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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
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Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.
rifting
Thermal expansion
Explosive eruptions
ravertine
2. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.
Zone of accumulation
Halides
Crystal structure
Cinder cone
3. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.
Xenolith
Sill
Superplumes
Streak
4. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Transform plate boundary
Hot-spot track
Symmetry
5. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Marine magnetic anomaly
Bedding
Bedrock
Redbeds
6. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.
Extrusive igneous rock
Melts
Ash
Felsic
7. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).
Sandstone
Silicate minerals
Cementation
Geothermal gradient
8. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
Redbeds
Laterite
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Deposition
9. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able
Outer core
Bed
Biomineralization
Compaction
10. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
Transgression
Laccolith
Geothermal gradient
Hydration
11. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the
Paleomagnetism
Deposition
Mantle plume
Outcrop
12. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
Soil Horizons
Laterite
Mid-ocean ridges
Laccolith
13. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.
Paleopole
Mantle
Transform fault
Convective flow
14. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Bedrock
Subsidence
Color
Tuff
15. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
Plutons
atmospheres (atm)
Dark Silicates
Cementation
16. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure
Lower mantle
Magnetic inclination
Fracture and cleavage
Mineral crystal destruction
17. Sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km.
Upper mantle
Topography
Factors of magma cooling time
Continental drift hypothesis
18. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Slab-pull force
Crust
3.5km (2 miles)
Mineral crystal destruction
19. Type of volcano; most are adjacent to the Pacific - larger in size - interbedded lavas and pyroclastics - consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra - most violent type of activity - may produce nuee ardente or lahars.
Hot-spot track
Native metals
atmospheres (atm)
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
20. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Strata
Extrusive igneous rock
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
21. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.
Lava tube
Asthenosphere
Magma's speed of flow
Marine magnetic anomaly
22. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.
Lava
Relative plate velocity
Metals
Alloy
23. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Spreading rate
Explosive eruptions
Ultramafic
24. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
Explosive eruptions
Fumerolic mineralization
Siliceous rocks
Peridotite
25. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.
Sedimentary Basins
Symmetry
Stoping
pahoehoe
26. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.
Bed
E-horizon
Laterite
Zone of accumulation
27. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Continental drift hypothesis
Sulfides
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Laccolith
28. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.
Cementation
Spreading rate
Hot spots
Transform fault
29. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat
Chemical weathering
Subduction
Apparent polar-wander path
Magnetic declination
30. The broad - relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level.
Crust
Halides
Bedding
Abyssal plains
31. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
Why magma rises
Limestone
Magnetic reversals
Plate tectonics
32. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
Hydrosphere
Abyssal plains
Asthenosphere
The core
33. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.
Biomineralization
Convective flow
ravertine
Conglomerate
34. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a
Quartz sandstone
Silicates
Pyroclastic debris
Cement
35. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.
Quartz sandstone
Halides
Oxidation
Tuff
36. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solution - meaning that atoms - molecules - or ions dissolved in water bond together out of water.
Outer core
Precipitation
Slab-pull force
Weathering
37. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.
Soil Horizons
Differential weathering
A-horizon
Bathymetry
38. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.
Graded bed
Crystalline igneous rocks
Arkose
ravertine
39. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.
Why magma rises
B-horizon
Dipole
Chemical weathering
40. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Sulfides
Lower mantle
Fracture zones
41. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
Columnar jointing
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Strata
Differential weathering
42. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.
Loam
Shield volcano
Sill
Sea-floor spreading
43. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each
Sandstone
Crystal
Cementation
Plate tectonics
44. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.
Crust
Continental drift evidence
Topography
Sandstone
45. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.
Dunes
Transform plate boundary
Area of igneous activity
Siliceous rocks
46. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.
Organic chemicals
Earth's atmosphere
Decompression
3.5km (2 miles)
47. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Siliceous rocks
Subduction
Mafic
Hot spots
48. Created from preexisting rocks which undergo changes - such as the growth of new minerals in response to pressure and heat - and/or as a result of squashing - stretching - or shear.
Oxidation
Metamorphic rocks
Dark Silicates
Gem
49. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
Lithification
Paleomagnetism
Conglomerate
Magma
50. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.
Specific gravity
Strata
Fragmental igneous rocks
Laccolith
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