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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Factors of magma cooling time
Effusive eruptions
Mineral crystal destruction
Depositional environment
2. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.
C-horizon
Depositional environment
Paleopole
Granite
3. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.
Volatiles
Sandstone
12km
Physical weathering
4. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.
Pyroclastic debris
Native metals
Stoping
Rock texture
5. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Assimilation
Fracture zones
Clastic
Granitic composition
6. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Marine magnetic anomaly
Volcanic pipes/necks
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Crystalline
7. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).
Halides
Source rock composition
Carbonates
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
8. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Plutons
Hydrosphere
Sill
Pyroclastic debris
9. Sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km.
Strata
Mafic
Upper mantle
Hydrosphere
10. During the final stages of cooling - lava flows contract and may fracture into roughly hexagonal columns.
Columnar jointing
Melting
Batholiths
Volatiles
11. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.
Bedrock
Pyroclastic flows
Magnetic inclination
Felsic
12. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo
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13. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Crystal structure
Chemical weathering
Explosive eruptions
14. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
Hydrolysis
Igneous rocks
Grain sizes
Gabbro
15. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.
Assimilation
Carbonates
Area of igneous activity
Oxides
16. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Abyssal plains
Granitic magma
Streak
17. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.
Cross beds
Sedimentary Basins
Why magma rises
Basaltic lava flows
18. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim
Sulfates
Rocks
Convergent plate boundary
The core
19. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Earth's atmosphere
Mafic
Peridotite
Light silicates
20. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Solid-state diffusion
B-horizon
Frost wedging
Plates
21. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.
Glassy igneous rocks
Shield volcano
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Conglomerate
22. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.
Magma mixing
Paleopole
Relative plate velocity
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
23. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Volcano
Lava
Stoping
Rhyolitic lava flows
24. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.
Ignimbrite
Shield volcano
Siltstone and mudstone
Physical weathering
25. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.
Source rock composition
Sill
Precipitation
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
26. Refers to the arrangement of grains in a rock; that is - the way the grains connect each other and whether inequant grains are aligned parallel to one another.
Fumerolic mineralization
Sedimentary Basins
Crystalline
Rock texture
27. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Limestone
Sulfates
Tephra
Rock layering
28. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Viscosity
pahoehoe
ravertine
Soil erosion
29. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.
Fumerolic mineralization
Pangaea
Batholiths
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
30. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Sulfides
Flood basalts
3.5km (2 miles)
Chemical sedimentary rocks
31. Highest soil horizon; consists almost entirely of organic matter and contains barely any mineral matter. Surface level has 'litter' and deeper it contains 'humus'. Part of the zone of leaching.
B-horizon
Shield volcano
Laterite
O-horizon
32. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.
Hot spots
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Shield volcano
Regolith
33. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Limestone
Volatiles
Hydration
Continental drift hypothesis
34. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.
pahoehoe
Glass
Mineral
Fumerolic mineralization
35. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a
Marine magnetic anomaly
Organic chemicals
Lava domes
Silicates
36. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Source rock composition
Batholiths
Zone of leaching
Granitic composition
37. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.
Rhyolitic lava flows
Sulfates
Plutons
Seamount chains
38. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure
Chemical weathering
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Fracture and cleavage
Basaltic magma
39. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.
Dark Silicates
Paleomagnetism
Mineral crystal destruction
Ultramafic
40. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Arkose
Slab-pull force
41. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.
Conchoidal fractures
Basalt
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Granite
42. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.
Loam
Fractional crystallization
Sea-floor spreading
Hot-spot track
43. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Turbidite
Columnar jointing
Solid-state diffusion
Color
44. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
The core
Differential weathering
Source rock composition
Assimilation
45. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Hydrolysis
Rock texture
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Earth's atmosphere
46. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.
Marine magnetic anomaly
Evaporites
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Lithosphere
47. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.
Magma's speed of flow
Cross beds
Luster
Metals
48. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.
Subduction
Soil
Crystal
Marine magnetic anomaly
49. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Zone of leaching
Arkose
Lava tube
50. The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away. Involves abrasion - plucking - scouring - and dissolution - and is caused by air - water or ice.
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Erosion
12km
Laccolith