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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Basalt
Slab-pull force
Igneous rocks
Partial melting
2. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Evaporites
Siltstone and mudstone
Gem
Color
3. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.
Apparent polar-wander path
Hydrolysis
Siliceous rocks
Dike
4. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Caliche
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Hydrosphere
Plutons
5. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
Mantle plume
atmospheres (atm)
Sedimentary rocks
Andesitic lava flows
6. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.
Pyroclastic debris
Turbidite
Magnetic reversals
Rocks
7. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Cinder cone
Partial melting
Crust
collision
8. Refers to the proportions of different chemicals making up the rock - and thus the proportion chemicals affects the proportions of different minerals constituting the rock.
Paleopole
Dolostone
Mid-ocean ridges
Rock composition
9. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
The core
Divergent plate boundary
Explosive eruptions
Polymorphs
10. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.
Ignimbrite
3.5km (2 miles)
Grain sizes
Melts
11. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Hydration
Lava domes
Effusive eruptions
Rock-forming silicate minerals
12. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.
Melts
Rocks
Ripples
Granitic composition
13. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Organic sedimentary rocks
Turbidity current
Hardness
Explosive eruptions
14. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.
Ignimbrite
Sedimentary Basins
Outer core
Crystal habit
15. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.
12km
Batholiths
Graded bed
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
16. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Extrusive igneous rock
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Lava domes
Volatiles
17. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.
pahoehoe
Crust
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Basaltic composition
18. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Oxides
Sedimentary structure
Crystal habit
Crystal lattice
19. Low-viscosity (basaltic) lava flows out of a volcano easily - whereas high-viscosity (andesitic and rhyolitic) lava can clog and build pressure within a volcano. Basaltic eruptions are typically effusive and produce shield volcanoes - whereas rhyolit
Alloy
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Transition zone
Basaltic lava flows
20. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns
Magnetic inclination
Crystal
Mineral crystal destruction
Biomineralization
21. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.
Erosion
Shield volcano
Granite
Bed
22. Factors; the depth of the intrusion - the deeper - the more slowly it cools. The shape and size of a magma body - the greater the surface area - the faster it cools. The presence of circulating groundwater - water passing through cools magma faster.
Earth's atmosphere
Factors of magma cooling time
Chemical weathering
Biomineralization
23. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each
Plate tectonics
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Lava
Alloy
24. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Plate tectonics
Hydrolysis
Sill
Transported soil
25. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.
Cross beds
Silicate minerals
Chert
Loam
26. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.
Crystalline
Basaltic lava flows
Transgression
Lava tube
27. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.
Divergent plate boundary
Earth's atmosphere
Redbeds
Soil Horizons
28. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
Transgression
Mantle
Granitic magma
Sulfates
29. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.
Magma
Tuff
Area of igneous activity
Weathering
30. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Granite
Abyssal plains
Volcanic pipes/necks
Conchoidal fractures
31. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Volcano
Crystal habit
Light silicates
Differential weathering
32. Subsoil - ions and clay leached and transported down from above accumulate here. As a result - new minerals form - and clay fills open spaces. Part of the zone of accumulation.
B-horizon
Magnetic declination
Streak
Plates
33. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Lava
Crystalline igneous rocks
Conchoidal fractures
Basaltic lava flows
34. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.
Fractional crystallization
Conchoidal fractures
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Dike
35. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.
Extrusive igneous rock
Decompression
Solid-state diffusion
Dike
36. An exposure of bedrock.
Salt wedging
Soil
Outcrop
Conglomerate
37. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.
atmospheres (atm)
Felsic
Area of igneous activity
Hydrolysis
38. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.
ravertine
Solid-state diffusion
Pyroclastic debris
Bed
39. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Transgression
Cementation
Silicate minerals
Crystalline igneous rocks
40. Layering in metamorphic rocks.
Stratagraphic formation
B-horizon
Metamorphic foliation
pahoehoe
41. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.
Apparent polar-wander path
Graded bed
Crystalline igneous rocks
Decompression
42. On a gem are the ground and polished surfaces made with a certain type of machine.
Special properties of minerals
Chemical weathering
Zone of leaching
Facets
43. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo
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44. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.
Shield volcano
Geothermal gradient
Explosive eruptions
Outcrop
45. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Mineral crystal destruction
Intrusive igneous rock
Tuff
Rock-forming silicate minerals
46. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.
Bedrock
Metals
Clastic
Carbonates
47. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.
Ultramafic
3.5km (2 miles)
Magnetic anomaly
Conglomerate
48. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Soil
Clastic
Gabbro
Hydration
49. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.
Physical weathering
Divergent plate boundary
Calderas
Thermal expansion
50. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.
Loam
Continental rift
Relative plate velocity
Fractional crystallization