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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.
Precipitation
Ridge-push force
Bedding
Coal
2. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).
Paleopole
Halides
Continental shelf
Abyssal plains
3. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.
Arkose
Euhedral crystal
Residual soil
Conchoidal fractures
4. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
rifting
Outer core
Gabbro
Apparent polar-wander path
5. Created from preexisting rocks which undergo changes - such as the growth of new minerals in response to pressure and heat - and/or as a result of squashing - stretching - or shear.
Metamorphic rocks
Xenolith
Organic sedimentary rocks
Outcrop
6. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Asthenosphere
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Zone of accumulation
Relative plate velocity
7. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.
Felsic
Asthenosphere
Pyroclastic debris
Crystal structure
8. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.
Weathering
Arkose
Laccolith
Hardness
9. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.
Crystal lattice
Intermediate
Fractional crystallization
Tuff
10. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Calderas
Crystalline igneous rocks
Basalt
Clastic
11. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each
Plates
Plate tectonics
Crystal structure
Lapilli
12. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
Volatiles
rifting
Metamorphic foliation
Lower mantle
13. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.
Diagenesis
Melts
Volatiles
Sedimentary rocks
14. A reference to the pattern structure of a mineral. A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern - a crystalline solid.
Organic chemicals
Crystal lattice
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Glass
15. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.
Compaction
Gem
Shield volcano
Crystal structure
16. A reference to the supposed position of the Earth's magnetic pole at a time in the past.
Subsidence
Magnetic declination
Paleopole
Redbeds
17. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
A-horizon
Cementation
Dike
Zone of leaching
18. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.
Continental drift evidence
Weathering
Magnetic declination
Symmetry
19. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.
Caliche
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Peridotite
Volcanic blocks/bombs
20. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.
Diagenesis
Volcano
Siltstone and mudstone
Magnetic inclination
21. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
Native metals
Granitic magma
Igneous rocks
Streak
22. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Regolith
Elemental composition of Earth
Crystalline
Lava domes
23. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.
triple junction
Dunes
Cement
Mineral crystal destruction
24. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.
Strata
Laterite
The core
Calderas
25. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.
Sill
Lava tube
Dark Silicates
Siliceous rocks
26. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Precipitation
Saprolite
Conglomerate
27. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.
Regolith
Oxidation
Diagenesis
ravertine
28. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.
Graded bed
Crust
Transform fault
Lava domes
29. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure
Thermal expansion
Clastic
Fracture and cleavage
Apparent polar-wander path
30. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand
Rock composition
Clastic
Chert
Inner core
31. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.
Melting
Granitic composition
ravertine
Native metals
32. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Outer core
Partial melting
Physical weathering
Mafic
33. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Fragmental igneous rocks
Granitic composition
Root wedging
Loam
34. Type of volcano; most are adjacent to the Pacific - larger in size - interbedded lavas and pyroclastics - consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra - most violent type of activity - may produce nuee ardente or lahars.
Lava tube
Bed
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Rhyolitic lava flows
35. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Pyroclastic flows
Soil Horizons
Erosion
Ash
36. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Lapilli
3.5km (2 miles)
Cinder cone
Dike
37. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns
Conglomerate
Fracture zones
collision
Crystal
38. A sedimentary bed that has developed a reddish color. The red comes from a film of iron oxide (hematite) that forms on grain surfaces.
Organic sedimentary rocks
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Redbeds
Marine magnetic anomaly
39. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.
Continental rift
Fracture zones
Loam
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
40. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.
Shield volcano
Bed
Hot spots
Chemical sedimentary rocks
41. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Ridge-push force
Cement
Compaction
Light silicates
42. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.
Andesitic lava flows
Thermal expansion
rifting
Fragmental igneous rocks
43. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Volatiles
Rock layering
Magnetic reversals
Viscosity
44. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.
Depositional environment
Transition zone
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Arkose
45. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.
Hardness
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Sulfates
46. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Continental rift
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Dark Silicates
Bedrock
47. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Hydrosphere
Partial melting
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Magnetic inclination
48. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).
Continental shelf
Streak
Cementation
Depositional environment
49. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Crystal habit
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Turbidity current
50. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro
Explosive eruptions
Why magma rises
Redbeds
Plate tectonics