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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Convective flow
Decompression
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Rock layering
2. Physical property of a mineral; a measure of a minerals relative ability to resist scratching - and therefore represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure being broken. The atoms or ions in crystals of a hard mineral are more strongly
Deep-ocean trenches
Hardness
650-1100 degrees C
Rock layering
3. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.
Special properties of minerals
Soil
Volatiles
Transform plate boundary
4. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.
Andesitic lava flows
Laterite
Magnetic declination
Jointing
5. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.
Weathering
B-horizon
Sulfates
Euhedral crystal
6. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Clastic
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Basalt
Apparent polar-wander path
7. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.
Evaporites
Paleomagnetism
Intermediate
Volatiles
8. A submarine suspension of sediment.
Crystalline
Area of igneous activity
Crystal structure
Turbidity current
9. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.
Redbeds
Lava
Siltstone and mudstone
Magnetic declination
10. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.
Extrusive igneous rock
Euhedral crystal
Intermediate
Grain sizes
11. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.
Basaltic magma
pahoehoe
Laccolith
Sedimentary structure
12. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.
atmospheres (atm)
Volatiles
Silicates
Redbeds
13. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Hot spots
Sulfides
Effusive eruptions
Pangaea
14. A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern. Forms when a liquid freezes so fast that atoms do not have time to organize into an orderly pattern.
Marine magnetic anomaly
Transported soil
Lava
Glass
15. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -
Special properties of minerals
Siliceous rocks
Decompression
12km
16. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Magma
Transported soil
Gem
Dissolution
17. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).
Paleomagnetism
Cementation
Caliche
Precipitation
18. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Carbonate rocks
Gem
Zone of leaching
Quartz sandstone
19. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.
Transform fault
Earth's atmosphere
Slab-pull force
Redbeds
20. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.
Agrillaceous rocks
Mineral crystal destruction
C-horizon
Intrusive igneous rock
21. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Compaction
Fracture and cleavage
Mineral crystal destruction
Peridotite
22. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Silicate minerals
Hydrolysis
Organic chemicals
23. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.
3.5km (2 miles)
Bedrock
Sill
Turbidity current
24. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.
Soil
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Weathering
Precipitation
25. Distinct internal laminations within a ripple or dune that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer. Form as a consequence of the evolution of dunes or ripples.
Halides
Sea-floor spreading
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Cross beds
26. A reference to the pattern structure of a mineral. A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern - a crystalline solid.
Basalt
Crystal lattice
Soil erosion
Color
27. A sedimentary bed that has developed a reddish color. The red comes from a film of iron oxide (hematite) that forms on grain surfaces.
Redbeds
Continental rift
Diagenesis
Relative plate velocity
28. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.
Crystal habit
Cement
Dike
Polymorphs
29. The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away. Involves abrasion - plucking - scouring - and dissolution - and is caused by air - water or ice.
Erosion
Silicate minerals
C-horizon
Graded bed
30. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Root wedging
Turbidite
Lava
B-horizon
31. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.
Turbidite
Fracture zones
Decompression
Andesitic lava flows
32. Subsoil - ions and clay leached and transported down from above accumulate here. As a result - new minerals form - and clay fills open spaces. Part of the zone of accumulation.
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Rhyolitic lava flows
Outer core
B-horizon
33. An exposure of bedrock.
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Cinder cone
Outcrop
Cement
34. A reference to the supposed position of the Earth's magnetic pole at a time in the past.
Paleopole
Weathering
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Effusive eruptions
35. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
Alloy
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Upper mantle
Flood basalts
36. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
Intrusive igneous rock
rifting
Specific gravity
Diagenesis
37. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.
38. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.
Basaltic magma
Mantle
Crystal structure
Diagenesis
39. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Lava
Viscosity
Gem
Heat transfer
40. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Luster
Carbonate rocks
Magnetic reversals
Cinder cone
41. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Basalt
Explosive eruptions
The core
Cement
42. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Laccolith
Erosion
Granitic composition
43. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
Basaltic magma
Rock composition
Symmetry
Metals
44. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.
Depositional environment
Stoping
Caliche
Ripples
45. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.
Lower mantle
Shield volcano
Dark Silicates
Felsic
46. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
Redbeds
Basaltic composition
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Transgression
47. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.
Regolith
Continental rift
pahoehoe
Diagenesis
48. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if
Graded bed
Dipole
Crystal structure
Magma's speed of flow
49. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.
Saprolite
Cross beds
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Continental rift
50. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able
Dissolution
Geothermal gradient
Dunes
Outer core