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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.
E-horizon
Dissolution
Hot-spot track
Soil erosion
2. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).
Residual soil
Cementation
Crystal
Thermal expansion
3. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Hydrosphere
Earth's atmosphere
Basaltic lava flows
Laccolith
4. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
Dissolution
Cross beds
Chert
Plutons
5. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.
Laccolith
Polymorphs
Fragmental igneous rocks
Glassy igneous rocks
6. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
Cinder cone
Continental rift
Laccolith
Transported soil
7. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
C-horizon
Extrusive igneous rock
Carbonates
Zone of leaching
8. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.
Convective flow
Shield volcano
Alloy
Reason for Earth's internal heat
9. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solution - meaning that atoms - molecules - or ions dissolved in water bond together out of water.
Gabbro
Earth's atmosphere
Precipitation
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
10. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.
Metamorphic foliation
Limestone
collision
Jointing
11. During the final stages of cooling - lava flows contract and may fracture into roughly hexagonal columns.
Sedimentary rocks
Lava tube
Batholiths
Columnar jointing
12. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve
Cementation
Spreading rate
Dipole
Basalt
13. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.
Compaction
Dissolution
Geothermal gradient
Seamount chains
14. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Transported soil
Lava
Carbonate rocks
Oxides
15. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.
Crystal habit
Regolith
Fractional crystallization
Sedimentary rocks
16. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro
Sedimentary Basins
Why magma rises
Subduction
Magma mixing
17. Type of volcano; most are adjacent to the Pacific - larger in size - interbedded lavas and pyroclastics - consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra - most violent type of activity - may produce nuee ardente or lahars.
Zone of leaching
Lithification
E-horizon
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
18. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.
Factors of magma cooling time
Metals
Tephra
ravertine
19. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.
Asthenosphere
Upper mantle
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Apparent polar-wander path
20. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Melts
Loam
Ultramafic
21. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.
Continental rift
Laterite
Hardness
Heat transfer
22. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.
Area of igneous activity
Grain sizes
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Chert
23. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Volcanic pipes/necks
Sandstone
Conglomerate
Peridotite
24. Highest soil horizon; consists almost entirely of organic matter and contains barely any mineral matter. Surface level has 'litter' and deeper it contains 'humus'. Part of the zone of leaching.
Subsidence
O-horizon
Clastic
Stoping
25. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.
Turbidite
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Lower mantle
Shield volcano
26. Perhaps the cause for the large igneous provinces; formations within the mantle - plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes.
Fractional crystallization
Superplumes
Sill
Organic sedimentary rocks
27. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.
Deep-ocean trenches
Jointing
Hydrolysis
Loam
28. Elongate submarine mountain ranges whose peaks lie only about 2-2.5km below sea level. Consist of a ridge axis - are roughly symmetrical - and can include escarpments - axial troughs - and valleys. Examples - Mid-Atlantic Ridge - East Pacific Rise -
Mid-ocean ridges
Intermediate
Magma mixing
Igneous rocks
29. A naturally occurring solid - formed by geologic processes - has a crystalline structure and a definable chemical composition - and is generally inorganic.
Mineral
Divergent plate boundary
Why magma rises
Dark Silicates
30. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
The core
Solid-state diffusion
Gem
Intrusive igneous rock
31. Process where a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere - such as a continent or island arc - moves into the subduction zone. Yield some of the most spectacular mountains/mountain ranges on the planet including the Him
Magnetic inclination
collision
Mid-ocean ridges
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
32. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.
12km
Lava domes
Granitic magma
Magnetic declination
33. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.
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34. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Mineral crystal destruction
Crystal
Erosion
35. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).
Silicate minerals
Halides
Continental shelf
Elemental composition of Earth
36. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Alloy
Sulfates
Volcanic pipes/necks
Light silicates
37. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.
Hot spots
Native metals
Cementation
Graded bed
38. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.
Magnetic inclination
Biomineralization
Silicate minerals
Plates
39. Equant - meaning that they have the same dimensions in all directions. Or inequant - meaning their dimensions are not the same in all directions.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Grain sizes
Peridotite
Bed
40. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.
pahoehoe
Fracture and cleavage
Magnetic declination
Streak
41. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.
Luster
Superplumes
Fracture zones
Carbonates
42. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Oxides
Depositional environment
ravertine
43. Occurs within the asthenosphere - actively drags plates along and attributes partially for the mechanism shifting the plates along the Earth's surface.
Convective flow
Assimilation
Clastic
Agrillaceous rocks
44. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.
Continental rift
Erosion
Bedding
Deposition
45. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.
Weathering
Rhyolitic lava flows
Hydrolysis
Paleopole
46. A plate boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate. No new plate is formed and no old plate is consumed. But the grinding between the plates generates frequent and destructive earthquakes.
Deposition
Sulfates
Transform plate boundary
Assimilation
47. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Geothermal gradient
Alloy
Paleopole
Frost wedging
48. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
Subduction
Elemental composition of Earth
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Magma
49. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Salt wedging
Organic sedimentary rocks
Explosive eruptions
Marine magnetic anomaly
50. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Evaporites
Silicate minerals
Conchoidal fractures
The core