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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Organic chemicals
Dark Silicates
Inner core
2. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.
Magnetic declination
Viscosity
Magnetic inclination
Symmetry
3. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Abyssal plains
C-horizon
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Extrusive igneous rock
4. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if
Crystalline igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Compaction
Dipole
5. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.
Bedrock
Hydration
Granitic composition
Pyroclastic flows
6. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a
Silicates
Ignimbrite
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Hydration
7. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Symmetry
Fragmental igneous rocks
Silicate minerals
Glassy igneous rocks
8. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Crystal
Hardness
Rock layering
C-horizon
9. Highest soil horizon; consists almost entirely of organic matter and contains barely any mineral matter. Surface level has 'litter' and deeper it contains 'humus'. Part of the zone of leaching.
Crystalline
Silicate minerals
Lava
O-horizon
10. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.
Ridge-push force
Silicate minerals
Crust
Intermediate
11. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.
Rock layering
Ripples
Deposition
Shield volcano
12. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Cement
Assimilation
Crust
Volcanic pipes/necks
13. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Lithification
Crystal habit
Magma's speed of flow
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
14. Type of volcanic eruption; produce mainly lava flows - yield low-viscosity basaltic lavas.
Transported soil
Effusive eruptions
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Pangaea
15. Outer surface level of Earth; composed of granite - basalt - and gabbro. Continental: mostly about 35-40km thick . Oceanic: about 7-10km thick. Oxygen - by far the most abundant element.
Volcano
Spreading rate
Crust
Fracture zones
16. Places with particularly voluminous quantities of magma erupting or intruding.
Fracture zones
Jointing
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Arkose
17. Cause of melting; the variation in temperature with depth is expressed in the geotherm; because pressure prevents melting - a decrease in pressure can permit melting. Specifically - if the pressure affecting hot mantle rock decreases while the temper
Native metals
Hydrosphere
Decompression
Mineral
18. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).
Thermal expansion
Compaction
Sulfates
Halides
19. Successive turbidity currents deposit successive graded beds - creating this sequence of strata.
Polymorphs
Turbidite
O-horizon
Subsidence
20. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.
Turbidite
Graded bed
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
650-1100 degrees C
21. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Relative plate velocity
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Dunes
Glassy igneous rocks
22. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as
Hot spots
Regolith
Partial melting
Continental drift evidence
23. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m
Marine magnetic anomaly
Continental drift evidence
Rock-forming silicate minerals
A-horizon
24. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.
Inner core
Cinder cone
Jointing
Depositional environment
25. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.
Ripples
Superplumes
Intrusive igneous rock
Subsidence
26. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.
Light silicates
Granite
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Quartz sandstone
27. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.
Precipitation
Sulfides
Physical weathering
Frost wedging
28. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Metamorphic foliation
Soil
Color
Bathymetry
29. After sand has lost its feldspar composition due to weathering over time - sediment composed entirely of quartz grains gets buried and lithified to form this type of rock.
Quartz sandstone
Sandstone
Magma's speed of flow
Basaltic composition
30. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand
Granite
Frost wedging
Inner core
Limestone
31. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
Siltstone and mudstone
Rhyolitic lava flows
Plates
Divergent plate boundary
32. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp
Hydrosphere
Organic sedimentary rocks
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Magnetic reversals
33. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Metamorphic rocks
Euhedral crystal
Crystalline igneous rocks
Frost wedging
34. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.
Lava domes
Rhyolitic lava flows
Felsic
Laterite
35. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Crystalline igneous rocks
Deposition
Peridotite
Continental rift
36. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.
Crystal habit
Earth's atmosphere
Polymorphs
Basaltic magma
37. Layering in sedimentary rocks.
Physical weathering
Bedding
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Melts
38. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.
Lava tube
Caliche
Xenolith
Facets
39. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.
Silicate minerals
Precipitation
Crystal
Basaltic lava flows
40. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Ultramafic
Transform plate boundary
Weathering
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
41. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.
Bedding
Sedimentary structure
atmospheres (atm)
Magnetic reversals
42. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.
Convergent plate boundary
Zone of accumulation
Redbeds
Fumerolic mineralization
43. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.
Crystal lattice
Paleomagnetism
Fracture zones
Partial melting
44. The broad - relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level.
Abyssal plains
Paleomagnetism
Pyroclastic debris
Outcrop
45. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.
Streak
Effusive eruptions
Deep-ocean trenches
Elemental composition of Earth
46. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.
Coal
Glassy igneous rocks
Volatiles
Sulfides
47. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
Residual soil
Paleomagnetism
Agrillaceous rocks
Lithification
48. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
Volcano
Deposition
Laterite
Dolostone
49. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.
Oxidation
Clastic
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
50. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Granite
Viscosity
Sulfates
Caliche