdisable detect
10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper CX4 with Infiniband connectors
Switch#clear mac address-table [dynamic] [address {mac-address}] [interface {interface}] [vlan {vlan}]

43. Displays CEF Punt statistics with number of packets and reason for each line card
Switch#show cef not-cef-switched
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection
Switch#show ip cef {network} [{mask}] [longer-prefixes] [detail]
IEEE 802.3ae

44. What is 1000BASE-ZX?
Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) or Small Form factor Pluggable (SFP)
Gigabit Ethernet over 1 pair 8 or 9 micron SMF (1550 nm laser)
A station must wait its turn to transmit; it can't transmit and receive at the same time
With a mask value in addition to binary values to decide which keys in a table are relevant

45. What is the DTP negotiation mode of a switch port configured as static access?
IEEE 802.3ab
Off
Tunnel
Switch#show ip cef

46. How is link duplex mode determined on Fast Ethernet links configured to autonegotiate?
Through exchange of information - which means that for one end to successfully negotiate duplex mode the other end must also be set to autonegotiate
GBIC-to-GBIC connection between stacking Catalyst switches or between any two Gigabit switch ports over a short distance
Static access or dynamic
300 seconds

47. Enables error-disable for when the port link state is flapping between the up and down states
Switch(config)#errdisable detect cause link-flap
UTP Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
From 30 seconds to 86 -400 seconds (24 hours)
The Layer 3 engine

48. Resets the configuration of a switch port to its default values
When there are more access list entries and Layer 4 operations than available Mask/Value and LOU entries
On
Store-and-forward
Switch(config)#default interface {interface}

49. What are the basic operations that a frame undergoes as it passes through a Layer 2 switch?
Encapsulation failure; Unresolved address; Unsupported protocol; No valid route; No valid adjacency; Checksum error
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Egress queueing
Routing table and ARP table
The table of learned MAC addresses - ports - and VLAN information

50. How does topology based switching work?
1000BASE-CX - 1000BASE-T - 1000-BASE-SX - 1000-BASE-LX/LH and 1000-BASE-ZX
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Layer 3 routing information builds and pre-populates a single database of the entire network topology; All table lookups are performed in hardware with the longest matching destination used in forwarding
Ingress queueing; Destination MAC lookup (CAM); Destination IP lookup (FIB); Security ACL lookup (TCAM); QoS ACL lookup (TCAM); Layer 3 packet rewrite; Egress queueing

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