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Subject : science
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.






2. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.






3. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho






4. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.






5. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.






6. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.






7. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.






8. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.






9. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.






10. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.






11. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.






12. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).






13. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.






14. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.






15. Distinct internal laminations within a ripple or dune that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer. Form as a consequence of the evolution of dunes or ripples.






16. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.






17. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.






18. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.






19. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.






20. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.






21. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.






22. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.






23. Sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km.






24. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro






25. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.






26. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.






27. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.






28. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m






29. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat






30. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.






31. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.






32. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.






33. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.






34. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.






35. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.






36. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.






37. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.






38. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.






39. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.






40. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.






41. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st






42. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.






43. A sedimentary bed that has developed a reddish color. The red comes from a film of iron oxide (hematite) that forms on grain surfaces.






44. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand






45. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.






46. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.






47. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.






48. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.






49. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.






50. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.







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