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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
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Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.
Felsic
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Decompression
Diagenesis
2. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim
Convergent plate boundary
atmospheres (atm)
Abyssal plains
Cross beds
3. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.
3.5km (2 miles)
Earth's atmosphere
Ash
Peridotite
4. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.
Felsic
Facets
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Carbonates
5. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
Frost wedging
The core
Decompression
Relative plate velocity
6. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Mantle
Sulfides
Zone of leaching
7. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who
Streak
Lithification
Transform plate boundary
Rock-forming silicate minerals
8. Alfred Wegener's suggestion that the positions of the continents change through time as they drift away from each other. The flaw was that he lacked a plausible moving mechanism.
Continental drift hypothesis
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Ultramafic
Agrillaceous rocks
9. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.
Sill
Extrusive igneous rock
Graded bed
Hydrolysis
10. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the
Mantle plume
A-horizon
Bedrock
Crystalline igneous rocks
11. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Convergent plate boundary
Hydrosphere
Differential weathering
Superplumes
12. Sedimentary rock composed of clay.
Laccolith
Agrillaceous rocks
Melting
Subduction
13. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Crystalline igneous rocks
Volcanic pipes/necks
Topography
14. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.
Ultramafic
Magma's speed of flow
Basaltic lava flows
Grain sizes
15. Low-viscosity (basaltic) lava flows out of a volcano easily - whereas high-viscosity (andesitic and rhyolitic) lava can clog and build pressure within a volcano. Basaltic eruptions are typically effusive and produce shield volcanoes - whereas rhyolit
Sedimentary structure
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Hot spots
Pyroclastic flows
16. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.
Continental rift
Thermal expansion
Pangaea
Divergent plate boundary
17. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Magnetic declination
Root wedging
Native metals
Zone of accumulation
18. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Volatiles
Organic sedimentary rocks
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Regression
19. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.
Diagenesis
Divergent plate boundary
Lower mantle
Relative plate velocity
20. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.
Lava tube
Dipole
Organic chemicals
Transgression
21. Perhaps the cause for the large igneous provinces; formations within the mantle - plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes.
Superplumes
Sedimentary Basins
Sill
Magma
22. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Crystal
Oxidation
Tephra
Redbeds
23. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t
Geothermal gradient
Glassy igneous rocks
Plate tectonics
Hydrolysis
24. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.
Granitic composition
Area of igneous activity
Deposition
Loam
25. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Siliceous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Quartz sandstone
26. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Lapilli
Continental shelf
Sedimentary rocks
27. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
650-1100 degrees C
Tephra
Flood basalts
28. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solution - meaning that atoms - molecules - or ions dissolved in water bond together out of water.
Specific gravity
Transition zone
Volatiles
Precipitation
29. Physical property of a mineral; a measure of a minerals relative ability to resist scratching - and therefore represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure being broken. The atoms or ions in crystals of a hard mineral are more strongly
Hardness
Continental drift hypothesis
Ignimbrite
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
30. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Ultramafic
Specific gravity
Geothermal gradient
Topography
31. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho
Volatiles
Basaltic composition
Hardness
Glassy igneous rocks
32. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.
Xenolith
Granitic magma
Tuff
Mafic
33. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.
Alloy
Rhyolitic lava flows
Calderas
Redbeds
34. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.
Clastic
Paleopole
Carbonates
Weathering
35. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo
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36. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.
Hot-spot track
Crystal habit
Coal
ravertine
37. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat
Tuff
Apparent polar-wander path
Fragmental igneous rocks
Mineral
38. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Decompression
Zone of accumulation
Rock layering
Source rock composition
39. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.
Rocks
Tuff
Dike
pahoehoe
40. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
Symmetry
Residual soil
Silicate minerals
Granitic magma
41. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.
Magma
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Polymorphs
Transported soil
42. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.
Volatiles
Silicate minerals
Explosive eruptions
Gem
43. A plate boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate. No new plate is formed and no old plate is consumed. But the grinding between the plates generates frequent and destructive earthquakes.
Evaporites
Transform plate boundary
Viscosity
Basaltic magma
44. Natural bond connecting rocks; mineral material that precipitates from water and fills the space between grains.
Continental drift hypothesis
Turbidity current
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Cement
45. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.
Basaltic composition
Dunes
Ignimbrite
Saprolite
46. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.
Mafic
Continental drift evidence
Ash
Crystal
47. Rocks that consist of mineral crystals that intergrow when the melt solidifies - interlocking structure. Examples - granite and rhyolite.
Crystalline igneous rocks
Siliceous rocks
Sedimentary structure
Mineral
48. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.
Clastic
Conglomerate
Salt wedging
Pyroclastic debris
49. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Hardness
Spreading rate
Dissolution
Granitic composition
50. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.
Ash
Carbonates
Grain sizes
Rock layering
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