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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Magnetic declination
Subsidence
Bedding
Ash
2. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.
Dike
Xenolith
ravertine
Conglomerate
3. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.
Bedding
Ignimbrite
Salt wedging
Laccolith
4. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as
Transgression
Graded bed
Partial melting
Jointing
5. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
Viscosity
Abyssal plains
Dark Silicates
rifting
6. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Glass
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Depositional environment
7. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.
Heat transfer
Pangaea
Hydrosphere
Stoping
8. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Dunes
Intermediate
Zone of leaching
Paleopole
9. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if
Divergent plate boundary
Dipole
Hot-spot track
Ridge-push force
10. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Siliceous rocks
Carbonate rocks
ravertine
Abyssal plains
11. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.
Quartz sandstone
Fracture and cleavage
Metamorphic foliation
Source rock composition
12. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.
Peridotite
Cross beds
Basaltic lava flows
Thermal expansion
13. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.
Ash
Lower mantle
Continental shelf
Abyssal plains
14. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.
Batholiths
Chert
Assimilation
Andesitic lava flows
15. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
Dipole
Flood basalts
Hot spots
Jointing
16. After sand has lost its feldspar composition due to weathering over time - sediment composed entirely of quartz grains gets buried and lithified to form this type of rock.
Quartz sandstone
Differential weathering
3.5km (2 miles)
Hardness
17. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.
Volcano
Dike
Mineral crystal destruction
Metals
18. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.
Igneous rocks
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Granitic magma
Columnar jointing
19. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.
Spreading rate
Rocks
Apparent polar-wander path
Mantle plume
20. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Tephra
Laccolith
Dike
Silicate minerals
21. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Euhedral crystal
Continental rift
Why magma rises
22. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Mineral crystal destruction
Limestone
Calderas
Volatiles
23. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m
Cementation
A-horizon
Fragmental igneous rocks
Bed
24. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.
Salt wedging
Geothermal gradient
Siltstone and mudstone
Hydrolysis
25. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.
Root wedging
Lava tube
Lithosphere
Outcrop
26. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.
Pyroclastic debris
Grain sizes
Granitic composition
Soil Horizons
27. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.
rifting
Fractional crystallization
Transgression
Peridotite
28. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.
Cross beds
atmospheres (atm)
Continental drift evidence
Fractional crystallization
29. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).
Transported soil
Streak
Magnetic declination
Cementation
30. Rocks that consist of mineral crystals that intergrow when the melt solidifies - interlocking structure. Examples - granite and rhyolite.
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Hardness
Crystalline igneous rocks
Grain sizes
31. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Bed
Calderas
Granitic composition
Sulfides
32. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Caliche
Mafic
Lava
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
33. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.
Silicate minerals
Bed
Graded bed
Transported soil
34. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Basalt
Magnetic declination
Basaltic composition
Frost wedging
35. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.
12km
E-horizon
Paleomagnetism
Melts
36. A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern. Forms when a liquid freezes so fast that atoms do not have time to organize into an orderly pattern.
Glass
Agrillaceous rocks
Fumerolic mineralization
Turbidity current
37. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Conchoidal fractures
Gabbro
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Extrusive igneous rock
38. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Salt wedging
Alloy
Granite
Laccolith
39. Places with particularly voluminous quantities of magma erupting or intruding.
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Subduction
Oxidation
Bedding
40. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.
triple junction
Luster
Siliceous rocks
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
41. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure
Magma's speed of flow
Fracture and cleavage
Silicate minerals
Ripples
42. The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away. Involves abrasion - plucking - scouring - and dissolution - and is caused by air - water or ice.
Xenolith
Magnetic inclination
Erosion
Residual soil
43. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.
Depositional environment
Caliche
Conglomerate
Soil
44. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.
E-horizon
3.5km (2 miles)
Explosive eruptions
Differential weathering
45. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.
Fumerolic mineralization
Tuff
Continental rift
Pyroclastic debris
46. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.
Melts
Mantle plume
A-horizon
Marine magnetic anomaly
47. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Gabbro
Dunes
Partial melting
Fumerolic mineralization
48. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.
Weathering
Native metals
rifting
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
49. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Upper mantle
Outer core
Soil
Organic sedimentary rocks
50. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.
Clastic
Dike
Conchoidal fractures
Bedding