Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Successive turbidity currents deposit successive graded beds - creating this sequence of strata.






2. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo


3. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.






4. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.






5. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.






6. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.






7. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.






8. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.






9. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.






10. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different






11. A sedimentary bed that has developed a reddish color. The red comes from a film of iron oxide (hematite) that forms on grain surfaces.






12. Process where a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere - such as a continent or island arc - moves into the subduction zone. Yield some of the most spectacular mountains/mountain ranges on the planet including the Him






13. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement






14. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.






15. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.






16. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.






17. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.






18. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st






19. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.


20. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.






21. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.






22. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.






23. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.






24. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.






25. Type of sedimentary rock; rocks whose grains are stuck together by cement.






26. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat






27. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.






28. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.






29. Forms from a chemical reaction between solid calcite and magnesium-bearing groundwater.






30. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.






31. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.






32. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.






33. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.






34. Elongate submarine mountain ranges whose peaks lie only about 2-2.5km below sea level. Consist of a ridge axis - are roughly symmetrical - and can include escarpments - axial troughs - and valleys. Examples - Mid-Atlantic Ridge - East Pacific Rise -






35. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.






36. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.






37. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.






38. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






39. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.






40. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.






41. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.






42. A sediment-filled depression; in an area where the lithosphere has subsided.






43. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.






44. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.






45. Volcanic landform; bulbous mass of congealed lava - associated with explosive eruptions of gas-rich magma.






46. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.






47. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.






48. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.






49. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.






50. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.