Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.






2. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.






3. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.






4. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.






5. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro






6. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.






7. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.






8. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp






9. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.






10. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.






11. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.






12. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.






13. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.






14. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.






15. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.






16. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






17. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.






18. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.






19. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.






20. Process occurring in arid climates - dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates and grows as crystals in open pore spaces in rocks. This process pushes apart the surrounding grains and so weakens the rock that when exposed to wind or rain - the rock






21. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.






22. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.






23. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.






24. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil






25. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t






26. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.






27. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.






28. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.






29. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.






30. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.






31. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.






32. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.






33. Type of volcano; most are adjacent to the Pacific - larger in size - interbedded lavas and pyroclastics - consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra - most violent type of activity - may produce nuee ardente or lahars.






34. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.






35. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat






36. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.






37. Subsoil - ions and clay leached and transported down from above accumulate here. As a result - new minerals form - and clay fills open spaces. Part of the zone of accumulation.






38. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.






39. Places with particularly voluminous quantities of magma erupting or intruding.






40. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.






41. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.






42. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.






43. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.






44. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.






45. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.






46. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.






47. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.






48. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.






49. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.






50. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.