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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.
Metals
Luster
Dunes
Continental drift evidence
2. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each
Siltstone and mudstone
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
12km
Plate tectonics
3. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.
Alloy
Continental rift
Agrillaceous rocks
Conchoidal fractures
4. Natural bond connecting rocks; mineral material that precipitates from water and fills the space between grains.
pahoehoe
Melts
triple junction
Cement
5. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Bedrock
Biomineralization
Weathering
Area of igneous activity
6. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.
atmospheres (atm)
Ignimbrite
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Carbonates
7. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.
Organic sedimentary rocks
Lithosphere
Diagenesis
Batholiths
8. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.
Regolith
Fragmental igneous rocks
Zone of accumulation
Geothermal gradient
9. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.
Hydrolysis
Dike
ravertine
Sedimentary Basins
10. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.
Polymorphs
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Precipitation
Peridotite
11. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.
Solid-state diffusion
Transform fault
Fumerolic mineralization
Biomineralization
12. An exposure of bedrock.
Outcrop
Slab-pull force
atmospheres (atm)
Lava domes
13. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.
Abyssal plains
Limestone
Intermediate
Lava
14. The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away. Involves abrasion - plucking - scouring - and dissolution - and is caused by air - water or ice.
Silicates
collision
Color
Erosion
15. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Hydration
Native metals
Carbonates
Halides
16. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.
17. The difference between the expected strength of the Earth's main field at a certain location and the actual measure strength of the magnetic field at that location. Places where the field strength is stronger that expected are positive anomalies - an
Effusive eruptions
Evaporites
Magnetic anomaly
Magma
18. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Explosive eruptions
Pyroclastic flows
Dark Silicates
19. Subsoil - ions and clay leached and transported down from above accumulate here. As a result - new minerals form - and clay fills open spaces. Part of the zone of accumulation.
Superplumes
B-horizon
Seamount chains
Color
20. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.
Magnetic reversals
Convergent plate boundary
3.5km (2 miles)
Differential weathering
21. Volcanic landform; bulbous mass of congealed lava - associated with explosive eruptions of gas-rich magma.
Sedimentary structure
Lava domes
Chert
Outcrop
22. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.
Crystal
Transform fault
Paleomagnetism
Basaltic magma
23. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Peridotite
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Hardness
Batholiths
24. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.
Transition zone
Strata
Topography
Regression
25. A sedimentary bed that has developed a reddish color. The red comes from a film of iron oxide (hematite) that forms on grain surfaces.
Continental drift evidence
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Redbeds
Why magma rises
26. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.
Precipitation
Melts
Laterite
Clastic sedimentary rocks
27. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.
Biomineralization
Evaporites
Silicate minerals
Magma mixing
28. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.
12km
Plate tectonics
Ignimbrite
Turbidite
29. A reference to the supposed position of the Earth's magnetic pole at a time in the past.
Paleopole
Arkose
Metamorphic foliation
Glassy igneous rocks
30. Elongate submarine mountain ranges whose peaks lie only about 2-2.5km below sea level. Consist of a ridge axis - are roughly symmetrical - and can include escarpments - axial troughs - and valleys. Examples - Mid-Atlantic Ridge - East Pacific Rise -
Mantle plume
Cinder cone
Sedimentary structure
Mid-ocean ridges
31. Low-viscosity (basaltic) lava flows out of a volcano easily - whereas high-viscosity (andesitic and rhyolitic) lava can clog and build pressure within a volcano. Basaltic eruptions are typically effusive and produce shield volcanoes - whereas rhyolit
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Lava
Intrusive igneous rock
Topography
32. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
Seamount chains
Silicates
Dissolution
Volatiles
33. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.
pahoehoe
Basalt
Mantle plume
Extrusive igneous rock
34. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Abyssal plains
Gabbro
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Explosive eruptions
35. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.
Gabbro
Subsidence
Sulfates
Basaltic composition
36. Created from preexisting rocks which undergo changes - such as the growth of new minerals in response to pressure and heat - and/or as a result of squashing - stretching - or shear.
Color
Soil Horizons
Metamorphic rocks
Chert
37. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
Metamorphic rocks
Partial melting
Lava
Magma
38. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.
Convergent plate boundary
Sill
Sedimentary Basins
Columnar jointing
39. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.
Metals
Continental drift evidence
Sulfates
Fracture and cleavage
40. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.
Physical weathering
Sill
Zone of leaching
Chemical sedimentary rocks
41. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.
Dissolution
Caliche
Sandstone
Bathymetry
42. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Melting
Volcanic pipes/necks
Loam
Root wedging
43. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo
44. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.
Laccolith
3.5km (2 miles)
Deep-ocean trenches
Mineral crystal destruction
45. Equant - meaning that they have the same dimensions in all directions. Or inequant - meaning their dimensions are not the same in all directions.
Silicate minerals
Grain sizes
Soil
Bedrock
46. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
Differential weathering
Siliceous rocks
A-horizon
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
47. Type of sedimentary rock; rocks whose grains are stuck together by cement.
Why magma rises
Rock texture
Clastic
Loam
48. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.
Cementation
Lapilli
Agrillaceous rocks
Ripples
49. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Ridge-push force
Spreading rate
Basalt
Paleopole
50. Type of volcanic eruption; produce mainly lava flows - yield low-viscosity basaltic lavas.
Depositional environment
Continental drift hypothesis
Effusive eruptions
Upper mantle