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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Mafic
Zone of accumulation
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
2. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.
Native metals
Compaction
Heat transfer
Elemental composition of Earth
3. Cause of melting; the variation in temperature with depth is expressed in the geotherm; because pressure prevents melting - a decrease in pressure can permit melting. Specifically - if the pressure affecting hot mantle rock decreases while the temper
Decompression
Loam
Dunes
Magnetic declination
4. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.
Apparent polar-wander path
Regression
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Saprolite
5. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and
Sulfates
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
atmospheres (atm)
Superplumes
6. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Clastic
Conglomerate
Divergent plate boundary
7. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Peridotite
Hydrolysis
Pangaea
8. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp
Root wedging
Magnetic reversals
Thermal expansion
Sedimentary structure
9. The difference between the expected strength of the Earth's main field at a certain location and the actual measure strength of the magnetic field at that location. Places where the field strength is stronger that expected are positive anomalies - an
Magnetic anomaly
Granitic composition
Laterite
Dipole
10. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Earth's atmosphere
Peridotite
Saprolite
11. Low-viscosity (basaltic) lava flows out of a volcano easily - whereas high-viscosity (andesitic and rhyolitic) lava can clog and build pressure within a volcano. Basaltic eruptions are typically effusive and produce shield volcanoes - whereas rhyolit
Transform fault
Fumerolic mineralization
Special properties of minerals
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
12. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.
Chemical weathering
Facets
Thermal expansion
Xenolith
13. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.
Rock layering
Superplumes
C-horizon
Light silicates
14. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.
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15. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.
Magnetic reversals
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Limestone
Sandstone
16. A reference to the pattern structure of a mineral. A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern - a crystalline solid.
Sedimentary rocks
Transgression
Cementation
Crystal lattice
17. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
Facets
Differential weathering
Coal
Native metals
18. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.
Area of igneous activity
Shield volcano
Fragmental igneous rocks
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
19. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Mineral crystal destruction
Flood basalts
Basalt
Sedimentary rocks
20. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.
Subsidence
Volatiles
Intrusive igneous rock
Bed
21. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.
Magnetic reversals
Lower mantle
Batholiths
Ignimbrite
22. A thick accumulation of sediment (10-15km) - the surface of this sediment layer is this broad - shallow region.
Intrusive igneous rock
Magma
Laccolith
Continental shelf
23. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.
Jointing
Sulfides
Magnetic reversals
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
24. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Light silicates
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Calderas
Magma's speed of flow
25. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
Symmetry
Batholiths
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Transgression
26. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.
Bedding
Lapilli
Partial melting
Flood basalts
27. A submarine suspension of sediment.
Deposition
Magma
Turbidity current
Metamorphic foliation
28. The bottom portion of the upper mantle - the interval lying between 400km and 660km deep. Here within the Earth - the character of the mantle undergoes a series of abrupt changes.
Transition zone
Hydrosphere
Biomineralization
Andesitic lava flows
29. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Crystal habit
Organic chemicals
Pyroclastic debris
Cinder cone
30. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure
Deep-ocean trenches
Sulfides
Columnar jointing
Fracture and cleavage
31. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Dipole
Magnetic reversals
Zone of accumulation
Silicate minerals
32. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.
Chemical weathering
Glassy igneous rocks
Cementation
Tuff
33. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Shield volcano
Lava tube
Source rock composition
34. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Tuff
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Melts
Organic sedimentary rocks
35. Soil section below the A-horizon; a soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material. Because it lacks organic materials - this horizon tends to be lighter than the A-horizon. Part of the zone of leaching
Transgression
Sulfides
Assimilation
E-horizon
36. Occurs within the asthenosphere - actively drags plates along and attributes partially for the mechanism shifting the plates along the Earth's surface.
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Convective flow
Lapilli
Apparent polar-wander path
37. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.
Mid-ocean ridges
Oxides
Light silicates
Chert
38. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Magma mixing
Granitic composition
Light silicates
Outcrop
39. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Magma's speed of flow
Regression
Carbonate rocks
40. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro
Caliche
Zone of leaching
Why magma rises
Continental drift evidence
41. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Conchoidal fractures
Euhedral crystal
Melts
42. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.
Differential weathering
Convective flow
Shield volcano
Hydrolysis
43. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
Glassy igneous rocks
Agrillaceous rocks
Lithification
Root wedging
44. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.
Physical weathering
Solid-state diffusion
Rhyolitic lava flows
Sill
45. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
Lower mantle
Crystalline
Convergent plate boundary
rifting
46. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.
Sedimentary rocks
The core
Transform plate boundary
Bedrock
47. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
Rock layering
Dissolution
Tuff
C-horizon
48. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Volcanic pipes/necks
Special properties of minerals
Magnetic reversals
Chemical sedimentary rocks
49. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.
Topography
Residual soil
Calderas
Basaltic composition
50. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as
Geothermal gradient
Jointing
Mantle
Partial melting