Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.






2. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.






3. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.






4. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as






5. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.






6. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.






7. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.






8. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.






9. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if






10. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.






11. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.






12. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.






13. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.






14. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.






15. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.






16. After sand has lost its feldspar composition due to weathering over time - sediment composed entirely of quartz grains gets buried and lithified to form this type of rock.






17. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.






18. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.






19. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.






20. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).






21. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.






22. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.






23. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m






24. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.






25. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.






26. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.






27. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.






28. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.






29. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).






30. Rocks that consist of mineral crystals that intergrow when the melt solidifies - interlocking structure. Examples - granite and rhyolite.






31. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.






32. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.






33. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.






34. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.






35. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.






36. A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern. Forms when a liquid freezes so fast that atoms do not have time to organize into an orderly pattern.






37. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.






38. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






39. Places with particularly voluminous quantities of magma erupting or intruding.






40. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.






41. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure






42. The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away. Involves abrasion - plucking - scouring - and dissolution - and is caused by air - water or ice.






43. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.






44. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.






45. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.






46. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.






47. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






48. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.






49. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.






50. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.