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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.
Deposition
Inner core
Volatiles
Crystal habit
2. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.
Hot spots
Convective flow
Conchoidal fractures
Heat transfer
3. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.
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4. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.
Convergent plate boundary
Physical weathering
Organic chemicals
Sill
5. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
Mantle plume
Luster
Hot-spot track
Magma
6. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.
Bathymetry
atmospheres (atm)
Divergent plate boundary
Topography
7. Chemical weathering occurring in warm - wet climates can produce a layer of rotten rock - over 100km thick.
Lithosphere
Evaporites
Dolostone
Saprolite
8. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.
Cinder cone
Convective flow
Ripples
Evaporites
9. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure
Fracture and cleavage
Outer core
Sulfides
Paleopole
10. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Sulfides
C-horizon
Frost wedging
Tuff
11. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Spreading rate
Igneous rocks
Mafic
Mineral crystal destruction
12. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.
Sea-floor spreading
Flood basalts
Dolostone
Effusive eruptions
13. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.
Strata
C-horizon
Depositional environment
Volcanic blocks/bombs
14. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.
Hot-spot track
Batholiths
Arkose
Cementation
15. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.
Continental rift
O-horizon
Batholiths
Fracture zones
16. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
Transform plate boundary
Solid-state diffusion
triple junction
Symmetry
17. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Peridotite
Crystalline
Columnar jointing
Crystal lattice
18. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.
Hot spots
Mantle plume
Ridge-push force
Crust
19. Places with particularly voluminous quantities of magma erupting or intruding.
C-horizon
Subduction
Dunes
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
20. Low-viscosity (basaltic) lava flows out of a volcano easily - whereas high-viscosity (andesitic and rhyolitic) lava can clog and build pressure within a volcano. Basaltic eruptions are typically effusive and produce shield volcanoes - whereas rhyolit
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Stratagraphic formation
Outcrop
Melting
21. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.
Transgression
Weathering
Andesitic lava flows
Agrillaceous rocks
22. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Rocks
Gabbro
Granite
Thermal expansion
23. A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern. Forms when a liquid freezes so fast that atoms do not have time to organize into an orderly pattern.
Pyroclastic debris
Halides
Solid-state diffusion
Glass
24. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.
Depositional environment
Differential weathering
triple junction
Outcrop
25. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.
Chert
Bed
Pyroclastic flows
Viscosity
26. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who
Streak
Sulfates
Light silicates
Quartz sandstone
27. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Divergent plate boundary
Oxides
Andesitic lava flows
28. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.
Crystal habit
Superplumes
Lava
Basaltic composition
29. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.
Zone of accumulation
C-horizon
Dipole
Sandstone
30. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.
Oxides
Jointing
Volatiles
Light silicates
31. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.
Volcano
Ash
Fragmental igneous rocks
650-1100 degrees C
32. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.
Calderas
Plutons
Special properties of minerals
Biomineralization
33. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Continental shelf
Transported soil
Source rock composition
34. Elongate submarine mountain ranges whose peaks lie only about 2-2.5km below sea level. Consist of a ridge axis - are roughly symmetrical - and can include escarpments - axial troughs - and valleys. Examples - Mid-Atlantic Ridge - East Pacific Rise -
Gabbro
Transform plate boundary
Sea-floor spreading
Mid-ocean ridges
35. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.
Basaltic lava flows
Lava domes
Felsic
Alloy
36. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
Plates
Pangaea
atmospheres (atm)
Loam
37. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Clastic
Bedding
Subduction
Plate tectonics
38. Distinct internal laminations within a ripple or dune that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer. Form as a consequence of the evolution of dunes or ripples.
Lava
Viscosity
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Cross beds
39. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
rifting
Continental rift
Laterite
Siliceous rocks
40. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
Outer core
Laccolith
Rock composition
Lithosphere
41. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.
Siliceous rocks
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Transform plate boundary
Relative plate velocity
42. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.
Dike
Crystal lattice
Thermal expansion
Native metals
43. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.
Metals
Chemical sedimentary rocks
B-horizon
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
44. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Bathymetry
Tephra
Turbidity current
Rock composition
45. A submarine suspension of sediment.
Strata
Compaction
Deep-ocean trenches
Turbidity current
46. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.
C-horizon
Regression
Topography
Crystal
47. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.
Evaporites
Asthenosphere
Crystal habit
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
48. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st
Slab-pull force
Gem
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Outer core
49. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
Pangaea
B-horizon
Explosive eruptions
Dissolution
50. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.
Subduction
Basaltic magma
Diagenesis
Carbonate rocks