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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.
Biomineralization
Physical weathering
Chemical weathering
Limestone
2. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo
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3. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Caliche
Transported soil
Siliceous rocks
Diagenesis
4. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Deep-ocean trenches
Lapilli
Transform plate boundary
Carbonate rocks
5. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.
Sedimentary rocks
Continental shelf
Oxidation
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
6. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.
Crystal lattice
Melts
Intrusive igneous rock
Source rock composition
7. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.
Igneous rocks
Biomineralization
Extrusive igneous rock
Geothermal gradient
8. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.
Streak
Fracture zones
Why magma rises
Conglomerate
9. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.
Continental rift
Frost wedging
Oxidation
Lithosphere
10. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.
Geothermal gradient
Color
Erosion
Asthenosphere
11. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.
Explosive eruptions
12km
Magnetic declination
Seamount chains
12. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.
Hydrosphere
Intrusive igneous rock
Viscosity
Magnetic anomaly
13. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.
Hydrolysis
Dike
Basaltic composition
Siltstone and mudstone
14. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.
Specific gravity
Convergent plate boundary
Hydrosphere
Sea-floor spreading
15. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Reason for Earth's internal heat
pahoehoe
Frost wedging
Siltstone and mudstone
16. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Deep-ocean trenches
Hydration
Slab-pull force
Cross beds
17. Layering in metamorphic rocks.
Metamorphic foliation
Hardness
Mafic
Partial melting
18. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m
Sedimentary rocks
E-horizon
Clastic
A-horizon
19. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.
Turbidite
Factors of magma cooling time
Limestone
Clastic sedimentary rocks
20. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
Thermal expansion
Volcanic pipes/necks
Lithosphere
Transgression
21. A plate boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate. No new plate is formed and no old plate is consumed. But the grinding between the plates generates frequent and destructive earthquakes.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Erosion
Caliche
Transform plate boundary
22. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.
Erosion
Evaporites
Zone of accumulation
Fracture and cleavage
23. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -
Residual soil
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Bathymetry
Special properties of minerals
24. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Chert
Special properties of minerals
C-horizon
Organic sedimentary rocks
25. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t
Geothermal gradient
Decompression
Chemical weathering
Superplumes
26. Rocks that consist of mineral crystals that intergrow when the melt solidifies - interlocking structure. Examples - granite and rhyolite.
Ridge-push force
Crystalline igneous rocks
Volatiles
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
27. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.
Batholiths
Polymorphs
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Loam
28. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.
Pyroclastic debris
Light silicates
Calderas
Crystal habit
29. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solution - meaning that atoms - molecules - or ions dissolved in water bond together out of water.
Salt wedging
Lava domes
Precipitation
Area of igneous activity
30. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Euhedral crystal
Magnetic reversals
Fumerolic mineralization
Sulfides
31. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.
Tephra
Volcano
Regression
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
32. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Mineral
Gabbro
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Dike
33. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.
Carbonates
Alloy
Felsic
A-horizon
34. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.
Conchoidal fractures
Transform plate boundary
Lapilli
B-horizon
35. Elongate submarine mountain ranges whose peaks lie only about 2-2.5km below sea level. Consist of a ridge axis - are roughly symmetrical - and can include escarpments - axial troughs - and valleys. Examples - Mid-Atlantic Ridge - East Pacific Rise -
Magnetic inclination
Mafic
Mid-ocean ridges
Convective flow
36. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.
Outer core
Subsidence
Dark Silicates
Why magma rises
37. Most common mineral on Earth; compose over 95% of the continental crust. Consist of combinations of a fundamental building block called silicon-oxygen tetrahedron - different groups: independent tetrahedra - single chains - double chains - sheet sili
Magnetic reversals
Silicate minerals
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
a'a'
38. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.
Frost wedging
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Conchoidal fractures
Loam
39. Occurs within the asthenosphere - actively drags plates along and attributes partially for the mechanism shifting the plates along the Earth's surface.
Magma's speed of flow
Cement
Convective flow
Streak
40. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.
Basaltic magma
Paleopole
Hot spots
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
41. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.
Ridge-push force
C-horizon
Mantle plume
ravertine
42. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
Crystal habit
Convergent plate boundary
Paleomagnetism
Flood basalts
43. Equant - meaning that they have the same dimensions in all directions. Or inequant - meaning their dimensions are not the same in all directions.
Ridge-push force
Grain sizes
Apparent polar-wander path
Rocks
44. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.
Residual soil
Lithification
Inner core
Clastic sedimentary rocks
45. A thick accumulation of sediment (10-15km) - the surface of this sediment layer is this broad - shallow region.
Limestone
Dipole
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Continental shelf
46. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Basalt
Columnar jointing
Granitic composition
Sea-floor spreading
47. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each
Transform fault
Hot-spot track
Transgression
Plate tectonics
48. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
Zone of leaching
pahoehoe
Differential weathering
Mineral
49. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Root wedging
Deposition
Ignimbrite
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
50. Refers to the proportions of different chemicals making up the rock - and thus the proportion chemicals affects the proportions of different minerals constituting the rock.
Apparent polar-wander path
Intrusive igneous rock
Magma's speed of flow
Rock composition