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Subject : science
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t






2. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.






3. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.






4. Created from preexisting rocks which undergo changes - such as the growth of new minerals in response to pressure and heat - and/or as a result of squashing - stretching - or shear.






5. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a






6. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.






7. Chemical weathering occurring in warm - wet climates can produce a layer of rotten rock - over 100km thick.






8. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.






9. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.






10. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.






11. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.






12. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve






13. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.






14. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.






15. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.






16. Most common mineral on Earth; compose over 95% of the continental crust. Consist of combinations of a fundamental building block called silicon-oxygen tetrahedron - different groups: independent tetrahedra - single chains - double chains - sheet sili






17. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.






18. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.






19. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.






20. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.






21. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.






22. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.






23. A plate boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate. No new plate is formed and no old plate is consumed. But the grinding between the plates generates frequent and destructive earthquakes.






24. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.






25. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.






26. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.

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27. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.






28. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.






29. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.






30. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.






31. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.






32. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.






33. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.






34. Volcanic landform; bulbous mass of congealed lava - associated with explosive eruptions of gas-rich magma.






35. Lava flowing on dry land cools more slowly that lava erupting underwater.






36. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.






37. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.






38. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.






39. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.






40. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able






41. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.






42. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.






43. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.

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44. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.






45. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.






46. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.






47. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.






48. Process occurring in arid climates - dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates and grows as crystals in open pore spaces in rocks. This process pushes apart the surrounding grains and so weakens the rock that when exposed to wind or rain - the rock






49. Mineral class; consist of metal cations bonded by oxygen anions. Examples - hematite and magnetite. Some contain a relatively high proportion of metal atoms - and thus are ore minerals.






50. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.







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