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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Agrillaceous rocks
Quartz sandstone
Transform plate boundary
Mafic
2. Lava flowing on dry land cools more slowly that lava erupting underwater.
Oxides
Luster
Calderas
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
3. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.
Metamorphic rocks
Dike
Compaction
Inner core
4. Distinct internal laminations within a ripple or dune that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer. Form as a consequence of the evolution of dunes or ripples.
Cross beds
Streak
Bedrock
Polymorphs
5. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.
Elemental composition of Earth
Magnetic inclination
Mineral crystal destruction
Magnetic declination
6. The broad - relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level.
Gabbro
Abyssal plains
Symmetry
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
7. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.
Loam
Light silicates
Granitic magma
Evaporites
8. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.
Sandstone
Lava
Lava domes
Lower mantle
9. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Conglomerate
Source rock composition
10. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
Symmetry
Organic sedimentary rocks
Ultramafic
Dipole
11. Forms from a chemical reaction between solid calcite and magnesium-bearing groundwater.
Dunes
Rock texture
Mantle plume
Dolostone
12. Layering in metamorphic rocks.
Magnetic declination
Metamorphic foliation
Volatiles
Crystalline igneous rocks
13. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each
Plate tectonics
Spreading rate
Tuff
Sill
14. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Hot-spot track
Volcanic pipes/necks
Residual soil
Hardness
15. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.
Calderas
Pangaea
Jointing
Tuff
16. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
Plates
Regolith
Chemical weathering
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
17. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro
Subsidence
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Why magma rises
Color
18. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Divergent plate boundary
Residual soil
Rock layering
Crust
19. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.
Magnetic declination
Magma's speed of flow
Lava domes
Transgression
20. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.
Bedding
Topography
Specific gravity
Explosive eruptions
21. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.
Plate tectonics
Pyroclastic debris
Subsidence
Organic chemicals
22. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.
Effusive eruptions
Arkose
Heat transfer
Fracture zones
23. A naturally occurring solid - formed by geologic processes - has a crystalline structure and a definable chemical composition - and is generally inorganic.
Turbidite
Mineral
Lower mantle
Outer core
24. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.
Erosion
Area of igneous activity
Magnetic anomaly
Topography
25. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
a'a'
Glass
Caliche
26. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Organic chemicals
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
a'a'
Zone of leaching
27. Sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km.
Upper mantle
Bedding
Graded bed
Crystal lattice
28. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.
Physical weathering
Paleopole
Fractional crystallization
Conchoidal fractures
29. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.
Lower mantle
Arkose
Dark Silicates
Streak
30. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Silicate minerals
Crystal lattice
Euhedral crystal
Crystal
31. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.
Lower mantle
Salt wedging
Carbonates
Physical weathering
32. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.
Plutons
Mantle
Volatiles
Abyssal plains
33. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Crystalline
Crystal structure
Subduction
Regolith
34. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t
Crystalline
Peridotite
Geothermal gradient
Assimilation
35. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.
Soil erosion
Transported soil
atmospheres (atm)
Bathymetry
36. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.
Batholiths
Metals
Cinder cone
Bedding
37. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.
Why magma rises
Continental drift evidence
Pyroclastic flows
Native metals
38. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Gem
Bed
Crystal habit
Continental drift evidence
39. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
Quartz sandstone
Dissolution
Crystal habit
Carbonates
40. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
rifting
Carbonate rocks
Assimilation
A-horizon
41. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.
Solid-state diffusion
Soil
Transgression
Plutons
42. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.
Area of igneous activity
Facets
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Viscosity
43. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.
Lapilli
Sea-floor spreading
Symmetry
Xenolith
44. Factors; the depth of the intrusion - the deeper - the more slowly it cools. The shape and size of a magma body - the greater the surface area - the faster it cools. The presence of circulating groundwater - water passing through cools magma faster.
Factors of magma cooling time
Earth's atmosphere
Hydration
Basaltic magma
45. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
Grain sizes
Asthenosphere
Differential weathering
Frost wedging
46. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Organic sedimentary rocks
Magma's speed of flow
Melting
47. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.
Outer core
Volcanic pipes/necks
Magma mixing
Subsidence
48. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.
Rhyolitic lava flows
Earth's atmosphere
Fractional crystallization
Saprolite
49. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.
Weathering
3.5km (2 miles)
Ignimbrite
Mafic
50. Develops because mid-ocean ridges lie at a higher elevation than the adjacent abyssal plains of the ocean. The surface of the sea floor overall slopes away from the ridge axis. Gravity causes the elevated lithosphere at the ridge axis to push on the
Dipole
triple junction
Rhyolitic lava flows
Ridge-push force