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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.
Magnetic inclination
Ash
Transgression
Cross beds
2. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.
Convergent plate boundary
Transition zone
Compaction
Granitic magma
3. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Jointing
Plate tectonics
Residual soil
4. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.
Factors of magma cooling time
Magnetic anomaly
Bathymetry
Tephra
5. Develops because mid-ocean ridges lie at a higher elevation than the adjacent abyssal plains of the ocean. The surface of the sea floor overall slopes away from the ridge axis. Gravity causes the elevated lithosphere at the ridge axis to push on the
Ridge-push force
Area of igneous activity
Magma's speed of flow
Soil Horizons
6. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.
Siltstone and mudstone
Crystal habit
Sill
Pyroclastic debris
7. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.
Andesitic lava flows
Heat transfer
Melting
Rock-forming silicate minerals
8. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Earth's atmosphere
Mafic
Biomineralization
Diagenesis
9. Layering in metamorphic rocks.
Metamorphic foliation
650-1100 degrees C
Sulfates
Solid-state diffusion
10. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Lava
Deep-ocean trenches
Silicate minerals
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
11. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Granite
Metamorphic rocks
Decompression
Granitic magma
12. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Diagenesis
Gabbro
Apparent polar-wander path
Continental shelf
13. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Volcanic pipes/necks
Marine magnetic anomaly
Superplumes
Andesitic lava flows
14. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.
Hot-spot track
Outer core
Topography
Hot spots
15. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.
Facets
Agrillaceous rocks
Luster
Laccolith
16. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
The core
Calderas
Marine magnetic anomaly
Magma's speed of flow
17. Type of volcano; most are adjacent to the Pacific - larger in size - interbedded lavas and pyroclastics - consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra - most violent type of activity - may produce nuee ardente or lahars.
Frost wedging
Area of igneous activity
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Tuff
18. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.
Bed
Loam
Crystal structure
Carbonate rocks
19. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.
Bed
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
12km
Felsic
20. Soil section below the A-horizon; a soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material. Because it lacks organic materials - this horizon tends to be lighter than the A-horizon. Part of the zone of leaching
650-1100 degrees C
E-horizon
Rock texture
Sandstone
21. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.
Lava tube
Mantle
Sandstone
Asthenosphere
22. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).
Cementation
Sulfides
Continental drift evidence
Mantle
23. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.
Elemental composition of Earth
Loam
Transform fault
12km
24. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.
Tuff
Dissolution
Gem
Elemental composition of Earth
25. Alfred Wegener's suggestion that the positions of the continents change through time as they drift away from each other. The flaw was that he lacked a plausible moving mechanism.
Jointing
Organic sedimentary rocks
650-1100 degrees C
Continental drift hypothesis
26. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.
Tephra
Regolith
12km
Chemical sedimentary rocks
27. Perhaps the cause for the large igneous provinces; formations within the mantle - plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes.
Evaporites
Hydration
Superplumes
Columnar jointing
28. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.
Outcrop
Graded bed
Residual soil
Thermal expansion
29. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Magnetic anomaly
Transported soil
Granitic composition
Area of igneous activity
30. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
rifting
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
triple junction
Igneous rocks
31. Mineral class; consist of metal cations bonded by oxygen anions. Examples - hematite and magnetite. Some contain a relatively high proportion of metal atoms - and thus are ore minerals.
Turbidite
Crystalline igneous rocks
Compaction
Oxides
32. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.
Regression
Granite
Grain sizes
Crystal lattice
33. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.
Ripples
Apparent polar-wander path
Continental drift evidence
Source rock composition
34. Sedimentary rock composed of clay.
Melts
Organic sedimentary rocks
Agrillaceous rocks
Hot-spot track
35. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Oxides
Explosive eruptions
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Mineral
36. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Lower mantle
Deposition
Cinder cone
Laccolith
37. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Cinder cone
Fracture zones
Pyroclastic flows
38. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.
Batholiths
Organic sedimentary rocks
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Crust
39. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.
Convective flow
Redbeds
Felsic
Soil Horizons
40. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Frost wedging
Graded bed
Native metals
Pangaea
41. The difference between the expected strength of the Earth's main field at a certain location and the actual measure strength of the magnetic field at that location. Places where the field strength is stronger that expected are positive anomalies - an
Crystal habit
Crystalline igneous rocks
Magnetic anomaly
Crystal structure
42. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Graded bed
Viscosity
Basalt
Crust
43. Sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km.
Salt wedging
Upper mantle
Light silicates
Mineral
44. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.
Abyssal plains
Crystalline
Mantle plume
Rocks
45. Factors; the depth of the intrusion - the deeper - the more slowly it cools. The shape and size of a magma body - the greater the surface area - the faster it cools. The presence of circulating groundwater - water passing through cools magma faster.
pahoehoe
Oxidation
Factors of magma cooling time
Depositional environment
46. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat
Batholiths
atmospheres (atm)
Apparent polar-wander path
Convective flow
47. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.
Continental rift
Depositional environment
Sea-floor spreading
Mantle
48. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.
Ridge-push force
Jointing
Specific gravity
Marine magnetic anomaly
49. Natural bond connecting rocks; mineral material that precipitates from water and fills the space between grains.
Rock texture
Cement
Hydrosphere
Arkose
50. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.
Oxidation
Root wedging
Dipole
Sedimentary rocks