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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
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Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Mafic
Clastic
Intermediate
Ash
2. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Outcrop
Subduction
Cementation
Rocks
3. Physical property of a mineral; a measure of a minerals relative ability to resist scratching - and therefore represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure being broken. The atoms or ions in crystals of a hard mineral are more strongly
Flood basalts
Hardness
Melting
Glass
4. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
Lava tube
Differential weathering
Subsidence
rifting
5. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.
Zone of accumulation
Heat transfer
Continental drift evidence
Caliche
6. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
Zone of leaching
Limestone
Siliceous rocks
Felsic
7. Highest soil horizon; consists almost entirely of organic matter and contains barely any mineral matter. Surface level has 'litter' and deeper it contains 'humus'. Part of the zone of leaching.
Basaltic lava flows
Euhedral crystal
O-horizon
Oxidation
8. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Lithification
Carbonate rocks
Limestone
Crystal habit
9. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.
Dike
Ultramafic
Bedrock
3.5km (2 miles)
10. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).
Symmetry
Halides
Granitic composition
Basaltic magma
11. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Light silicates
Facets
Euhedral crystal
Dunes
12. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Color
Explosive eruptions
Cross beds
Organic chemicals
13. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.
Metals
Quartz sandstone
Crust
Gabbro
14. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
Magma
Conglomerate
Zone of accumulation
Soil Horizons
15. Cause of melting; the variation in temperature with depth is expressed in the geotherm; because pressure prevents melting - a decrease in pressure can permit melting. Specifically - if the pressure affecting hot mantle rock decreases while the temper
Siltstone and mudstone
Volatiles
Dissolution
Decompression
16. Equant - meaning that they have the same dimensions in all directions. Or inequant - meaning their dimensions are not the same in all directions.
Grain sizes
Carbonate rocks
Conglomerate
Viscosity
17. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Mafic
Basaltic composition
Siliceous rocks
Gem
18. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Carbonate rocks
Basaltic composition
Lapilli
19. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
Bathymetry
Laccolith
Turbidite
Laterite
20. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Precipitation
Quartz sandstone
Magma mixing
Siltstone and mudstone
21. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.
Marine magnetic anomaly
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Ultramafic
Volcanic blocks/bombs
22. A reference to the pattern structure of a mineral. A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern - a crystalline solid.
Residual soil
atmospheres (atm)
Crystal lattice
Luster
23. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.
Superplumes
Xenolith
Root wedging
Intrusive igneous rock
24. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.
Marine magnetic anomaly
Granitic magma
Basaltic composition
Fragmental igneous rocks
25. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.
Metamorphic rocks
Lower mantle
Basaltic lava flows
Redbeds
26. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the
Source rock composition
Dissolution
Mantle plume
Columnar jointing
27. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.
Transform fault
Crust
Marine magnetic anomaly
Evaporites
28. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.
Oxides
Intermediate
Felsic
Seamount chains
29. After sand has lost its feldspar composition due to weathering over time - sediment composed entirely of quartz grains gets buried and lithified to form this type of rock.
Ultramafic
Redbeds
Continental drift hypothesis
Quartz sandstone
30. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.
Dark Silicates
Silicate minerals
Bathymetry
Native metals
31. Volcanic landform; bulbous mass of congealed lava - associated with explosive eruptions of gas-rich magma.
Spreading rate
Lava domes
Strata
Redbeds
32. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.
Bed
Magnetic reversals
Arkose
Sill
33. Type of volcano; most are adjacent to the Pacific - larger in size - interbedded lavas and pyroclastics - consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra - most violent type of activity - may produce nuee ardente or lahars.
Frost wedging
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Carbonates
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
34. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.
Convective flow
Hot spots
Loam
Basaltic composition
35. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solution - meaning that atoms - molecules - or ions dissolved in water bond together out of water.
Glassy igneous rocks
Fragmental igneous rocks
Precipitation
Hot-spot track
36. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.
Silicates
Turbidite
Relative plate velocity
Biomineralization
37. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
Strata
Igneous rocks
Andesitic lava flows
Mafic
38. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able
Seamount chains
Pyroclastic debris
Outer core
Batholiths
39. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.
Compaction
Physical weathering
Metals
C-horizon
40. Created from preexisting rocks which undergo changes - such as the growth of new minerals in response to pressure and heat - and/or as a result of squashing - stretching - or shear.
Mantle plume
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Metamorphic rocks
Geothermal gradient
41. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Hot spots
Bed
Area of igneous activity
42. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.
Cinder cone
atmospheres (atm)
Rhyolitic lava flows
Chemical weathering
43. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Organic sedimentary rocks
Transported soil
Abyssal plains
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
44. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.
Dissolution
Explosive eruptions
Fractional crystallization
Crystalline igneous rocks
45. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Basalt
Subduction
12km
Crust
46. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.
Upper mantle
Conglomerate
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Melting
47. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.
Strata
Coal
Fracture and cleavage
Silicate minerals
48. A place where three plate boundaries intersect at a point.
Elemental composition of Earth
Divergent plate boundary
triple junction
Sulfates
49. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.
Soil Horizons
Depositional environment
Ignimbrite
Calderas
50. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.
Specific gravity
Divergent plate boundary
Granitic magma
Melts
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