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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.
Outcrop
Basaltic composition
Gabbro
Bed
2. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Batholiths
Plate tectonics
Calderas
3. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.
Marine magnetic anomaly
Carbonate rocks
Igneous rocks
Euhedral crystal
4. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
Conchoidal fractures
Crystal lattice
atmospheres (atm)
Superplumes
5. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.
Paleomagnetism
Sedimentary structure
Lower mantle
Partial melting
6. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.
Dike
Physical weathering
Mid-ocean ridges
Arkose
7. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
Deep-ocean trenches
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Ridge-push force
Igneous rocks
8. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Turbidite
Rock texture
Glassy igneous rocks
Basalt
9. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.
Relative plate velocity
Weathering
Elemental composition of Earth
Bedrock
10. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.
Differential weathering
Siltstone and mudstone
Shield volcano
C-horizon
11. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Sulfides
Upper mantle
Peridotite
Decompression
12. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.
Hot-spot track
Frost wedging
Explosive eruptions
Assimilation
13. Rocks that consist of mineral crystals that intergrow when the melt solidifies - interlocking structure. Examples - granite and rhyolite.
Dark Silicates
Subduction
Crystalline igneous rocks
atmospheres (atm)
14. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.
Quartz sandstone
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Ripples
Mantle
15. Sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km.
Mineral crystal destruction
Laterite
Upper mantle
Crystalline igneous rocks
16. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.
Facets
Transgression
Symmetry
Hot spots
17. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat
Peridotite
Hydrosphere
Volatiles
Divergent plate boundary
18. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -
Special properties of minerals
Earth's atmosphere
Volcanic pipes/necks
Deep-ocean trenches
19. Low-viscosity (basaltic) lava flows out of a volcano easily - whereas high-viscosity (andesitic and rhyolitic) lava can clog and build pressure within a volcano. Basaltic eruptions are typically effusive and produce shield volcanoes - whereas rhyolit
atmospheres (atm)
Luster
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Andesitic lava flows
20. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different
Fractional crystallization
Chert
Loam
Magma mixing
21. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Alloy
Transported soil
Turbidite
Crystalline igneous rocks
22. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as
Compaction
Plutons
Partial melting
Outcrop
23. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.
Ultramafic
Clastic sedimentary rocks
O-horizon
Silicates
24. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Inner core
Hydrosphere
Basaltic lava flows
25. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.
Melting
Luster
Convective flow
Bedrock
26. A distinctive sequence of strata traced across a fairly large region. For example - a region may contain a succession of alternating sandstone and shale beds deposited by rivers - overlain by beds of marine limestone deposited later.
Oxides
Stratagraphic formation
Coal
Area of igneous activity
27. Most common mineral on Earth; compose over 95% of the continental crust. Consist of combinations of a fundamental building block called silicon-oxygen tetrahedron - different groups: independent tetrahedra - single chains - double chains - sheet sili
Alloy
Caliche
Silicate minerals
Igneous rocks
28. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
Cement
Coal
Soil erosion
rifting
29. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.
Paleopole
Thermal expansion
Lava tube
Lava
30. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.
Chemical weathering
Transform plate boundary
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Glassy igneous rocks
31. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.
Granitic composition
Source rock composition
Earth's atmosphere
Extrusive igneous rock
32. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo
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33. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.
Zone of leaching
Volcano
Conchoidal fractures
Extrusive igneous rock
34. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Limestone
Mafic
Zone of accumulation
35. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Intrusive igneous rock
Tephra
Jointing
Heat transfer
36. The broad - relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level.
Abyssal plains
Magnetic reversals
Pyroclastic debris
Silicate minerals
37. Process occurring in arid climates - dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates and grows as crystals in open pore spaces in rocks. This process pushes apart the surrounding grains and so weakens the rock that when exposed to wind or rain - the rock
Volcanic pipes/necks
Rock texture
Salt wedging
Cross beds
38. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.
Lower mantle
Continental shelf
Turbidity current
Polymorphs
39. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.
Ripples
Pyroclastic debris
Thermal expansion
Reason for Earth's internal heat
40. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Ripples
Xenolith
Apparent polar-wander path
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
41. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.
Zone of leaching
Facets
Basaltic magma
Geothermal gradient
42. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Granitic composition
Basaltic composition
Pyroclastic debris
650-1100 degrees C
43. Natural bond connecting rocks; mineral material that precipitates from water and fills the space between grains.
Frost wedging
Mantle
Fumerolic mineralization
Cement
44. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.
Geothermal gradient
Biomineralization
12km
Deposition
45. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Gem
Marine magnetic anomaly
Arkose
Pyroclastic flows
46. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Streak
Viscosity
Basaltic composition
47. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
3.5km (2 miles)
Dark Silicates
Fumerolic mineralization
Laccolith
48. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.
Precipitation
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Volatiles
49. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Melts
Frost wedging
Zone of leaching
Transition zone
50. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.
Stoping
650-1100 degrees C
Soil Horizons
C-horizon