Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim






2. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.






3. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.






4. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).






5. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.






6. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.






7. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.






8. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.






9. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.






10. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.






11. Perhaps the cause for the large igneous provinces; formations within the mantle - plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes.






12. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).






13. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.






14. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.






15. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.






16. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.






17. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.






18. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho






19. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.






20. A thick accumulation of sediment (10-15km) - the surface of this sediment layer is this broad - shallow region.






21. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.






22. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.






23. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.






24. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






25. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.






26. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.






27. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.






28. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.






29. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.






30. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.






31. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.






32. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






33. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.






34. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.






35. Type of volcanic eruption; produce mainly lava flows - yield low-viscosity basaltic lavas.






36. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.






37. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.






38. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.






39. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.

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40. Soil section below the A-horizon; a soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material. Because it lacks organic materials - this horizon tends to be lighter than the A-horizon. Part of the zone of leaching






41. During the final stages of cooling - lava flows contract and may fracture into roughly hexagonal columns.






42. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).






43. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able






44. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.






45. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.






46. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.






47. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.






48. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.






49. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.






50. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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