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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Process where a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere - such as a continent or island arc - moves into the subduction zone. Yield some of the most spectacular mountains/mountain ranges on the planet including the Him
Glassy igneous rocks
collision
Pyroclastic debris
Zone of accumulation
2. Natural bond connecting rocks; mineral material that precipitates from water and fills the space between grains.
Strata
Cement
Oxidation
A-horizon
3. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.
Pyroclastic debris
Convergent plate boundary
triple junction
Dike
4. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Cinder cone
Topography
Native metals
Euhedral crystal
5. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.
Soil
Cross beds
Oxidation
Ultramafic
6. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Native metals
Crystal habit
The core
Solid-state diffusion
7. Perhaps the cause for the large igneous provinces; formations within the mantle - plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes.
Superplumes
Topography
Thermal expansion
Sandstone
8. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Tephra
Crystalline
Streak
Saprolite
9. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.
Topography
Shield volcano
Dipole
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
10. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Tephra
Magma
Extrusive igneous rock
Fracture zones
11. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.
Paleomagnetism
Weathering
Volcanic pipes/necks
Magma
12. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.
Laccolith
Diagenesis
Melts
Source rock composition
13. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Carbonate rocks
Inner core
Basalt
Abyssal plains
14. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Partial melting
Topography
Xenolith
15. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.
Peridotite
Luster
Magnetic declination
Chemical weathering
16. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve
Shield volcano
Spreading rate
Streak
Dolostone
17. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Ultramafic
Andesitic lava flows
Root wedging
Crust
18. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.
Pangaea
Volcanic pipes/necks
Fragmental igneous rocks
Extrusive igneous rock
19. Most common mineral on Earth; compose over 95% of the continental crust. Consist of combinations of a fundamental building block called silicon-oxygen tetrahedron - different groups: independent tetrahedra - single chains - double chains - sheet sili
Regolith
Transform plate boundary
Silicate minerals
Redbeds
20. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.
Saprolite
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Ignimbrite
Silicate minerals
21. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.
Volatiles
Mafic
Area of igneous activity
Granite
22. Soil section below the A-horizon; a soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material. Because it lacks organic materials - this horizon tends to be lighter than the A-horizon. Part of the zone of leaching
Dolostone
A-horizon
E-horizon
Heat transfer
23. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.
Weathering
Subduction
Loam
Columnar jointing
24. The broad - relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level.
Erosion
Organic sedimentary rocks
Subsidence
Abyssal plains
25. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.
Intermediate
Dark Silicates
Divergent plate boundary
Silicate minerals
26. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Extrusive igneous rock
Hydration
Intrusive igneous rock
27. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.
Polymorphs
pahoehoe
650-1100 degrees C
Relative plate velocity
28. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand
Extrusive igneous rock
Inner core
Shield volcano
atmospheres (atm)
29. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.
Facets
Dunes
Lava tube
Source rock composition
30. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho
Volatiles
Dolostone
Arkose
The core
31. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).
Crystal lattice
Soil
Halides
Hydration
32. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.
Pyroclastic debris
Saprolite
Oxidation
Zone of accumulation
33. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
Laterite
Granite
Fracture zones
Partial melting
34. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.
Coal
Source rock composition
triple junction
Rock-forming silicate minerals
35. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.
Hydrosphere
Sill
Volcano
Biomineralization
36. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
a'a'
Coal
Source rock composition
37. A plate boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate. No new plate is formed and no old plate is consumed. But the grinding between the plates generates frequent and destructive earthquakes.
Stoping
Metamorphic foliation
Transform plate boundary
Precipitation
38. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.
Basaltic magma
Assimilation
Metamorphic foliation
Strata
39. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
triple junction
Limestone
Relative plate velocity
Gem
40. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Lava domes
Seamount chains
Volcanic blocks/bombs
41. Distinct internal laminations within a ripple or dune that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer. Form as a consequence of the evolution of dunes or ripples.
Sedimentary Basins
Alloy
Cross beds
Biomineralization
42. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Frost wedging
Magma mixing
12km
Continental drift evidence
43. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Glassy igneous rocks
Apparent polar-wander path
B-horizon
Granite
44. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.
collision
Continental drift evidence
Lapilli
Plutons
45. The removal of soil by running water or by wind.
Diagenesis
Continental rift
Soil erosion
Sulfides
46. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.
Lower mantle
Differential weathering
Sea-floor spreading
Heat transfer
47. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.
Tephra
Crystal habit
Sulfates
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
48. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
Marine magnetic anomaly
rifting
Weathering
Depositional environment
49. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Hydrosphere
Shield volcano
C-horizon
Rhyolitic lava flows
50. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Dunes
Light silicates
Sulfides
Transform plate boundary