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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Volcanic landform; bulbous mass of congealed lava - associated with explosive eruptions of gas-rich magma.
Gabbro
Batholiths
Lava domes
Crystal structure
2. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
Subsidence
The core
Chemical sedimentary rocks
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
3. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Dipole
Root wedging
Asthenosphere
Topography
4. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
Oxides
Loam
Plates
Batholiths
5. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.
Lithosphere
Area of igneous activity
Physical weathering
Hot-spot track
6. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.
Continental drift hypothesis
Regression
Euhedral crystal
Volcanic pipes/necks
7. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.
Thermal expansion
Siltstone and mudstone
Alloy
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
8. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.
Conchoidal fractures
Regression
Paleopole
Silicate minerals
9. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.
Organic sedimentary rocks
Polymorphs
Paleomagnetism
Deposition
10. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Loam
Lava tube
Intrusive igneous rock
Carbonate rocks
11. A plate boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate. No new plate is formed and no old plate is consumed. But the grinding between the plates generates frequent and destructive earthquakes.
Rock composition
Transform plate boundary
Superplumes
Root wedging
12. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
Tephra
Plate tectonics
atmospheres (atm)
Deposition
13. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.
Sill
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Fractional crystallization
Laccolith
14. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.
Transported soil
Ripples
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Melting
15. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Crystalline
O-horizon
Lava tube
Felsic
16. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.
Halides
Zone of accumulation
Rhyolitic lava flows
Dark Silicates
17. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.
Tephra
Subduction
Quartz sandstone
Pangaea
18. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.
Heat transfer
Assimilation
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
19. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
O-horizon
Cinder cone
Streak
Volatiles
20. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Lithosphere
Silicate minerals
Geothermal gradient
Peridotite
21. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.
Spreading rate
Crystalline
Carbonates
Organic chemicals
22. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
Magnetic declination
rifting
Convergent plate boundary
Sulfates
23. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.
Andesitic lava flows
Bathymetry
Ripples
Upper mantle
24. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if
Deposition
Sedimentary structure
Dipole
12km
25. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Transgression
Crystalline igneous rocks
26. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns
Source rock composition
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Dolostone
Crystal
27. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
Zone of leaching
Lithification
Limestone
Lava domes
28. The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away. Involves abrasion - plucking - scouring - and dissolution - and is caused by air - water or ice.
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Soil erosion
Oxides
Erosion
29. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.
Dipole
Sedimentary structure
Biomineralization
Volcano
30. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.
Continental rift
Strata
Halides
Glass
31. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.
Magma mixing
Pangaea
Biomineralization
Shield volcano
32. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Volatiles
Fractional crystallization
Tuff
33. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
Native metals
Laterite
Strata
Conchoidal fractures
34. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.
Hot spots
Felsic
A-horizon
Volcanic blocks/bombs
35. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.
Conchoidal fractures
Melting
Sedimentary rocks
Regolith
36. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m
Seamount chains
A-horizon
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Saprolite
37. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.
Caliche
Native metals
Ridge-push force
Hot-spot track
38. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.
Rock layering
Felsic
Luster
Chert
39. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Earth's atmosphere
Metamorphic rocks
E-horizon
Siltstone and mudstone
40. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.
Explosive eruptions
Light silicates
Partial melting
Caliche
41. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who
Continental drift evidence
Melting
Streak
Turbidity current
42. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.
Fragmental igneous rocks
Weathering
Strata
collision
43. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each
Crystal lattice
Cementation
Mid-ocean ridges
Plate tectonics
44. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Light silicates
Compaction
Alloy
Glassy igneous rocks
45. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
E-horizon
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Strata
46. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a
Soil Horizons
Granitic magma
Magma
Silicates
47. Soil section below the A-horizon; a soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material. Because it lacks organic materials - this horizon tends to be lighter than the A-horizon. Part of the zone of leaching
Ash
Alloy
Basalt
E-horizon
48. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.
Continental rift
E-horizon
Upper mantle
Ripples
49. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Magnetic inclination
Stoping
Gabbro
Dissolution
50. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Saprolite
Extrusive igneous rock
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation