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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.
Crust
Crystal lattice
Fumerolic mineralization
Ultramafic
2. The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away. Involves abrasion - plucking - scouring - and dissolution - and is caused by air - water or ice.
Laccolith
Gem
Crystal habit
Erosion
3. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.
Regression
Pangaea
Rock composition
Organic chemicals
4. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.
Turbidite
Chemical weathering
Biomineralization
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
5. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.
Diagenesis
Jointing
Laccolith
Paleomagnetism
6. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.
Seamount chains
Alloy
Sedimentary Basins
Sill
7. Lava flowing on dry land cools more slowly that lava erupting underwater.
Frost wedging
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Physical weathering
Magma
8. A plate boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate. No new plate is formed and no old plate is consumed. But the grinding between the plates generates frequent and destructive earthquakes.
Transform plate boundary
Hot-spot track
A-horizon
Upper mantle
9. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.
Glass
Tephra
Felsic
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
10. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Bedrock
Fractional crystallization
Cinder cone
Metamorphic rocks
11. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.
Mafic
Sulfates
Crystal
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
12. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.
Quartz sandstone
Melts
Oxidation
Sedimentary structure
13. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.
Evaporites
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Rhyolitic lava flows
Transition zone
14. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Magnetic reversals
Ripples
Ultramafic
Bed
15. Created from preexisting rocks which undergo changes - such as the growth of new minerals in response to pressure and heat - and/or as a result of squashing - stretching - or shear.
Metamorphic rocks
Mantle plume
Marine magnetic anomaly
Effusive eruptions
16. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Strata
Volcanic pipes/necks
Continental rift
17. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.
Pangaea
Crystalline igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Chert
18. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.
The core
Plates
Elemental composition of Earth
Magnetic reversals
19. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able
Paleomagnetism
Continental rift
Outer core
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
20. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
Lithification
Decompression
Agrillaceous rocks
Pyroclastic debris
21. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.
Basalt
Marine magnetic anomaly
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Hydrolysis
22. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.
Hardness
Arkose
Sedimentary Basins
Hydrosphere
23. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.
Graded bed
Dolostone
Sulfates
Seamount chains
24. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim
Convergent plate boundary
Crystalline igneous rocks
Basaltic composition
Crust
25. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Mafic
atmospheres (atm)
Sandstone
Fracture zones
26. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.
Polymorphs
Luster
Chert
Continental drift evidence
27. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.
Lower mantle
Limestone
Chemical weathering
Silicate minerals
28. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Rock layering
Volcanic pipes/necks
Fumerolic mineralization
Conchoidal fractures
29. Distinct internal laminations within a ripple or dune that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer. Form as a consequence of the evolution of dunes or ripples.
Stoping
Cross beds
Depositional environment
Thermal expansion
30. Outer surface level of Earth; composed of granite - basalt - and gabbro. Continental: mostly about 35-40km thick . Oceanic: about 7-10km thick. Oxygen - by far the most abundant element.
Regression
Dissolution
Crystalline
Crust
31. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.
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32. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Xenolith
Magma
Plate tectonics
33. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Heat transfer
Lava
Regression
Cinder cone
34. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Sandstone
Zone of leaching
Crust
Regression
35. Factors; the depth of the intrusion - the deeper - the more slowly it cools. The shape and size of a magma body - the greater the surface area - the faster it cools. The presence of circulating groundwater - water passing through cools magma faster.
Factors of magma cooling time
Lava domes
Batholiths
Agrillaceous rocks
36. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat
Divergent plate boundary
Crystalline
Weathering
Sedimentary rocks
37. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.
E-horizon
Ripples
Carbonates
Geothermal gradient
38. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t
Compaction
Precipitation
Geothermal gradient
Rock texture
39. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Tephra
Sulfates
Peridotite
Melting
40. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Silicate minerals
Continental drift hypothesis
Luster
Soil
41. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Transition zone
Special properties of minerals
Organic sedimentary rocks
Turbidite
42. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns
Slab-pull force
Igneous rocks
Plates
Crystal
43. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.
Upper mantle
Halides
Native metals
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
44. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Limestone
rifting
Euhedral crystal
45. Process occurring in arid climates - dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates and grows as crystals in open pore spaces in rocks. This process pushes apart the surrounding grains and so weakens the rock that when exposed to wind or rain - the rock
Physical weathering
Salt wedging
Mantle plume
Lapilli
46. Mineral class; consist of metal cations bonded by oxygen anions. Examples - hematite and magnetite. Some contain a relatively high proportion of metal atoms - and thus are ore minerals.
Strata
Outer core
Oxides
Soil
47. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.
Sandstone
Lithosphere
Topography
pahoehoe
48. A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern. Forms when a liquid freezes so fast that atoms do not have time to organize into an orderly pattern.
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Glass
ravertine
Limestone
49. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.
Coal
Grain sizes
Magma mixing
Effusive eruptions
50. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.
Slab-pull force
A-horizon
Jointing
Pyroclastic debris