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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Ash
Clastic
Symmetry
Subsidence
2. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.
Andesitic lava flows
Fumerolic mineralization
Arkose
3.5km (2 miles)
3. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.
Magnetic anomaly
E-horizon
Dike
Ultramafic
4. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.
12km
Specific gravity
Plutons
Native metals
5. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.
B-horizon
Symmetry
Redbeds
Luster
6. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.
Weathering
Melts
Dark Silicates
Basaltic lava flows
7. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.
Differential weathering
Siliceous rocks
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Decompression
8. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
Intermediate
Fracture and cleavage
Thermal expansion
The core
9. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Spreading rate
Rock layering
Intermediate
Gabbro
10. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Intermediate
Dipole
Zone of leaching
Plate tectonics
11. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.
Pyroclastic debris
ravertine
Volcano
Metamorphic foliation
12. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.
Mantle plume
Sulfates
Soil Horizons
Strata
13. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
Cross beds
Differential weathering
Transform plate boundary
Conglomerate
14. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.
Factors of magma cooling time
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Crust
Rocks
15. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.
Shield volcano
Limestone
Depositional environment
Continental drift evidence
16. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.
Compaction
Fumerolic mineralization
Loam
Silicate minerals
17. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Extrusive igneous rock
Oxidation
Cement
Stoping
18. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.
Streak
Granitic magma
Peridotite
Intermediate
19. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Viscosity
Luster
Volcanic pipes/necks
Granitic composition
20. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.
Topography
Oxidation
Cross beds
Volatiles
21. The removal of soil by running water or by wind.
Jointing
Soil erosion
650-1100 degrees C
Metals
22. Develops because mid-ocean ridges lie at a higher elevation than the adjacent abyssal plains of the ocean. The surface of the sea floor overall slopes away from the ridge axis. Gravity causes the elevated lithosphere at the ridge axis to push on the
Melting
Transform plate boundary
Metamorphic foliation
Ridge-push force
23. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
Intermediate
Apparent polar-wander path
Xenolith
Transgression
24. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.
Native metals
Bedrock
Depositional environment
Melting
25. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.
Divergent plate boundary
C-horizon
Mantle
Source rock composition
26. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Shield volcano
Volatiles
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Volcanic pipes/necks
27. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
Area of igneous activity
Heat transfer
Hot spots
atmospheres (atm)
28. Places with particularly voluminous quantities of magma erupting or intruding.
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Dissolution
ravertine
Root wedging
29. Sedimentary rock composed of clay.
Mantle plume
Elemental composition of Earth
Agrillaceous rocks
Diagenesis
30. A reference to the pattern structure of a mineral. A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern - a crystalline solid.
Crystal lattice
Dunes
Subduction
Lava tube
31. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t
Halides
Magnetic declination
Geothermal gradient
Granite
32. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
Flood basalts
Crystalline igneous rocks
Shield volcano
Fumerolic mineralization
33. Process where a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere - such as a continent or island arc - moves into the subduction zone. Yield some of the most spectacular mountains/mountain ranges on the planet including the Him
collision
Area of igneous activity
Apparent polar-wander path
ravertine
34. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Igneous rocks
Apparent polar-wander path
Glassy igneous rocks
Physical weathering
35. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Continental drift evidence
Strata
Continental shelf
36. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Magnetic inclination
Crystalline igneous rocks
Batholiths
Carbonate rocks
37. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.
Conchoidal fractures
Rhyolitic lava flows
Inner core
Andesitic lava flows
38. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Rock texture
Limestone
Fracture zones
39. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
Geothermal gradient
Magma
Special properties of minerals
Compaction
40. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand
Sandstone
Fragmental igneous rocks
Inner core
Calderas
41. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.
Diagenesis
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Laterite
Zone of accumulation
42. A distinctive sequence of strata traced across a fairly large region. For example - a region may contain a succession of alternating sandstone and shale beds deposited by rivers - overlain by beds of marine limestone deposited later.
Magma's speed of flow
Dunes
Stratagraphic formation
Symmetry
43. Type of sedimentary rock; rocks whose grains are stuck together by cement.
Clastic
Paleomagnetism
Graded bed
Rock layering
44. The bottom portion of the upper mantle - the interval lying between 400km and 660km deep. Here within the Earth - the character of the mantle undergoes a series of abrupt changes.
Luster
Crust
Transition zone
Facets
45. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.
Deposition
Chert
Symmetry
Fragmental igneous rocks
46. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.
Loam
Weathering
Rock layering
Siltstone and mudstone
47. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.
triple junction
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Hardness
Residual soil
48. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Crust
Regression
Subduction
B-horizon
49. After sand has lost its feldspar composition due to weathering over time - sediment composed entirely of quartz grains gets buried and lithified to form this type of rock.
Mantle
Quartz sandstone
Magma's speed of flow
Divergent plate boundary
50. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Paleopole
Transform fault
Spreading rate