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Geology
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Subject
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science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
Frost wedging
Mid-ocean ridges
Differential weathering
Lithosphere
2. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
Laterite
Outcrop
Specific gravity
Xenolith
3. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho
Turbidity current
Volatiles
Granite
Dark Silicates
4. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
atmospheres (atm)
Hydrolysis
Partial melting
Tephra
5. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Redbeds
Shield volcano
Assimilation
6. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.
Luster
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Organic chemicals
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
7. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Siltstone and mudstone
Crystalline
Halides
Light silicates
8. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.
Batholiths
Columnar jointing
Mid-ocean ridges
Quartz sandstone
9. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Gem
12km
Carbonate rocks
Sill
10. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Luster
The core
Mantle
Lava
11. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.
Rock composition
Gabbro
Compaction
Polymorphs
12. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Cementation
Cement
Hydrosphere
Andesitic lava flows
13. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Erosion
Cinder cone
Felsic
14. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.
Root wedging
Hot spots
Conglomerate
Granite
15. Distinct internal laminations within a ripple or dune that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer. Form as a consequence of the evolution of dunes or ripples.
Cross beds
Pyroclastic flows
Transition zone
Laccolith
16. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Asthenosphere
Tuff
Frost wedging
Dunes
17. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.
Sandstone
Melting
B-horizon
Arkose
18. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.
Rock composition
ravertine
Mantle plume
Mineral
19. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.
Euhedral crystal
Marine magnetic anomaly
Dunes
Metals
20. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Pyroclastic flows
Mafic
Volatiles
Dunes
21. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Loam
Granitic composition
Paleomagnetism
Zone of accumulation
22. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.
Basaltic magma
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Convergent plate boundary
Bedrock
23. Sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km.
Partial melting
Soil Horizons
Upper mantle
Polymorphs
24. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro
Why magma rises
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Lapilli
Depositional environment
25. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.
Volatiles
Chemical weathering
Magma's speed of flow
Elemental composition of Earth
26. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.
Color
Lower mantle
Superplumes
Deposition
27. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.
Glassy igneous rocks
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Siliceous rocks
Ripples
28. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m
Apparent polar-wander path
Carbonates
A-horizon
Coal
29. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Metamorphic rocks
Apparent polar-wander path
Transform plate boundary
30. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.
Sulfides
Mineral
Crystal
Marine magnetic anomaly
31. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.
Heat transfer
Conchoidal fractures
Differential weathering
Organic chemicals
32. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Hydration
Lower mantle
Halides
Melting
33. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Erosion
Siltstone and mudstone
Marine magnetic anomaly
Alloy
34. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Basalt
Intrusive igneous rock
Columnar jointing
B-horizon
35. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
Plates
Melts
Limestone
Conglomerate
36. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.
Superplumes
Regression
Regolith
Bathymetry
37. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.
Magnetic inclination
Caliche
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
12km
38. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Geothermal gradient
Evaporites
Upper mantle
Zone of leaching
39. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Organic sedimentary rocks
Ash
Basaltic lava flows
Bed
40. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.
Tuff
Coal
Melting
Lapilli
41. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st
Light silicates
Slab-pull force
Magma
Plate tectonics
42. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Lithification
Hot-spot track
A-horizon
43. A sedimentary bed that has developed a reddish color. The red comes from a film of iron oxide (hematite) that forms on grain surfaces.
Native metals
Ridge-push force
Crystal lattice
Redbeds
44. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand
Plate tectonics
Inner core
Felsic
Glass
45. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.
Basaltic magma
Oxidation
rifting
Continental shelf
46. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
Flood basalts
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Viscosity
Lava
47. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.
Organic chemicals
Transition zone
Alloy
Fractional crystallization
48. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.
Crystalline
Specific gravity
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Rock layering
49. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.
A-horizon
rifting
Lithosphere
Volcanic blocks/bombs
50. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.
Topography
Calderas
Hydrolysis
Sedimentary Basins
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