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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Soil section below the A-horizon; a soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material. Because it lacks organic materials - this horizon tends to be lighter than the A-horizon. Part of the zone of leaching
Cinder cone
Loam
Glassy igneous rocks
E-horizon
2. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.
Bathymetry
Zone of leaching
Oxides
Sill
3. Physical property of a mineral; a measure of a minerals relative ability to resist scratching - and therefore represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure being broken. The atoms or ions in crystals of a hard mineral are more strongly
Hardness
Metamorphic rocks
Erosion
Ripples
4. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.
Fumerolic mineralization
Paleomagnetism
Relative plate velocity
Sandstone
5. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Magnetic reversals
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Partial melting
Hydration
6. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.
Redbeds
Pyroclastic flows
Transform fault
Melts
7. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.
Luster
Sandstone
Volatiles
Calderas
8. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Frost wedging
Native metals
Mantle
Chemical weathering
9. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Turbidity current
Marine magnetic anomaly
Subduction
Basalt
10. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.
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11. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.
Geothermal gradient
Bathymetry
Metals
Dunes
12. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.
ravertine
Xenolith
Differential weathering
rifting
13. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Fracture zones
Solid-state diffusion
Tuff
Siltstone and mudstone
14. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Sulfides
Saprolite
Salt wedging
Magma
15. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand
Melts
Inner core
Factors of magma cooling time
Bedrock
16. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.
Specific gravity
3.5km (2 miles)
Glass
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
17. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.
Magma mixing
Ridge-push force
Native metals
Erosion
18. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.
Jointing
Coal
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Ultramafic
19. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.
Outer core
Convergent plate boundary
Crystal structure
Lower mantle
20. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.
triple junction
Rhyolitic lava flows
Depositional environment
Elemental composition of Earth
21. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
Transgression
Lower mantle
Intrusive igneous rock
Ripples
22. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Diagenesis
Hardness
atmospheres (atm)
23. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.
C-horizon
Intermediate
Sulfates
Basaltic lava flows
24. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.
Hydrolysis
Magnetic anomaly
Loam
Rock layering
25. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Explosive eruptions
Differential weathering
Dike
Continental drift evidence
26. Highest soil horizon; consists almost entirely of organic matter and contains barely any mineral matter. Surface level has 'litter' and deeper it contains 'humus'. Part of the zone of leaching.
Bathymetry
Ultramafic
O-horizon
Chemical sedimentary rocks
27. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Silicate minerals
Erosion
Grain sizes
28. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.
Depositional environment
Elemental composition of Earth
Magnetic anomaly
Transported soil
29. Type of volcano; most are adjacent to the Pacific - larger in size - interbedded lavas and pyroclastics - consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra - most violent type of activity - may produce nuee ardente or lahars.
Special properties of minerals
Pyroclastic flows
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Oxides
30. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.
Native metals
Spreading rate
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Plutons
31. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Lithosphere
Lava
Granite
32. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who
Jointing
Upper mantle
Streak
Dolostone
33. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t
Carbonates
Euhedral crystal
Metamorphic foliation
Geothermal gradient
34. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
Fracture zones
Topography
Symmetry
Laccolith
35. Refers to the arrangement of grains in a rock; that is - the way the grains connect each other and whether inequant grains are aligned parallel to one another.
Rock texture
Differential weathering
Andesitic lava flows
Oxides
36. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Lava
Hydrolysis
Paleopole
Mineral crystal destruction
37. Type of sedimentary rock; rocks whose grains are stuck together by cement.
Clastic
Topography
Cinder cone
Transgression
38. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).
Halides
Biomineralization
Continental drift hypothesis
Glassy igneous rocks
39. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.
Metamorphic rocks
Residual soil
Sandstone
Viscosity
40. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
Lithosphere
Differential weathering
Siliceous rocks
The core
41. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and
Crystal lattice
Stratagraphic formation
A-horizon
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
42. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Rock layering
Crystal habit
Transported soil
Lava
43. Low-viscosity (basaltic) lava flows out of a volcano easily - whereas high-viscosity (andesitic and rhyolitic) lava can clog and build pressure within a volcano. Basaltic eruptions are typically effusive and produce shield volcanoes - whereas rhyolit
Sedimentary Basins
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Rock layering
Seamount chains
44. The removal of soil by running water or by wind.
Depositional environment
Transform fault
Apparent polar-wander path
Soil erosion
45. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.
C-horizon
Batholiths
Mineral crystal destruction
Tephra
46. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Polymorphs
Saprolite
Volcanic pipes/necks
Solid-state diffusion
47. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.
Dunes
Deposition
Differential weathering
Strata
48. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
O-horizon
Lithosphere
Flood basalts
Tephra
49. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able
Hydrolysis
Magnetic reversals
Sulfides
Outer core
50. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Paleopole
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Conglomerate
Crystal habit