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Subject : science
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A reference to the supposed position of the Earth's magnetic pole at a time in the past.






2. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.






3. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.






4. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.






5. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.






6. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.






7. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.






8. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who






9. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.






10. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure






11. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.






12. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.






13. The broad - relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level.






14. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.






15. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.






16. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.






17. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.






18. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.






19. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each






20. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.






21. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.






22. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.






23. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.






24. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.






25. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.






26. Alfred Wegener's suggestion that the positions of the continents change through time as they drift away from each other. The flaw was that he lacked a plausible moving mechanism.






27. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.






28. The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away. Involves abrasion - plucking - scouring - and dissolution - and is caused by air - water or ice.






29. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.






30. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.






31. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).






32. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.






33. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.






34. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.






35. On a gem are the ground and polished surfaces made with a certain type of machine.






36. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.






37. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.






38. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.






39. Successive turbidity currents deposit successive graded beds - creating this sequence of strata.






40. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.






41. Outer surface level of Earth; composed of granite - basalt - and gabbro. Continental: mostly about 35-40km thick . Oceanic: about 7-10km thick. Oxygen - by far the most abundant element.






42. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if






43. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.






44. Rocks that consist of mineral crystals that intergrow when the melt solidifies - interlocking structure. Examples - granite and rhyolite.






45. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.






46. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.






47. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).






48. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.






49. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.






50. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.







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