Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Volcanic landform; bulbous mass of congealed lava - associated with explosive eruptions of gas-rich magma.






2. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.






3. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.






4. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.






5. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.






6. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.






7. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.






8. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.






9. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.






10. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.






11. A plate boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate. No new plate is formed and no old plate is consumed. But the grinding between the plates generates frequent and destructive earthquakes.






12. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.






13. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.






14. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.






15. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.






16. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.






17. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.






18. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.






19. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.






20. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






21. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.






22. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.






23. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.






24. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if






25. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.






26. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns






27. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.






28. The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away. Involves abrasion - plucking - scouring - and dissolution - and is caused by air - water or ice.






29. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.






30. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.






31. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.






32. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l






33. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.






34. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.






35. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.






36. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m






37. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.






38. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.






39. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.






40. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.






41. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who






42. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.






43. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each






44. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.






45. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.






46. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a






47. Soil section below the A-horizon; a soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material. Because it lacks organic materials - this horizon tends to be lighter than the A-horizon. Part of the zone of leaching






48. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.






49. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






50. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.