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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.
Fragmental igneous rocks
Special properties of minerals
Abyssal plains
Basalt
2. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.
Organic chemicals
Subsidence
Plutons
Inner core
3. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Hardness
Transform fault
Hydrosphere
Jointing
4. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.
Paleomagnetism
Fragmental igneous rocks
Transform plate boundary
Fumerolic mineralization
5. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.
Strata
Outer core
Tuff
Sedimentary rocks
6. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.
Shield volcano
ravertine
Arkose
Convergent plate boundary
7. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
The core
Ignimbrite
Carbonate rocks
Sea-floor spreading
8. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Melts
Biomineralization
Color
Hydrolysis
9. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.
Facets
Felsic
Crystal structure
3.5km (2 miles)
10. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.
Apparent polar-wander path
a'a'
Rock composition
Pyroclastic debris
11. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.
Turbidite
Siltstone and mudstone
Lithosphere
Lava
12. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.
Crust
Loam
Pyroclastic flows
Sandstone
13. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
Dunes
Ripples
Transgression
Metamorphic rocks
14. During the final stages of cooling - lava flows contract and may fracture into roughly hexagonal columns.
Hardness
Columnar jointing
Evaporites
Intermediate
15. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.
Plates
Cross beds
Soil Horizons
Weathering
16. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t
Geothermal gradient
Crystalline
Precipitation
Cross beds
17. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.
Gem
Crystal habit
Hot spots
Plutons
18. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.
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19. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Decompression
Crystalline
Fumerolic mineralization
Metamorphic foliation
20. The difference between the expected strength of the Earth's main field at a certain location and the actual measure strength of the magnetic field at that location. Places where the field strength is stronger that expected are positive anomalies - an
Magnetic anomaly
Crystal lattice
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Special properties of minerals
21. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a
Silicates
Igneous rocks
Granitic composition
Peridotite
22. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Gabbro
Polymorphs
Biomineralization
23. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the
Viscosity
Rock texture
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Mantle plume
24. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.
Sea-floor spreading
Felsic
Fracture zones
Metamorphic foliation
25. Perhaps the cause for the large igneous provinces; formations within the mantle - plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes.
Clastic
Plutons
Superplumes
Loam
26. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.
Continental rift
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Basaltic composition
Area of igneous activity
27. Successive turbidity currents deposit successive graded beds - creating this sequence of strata.
Basaltic magma
Turbidite
Euhedral crystal
Volcano
28. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo
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29. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Biomineralization
Extrusive igneous rock
Turbidity current
Magma's speed of flow
30. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Hot-spot track
Soil
Sill
31. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.
Loam
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Hot-spot track
Metals
32. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.
Carbonates
Pangaea
Granitic composition
Magma
33. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.
Volcanic pipes/necks
Granitic magma
Metals
Superplumes
34. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.
Silicate minerals
Outcrop
Compaction
Bathymetry
35. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.
Volatiles
Rock texture
Shield volcano
Soil erosion
36. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.
Residual soil
Basaltic composition
Conglomerate
Cementation
37. Soil section below the A-horizon; a soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material. Because it lacks organic materials - this horizon tends to be lighter than the A-horizon. Part of the zone of leaching
Regression
E-horizon
Ripples
Soil
38. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Silicate minerals
Root wedging
Dolostone
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
39. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.
Clastic
Plutons
Euhedral crystal
Clastic sedimentary rocks
40. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.
Silicates
Calderas
Basaltic magma
Lava tube
41. Highest soil horizon; consists almost entirely of organic matter and contains barely any mineral matter. Surface level has 'litter' and deeper it contains 'humus'. Part of the zone of leaching.
O-horizon
pahoehoe
Magnetic reversals
Paleomagnetism
42. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Volatiles
Why magma rises
Carbonate rocks
43. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
Heat transfer
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Laterite
Zone of leaching
44. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.
Intrusive igneous rock
Zone of accumulation
Regression
Transition zone
45. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.
Area of igneous activity
Euhedral crystal
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Siliceous rocks
46. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Laccolith
Siliceous rocks
Ultramafic
Fumerolic mineralization
47. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Fracture and cleavage
Magnetic declination
Partial melting
48. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able
triple junction
Outer core
Polymorphs
Reason for Earth's internal heat
49. An exposure of bedrock.
Crystal structure
Felsic
Outcrop
A-horizon
50. On a gem are the ground and polished surfaces made with a certain type of machine.
Hardness
Conglomerate
Relative plate velocity
Facets