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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.
Glass
Granitic composition
Pangaea
Grain sizes
2. The difference between the expected strength of the Earth's main field at a certain location and the actual measure strength of the magnetic field at that location. Places where the field strength is stronger that expected are positive anomalies - an
Magnetic anomaly
Rock texture
Limestone
Siliceous rocks
3. The removal of soil by running water or by wind.
Soil erosion
Tuff
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Viscosity
4. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.
Assimilation
E-horizon
Seamount chains
Metals
5. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.
Continental drift hypothesis
Felsic
Dike
Regression
6. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.
Ash
Specific gravity
Luster
Basaltic lava flows
7. A naturally occurring solid - formed by geologic processes - has a crystalline structure and a definable chemical composition - and is generally inorganic.
Mineral
Asthenosphere
Volatiles
Magma mixing
8. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.
Native metals
Stoping
Crystalline igneous rocks
Rocks
9. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns
Color
Crystal
Erosion
Seamount chains
10. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.
Cinder cone
Bathymetry
Magma
Continental shelf
11. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as
Dissolution
Basalt
Fracture and cleavage
Partial melting
12. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
Marine magnetic anomaly
Apparent polar-wander path
Flood basalts
Thermal expansion
13. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.
Loam
Extrusive igneous rock
3.5km (2 miles)
Basaltic composition
14. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Volcanic pipes/necks
Conglomerate
Paleopole
Area of igneous activity
15. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
650-1100 degrees C
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Pangaea
Earth's atmosphere
16. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.
Source rock composition
Biomineralization
Residual soil
Melts
17. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Fumerolic mineralization
Soil
3.5km (2 miles)
18. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Crystal lattice
Area of igneous activity
Erosion
Explosive eruptions
19. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.
Superplumes
Saprolite
Subsidence
Sedimentary structure
20. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Hydration
Siliceous rocks
Volatiles
Biomineralization
21. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.
Pyroclastic debris
Andesitic lava flows
Strata
Solid-state diffusion
22. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.
Continental rift
Transition zone
Magma mixing
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
23. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
Polymorphs
The core
Mineral crystal destruction
Volcanic blocks/bombs
24. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
atmospheres (atm)
The core
Hydrosphere
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
25. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.
Plate tectonics
Pyroclastic debris
Mineral crystal destruction
Soil
26. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Extrusive igneous rock
Precipitation
Weathering
Transported soil
27. Refers to the proportions of different chemicals making up the rock - and thus the proportion chemicals affects the proportions of different minerals constituting the rock.
12km
Volatiles
Rock composition
Melting
28. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve
atmospheres (atm)
3.5km (2 miles)
Siliceous rocks
Spreading rate
29. A sedimentary bed that has developed a reddish color. The red comes from a film of iron oxide (hematite) that forms on grain surfaces.
Continental rift
Dunes
Redbeds
Sill
30. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Solid-state diffusion
Sulfides
Jointing
Dark Silicates
31. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.
Fracture and cleavage
Continental drift evidence
Convective flow
Laterite
32. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.
Silicate minerals
Deposition
C-horizon
Crystalline igneous rocks
33. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st
3.5km (2 miles)
Sill
Slab-pull force
Caliche
34. Distinct internal laminations within a ripple or dune that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer. Form as a consequence of the evolution of dunes or ripples.
Lithification
Ash
Color
Cross beds
35. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.
Intrusive igneous rock
ravertine
A-horizon
Luster
36. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Granite
Mafic
Transported soil
Conglomerate
37. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Assimilation
Redbeds
Lithosphere
Silicate minerals
38. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Ridge-push force
Specific gravity
Organic sedimentary rocks
Carbonate rocks
39. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.
collision
Hot-spot track
12km
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
40. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Lithosphere
Silicates
Magma mixing
41. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.
Seamount chains
Andesitic lava flows
Regression
Residual soil
42. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
650-1100 degrees C
Sedimentary Basins
Strata
43. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Xenolith
Carbonate rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Lithosphere
44. Highest soil horizon; consists almost entirely of organic matter and contains barely any mineral matter. Surface level has 'litter' and deeper it contains 'humus'. Part of the zone of leaching.
Bathymetry
Alloy
O-horizon
Earth's atmosphere
45. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each
Lower mantle
Plate tectonics
Xenolith
Bed
46. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Arkose
Ash
Continental shelf
Regolith
47. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Evaporites
Volcano
Crystal
48. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.
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49. Chemical weathering occurring in warm - wet climates can produce a layer of rotten rock - over 100km thick.
Intrusive igneous rock
Gem
Partial melting
Saprolite
50. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.
Basaltic composition
Continental rift
Conglomerate
Ignimbrite