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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Hydration
Basaltic composition
Felsic
Crystal habit
2. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Lava
Laccolith
Zone of accumulation
Luster
3. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.
Silicate minerals
Subsidence
Flood basalts
Outer core
4. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.
Strata
Ignimbrite
Volatiles
Sedimentary rocks
5. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Calderas
Fragmental igneous rocks
Bathymetry
6. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.
Physical weathering
Special properties of minerals
Regolith
Glassy igneous rocks
7. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.
C-horizon
Sulfates
Crust
Glassy igneous rocks
8. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
The core
Native metals
Melts
Grain sizes
9. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.
Crust
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Seamount chains
Lithification
10. Type of sedimentary rock; rocks whose grains are stuck together by cement.
Superplumes
Clastic
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Lower mantle
11. An exposure of bedrock.
Magma mixing
Transform plate boundary
Outcrop
Lithification
12. Occurs within the asthenosphere - actively drags plates along and attributes partially for the mechanism shifting the plates along the Earth's surface.
Convective flow
Lava domes
Conglomerate
Clastic sedimentary rocks
13. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro
The core
Why magma rises
Solid-state diffusion
Lithification
14. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.
Mantle
Deposition
Paleopole
Evaporites
15. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
The core
Lithification
Mineral crystal destruction
16. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.
Chemical weathering
Dark Silicates
Relative plate velocity
Coal
17. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Frost wedging
Marine magnetic anomaly
Volcanic pipes/necks
Granite
18. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Hydrosphere
Transform fault
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Felsic
19. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.
Decompression
Relative plate velocity
12km
Sedimentary rocks
20. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Physical weathering
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Dark Silicates
21. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.
Pyroclastic debris
Turbidite
Outcrop
Magnetic declination
22. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.
Magnetic declination
Cement
Quartz sandstone
Xenolith
23. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.
Soil
Melts
Dark Silicates
Crust
24. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.
Explosive eruptions
Hardness
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Laterite
25. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.
Explosive eruptions
Erosion
Facets
Intermediate
26. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.
Ultramafic
Bedrock
650-1100 degrees C
Dunes
27. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able
Conchoidal fractures
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Outer core
Rhyolitic lava flows
28. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.
Sea-floor spreading
Native metals
Regolith
Organic sedimentary rocks
29. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.
Chert
Magnetic declination
Felsic
Convective flow
30. Process occurring in arid climates - dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates and grows as crystals in open pore spaces in rocks. This process pushes apart the surrounding grains and so weakens the rock that when exposed to wind or rain - the rock
Melts
Salt wedging
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Effusive eruptions
31. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.
Intrusive igneous rock
Flood basalts
Limestone
Crystal structure
32. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.
The core
Cement
Solid-state diffusion
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
33. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Seamount chains
Soil
Laterite
Mafic
34. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.
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35. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Spreading rate
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
triple junction
36. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Soil
Explosive eruptions
Andesitic lava flows
Peridotite
37. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.
Apparent polar-wander path
Decompression
Saprolite
Sill
38. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
Limestone
Mafic
Metamorphic rocks
Sedimentary Basins
39. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.
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40. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.
Precipitation
Continental drift hypothesis
Organic chemicals
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
41. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.
Zone of leaching
Carbonate rocks
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
ravertine
42. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
Conchoidal fractures
Laccolith
Partial melting
Sandstone
43. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Physical weathering
Tuff
Topography
44. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Bedrock
Deposition
Transition zone
Heat transfer
45. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.
Basaltic magma
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Chert
Topography
46. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
Bedding
Carbonates
rifting
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
47. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
Hot-spot track
Igneous rocks
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Spreading rate
48. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.
Graded bed
Compaction
Alloy
Grain sizes
49. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Mineral crystal destruction
Basaltic composition
Rhyolitic lava flows
Siliceous rocks
50. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.
Compaction
Continental shelf
Geothermal gradient
Sea-floor spreading