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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Transition zone
Oxidation
Magnetic reversals
Root wedging
2. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.
Elemental composition of Earth
Mid-ocean ridges
Continental drift hypothesis
Organic chemicals
3. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different
Silicates
Magma mixing
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Clastic
4. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.
Native metals
atmospheres (atm)
Cementation
Rock-forming silicate minerals
5. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Marine magnetic anomaly
Relative plate velocity
Magnetic reversals
6. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.
Paleomagnetism
Special properties of minerals
Extrusive igneous rock
Shield volcano
7. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Rhyolitic lava flows
Rock layering
Erosion
Granite
8. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.
Polymorphs
Spreading rate
Physical weathering
Transform plate boundary
9. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m
Sedimentary structure
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Clastic sedimentary rocks
A-horizon
10. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Transgression
Rock layering
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Deep-ocean trenches
11. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro
pahoehoe
Melting
Why magma rises
Volatiles
12. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Mafic
Plate tectonics
Area of igneous activity
Siliceous rocks
13. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.
Chemical weathering
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Specific gravity
Ridge-push force
14. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Divergent plate boundary
Oxides
Mineral crystal destruction
Silicate minerals
15. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
Fracture zones
Depositional environment
Symmetry
Andesitic lava flows
16. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.
Conchoidal fractures
Magnetic declination
Viscosity
E-horizon
17. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.
Marine magnetic anomaly
Clastic
A-horizon
Geothermal gradient
18. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Mineral crystal destruction
Andesitic lava flows
Hot-spot track
Ash
19. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.
Metamorphic foliation
Crystalline
Pyroclastic debris
Organic chemicals
20. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.
Laccolith
Continental shelf
Ripples
Compaction
21. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.
Polymorphs
Transform fault
Conglomerate
Convective flow
22. The removal of soil by running water or by wind.
Sandstone
Glass
Soil erosion
Igneous rocks
23. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.
Volatiles
Erosion
ravertine
Chemical sedimentary rocks
24. Volcanic landform; bulbous mass of congealed lava - associated with explosive eruptions of gas-rich magma.
Cross beds
Crystal structure
Lava domes
Residual soil
25. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Basaltic lava flows
Spreading rate
Mineral crystal destruction
Granitic composition
26. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.
Regolith
Asthenosphere
Special properties of minerals
Batholiths
27. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.
Sulfates
Silicate minerals
Hot-spot track
Flood basalts
28. The difference between the expected strength of the Earth's main field at a certain location and the actual measure strength of the magnetic field at that location. Places where the field strength is stronger that expected are positive anomalies - an
Magnetic anomaly
Magma mixing
Pangaea
Luster
29. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.
Transgression
Solid-state diffusion
Ripples
Metamorphic foliation
30. Equant - meaning that they have the same dimensions in all directions. Or inequant - meaning their dimensions are not the same in all directions.
Basalt
Grain sizes
Transition zone
Magnetic anomaly
31. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.
Factors of magma cooling time
Pangaea
Volcano
Inner core
32. A reference to the supposed position of the Earth's magnetic pole at a time in the past.
Halides
Soil erosion
Cinder cone
Paleopole
33. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand
Bathymetry
Intermediate
Paleopole
Inner core
34. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.
Zone of accumulation
Sulfides
Fractional crystallization
Rhyolitic lava flows
35. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Mid-ocean ridges
Zone of accumulation
Ultramafic
Intermediate
36. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.
Laterite
Paleomagnetism
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Chemical weathering
37. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat
Transgression
Subsidence
Apparent polar-wander path
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
38. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -
Special properties of minerals
Glass
Alloy
Continental drift evidence
39. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.
Oxides
Lava tube
Magma mixing
Dunes
40. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.
Dark Silicates
Fracture zones
Zone of leaching
Solid-state diffusion
41. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.
O-horizon
Mantle
Felsic
Thermal expansion
42. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.
Ignimbrite
Basalt
Plates
Soil
43. Refers to the arrangement of grains in a rock; that is - the way the grains connect each other and whether inequant grains are aligned parallel to one another.
Rock texture
Hot spots
Subsidence
Limestone
44. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.
Arkose
Jointing
Volcano
Agrillaceous rocks
45. The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away. Involves abrasion - plucking - scouring - and dissolution - and is caused by air - water or ice.
Erosion
Granitic composition
Halides
Assimilation
46. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.
Metals
Pangaea
Ripples
Stratagraphic formation
47. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Mantle
Crystal
pahoehoe
48. Forms from a chemical reaction between solid calcite and magnesium-bearing groundwater.
Dunes
Deep-ocean trenches
Metals
Dolostone
49. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
Plates
Slab-pull force
Granitic composition
Paleomagnetism
50. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
collision
Cementation
triple junction
Cinder cone