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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.
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2. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
Polymorphs
Laterite
atmospheres (atm)
Felsic
3. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.
O-horizon
Tuff
Fragmental igneous rocks
C-horizon
4. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.
Alloy
Weathering
Caliche
Residual soil
5. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
Mid-ocean ridges
Rocks
Geothermal gradient
The core
6. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.
Sill
Granitic magma
Glassy igneous rocks
Continental rift
7. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Root wedging
Magnetic declination
B-horizon
8. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.
Lava
Dolostone
Fumerolic mineralization
Divergent plate boundary
9. A sedimentary bed that has developed a reddish color. The red comes from a film of iron oxide (hematite) that forms on grain surfaces.
Redbeds
Factors of magma cooling time
Thermal expansion
Outer core
10. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.
Evaporites
Lithification
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Sandstone
11. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Relative plate velocity
Continental rift
Calderas
Ultramafic
12. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.
Intrusive igneous rock
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Dolostone
Magma
13. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Asthenosphere
Oxidation
Cementation
14. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.
Turbidite
Organic chemicals
Continental drift evidence
Dark Silicates
15. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.
Fracture and cleavage
Crystal structure
Dark Silicates
Dissolution
16. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
Grain sizes
Convective flow
Differential weathering
Viscosity
17. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Regression
Partial melting
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
18. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve
Plutons
Spreading rate
Redbeds
Reason for Earth's internal heat
19. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.
Sulfates
Oxides
Quartz sandstone
Basaltic lava flows
20. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.
Polymorphs
Glass
Magma mixing
Mid-ocean ridges
21. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.
Mantle
Pangaea
Seamount chains
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
22. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.
Weathering
Erosion
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Sulfates
23. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Metals
Continental shelf
Granite
Frost wedging
24. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.
Dissolution
Metamorphic rocks
Xenolith
Fumerolic mineralization
25. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.
a'a'
Silicate minerals
Saprolite
Sedimentary structure
26. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Continental rift
Gem
Crystal structure
Rock composition
27. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.
Crystal
Luster
Volcanic pipes/necks
Arkose
28. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Lower mantle
Paleomagnetism
Explosive eruptions
Lithification
29. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.
Specific gravity
Crystalline igneous rocks
Continental shelf
Clastic
30. A distinctive sequence of strata traced across a fairly large region. For example - a region may contain a succession of alternating sandstone and shale beds deposited by rivers - overlain by beds of marine limestone deposited later.
Stratagraphic formation
Ridge-push force
Source rock composition
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
31. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Apparent polar-wander path
Light silicates
Glassy igneous rocks
Siliceous rocks
32. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.
Lithosphere
Streak
Native metals
Bed
33. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure
Paleopole
Volcano
Streak
Fracture and cleavage
34. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.
Topography
Ash
Silicates
650-1100 degrees C
35. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.
Cross beds
650-1100 degrees C
Cementation
Volatiles
36. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
Basaltic lava flows
Cross beds
Limestone
Fracture zones
37. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.
Dipole
12km
Zone of accumulation
Magma's speed of flow
38. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand
Metals
Continental drift hypothesis
Inner core
Turbidite
39. Highest soil horizon; consists almost entirely of organic matter and contains barely any mineral matter. Surface level has 'litter' and deeper it contains 'humus'. Part of the zone of leaching.
Erosion
Metamorphic foliation
Extrusive igneous rock
O-horizon
40. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Strata
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Crystalline
Granitic composition
41. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.
Dissolution
Subsidence
Coal
Convective flow
42. Layering in sedimentary rocks.
Columnar jointing
Chert
650-1100 degrees C
Bedding
43. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.
Lithification
Differential weathering
atmospheres (atm)
Volcanic blocks/bombs
44. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st
Lava
Turbidite
Ignimbrite
Slab-pull force
45. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.
Spreading rate
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Rhyolitic lava flows
Fragmental igneous rocks
46. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.
Plate tectonics
Volatiles
Decompression
Grain sizes
47. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Alloy
Why magma rises
Organic chemicals
48. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Sedimentary structure
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Coal
49. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.
Lava
Sedimentary Basins
Lithification
Volcano
50. A naturally occurring solid - formed by geologic processes - has a crystalline structure and a definable chemical composition - and is generally inorganic.
Mineral
Slab-pull force
Turbidite
Magnetic declination