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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
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Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solution - meaning that atoms - molecules - or ions dissolved in water bond together out of water.
Elemental composition of Earth
Flood basalts
Precipitation
Granite
2. The bottom portion of the upper mantle - the interval lying between 400km and 660km deep. Here within the Earth - the character of the mantle undergoes a series of abrupt changes.
Dipole
Laterite
Lithification
Transition zone
3. Physical property of a mineral; a measure of a minerals relative ability to resist scratching - and therefore represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure being broken. The atoms or ions in crystals of a hard mineral are more strongly
Volcano
Hardness
Precipitation
Volcanic blocks/bombs
4. A submarine suspension of sediment.
Turbidity current
Basaltic lava flows
Silicate minerals
Crystalline
5. After sand has lost its feldspar composition due to weathering over time - sediment composed entirely of quartz grains gets buried and lithified to form this type of rock.
Regression
Asthenosphere
Why magma rises
Quartz sandstone
6. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.
Mafic
Hydrolysis
a'a'
Hot-spot track
7. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Decompression
Sedimentary rocks
Melting
8. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.
Continental rift
Turbidity current
Basaltic magma
Subduction
9. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.
Volatiles
Pyroclastic debris
Relative plate velocity
Strata
10. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.
Fumerolic mineralization
Seamount chains
Calderas
Oxidation
11. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.
Plates
Upper mantle
Granitic magma
Compaction
12. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.
Organic sedimentary rocks
Lithosphere
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Crystalline igneous rocks
13. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.
Conglomerate
Cement
Saprolite
Crystal habit
14. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat
Hydrolysis
Soil
The core
Divergent plate boundary
15. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.
Continental drift evidence
Rhyolitic lava flows
Arkose
Fumerolic mineralization
16. Alfred Wegener's suggestion that the positions of the continents change through time as they drift away from each other. The flaw was that he lacked a plausible moving mechanism.
Ripples
Continental drift hypothesis
Organic chemicals
Plutons
17. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.
Soil
Physical weathering
Transform plate boundary
Agrillaceous rocks
18. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
Hardness
Dissolution
atmospheres (atm)
Turbidite
19. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Fragmental igneous rocks
Pyroclastic debris
Evaporites
Ash
20. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Limestone
Sulfides
Mafic
Melting
21. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
Dissolution
Redbeds
Silicates
Dunes
22. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.
Fracture zones
Laccolith
Lower mantle
Calderas
23. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.
Seamount chains
Basaltic lava flows
Volatiles
Continental drift evidence
24. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Hydrolysis
Crystal habit
C-horizon
25. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.
E-horizon
Special properties of minerals
Regolith
Asthenosphere
26. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat
Apparent polar-wander path
Seamount chains
Deep-ocean trenches
Pyroclastic debris
27. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Strata
Melts
a'a'
Tephra
28. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.
Saprolite
Loam
Crystal structure
Conglomerate
29. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Crystal lattice
Siltstone and mudstone
Volatiles
Caliche
30. A reference to the pattern structure of a mineral. A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern - a crystalline solid.
E-horizon
Seamount chains
Crystal lattice
Erosion
31. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
Differential weathering
Lapilli
Gem
Ripples
32. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Magma's speed of flow
Carbonate rocks
Granite
Basalt
33. Equant - meaning that they have the same dimensions in all directions. Or inequant - meaning their dimensions are not the same in all directions.
Grain sizes
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Sandstone
Mid-ocean ridges
34. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Glass
Solid-state diffusion
Silicate minerals
Sedimentary structure
35. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able
Compaction
Outer core
Igneous rocks
Gabbro
36. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.
Rock texture
Bed
Peridotite
Marine magnetic anomaly
37. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Mineral crystal destruction
Fumerolic mineralization
Melts
Lava tube
38. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Special properties of minerals
Soil
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Bedrock
39. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.
Soil
Geothermal gradient
Granitic magma
Gem
40. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
Stratagraphic formation
Laccolith
Fumerolic mineralization
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
41. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Fumerolic mineralization
Sea-floor spreading
Saprolite
42. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.
Intrusive igneous rock
Plates
Regression
Depositional environment
43. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Granitic magma
Transported soil
Ripples
44. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.
Chert
Oxides
Basaltic composition
Transform fault
45. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.
Alloy
Basaltic composition
Effusive eruptions
Melts
46. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.
Cinder cone
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Continental drift hypothesis
Basaltic magma
47. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.
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48. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Pyroclastic debris
Dunes
Batholiths
Hydration
49. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp
Physical weathering
Magnetic reversals
Soil
Sill
50. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Color
Sedimentary Basins
Calderas
Oxidation
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