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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Source rock composition
Tuff
Basalt
2. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.
Source rock composition
Calderas
O-horizon
Heat transfer
3. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.
Graded bed
Pyroclastic flows
Assimilation
Streak
4. A naturally occurring solid - formed by geologic processes - has a crystalline structure and a definable chemical composition - and is generally inorganic.
Mineral
Plates
Bed
Color
5. A reference to the pattern structure of a mineral. A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern - a crystalline solid.
Crystal lattice
Viscosity
Turbidity current
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
6. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
Differential weathering
Biomineralization
Transported soil
ravertine
7. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.
Tephra
Native metals
Glassy igneous rocks
Continental rift
8. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Rock composition
Pyroclastic debris
Deposition
9. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.
Stoping
Sea-floor spreading
Asthenosphere
Source rock composition
10. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.
Silicates
Elemental composition of Earth
Gem
Dark Silicates
11. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Thermal expansion
Bed
Volatiles
12. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat
Transition zone
Inner core
Native metals
Apparent polar-wander path
13. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.
Lower mantle
Mineral
Volatiles
Melts
14. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Soil Horizons
Silicate minerals
Thermal expansion
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
15. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
Hot spots
Siliceous rocks
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
16. Distinct internal laminations within a ripple or dune that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer. Form as a consequence of the evolution of dunes or ripples.
Cross beds
pahoehoe
Glass
Frost wedging
17. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Cinder cone
Flood basalts
Weathering
Granitic magma
18. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.
Streak
Crystal structure
Peridotite
12km
19. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Batholiths
Assimilation
Bedding
20. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Limestone
Ultramafic
Volatiles
Dipole
21. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Halides
Paleopole
Hydrosphere
Rock-forming silicate minerals
22. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Special properties of minerals
Fracture zones
Quartz sandstone
Ash
23. Chemical weathering occurring in warm - wet climates can produce a layer of rotten rock - over 100km thick.
Calderas
pahoehoe
Saprolite
Dipole
24. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.
Basaltic composition
Lava tube
Hydration
Stoping
25. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.
Tuff
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Volcanic blocks/bombs
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
26. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.
Crust
Area of igneous activity
Weathering
Silicates
27. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.
Magma mixing
A-horizon
Heat transfer
Basaltic lava flows
28. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Magma's speed of flow
Inner core
Dissolution
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
29. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Hydrosphere
Gem
Cementation
Volatiles
30. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
Lithification
Ash
Elemental composition of Earth
Laterite
31. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.
Chemical weathering
Calderas
Clastic
Igneous rocks
32. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Effusive eruptions
Sulfides
Laccolith
Elemental composition of Earth
33. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.
Fracture zones
Sulfates
Spreading rate
Luster
34. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st
Abyssal plains
Glass
Slab-pull force
Rock-forming silicate minerals
35. Process occurring in arid climates - dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates and grows as crystals in open pore spaces in rocks. This process pushes apart the surrounding grains and so weakens the rock that when exposed to wind or rain - the rock
Salt wedging
Volcano
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Plutons
36. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as
Partial melting
Grain sizes
Bedrock
Outcrop
37. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.
Mineral
650-1100 degrees C
Saprolite
Conchoidal fractures
38. Layering in sedimentary rocks.
Silicates
Paleopole
Tuff
Bedding
39. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.
Strata
Regolith
Granitic composition
Clastic sedimentary rocks
40. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.
Magnetic reversals
Rock composition
Coal
Diagenesis
41. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.
Arkose
ravertine
Pyroclastic debris
Sill
42. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
a'a'
Differential weathering
Rock layering
Spreading rate
43. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.
Mafic
Transform fault
Seamount chains
Volcanic blocks/bombs
44. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.
Apparent polar-wander path
Crystal structure
Dike
Plates
45. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.
Pangaea
Sill
Depositional environment
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
46. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if
Precipitation
Sill
Deep-ocean trenches
Dipole
47. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.
Fracture and cleavage
Subduction
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Continental drift evidence
48. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.
Luster
Metals
Glassy igneous rocks
Paleomagnetism
49. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.
Zone of accumulation
Bedrock
Symmetry
Dark Silicates
50. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.
Dunes
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Effusive eruptions
Stoping