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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Layering in sedimentary rocks.
Hydrosphere
Arkose
Bedding
Geothermal gradient
2. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.
12km
Metamorphic rocks
Ridge-push force
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
3. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who
Alloy
Streak
Mineral crystal destruction
Specific gravity
4. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.
Lapilli
Regolith
Diagenesis
Crystal structure
5. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.
Intermediate
Alloy
Light silicates
Specific gravity
6. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.
Explosive eruptions
Divergent plate boundary
Laccolith
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
7. Low-viscosity (basaltic) lava flows out of a volcano easily - whereas high-viscosity (andesitic and rhyolitic) lava can clog and build pressure within a volcano. Basaltic eruptions are typically effusive and produce shield volcanoes - whereas rhyolit
12km
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Special properties of minerals
Ultramafic
8. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -
Oxidation
Residual soil
Ignimbrite
Special properties of minerals
9. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
Conchoidal fractures
Hot-spot track
rifting
Fracture zones
10. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
A-horizon
Sulfides
Fumerolic mineralization
Dissolution
11. The difference between the expected strength of the Earth's main field at a certain location and the actual measure strength of the magnetic field at that location. Places where the field strength is stronger that expected are positive anomalies - an
Diagenesis
Magma
Magnetic anomaly
Biomineralization
12. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.
Continental rift
12km
Salt wedging
a'a'
13. A sedimentary bed that has developed a reddish color. The red comes from a film of iron oxide (hematite) that forms on grain surfaces.
Redbeds
Sulfides
Color
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
14. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.
Abyssal plains
Peridotite
Decompression
Depositional environment
15. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
Limestone
Soil
Dark Silicates
Spreading rate
16. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
Differential weathering
Zone of leaching
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Rock composition
17. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.
Diagenesis
Soil
Specific gravity
Jointing
18. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.
Assimilation
Special properties of minerals
Felsic
Siliceous rocks
19. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.
Native metals
Mafic
Conchoidal fractures
Marine magnetic anomaly
20. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.
Relative plate velocity
Halides
Magnetic declination
Carbonate rocks
21. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.
Melting
Evaporites
Andesitic lava flows
Decompression
22. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Crystal habit
collision
Factors of magma cooling time
23. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.
Magnetic inclination
ravertine
Alloy
Silicates
24. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Paleomagnetism
Arkose
Stoping
25. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.
Cementation
Halides
Granitic magma
Bathymetry
26. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.
Luster
Transform plate boundary
Earth's atmosphere
Tuff
27. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo
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28. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
a'a'
Bed
Transgression
Oxides
29. Alfred Wegener's suggestion that the positions of the continents change through time as they drift away from each other. The flaw was that he lacked a plausible moving mechanism.
Oxidation
Sill
Continental drift hypothesis
Streak
30. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Crystal
Volcanic pipes/necks
Granitic composition
Glassy igneous rocks
31. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns
Crystal
Partial melting
Heat transfer
Plate tectonics
32. Type of volcanic eruption; produce mainly lava flows - yield low-viscosity basaltic lavas.
Volatiles
Lapilli
Effusive eruptions
B-horizon
33. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.
Elemental composition of Earth
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Ultramafic
Oxides
34. Process occurring in arid climates - dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates and grows as crystals in open pore spaces in rocks. This process pushes apart the surrounding grains and so weakens the rock that when exposed to wind or rain - the rock
Salt wedging
Spreading rate
Silicate minerals
Rock-forming silicate minerals
35. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho
Polymorphs
Viscosity
Volatiles
Continental shelf
36. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.
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37. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
a'a'
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Limestone
Laccolith
38. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.
Volatiles
ravertine
Upper mantle
Regolith
39. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.
Dark Silicates
Why magma rises
Continental drift evidence
Source rock composition
40. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Rock layering
Marine magnetic anomaly
Volcano
41. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.
Intermediate
Transform plate boundary
Caliche
Organic sedimentary rocks
42. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Mantle
Salt wedging
Organic sedimentary rocks
43. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Specific gravity
Streak
Fracture and cleavage
Ultramafic
44. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.
Fractional crystallization
The core
Cross beds
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
45. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.
Sill
Graded bed
Seamount chains
Melts
46. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t
Gem
Stratagraphic formation
Geothermal gradient
rifting
47. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.
3.5km (2 miles)
Upper mantle
Xenolith
Laterite
48. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.
Crust
650-1100 degrees C
Area of igneous activity
Lava
49. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.
Topography
Soil erosion
Soil Horizons
Rocks
50. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Lower mantle
Magnetic reversals
Sea-floor spreading