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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Chemical weathering occurring in warm - wet climates can produce a layer of rotten rock - over 100km thick.
Saprolite
Redbeds
Transported soil
Continental drift evidence
2. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different
Magma mixing
Upper mantle
Hydration
Evaporites
3. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.
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4. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Bedrock
Apparent polar-wander path
Conchoidal fractures
Luster
5. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Halides
Zone of leaching
Rhyolitic lava flows
Marine magnetic anomaly
6. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.
pahoehoe
Laccolith
Color
Basaltic lava flows
7. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.
3.5km (2 miles)
Andesitic lava flows
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Hot spots
8. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.
Redbeds
Zone of accumulation
Fractional crystallization
Lower mantle
9. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the
Streak
Silicate minerals
Mantle plume
Volcanic pipes/necks
10. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.
Mantle plume
Caliche
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Jointing
11. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Volatiles
Convective flow
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Color
12. Type of volcano; most are adjacent to the Pacific - larger in size - interbedded lavas and pyroclastics - consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra - most violent type of activity - may produce nuee ardente or lahars.
Agrillaceous rocks
Glass
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Viscosity
13. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Gem
Extrusive igneous rock
Dolostone
Cementation
14. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.
Light silicates
Sedimentary Basins
Subduction
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
15. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.
Basaltic magma
Volatiles
Pangaea
Hot spots
16. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat
A-horizon
Apparent polar-wander path
Lithosphere
Zone of leaching
17. A place where three plate boundaries intersect at a point.
Melting
Sea-floor spreading
Alloy
triple junction
18. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Hot spots
Streak
Pangaea
19. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
Magma
Marine magnetic anomaly
Clastic
pahoehoe
20. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Lithosphere
Continental shelf
Ultramafic
Transition zone
21. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st
Dipole
Symmetry
Superplumes
Slab-pull force
22. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Flood basalts
Sea-floor spreading
Fractional crystallization
Ash
23. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.
Deep-ocean trenches
Subsidence
Loam
Halides
24. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Silicate minerals
Regolith
Rock-forming silicate minerals
25. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Crystal habit
Viscosity
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Weathering
26. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.
Color
Oxidation
Dipole
Ignimbrite
27. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.
Lapilli
Dolostone
Laccolith
Hot-spot track
28. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Strata
Continental rift
Bedrock
29. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and
Fracture zones
Bathymetry
Siliceous rocks
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
30. Type of volcanic eruption; produce mainly lava flows - yield low-viscosity basaltic lavas.
Felsic
Cementation
Root wedging
Effusive eruptions
31. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Sedimentary rocks
Tephra
Intrusive igneous rock
Oxides
32. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand
Soil
Tephra
Inner core
Crystalline igneous rocks
33. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.
Gabbro
Silicates
ravertine
Silicate minerals
34. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
Jointing
Laccolith
Area of igneous activity
Salt wedging
35. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Silicate minerals
Cementation
Continental shelf
Batholiths
36. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.
Melting
Pangaea
Conglomerate
Divergent plate boundary
37. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.
Dissolution
Special properties of minerals
Slab-pull force
Weathering
38. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.
Fracture zones
Intrusive igneous rock
Sill
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
39. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
Lithification
Silicate minerals
Specific gravity
Crystal structure
40. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.
Sea-floor spreading
Magma
Sedimentary structure
Polymorphs
41. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.
Dark Silicates
Flood basalts
Carbonates
Bedrock
42. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Hydration
Frost wedging
Reason for Earth's internal heat
43. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Strata
Dipole
Volatiles
44. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a
Dipole
Andesitic lava flows
Silicates
Paleopole
45. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.
Transform plate boundary
Spreading rate
Columnar jointing
Organic chemicals
46. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.
Convective flow
Magnetic anomaly
Luster
Conchoidal fractures
47. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.
Tuff
Crystal habit
Outcrop
Caliche
48. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Biomineralization
Euhedral crystal
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
49. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each
Basaltic magma
Plate tectonics
Soil Horizons
Flood basalts
50. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.
Mineral
Outcrop
Hydrolysis
Ripples