Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.






2. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.






3. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns






4. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).






5. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.






6. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.






7. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.






8. Sedimentary rock composed of clay.






9. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.






10. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.






11. Physical property of a mineral; a measure of a minerals relative ability to resist scratching - and therefore represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure being broken. The atoms or ions in crystals of a hard mineral are more strongly






12. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.






13. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.






14. A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern. Forms when a liquid freezes so fast that atoms do not have time to organize into an orderly pattern.






15. A thick accumulation of sediment (10-15km) - the surface of this sediment layer is this broad - shallow region.






16. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






17. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.






18. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.






19. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.






20. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.






21. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.






22. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.






23. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.






24. Alfred Wegener's suggestion that the positions of the continents change through time as they drift away from each other. The flaw was that he lacked a plausible moving mechanism.






25. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m






26. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.






27. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.






28. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.






29. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.






30. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.






31. The removal of soil by running water or by wind.






32. Forms from a chemical reaction between solid calcite and magnesium-bearing groundwater.






33. Outer surface level of Earth; composed of granite - basalt - and gabbro. Continental: mostly about 35-40km thick . Oceanic: about 7-10km thick. Oxygen - by far the most abundant element.






34. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.






35. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.






36. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.






37. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.

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38. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.






39. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.

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40. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).






41. Equant - meaning that they have the same dimensions in all directions. Or inequant - meaning their dimensions are not the same in all directions.






42. A submarine suspension of sediment.






43. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.






44. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.






45. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.






46. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.






47. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.






48. Factors; the depth of the intrusion - the deeper - the more slowly it cools. The shape and size of a magma body - the greater the surface area - the faster it cools. The presence of circulating groundwater - water passing through cools magma faster.






49. Perhaps the cause for the large igneous provinces; formations within the mantle - plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes.






50. Sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km.