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Geology
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Subject
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science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.
Pyroclastic flows
Ripples
Silicate minerals
Dunes
2. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Metamorphic rocks
Source rock composition
Viscosity
Crystal structure
3. A sedimentary bed that has developed a reddish color. The red comes from a film of iron oxide (hematite) that forms on grain surfaces.
Subsidence
Convective flow
Lapilli
Redbeds
4. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
Rock composition
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Lithification
Slab-pull force
5. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Laccolith
Fragmental igneous rocks
Frost wedging
Dark Silicates
6. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.
Asthenosphere
Fractional crystallization
Lithosphere
Symmetry
7. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Lithosphere
Relative plate velocity
Specific gravity
Basalt
8. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each
Mineral crystal destruction
Stratagraphic formation
Sulfates
Plate tectonics
9. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Spreading rate
C-horizon
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
10. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Deep-ocean trenches
Mafic
Rocks
rifting
11. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.
triple junction
Limestone
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Volcanic blocks/bombs
12. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
Magma mixing
Lower mantle
Magma
Chert
13. After sand has lost its feldspar composition due to weathering over time - sediment composed entirely of quartz grains gets buried and lithified to form this type of rock.
Soil Horizons
Crystalline
Rocks
Quartz sandstone
14. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.
Lower mantle
Magnetic anomaly
Fractional crystallization
Why magma rises
15. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
Siliceous rocks
Siltstone and mudstone
Redbeds
Zone of leaching
16. Type of sedimentary rock; rocks whose grains are stuck together by cement.
Mafic
E-horizon
Clastic
Assimilation
17. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns
Sedimentary Basins
Felsic
Continental shelf
Crystal
18. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.
Inner core
Metamorphic rocks
Gabbro
Heat transfer
19. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
triple junction
Sandstone
Precipitation
Symmetry
20. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.
Organic chemicals
Caliche
Oxides
Hardness
21. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.
Spreading rate
Mid-ocean ridges
Evaporites
Assimilation
22. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.
Rock composition
Transported soil
650-1100 degrees C
Bedding
23. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.
Bedrock
650-1100 degrees C
Spreading rate
Thermal expansion
24. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.
Lithosphere
Felsic
Tuff
Mid-ocean ridges
25. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.
Limestone
Lower mantle
Cement
Intrusive igneous rock
26. Created from preexisting rocks which undergo changes - such as the growth of new minerals in response to pressure and heat - and/or as a result of squashing - stretching - or shear.
Metamorphic rocks
Jointing
Crust
triple junction
27. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Assimilation
Subduction
Zone of accumulation
Conglomerate
28. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.
Seamount chains
3.5km (2 miles)
Lava domes
Physical weathering
29. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.
Subsidence
Oxidation
Felsic
Streak
30. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.
Organic sedimentary rocks
Area of igneous activity
Ripples
Basaltic magma
31. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.
Sulfates
Pyroclastic flows
Hydrolysis
Crust
32. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.
Residual soil
Relative plate velocity
atmospheres (atm)
Volatiles
33. Volcanic landform; bulbous mass of congealed lava - associated with explosive eruptions of gas-rich magma.
Lava domes
Paleopole
Compaction
Quartz sandstone
34. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -
Special properties of minerals
Gabbro
Asthenosphere
Mantle
35. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.
Alloy
Tuff
Rock layering
Saprolite
36. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.
Bedding
Evaporites
Stoping
Mantle plume
37. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.
Elemental composition of Earth
Igneous rocks
Mineral
Ash
38. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Volcanic pipes/necks
Crystalline
Silicate minerals
Mineral crystal destruction
39. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Apparent polar-wander path
Turbidity current
Glassy igneous rocks
Crystal structure
40. On a gem are the ground and polished surfaces made with a certain type of machine.
Facets
collision
Pyroclastic flows
Rock-forming silicate minerals
41. Outer surface level of Earth; composed of granite - basalt - and gabbro. Continental: mostly about 35-40km thick . Oceanic: about 7-10km thick. Oxygen - by far the most abundant element.
Crust
Crystal structure
Regolith
Color
42. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Mantle plume
Stratagraphic formation
Convective flow
43. Refers to the arrangement of grains in a rock; that is - the way the grains connect each other and whether inequant grains are aligned parallel to one another.
Lower mantle
Rock texture
Magma mixing
Lava domes
44. Sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km.
Saprolite
B-horizon
Native metals
Upper mantle
45. A thick accumulation of sediment (10-15km) - the surface of this sediment layer is this broad - shallow region.
Ultramafic
Quartz sandstone
Silicate minerals
Continental shelf
46. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st
Slab-pull force
Compaction
Source rock composition
Andesitic lava flows
47. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Transported soil
Asthenosphere
Cross beds
Carbonate rocks
48. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.
Solid-state diffusion
Plates
Heat transfer
Silicate minerals
49. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.
Conglomerate
Slab-pull force
Deep-ocean trenches
Biomineralization
50. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
Stoping
Dissolution
Metamorphic foliation
Polymorphs
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