Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.






2. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.






3. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.






4. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.






5. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.






6. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.






7. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.






8. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.






9. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.






10. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.






11. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st






12. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.

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13. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.






14. Type of volcano; most are adjacent to the Pacific - larger in size - interbedded lavas and pyroclastics - consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra - most violent type of activity - may produce nuee ardente or lahars.






15. A reference to the supposed position of the Earth's magnetic pole at a time in the past.






16. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.






17. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.






18. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.






19. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.






20. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.






21. Highest soil horizon; consists almost entirely of organic matter and contains barely any mineral matter. Surface level has 'litter' and deeper it contains 'humus'. Part of the zone of leaching.






22. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.






23. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.






24. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.






25. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.






26. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.






27. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.






28. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and






29. Layering in metamorphic rocks.






30. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.






31. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.






32. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.






33. Type of sedimentary rock; rocks whose grains are stuck together by cement.






34. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.






35. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t






36. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.






37. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.






38. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.






39. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who






40. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.






41. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.






42. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.






43. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.






44. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro






45. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.






46. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.






47. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.






48. An exposure of bedrock.






49. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.






50. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.