Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A plate boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate. No new plate is formed and no old plate is consumed. But the grinding between the plates generates frequent and destructive earthquakes.






2. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.






3. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.






4. A distinctive sequence of strata traced across a fairly large region. For example - a region may contain a succession of alternating sandstone and shale beds deposited by rivers - overlain by beds of marine limestone deposited later.






5. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.






6. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.






7. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.






8. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.






9. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.

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10. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.






11. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.






12. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.






13. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.






14. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.






15. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.






16. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.






17. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.






18. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.






19. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.






20. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.






21. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.






22. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.






23. A sediment-filled depression; in an area where the lithosphere has subsided.






24. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure






25. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.






26. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.






27. Successive turbidity currents deposit successive graded beds - creating this sequence of strata.






28. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.






29. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t






30. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.






31. Perhaps the cause for the large igneous provinces; formations within the mantle - plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes.






32. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.






33. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.






34. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.






35. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.






36. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.






37. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.






38. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the






39. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






40. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






41. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.






42. Subsoil - ions and clay leached and transported down from above accumulate here. As a result - new minerals form - and clay fills open spaces. Part of the zone of accumulation.






43. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.






44. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.






45. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.






46. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.






47. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.






48. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.






49. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.






50. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.