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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A distinctive sequence of strata traced across a fairly large region. For example - a region may contain a succession of alternating sandstone and shale beds deposited by rivers - overlain by beds of marine limestone deposited later.
Dissolution
Continental rift
Stratagraphic formation
Residual soil
2. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.
rifting
Residual soil
Dolostone
Rhyolitic lava flows
3. Low-viscosity (basaltic) lava flows out of a volcano easily - whereas high-viscosity (andesitic and rhyolitic) lava can clog and build pressure within a volcano. Basaltic eruptions are typically effusive and produce shield volcanoes - whereas rhyolit
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Dissolution
Regolith
Light silicates
4. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.
Tuff
Intrusive igneous rock
pahoehoe
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
5. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.
Coal
Carbonates
Conchoidal fractures
Fumerolic mineralization
6. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Volcanic pipes/necks
Rock layering
Depositional environment
7. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Rhyolitic lava flows
Laccolith
Glass
8. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.
Carbonates
Graded bed
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Why magma rises
9. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Physical weathering
Intrusive igneous rock
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
10. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Lava
Ripples
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Hardness
11. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Soil erosion
Hydration
Crystalline igneous rocks
Facets
12. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Sandstone
Specific gravity
triple junction
Zone of leaching
13. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the
Cement
Mantle plume
Crust
Chemical weathering
14. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Organic sedimentary rocks
Dolostone
Pangaea
Silicate minerals
15. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.
Crystal
Andesitic lava flows
Thermal expansion
Mantle
16. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim
O-horizon
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Igneous rocks
Convergent plate boundary
17. A reference to the pattern structure of a mineral. A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern - a crystalline solid.
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Crystal lattice
Conchoidal fractures
Rock layering
18. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.
Lava tube
Igneous rocks
Volatiles
12km
19. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.
Apparent polar-wander path
Crystal habit
3.5km (2 miles)
Calderas
20. Perhaps the cause for the large igneous provinces; formations within the mantle - plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes.
Superplumes
12km
Soil
Organic sedimentary rocks
21. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Rocks
Hydrosphere
Granitic magma
Intermediate
22. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.
Continental rift
Rock layering
Fractional crystallization
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
23. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.
Relative plate velocity
Assimilation
Crystal habit
Soil Horizons
24. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.
Jointing
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Earth's atmosphere
Metals
25. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
Lava domes
Laccolith
Laterite
Intermediate
26. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.
Laccolith
Glass
Columnar jointing
650-1100 degrees C
27. During the final stages of cooling - lava flows contract and may fracture into roughly hexagonal columns.
Mineral crystal destruction
Dark Silicates
Relative plate velocity
Columnar jointing
28. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Carbonate rocks
Igneous rocks
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
E-horizon
29. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Symmetry
Peridotite
Bedrock
Differential weathering
30. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Glassy igneous rocks
Metamorphic foliation
Intermediate
31. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.
Sandstone
Caliche
Organic sedimentary rocks
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
32. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.
Caliche
Asthenosphere
Weathering
Heat transfer
33. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat
Regolith
Hydration
Fumerolic mineralization
Divergent plate boundary
34. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.
Chemical weathering
ravertine
Streak
Fragmental igneous rocks
35. Outer surface level of Earth; composed of granite - basalt - and gabbro. Continental: mostly about 35-40km thick . Oceanic: about 7-10km thick. Oxygen - by far the most abundant element.
Crust
Saprolite
Euhedral crystal
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
36. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Mafic
Fracture zones
Slab-pull force
rifting
37. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns
Crystal lattice
Crystal
Jointing
Dipole
38. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Ripples
Ash
Peridotite
Basaltic magma
39. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and
Topography
Granitic composition
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
ravertine
40. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Siltstone and mudstone
Pangaea
Hydration
Pyroclastic flows
41. Volcanic landform; bulbous mass of congealed lava - associated with explosive eruptions of gas-rich magma.
Source rock composition
Lava domes
Sulfates
Extrusive igneous rock
42. The removal of soil by running water or by wind.
Soil erosion
Graded bed
12km
Clastic
43. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.
pahoehoe
Volcano
Heat transfer
Specific gravity
44. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.
Basaltic lava flows
Salt wedging
Symmetry
Spreading rate
45. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.
Stoping
Plutons
Mid-ocean ridges
650-1100 degrees C
46. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Stoping
Explosive eruptions
Root wedging
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
47. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Stoping
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Lithosphere
48. Chemical weathering occurring in warm - wet climates can produce a layer of rotten rock - over 100km thick.
Lava
Saprolite
Clastic
Volatiles
49. Occurs within the asthenosphere - actively drags plates along and attributes partially for the mechanism shifting the plates along the Earth's surface.
Convective flow
Crystalline
Elemental composition of Earth
Magnetic declination
50. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.
ravertine
Magma
Peridotite
Rock-forming silicate minerals