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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.
Magnetic declination
Special properties of minerals
Arkose
Crystalline igneous rocks
2. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.
Paleomagnetism
Streak
Solid-state diffusion
Limestone
3. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.
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4. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.
Tephra
Silicates
Intrusive igneous rock
Volcano
5. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.
Conchoidal fractures
Effusive eruptions
Dunes
Volcanic pipes/necks
6. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.
Crystalline
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Decompression
Jointing
7. A sediment-filled depression; in an area where the lithosphere has subsided.
Lithification
Dipole
Sedimentary Basins
Hydrosphere
8. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
Basalt
Sill
Igneous rocks
Crystalline igneous rocks
9. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Effusive eruptions
Viscosity
Elemental composition of Earth
10. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
Asthenosphere
rifting
Differential weathering
Ultramafic
11. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.
Halides
Marine magnetic anomaly
Symmetry
Plutons
12. Cause of melting; the variation in temperature with depth is expressed in the geotherm; because pressure prevents melting - a decrease in pressure can permit melting. Specifically - if the pressure affecting hot mantle rock decreases while the temper
Rhyolitic lava flows
Decompression
Siliceous rocks
Rock composition
13. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Rock layering
Lapilli
Upper mantle
14. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Zone of leaching
Native metals
Volcanic blocks/bombs
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
15. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.
Hot-spot track
Outcrop
Carbonates
Zone of leaching
16. Chemical weathering occurring in warm - wet climates can produce a layer of rotten rock - over 100km thick.
Saprolite
B-horizon
Cement
Transform plate boundary
17. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
Compaction
Arkose
Lithification
Crystalline igneous rocks
18. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.
Silicates
Chert
12km
A-horizon
19. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Extrusive igneous rock
Crust
Continental drift hypothesis
Area of igneous activity
20. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Glassy igneous rocks
Mineral crystal destruction
Mantle
Dolostone
21. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.
Alloy
Heat transfer
Earth's atmosphere
Crystalline
22. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.
Subsidence
Salt wedging
Organic sedimentary rocks
Bathymetry
23. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.
Magnetic inclination
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Caliche
Crystal structure
24. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.
650-1100 degrees C
Magnetic inclination
Melting
Evaporites
25. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.
Continental drift hypothesis
Turbidity current
Lithification
Deposition
26. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.
Marine magnetic anomaly
Relative plate velocity
12km
Rock composition
27. A plate boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate. No new plate is formed and no old plate is consumed. But the grinding between the plates generates frequent and destructive earthquakes.
Transform plate boundary
Bed
3.5km (2 miles)
Volcanic blocks/bombs
28. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Stoping
Volatiles
Elemental composition of Earth
Volcanic pipes/necks
29. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.
Mid-ocean ridges
Volatiles
Compaction
Solid-state diffusion
30. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Residual soil
Basaltic composition
Hydrosphere
31. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo
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32. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.
Thermal expansion
Crust
Intermediate
Lava tube
33. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.
Lava tube
Apparent polar-wander path
Special properties of minerals
Loam
34. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.
Color
Melts
Continental drift evidence
Andesitic lava flows
35. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.
Chert
Transported soil
Lapilli
Continental shelf
36. Volcanic landform; bulbous mass of congealed lava - associated with explosive eruptions of gas-rich magma.
Lava domes
B-horizon
Rock layering
Tephra
37. Distinct internal laminations within a ripple or dune that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer. Form as a consequence of the evolution of dunes or ripples.
Magnetic inclination
Hydration
Superplumes
Cross beds
38. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.
Quartz sandstone
C-horizon
Weathering
Ridge-push force
39. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Sulfates
Silicate minerals
Gabbro
Lithosphere
40. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.
Euhedral crystal
Basalt
Andesitic lava flows
Basaltic magma
41. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as
Sill
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Partial melting
Subsidence
42. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Sill
Crust
Ash
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
43. A submarine suspension of sediment.
Rocks
Lava domes
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Turbidity current
44. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Dissolution
Lower mantle
Melts
45. Subsoil - ions and clay leached and transported down from above accumulate here. As a result - new minerals form - and clay fills open spaces. Part of the zone of accumulation.
B-horizon
Silicate minerals
Pangaea
Organic chemicals
46. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Melts
Volcanic pipes/necks
Transported soil
47. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.
Area of igneous activity
Pyroclastic flows
Assimilation
Stoping
48. Layering in metamorphic rocks.
Metamorphic foliation
Deep-ocean trenches
Plates
Paleopole
49. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.
Soil erosion
Tephra
Hot-spot track
Pyroclastic flows
50. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.
Stoping
Diagenesis
Special properties of minerals
Coal