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Subject : science
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.






2. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.






3. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.






4. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.






5. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.






6. Outer surface level of Earth; composed of granite - basalt - and gabbro. Continental: mostly about 35-40km thick . Oceanic: about 7-10km thick. Oxygen - by far the most abundant element.






7. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.






8. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.






9. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).






10. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who






11. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.






12. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.






13. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.






14. Process where a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere - such as a continent or island arc - moves into the subduction zone. Yield some of the most spectacular mountains/mountain ranges on the planet including the Him






15. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.






16. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.






17. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.






18. Factors; the depth of the intrusion - the deeper - the more slowly it cools. The shape and size of a magma body - the greater the surface area - the faster it cools. The presence of circulating groundwater - water passing through cools magma faster.






19. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.






20. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.






21. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.






22. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.






23. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.






24. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.






25. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.






26. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.






27. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.






28. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.






29. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.






30. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.






31. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim






32. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.






33. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.






34. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.






35. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.






36. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.

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37. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.






38. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.






39. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.






40. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.






41. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.






42. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able






43. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.






44. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.






45. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.






46. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.






47. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.






48. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.






49. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement






50. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.







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