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Geology
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Subject
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science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Lava flowing on dry land cools more slowly that lava erupting underwater.
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Mantle plume
Sandstone
Mineral crystal destruction
2. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
ravertine
Soil
Igneous rocks
Arkose
3. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Crystal structure
Rhyolitic lava flows
Bedrock
Dissolution
4. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.
Physical weathering
Hydrosphere
Divergent plate boundary
Extrusive igneous rock
5. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Native metals
Siltstone and mudstone
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Hydrolysis
6. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Sulfides
Dunes
Strata
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
7. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.
Effusive eruptions
Caliche
Fumerolic mineralization
Graded bed
8. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Continental shelf
Viscosity
Silicates
Peridotite
9. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.
Felsic
ravertine
Lithosphere
Loam
10. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Lava
Sedimentary Basins
Mafic
Flood basalts
11. Layering in metamorphic rocks.
Plutons
Diagenesis
Magma
Metamorphic foliation
12. Develops because mid-ocean ridges lie at a higher elevation than the adjacent abyssal plains of the ocean. The surface of the sea floor overall slopes away from the ridge axis. Gravity causes the elevated lithosphere at the ridge axis to push on the
Sedimentary rocks
Volatiles
Ridge-push force
Magnetic declination
13. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.
Volatiles
Crystalline
Compaction
atmospheres (atm)
14. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Thermal expansion
Ultramafic
Light silicates
Chemical sedimentary rocks
15. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.
Stoping
Pyroclastic debris
Columnar jointing
Arkose
16. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.
pahoehoe
Rhyolitic lava flows
Cross beds
Magma mixing
17. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Divergent plate boundary
Basaltic composition
Basalt
Diagenesis
18. Occurs within the asthenosphere - actively drags plates along and attributes partially for the mechanism shifting the plates along the Earth's surface.
Convective flow
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Spreading rate
Source rock composition
19. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.
Continental rift
Arkose
Bedrock
Differential weathering
20. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.
Transition zone
Sedimentary rocks
Magnetic anomaly
Native metals
21. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.
Saprolite
Basaltic composition
Subsidence
Transported soil
22. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Native metals
Volcano
Turbidity current
23. Perhaps the cause for the large igneous provinces; formations within the mantle - plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes.
Intrusive igneous rock
ravertine
Rock texture
Superplumes
24. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.
Tephra
Hot-spot track
Native metals
Limestone
25. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho
Rock composition
Volatiles
Sill
Carbonate rocks
26. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a
Silicates
Paleopole
Crystal habit
Pyroclastic flows
27. After sand has lost its feldspar composition due to weathering over time - sediment composed entirely of quartz grains gets buried and lithified to form this type of rock.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Quartz sandstone
Crust
E-horizon
28. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.
C-horizon
Graded bed
Superplumes
Viscosity
29. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each
Partial melting
Oxidation
Plate tectonics
Mantle plume
30. Process where a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere - such as a continent or island arc - moves into the subduction zone. Yield some of the most spectacular mountains/mountain ranges on the planet including the Him
Magma
650-1100 degrees C
Earth's atmosphere
collision
31. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Peridotite
Facets
Continental rift
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
32. Factors; the depth of the intrusion - the deeper - the more slowly it cools. The shape and size of a magma body - the greater the surface area - the faster it cools. The presence of circulating groundwater - water passing through cools magma faster.
Factors of magma cooling time
Rock composition
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Polymorphs
33. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Facets
Silicate minerals
C-horizon
Spreading rate
34. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Zone of leaching
Decompression
Diagenesis
Deep-ocean trenches
35. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.
Intermediate
Superplumes
Loam
Lapilli
36. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
Root wedging
Light silicates
rifting
B-horizon
37. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Batholiths
Organic sedimentary rocks
Extrusive igneous rock
Melts
38. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.
Clastic
Solid-state diffusion
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Crystalline igneous rocks
39. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat
Apparent polar-wander path
Streak
Saprolite
Outer core
40. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.
Source rock composition
Quartz sandstone
Dike
ravertine
41. Refers to the arrangement of grains in a rock; that is - the way the grains connect each other and whether inequant grains are aligned parallel to one another.
Jointing
Quartz sandstone
Deep-ocean trenches
Rock texture
42. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Symmetry
atmospheres (atm)
Frost wedging
Pangaea
43. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.
Lithosphere
Hot-spot track
Physical weathering
Polymorphs
44. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st
Paleomagnetism
Root wedging
Basaltic lava flows
Slab-pull force
45. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.
Hydration
Sea-floor spreading
Continental drift hypothesis
Mantle plume
46. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.
Bed
Clastic sedimentary rocks
collision
Bedding
47. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Laterite
Outer core
Tephra
Reason for Earth's internal heat
48. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.
Turbidite
Magnetic declination
Fragmental igneous rocks
Organic sedimentary rocks
49. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Rock texture
triple junction
Dark Silicates
Granitic composition
50. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.
Crystalline igneous rocks
Batholiths
Why magma rises
Regression
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