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Subject : science
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.






2. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil






3. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if






4. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.






5. Type of sedimentary rock; rocks whose grains are stuck together by cement.






6. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.






7. Highest soil horizon; consists almost entirely of organic matter and contains barely any mineral matter. Surface level has 'litter' and deeper it contains 'humus'. Part of the zone of leaching.






8. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.






9. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st






10. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.






11. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.






12. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l






13. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.






14. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.






15. A thick accumulation of sediment (10-15km) - the surface of this sediment layer is this broad - shallow region.






16. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.






17. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.






18. Lava flowing on dry land cools more slowly that lava erupting underwater.






19. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.






20. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.






21. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.






22. Perhaps the cause for the large igneous provinces; formations within the mantle - plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes.






23. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.






24. The bottom portion of the upper mantle - the interval lying between 400km and 660km deep. Here within the Earth - the character of the mantle undergoes a series of abrupt changes.






25. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve






26. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.






27. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.






28. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.






29. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.






30. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.






31. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.






32. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






33. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.






34. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.






35. A plate boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate. No new plate is formed and no old plate is consumed. But the grinding between the plates generates frequent and destructive earthquakes.






36. A place where three plate boundaries intersect at a point.






37. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.






38. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.






39. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.






40. Created from preexisting rocks which undergo changes - such as the growth of new minerals in response to pressure and heat - and/or as a result of squashing - stretching - or shear.






41. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.






42. An exposure of bedrock.






43. Most common mineral on Earth; compose over 95% of the continental crust. Consist of combinations of a fundamental building block called silicon-oxygen tetrahedron - different groups: independent tetrahedra - single chains - double chains - sheet sili






44. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.






45. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.






46. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.






47. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.






48. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.






49. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.






50. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.







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