Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.






2. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.






3. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).






4. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.






5. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.






6. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.






7. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.






8. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.






9. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns






10. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.






11. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.






12. A sediment-filled depression; in an area where the lithosphere has subsided.






13. Layering in metamorphic rocks.






14. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.






15. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.






16. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.






17. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.






18. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.






19. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.






20. Created from preexisting rocks which undergo changes - such as the growth of new minerals in response to pressure and heat - and/or as a result of squashing - stretching - or shear.






21. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.






22. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.






23. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.






24. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.






25. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if






26. On a gem are the ground and polished surfaces made with a certain type of machine.






27. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.






28. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.






29. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.






30. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.






31. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.






32. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.






33. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.






34. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.






35. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.






36. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.






37. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.






38. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.






39. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.






40. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.






41. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.






42. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






43. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.






44. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.






45. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solution - meaning that atoms - molecules - or ions dissolved in water bond together out of water.






46. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.






47. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.






48. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.






49. Places with particularly voluminous quantities of magma erupting or intruding.






50. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.