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Geology
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Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat
Silicates
Sea-floor spreading
Lava domes
Divergent plate boundary
2. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
Halides
rifting
Dark Silicates
Transgression
3. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Special properties of minerals
Basalt
Strata
Topography
4. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.
Slab-pull force
Frost wedging
Organic chemicals
Oxidation
5. Low-viscosity (basaltic) lava flows out of a volcano easily - whereas high-viscosity (andesitic and rhyolitic) lava can clog and build pressure within a volcano. Basaltic eruptions are typically effusive and produce shield volcanoes - whereas rhyolit
Quartz sandstone
Silicate minerals
Paleomagnetism
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
6. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.
Flood basalts
Continental rift
Zone of accumulation
Batholiths
7. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat
Basalt
Apparent polar-wander path
Streak
Arkose
8. A thick accumulation of sediment (10-15km) - the surface of this sediment layer is this broad - shallow region.
Crystalline igneous rocks
Seamount chains
Effusive eruptions
Continental shelf
9. Refers to the arrangement of grains in a rock; that is - the way the grains connect each other and whether inequant grains are aligned parallel to one another.
Subduction
Area of igneous activity
Grain sizes
Rock texture
10. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.
Halides
Factors of magma cooling time
Stoping
Lapilli
11. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.
Source rock composition
Cementation
Evaporites
Igneous rocks
12. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.
Chemical weathering
Jointing
Rocks
Carbonates
13. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
The core
Clastic
Silicate minerals
Plates
14. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.
Conchoidal fractures
Paleomagnetism
Jointing
Magnetic reversals
15. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
Dolostone
atmospheres (atm)
Laterite
Saprolite
16. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.
Crystalline igneous rocks
Facets
Metals
Melting
17. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.
Oxidation
Loam
Outer core
Heat transfer
18. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.
Continental drift evidence
Peridotite
Mantle plume
The core
19. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Silicates
Coal
Tephra
20. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.
Plutons
Streak
Continental drift hypothesis
Andesitic lava flows
21. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Volcanic pipes/necks
Basaltic magma
Why magma rises
Peridotite
22. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
atmospheres (atm)
Coal
Plutons
Lithification
23. Rocks that consist of mineral crystals that intergrow when the melt solidifies - interlocking structure. Examples - granite and rhyolite.
Crystalline igneous rocks
E-horizon
Pangaea
Halides
24. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.
Coal
Thermal expansion
Metamorphic rocks
Lithosphere
25. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.
Luster
Transform fault
Magnetic declination
Gem
26. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.
Bed
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
a'a'
Conchoidal fractures
27. A sediment-filled depression; in an area where the lithosphere has subsided.
Deep-ocean trenches
Sedimentary Basins
Source rock composition
Asthenosphere
28. Alfred Wegener's suggestion that the positions of the continents change through time as they drift away from each other. The flaw was that he lacked a plausible moving mechanism.
3.5km (2 miles)
Continental drift hypothesis
Fumerolic mineralization
Volcanic pipes/necks
29. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.
Hot-spot track
Sandstone
pahoehoe
Relative plate velocity
30. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.
Mantle plume
Special properties of minerals
Heat transfer
Depositional environment
31. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.
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32. Layering in sedimentary rocks.
O-horizon
Granitic magma
Fumerolic mineralization
Bedding
33. An exposure of bedrock.
Loam
Outcrop
Volcanic pipes/necks
Siltstone and mudstone
34. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.
Relative plate velocity
Residual soil
Agrillaceous rocks
Basaltic composition
35. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.
Grain sizes
Pyroclastic flows
Bed
Partial melting
36. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
Conchoidal fractures
Igneous rocks
Stoping
Facets
37. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.
Organic chemicals
Partial melting
Fumerolic mineralization
Rock layering
38. Sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km.
Halides
Oxidation
Upper mantle
ravertine
39. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
Coal
Calderas
Intrusive igneous rock
Dissolution
40. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
Limestone
Lava
Clastic
Crystalline
41. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Xenolith
Elemental composition of Earth
Carbonates
Ash
42. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.
Magnetic anomaly
Hydration
Fracture zones
Coal
43. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Silicate minerals
Erosion
Cinder cone
Clastic sedimentary rocks
44. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Soil Horizons
Magnetic inclination
Fragmental igneous rocks
45. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).
Shield volcano
Halides
Tephra
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
46. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each
Continental drift hypothesis
Salt wedging
Erosion
Plate tectonics
47. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Mid-ocean ridges
Luster
Explosive eruptions
Columnar jointing
48. A place where three plate boundaries intersect at a point.
triple junction
Weathering
Xenolith
Soil erosion
49. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.
650-1100 degrees C
Continental shelf
Cinder cone
Pangaea
50. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Color
Divergent plate boundary
Metamorphic foliation
Mantle plume
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