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Genitourinary Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Urethral opening occurs in the vagina of the female.
Pituitary tumors - surgical removal or radiation therapy. Benign adrenal tumors - removed endoscopically - malignant tumors - surgical removal.
Wilms' tumor.
IVU
Hypospadias

2. Directly linked to cigarette smoking and heredity.
Phimosis
Polycystic kidney disease
Renal cell carcinoma
End-stage renal disease

3. Function of the cortex
End-stage renal disease
Flank incision
Calcium-based 75% - struvite or magnesium ammonium phosphate 15% - uric acid - cystine.
Secretes steroid-type hormones essential to the control of fluid and electrolyte balance.

4. Why does the ureter run obliquely through the bladder wall?
Flank incision
It allows the bladder to prevent reflux through muscular contraction upon the ureter.
Tissue samples
Scrotal incision

5. Affects men twice as often as women and appears between the ages of 50 and 60.
Severe headaches - excess sweating - tachycardia-palpitations - anxiety - tremor - pain in the epigastric region - weight loss - and heat intolerance.
Addison's disease
Develops in patients with long-term kidney problems - symptoms occur later in life.
Renal cell carcinoma

6. Two conditions that often lead to ESRD.
Polycystic kidney disease or diabetic nephropathy.
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP).
When the kidneys are functioning at less than 10% of normal capacity.
Subcostal flank incision

7. Usually performed because of a tumor - causes Cushing's syndrome or pheochromocytoma.
Renal cell carcinoma
Inguinal incision
Biopsy
Adrenalectomy

8. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) may be used.
Inguinal incision
Polycystic kidney disease or diabetic nephropathy.
Cryptorchidism
When the parenchyma of the kidney is replaced by multiple fluid-filled benign cysts.

9. Incision used for implantation of a donor kidney.
End-stage renal disease
When the kidneys are functioning at less than 10% of normal capacity.
Lumbar incision
Gibson incision

10. One or both testicles fail to descend to the final destination in the scrotum after the first year of life.
Cryptorchidism
Twisting of the spermatic cord
PKD/polycystic kidney disease.
Endoscopy

11. Usually strikes young men between the ages of 20 and 40.
Scrotal incision
PKD/polycystic kidney disease.
Testicular cancer
Wilms' tumor.

12. Two causes for Cushings' syndrome
Renal cell carcinoma
Endoscopic removal
Primary cause is a pituitary tumor (overproduction of ACTH) - tumor of the adrenal cortex (may be benign or malignant).
Epispadias.

13. Ultrasound - CT - and MRI will aid in diagnosing the extent of the tumor and any metastasis.

14. Two treatment options for ESRD.
Wilms' tumor.
End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Dialysis and kidney transplant.
Renal cell carcinoma

15. Follow-up care may include lifelong hormone replacement therapy.
The two corpora cavernosa on the dorsal side that lie side by side. The corpus spongiosum which lies in the midline below the former structures.
Useful in determining cancer of the prostate.
Postadrenalectomy
Forcefully removes tumor segments and blood clots from the bladder.

16. 90% of the cases only one kidney is affected.

17. Surgical removal of the affected kidney is recommended and should be followed by radiation and chemotherapy. If treated prior to metastasis the 5-year survival rate is 90%.

18. Incision - direct access provided to the adrenal gland - kidney - and proximal ureter.
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
Renal cell carcinoma
Flank incision
The surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands.

19. Hormone replacement with corticosteroids is essential for life.

20. Weight loss - weakness and fatigue - GI disturbances - low blood pressure - darkening of the skin - hair loss - and dramatic mood and behavior changes.

21. Another name for IVU
Addison's disease
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
Forcefully removes tumor segments and blood clots from the bladder.
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP).

22. The urethral opening occurs on the underside of the penis/on the perineum of the male.
Hypospadias
Orchiopexy
Cushing's syndrome
Adrenalectomy

23. Treated through an inguinal incision.
Cryptorchidism
It allows the bladder to prevent reflux through muscular contraction upon the ureter.
Cushing's syndrome
Testicular cancer

24. Acquired cystic kidney disease
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
Calcium-based 75% - struvite or magnesium ammonium phosphate 15% - uric acid - cystine.
Develops in patients with long-term kidney problems - symptoms occur later in life.
Testicular torsion

25. Obtained using percutaneous - endoscopic - and open methods.
The surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands.
Tissue samples
PKD/polycystic kidney disease
Inherited - extremely rare - affects young children.

26. Incision - exposes the entire kidney.
Endoscopic removal
Transcostal incision
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma

27. What is phimosis?
A condition that prevents the foreskin from retracting over the glans penis.
Cryptorchidism
Urinalysis
Cryptorchidism

28. What is PKD?
Flank incision
Autosomal dominant - autosomal recessive - acquired cystic kidney disease.
Pituitary tumors - surgical removal or radiation therapy. Benign adrenal tumors - removed endoscopically - malignant tumors - surgical removal.
When the parenchyma of the kidney is replaced by multiple fluid-filled benign cysts.

29. Three cavernous structures of the penis.
The two corpora cavernosa on the dorsal side that lie side by side. The corpus spongiosum which lies in the midline below the former structures.
Renal cell carcinoma
Phimosis
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

30. A normal part of aging affecting most men over the age of 50.
End-stage renal disease
Pituitary tumors - surgical removal or radiation therapy. Benign adrenal tumors - removed endoscopically - malignant tumors - surgical removal.
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
More than one million.

31. Malaise - fatigue - headache - hypertension - and decreased mental alertness.
Postadrenalectomy
Cryptorchidism
End-stage renal disease
Primary cause is a pituitary tumor (overproduction of ACTH) - tumor of the adrenal cortex (may be benign or malignant).

32. Incision often used to access the scrotal contents of an adult or child.
Regular X-rays - ultrasound - CT scan - and MRI's.
Renal cell carcinoma
Inguinal incision
Renal cell carcinoma

33. Function of the detrusor muscle
Gibson incision.
Hypospadias
Addison's disease.
Emptying the bladder and closing the bladder orifice.

34. Diagnosis for ESRD
When the kidneys are functioning at less than 10% of normal capacity.
Gibson incision
An anterior to posterior radiographic view of the urinary system.
Secretes steroid-type hormones essential to the control of fluid and electrolyte balance.

35. Should be performed as soon as possible to prevent testicular torsion from reoccuring.
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma
Orchiopexy
Transcostal incision

36. May be a complication of certain illnesses such as TB and AIDS.

37. Three types of PKD.
Cryptorchidism
A nuclear medicine study that is designed to detect and locate pheochromocytoma.
Epispadias.
Autosomal dominant - autosomal recessive - acquired cystic kidney disease.

38. Infants with cryptorchidism are at higher risk than the general population
Testicular cancer
Flank incision
Endoscopic removal
Renal cell carcinoma

39. Flank or lumbar incision
Adrenal gland
Forcefully removes tumor segments and blood clots from the bladder.
Develops in patients with long-term kidney problems - symptoms occur later in life.
Adrenalectomy

40. Incision used to access the lower portion of the ureter.
More than one million.
End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Wilms' tumor.
Gibson incision.

41. Four basic chemical types of urinary calculi.
Inherited - extremely rare - affects young children.
More than one million.
Calcium-based 75% - struvite or magnesium ammonium phosphate 15% - uric acid - cystine.
When the parenchyma of the kidney is replaced by multiple fluid-filled benign cysts.

42. The most common type of kidney cancer.
Renal cell carcinoma/adenocarcinoma of the renal cells.
Endoscopic removal
When the kidneys are functioning at less than 10% of normal capacity.
The surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands.

43. Seen in patients with end-stage renal disease who are on dialysis.
Cushing's syndrome
Renal cell carcinoma
Epispadias.
PKD/polycystic kidney disease

44. Injection of a contrast medium.
The surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands.
IVU
A tumor affecting the medulla of the adrenal gland causing an overproduction of adrenaline.
Inherited - extremely rare - affects young children.

45. Retrograde urogram
Gibson incision.
IVU
Inherited - develops between the ages of 30 and 40 - 90% of all PKD fall into this category.
Contrast medium is injected into the ureters with the use of a cystoscope because of an obstruction.

46. The only way to accurately determine the presence of malignancy and the exact cell type.
Biopsy
Dialysis and kidney transplant.
Addison's disease
Cortex and medulla

47. Disorder commonly associated with premature birth - and accompanied by an inguinal hernia.
Wilms' tumor.
Cryptorchidism
Calcium-based 75% - struvite or magnesium ammonium phosphate 15% - uric acid - cystine.
Emptying the bladder and closing the bladder orifice.

48. Hypertension and proteinuria
Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease/diabetic nephropathy
It allows the bladder to prevent reflux through muscular contraction upon the ureter.
An anterior to posterior radiographic view of the urinary system.
Kidney - ureters - and bladder.

49. Torsion of the testicle
Addison's disease
Flank incision
Twisting of the spermatic cord
Adrenalectomy

50. The developmental absence of the anterior wall of the urethra.
Epispadias.
End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
The surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands.
Renal cell carcinoma