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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m
Granitic composition
A-horizon
Stratagraphic formation
C-horizon
2. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.
Bed
Crust
Sulfides
Metals
3. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
650-1100 degrees C
Batholiths
Dissolution
Cinder cone
4. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Facets
Zone of leaching
Biomineralization
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
5. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.
Soil
Xenolith
Sedimentary structure
Continental rift
6. Elongate submarine mountain ranges whose peaks lie only about 2-2.5km below sea level. Consist of a ridge axis - are roughly symmetrical - and can include escarpments - axial troughs - and valleys. Examples - Mid-Atlantic Ridge - East Pacific Rise -
Silicate minerals
Mid-ocean ridges
Stratagraphic formation
C-horizon
7. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).
Light silicates
Cementation
Laterite
Dolostone
8. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat
Divergent plate boundary
Streak
Plate tectonics
Lithosphere
9. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.
Lithification
Felsic
Fracture zones
Plates
10. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.
Crystal structure
Soil
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Lava tube
11. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.
ravertine
Topography
Subduction
Sandstone
12. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
triple junction
Dipole
Paleomagnetism
13. During the final stages of cooling - lava flows contract and may fracture into roughly hexagonal columns.
Columnar jointing
Grain sizes
Bathymetry
Sulfates
14. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.
Sill
Physical weathering
Native metals
Subduction
15. The broad - relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level.
Abyssal plains
Sill
Ultramafic
Oxides
16. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Carbonates
Caliche
Bedding
Bedrock
17. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.
Intermediate
Compaction
Spreading rate
Granite
18. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.
Special properties of minerals
Paleomagnetism
Strata
Rhyolitic lava flows
19. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Physical weathering
Glassy igneous rocks
Basalt
Carbonate rocks
20. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo
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21. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.
Stratagraphic formation
Seamount chains
Magnetic declination
Peridotite
22. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Regression
Siliceous rocks
Gem
23. Rocks that consist of mineral crystals that intergrow when the melt solidifies - interlocking structure. Examples - granite and rhyolite.
Laterite
Frost wedging
Crystalline igneous rocks
Bed
24. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.
Caliche
Transported soil
Elemental composition of Earth
Columnar jointing
25. Natural bond connecting rocks; mineral material that precipitates from water and fills the space between grains.
Cement
Mineral
Color
Volcanic blocks/bombs
26. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Differential weathering
Glassy igneous rocks
27. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
Loam
Volatiles
Calderas
Flood basalts
28. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Crystal habit
Plates
Basaltic lava flows
Bedding
29. Type of volcano; most are adjacent to the Pacific - larger in size - interbedded lavas and pyroclastics - consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra - most violent type of activity - may produce nuee ardente or lahars.
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
triple junction
Streak
Agrillaceous rocks
30. Equant - meaning that they have the same dimensions in all directions. Or inequant - meaning their dimensions are not the same in all directions.
Grain sizes
Biomineralization
Subsidence
Dunes
31. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able
Fragmental igneous rocks
Peridotite
Outer core
Basaltic magma
32. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.
Grain sizes
Siltstone and mudstone
Lava domes
Polymorphs
33. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Sulfides
Stoping
Topography
Intrusive igneous rock
34. A place where three plate boundaries intersect at a point.
Lapilli
triple junction
Crystal lattice
Chert
35. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Fractional crystallization
Volatiles
Redbeds
Basalt
36. Factors; the depth of the intrusion - the deeper - the more slowly it cools. The shape and size of a magma body - the greater the surface area - the faster it cools. The presence of circulating groundwater - water passing through cools magma faster.
Crust
Factors of magma cooling time
Lava domes
Hydrosphere
37. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Effusive eruptions
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Lapilli
Siltstone and mudstone
38. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.
Physical weathering
Bedrock
Granite
Hot spots
39. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.
Dunes
Factors of magma cooling time
Granite
Volatiles
40. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.
Euhedral crystal
Mantle
Quartz sandstone
rifting
41. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.
Pangaea
Continental drift hypothesis
Crystal structure
Carbonates
42. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.
Paleopole
Fragmental igneous rocks
Mineral crystal destruction
Hydrolysis
43. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
Fracture zones
atmospheres (atm)
Siliceous rocks
Flood basalts
44. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure
Glass
Fracture and cleavage
Slab-pull force
a'a'
45. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.
Evaporites
Heat transfer
Sea-floor spreading
Transform plate boundary
46. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.
collision
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Bedrock
Mantle
47. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Granite
Organic sedimentary rocks
650-1100 degrees C
Granitic composition
48. A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern. Forms when a liquid freezes so fast that atoms do not have time to organize into an orderly pattern.
Glass
Volcanic pipes/necks
Convergent plate boundary
Magma's speed of flow
49. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.
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50. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.
Rhyolitic lava flows
Continental shelf
Regolith
Fractional crystallization