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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Rock layering
Biomineralization
Hydrolysis
Convective flow
2. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
Flood basalts
Fumerolic mineralization
Crystalline igneous rocks
atmospheres (atm)
3. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.
Chemical weathering
Hot-spot track
12km
Paleomagnetism
4. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.
Loam
Crystal lattice
Glass
Continental shelf
5. The bottom portion of the upper mantle - the interval lying between 400km and 660km deep. Here within the Earth - the character of the mantle undergoes a series of abrupt changes.
Transition zone
Streak
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
The core
6. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Basaltic lava flows
Frost wedging
Limestone
7. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.
Mantle
Why magma rises
Alloy
Plutons
8. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
Why magma rises
Granitic composition
Sedimentary rocks
Siliceous rocks
9. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat
Spreading rate
Lithification
Apparent polar-wander path
Basaltic composition
10. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
Crystal structure
Sedimentary Basins
Plates
Dissolution
11. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.
Biomineralization
Asthenosphere
Crystal
Oxidation
12. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able
Outer core
Granite
Transition zone
Sulfates
13. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo
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14. Factors; the depth of the intrusion - the deeper - the more slowly it cools. The shape and size of a magma body - the greater the surface area - the faster it cools. The presence of circulating groundwater - water passing through cools magma faster.
Factors of magma cooling time
Sill
Metamorphic rocks
Batholiths
15. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Melting
Cinder cone
Fragmental igneous rocks
Transform fault
16. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Plate tectonics
Light silicates
Cement
Depositional environment
17. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.
Mid-ocean ridges
Euhedral crystal
Felsic
Bed
18. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
rifting
Granitic magma
Saprolite
Cross beds
19. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Tephra
Differential weathering
Weathering
20. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Mantle
Assimilation
Arkose
21. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Siltstone and mudstone
Diagenesis
Lava tube
Geothermal gradient
22. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.
Asthenosphere
Carbonate rocks
Soil Horizons
Sea-floor spreading
23. A plate boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate. No new plate is formed and no old plate is consumed. But the grinding between the plates generates frequent and destructive earthquakes.
Transform plate boundary
Seamount chains
Rocks
Superplumes
24. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Extrusive igneous rock
Compaction
Decompression
Elemental composition of Earth
25. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.
Basaltic lava flows
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Dipole
Carbonates
26. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Bedrock
E-horizon
Fragmental igneous rocks
atmospheres (atm)
27. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
12km
Lithification
Agrillaceous rocks
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
28. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.
Columnar jointing
Lava tube
Sedimentary rocks
Quartz sandstone
29. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.
Fragmental igneous rocks
Metals
Agrillaceous rocks
Transform fault
30. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.
Pyroclastic flows
Abyssal plains
Transition zone
3.5km (2 miles)
31. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Factors of magma cooling time
Cross beds
Siliceous rocks
32. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.
Melts
Lava domes
Dipole
Redbeds
33. During the final stages of cooling - lava flows contract and may fracture into roughly hexagonal columns.
Columnar jointing
Lava
Evaporites
Earth's atmosphere
34. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.
Transform fault
Ripples
Fractional crystallization
Transition zone
35. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Earth's atmosphere
Granitic composition
Lava domes
Loam
36. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.
Paleomagnetism
Zone of accumulation
Metamorphic foliation
Metals
37. Layering in sedimentary rocks.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Silicate minerals
Bedding
Fracture and cleavage
38. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.
Seamount chains
Regolith
Hydrosphere
Transported soil
39. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Magma mixing
Basaltic magma
Source rock composition
40. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.
Sulfates
3.5km (2 miles)
Plate tectonics
Granitic composition
41. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro
Plutons
Laccolith
Why magma rises
Convective flow
42. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
650-1100 degrees C
Lithosphere
Mantle plume
Symmetry
43. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.
Solid-state diffusion
Crystal structure
Extrusive igneous rock
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
44. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Solid-state diffusion
Crystal habit
Intermediate
Hydrosphere
45. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Viscosity
Oxidation
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Plate tectonics
46. A sedimentary bed that has developed a reddish color. The red comes from a film of iron oxide (hematite) that forms on grain surfaces.
Color
Sandstone
Redbeds
Mantle plume
47. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
Soil erosion
Magma mixing
Laterite
Hydrosphere
48. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.
Sandstone
Caliche
Melts
Cross beds
49. Forms from a chemical reaction between solid calcite and magnesium-bearing groundwater.
Basaltic magma
Evaporites
Crystal habit
Dolostone
50. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Turbidity current
Erosion
Plutons
Hydrosphere