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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Ash
E-horizon
2. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Partial melting
Frost wedging
Subduction
Soil erosion
3. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve
Melting
Limestone
Hydrosphere
Spreading rate
4. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.
Chemical weathering
Subsidence
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Transform fault
5. Outer surface level of Earth; composed of granite - basalt - and gabbro. Continental: mostly about 35-40km thick . Oceanic: about 7-10km thick. Oxygen - by far the most abundant element.
Crust
Ignimbrite
Mineral
Shield volcano
6. Natural bond connecting rocks; mineral material that precipitates from water and fills the space between grains.
Conchoidal fractures
Laccolith
Cement
Cementation
7. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.
Silicates
Plutons
ravertine
Sedimentary structure
8. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.
Continental rift
Diagenesis
Ripples
Residual soil
9. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.
Assimilation
pahoehoe
Plate tectonics
Light silicates
10. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Dolostone
Gabbro
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Cross beds
11. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.
Elemental composition of Earth
Why magma rises
Upper mantle
Magma's speed of flow
12. Forms from a chemical reaction between solid calcite and magnesium-bearing groundwater.
Dolostone
Residual soil
ravertine
Marine magnetic anomaly
13. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.
Lithosphere
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Grain sizes
Differential weathering
14. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.
Upper mantle
Fragmental igneous rocks
Silicate minerals
Oxidation
15. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Limestone
Hydrolysis
Metals
16. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
Metals
Siliceous rocks
3.5km (2 miles)
Regression
17. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Lapilli
Sill
Gabbro
18. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.
Upper mantle
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Magnetic inclination
Igneous rocks
19. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.
Dunes
Seamount chains
Regolith
Basaltic lava flows
20. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.
Tephra
Continental rift
Asthenosphere
Turbidite
21. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Calderas
Evaporites
Dissolution
22. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.
Why magma rises
ravertine
Carbonates
Luster
23. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.
Rock texture
Plutons
Oxidation
Ripples
24. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.
Volatiles
Conchoidal fractures
Upper mantle
Intrusive igneous rock
25. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.
Sedimentary rocks
Compaction
Cementation
Dunes
26. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat
Facets
Special properties of minerals
Apparent polar-wander path
Lapilli
27. Highest soil horizon; consists almost entirely of organic matter and contains barely any mineral matter. Surface level has 'litter' and deeper it contains 'humus'. Part of the zone of leaching.
Crystal
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Lava domes
O-horizon
28. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Sulfides
Bedrock
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Extrusive igneous rock
29. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.
Transform plate boundary
Convergent plate boundary
Silicate minerals
12km
30. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Asthenosphere
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Bathymetry
31. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.
650-1100 degrees C
Dipole
Peridotite
Superplumes
32. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.
Geothermal gradient
Sedimentary rocks
Caliche
Crystalline igneous rocks
33. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.
Outcrop
Weathering
Elemental composition of Earth
Xenolith
34. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.
Columnar jointing
Transform plate boundary
Loam
Extrusive igneous rock
35. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.
Rocks
Evaporites
Superplumes
Calderas
36. Occurs within the asthenosphere - actively drags plates along and attributes partially for the mechanism shifting the plates along the Earth's surface.
Dissolution
Convective flow
Crystalline igneous rocks
Ignimbrite
37. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Relative plate velocity
Geothermal gradient
Differential weathering
Siltstone and mudstone
38. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the
Subsidence
Mantle plume
Crust
Continental drift hypothesis
39. A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern. Forms when a liquid freezes so fast that atoms do not have time to organize into an orderly pattern.
Glass
Caliche
Explosive eruptions
Ignimbrite
40. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.
3.5km (2 miles)
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Transgression
Intermediate
41. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.
Cementation
Sedimentary Basins
Melting
Oxides
42. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
Lithification
Carbonate rocks
Fracture and cleavage
Calderas
43. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.
Residual soil
Area of igneous activity
Seamount chains
Volcano
44. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.
The core
Inner core
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Pangaea
45. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.
Continental rift
Spreading rate
Silicates
Crystalline
46. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Transported soil
Basalt
Hydration
Sedimentary rocks
47. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.
Root wedging
Hot-spot track
Grain sizes
Sea-floor spreading
48. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Fragmental igneous rocks
Subduction
Ultramafic
Precipitation
49. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Explosive eruptions
Slab-pull force
Lava
Caliche
50. On a gem are the ground and polished surfaces made with a certain type of machine.
Paleomagnetism
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Facets
Evaporites