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Subject : science
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.






2. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.






3. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.






4. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns






5. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.






6. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.






7. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.






8. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.






9. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.






10. A place where three plate boundaries intersect at a point.






11. Type of volcanic eruption; produce mainly lava flows - yield low-viscosity basaltic lavas.






12. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.






13. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.






14. Lava flowing on dry land cools more slowly that lava erupting underwater.






15. Natural bond connecting rocks; mineral material that precipitates from water and fills the space between grains.






16. During the final stages of cooling - lava flows contract and may fracture into roughly hexagonal columns.






17. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.






18. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.






19. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.






20. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.






21. Factors; the depth of the intrusion - the deeper - the more slowly it cools. The shape and size of a magma body - the greater the surface area - the faster it cools. The presence of circulating groundwater - water passing through cools magma faster.






22. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.

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23. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.






24. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.






25. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.






26. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.






27. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.






28. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.






29. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.






30. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.






31. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.






32. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able






33. A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern. Forms when a liquid freezes so fast that atoms do not have time to organize into an orderly pattern.






34. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.






35. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.






36. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.






37. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if






38. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat






39. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.






40. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.






41. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.






42. Soil section below the A-horizon; a soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material. Because it lacks organic materials - this horizon tends to be lighter than the A-horizon. Part of the zone of leaching






43. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.






44. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.






45. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.






46. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.






47. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.






48. Type of sedimentary rock; rocks whose grains are stuck together by cement.






49. The broad - relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level.






50. Process occurring in arid climates - dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates and grows as crystals in open pore spaces in rocks. This process pushes apart the surrounding grains and so weakens the rock that when exposed to wind or rain - the rock







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