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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.
O-horizon
Seamount chains
Polymorphs
Evaporites
2. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Inner core
Stratagraphic formation
Tephra
Lithosphere
3. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as
Transported soil
Rhyolitic lava flows
Partial melting
Sandstone
4. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.
Lower mantle
Erosion
Mantle plume
Clastic sedimentary rocks
5. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.
Zone of accumulation
Volatiles
3.5km (2 miles)
Halides
6. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo
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7. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.
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8. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.
Oxidation
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Paleopole
Pyroclastic debris
9. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.
Biomineralization
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Transgression
Carbonate rocks
10. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
Magnetic declination
Plates
Sea-floor spreading
Facets
11. Factors; the depth of the intrusion - the deeper - the more slowly it cools. The shape and size of a magma body - the greater the surface area - the faster it cools. The presence of circulating groundwater - water passing through cools magma faster.
Lapilli
Factors of magma cooling time
Ultramafic
Sulfates
12. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
Granitic magma
Caliche
Mineral crystal destruction
Laccolith
13. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp
Magnetic reversals
Abyssal plains
Lower mantle
Differential weathering
14. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho
Slab-pull force
Transported soil
Volatiles
Soil
15. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Elemental composition of Earth
Mafic
Crystal habit
Transported soil
16. During the final stages of cooling - lava flows contract and may fracture into roughly hexagonal columns.
Volatiles
Columnar jointing
Magnetic reversals
Partial melting
17. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.
Fragmental igneous rocks
collision
Dike
Turbidity current
18. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st
Fracture and cleavage
Slab-pull force
Continental drift evidence
Symmetry
19. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Salt wedging
Lithification
Silicate minerals
Extrusive igneous rock
20. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t
The core
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Geothermal gradient
Siltstone and mudstone
21. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.
Ripples
Crystalline igneous rocks
Crystal habit
Shield volcano
22. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.
Spreading rate
Chert
Abyssal plains
Carbonates
23. Perhaps the cause for the large igneous provinces; formations within the mantle - plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes.
Transform plate boundary
Mafic
Granitic composition
Superplumes
24. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.
Continental rift
Agrillaceous rocks
Volatiles
Transgression
25. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.
Sedimentary rocks
Dark Silicates
Fragmental igneous rocks
Rock-forming silicate minerals
26. The broad - relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level.
rifting
Abyssal plains
Convergent plate boundary
Felsic
27. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.
Ripples
Rock composition
Ash
Lithosphere
28. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.
Regolith
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Tuff
Paleomagnetism
29. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and
Geothermal gradient
Mid-ocean ridges
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Root wedging
30. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.
Metamorphic foliation
Basalt
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Marine magnetic anomaly
31. Most common mineral on Earth; compose over 95% of the continental crust. Consist of combinations of a fundamental building block called silicon-oxygen tetrahedron - different groups: independent tetrahedra - single chains - double chains - sheet sili
Shield volcano
Bedrock
Extrusive igneous rock
Silicate minerals
32. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Saprolite
Sedimentary rocks
Coal
33. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Glass
Gem
Superplumes
Outcrop
34. A place where three plate boundaries intersect at a point.
Plates
triple junction
Laccolith
Differential weathering
35. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the
Mantle plume
Quartz sandstone
Tuff
Weathering
36. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
Soil erosion
Volatiles
Siliceous rocks
Explosive eruptions
37. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Dipole
Lava tube
Carbonate rocks
Outcrop
38. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim
Saprolite
Precipitation
Convergent plate boundary
Redbeds
39. Volcanic landform; bulbous mass of congealed lava - associated with explosive eruptions of gas-rich magma.
Cementation
Igneous rocks
Lava domes
Glassy igneous rocks
40. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.
Andesitic lava flows
Ash
Ignimbrite
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
41. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.
Caliche
Erosion
Fumerolic mineralization
Stratagraphic formation
42. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.
O-horizon
Ripples
Streak
Partial melting
43. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.
Magnetic declination
Rhyolitic lava flows
Shield volcano
Carbonates
44. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.
Agrillaceous rocks
Halides
Turbidity current
Hot-spot track
45. The difference between the expected strength of the Earth's main field at a certain location and the actual measure strength of the magnetic field at that location. Places where the field strength is stronger that expected are positive anomalies - an
Loam
Lower mantle
Magnetic anomaly
Residual soil
46. A submarine suspension of sediment.
Abyssal plains
Turbidity current
Native metals
Volcanic blocks/bombs
47. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.
Crystal
Assimilation
Volatiles
Metamorphic foliation
48. A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern. Forms when a liquid freezes so fast that atoms do not have time to organize into an orderly pattern.
pahoehoe
Glass
collision
Gem
49. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.
Coal
Facets
Convective flow
Evaporites
50. Process where a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere - such as a continent or island arc - moves into the subduction zone. Yield some of the most spectacular mountains/mountain ranges on the planet including the Him
Lithosphere
collision
Crystal habit
Metamorphic rocks