Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.






2. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.






3. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.






4. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.






5. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.






6. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.






7. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.






8. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.






9. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.






10. Type of sedimentary rock; rocks whose grains are stuck together by cement.






11. An exposure of bedrock.






12. Occurs within the asthenosphere - actively drags plates along and attributes partially for the mechanism shifting the plates along the Earth's surface.






13. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro






14. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.






15. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.






16. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.






17. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.






18. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).






19. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.






20. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l






21. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.






22. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.






23. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.






24. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.






25. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.






26. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.






27. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able






28. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.






29. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.






30. Process occurring in arid climates - dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates and grows as crystals in open pore spaces in rocks. This process pushes apart the surrounding grains and so weakens the rock that when exposed to wind or rain - the rock






31. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.






32. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.






33. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.






34. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.

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35. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.






36. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






37. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.






38. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.






39. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.

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40. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.






41. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.






42. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.






43. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and






44. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.






45. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.






46. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.






47. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.






48. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.






49. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.






50. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.