Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).






2. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.






3. Mineral class; consist of metal cations bonded by oxygen anions. Examples - hematite and magnetite. Some contain a relatively high proportion of metal atoms - and thus are ore minerals.






4. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.






5. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.






6. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.






7. Sedimentary rock composed of clay.






8. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.






9. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.






10. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.






11. Refers to the arrangement of grains in a rock; that is - the way the grains connect each other and whether inequant grains are aligned parallel to one another.






12. Lava flowing on dry land cools more slowly that lava erupting underwater.






13. Chemical weathering occurring in warm - wet climates can produce a layer of rotten rock - over 100km thick.






14. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.






15. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.






16. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.






17. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.






18. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.






19. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.






20. The broad - relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level.






21. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.






22. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.






23. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho






24. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.






25. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st






26. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.






27. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.






28. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).






29. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve






30. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.






31. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.






32. Outer surface level of Earth; composed of granite - basalt - and gabbro. Continental: mostly about 35-40km thick . Oceanic: about 7-10km thick. Oxygen - by far the most abundant element.






33. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil






34. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.






35. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.






36. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.






37. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.






38. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim






39. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).






40. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.






41. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.






42. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.






43. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.






44. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.






45. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.






46. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand






47. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.






48. Places with particularly voluminous quantities of magma erupting or intruding.






49. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.






50. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.