Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.






2. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.






3. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.






4. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.






5. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.






6. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.






7. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.






8. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.






9. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.






10. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.






11. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.






12. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.






13. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.






14. A submarine suspension of sediment.






15. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.






16. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.






17. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.

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18. A thick accumulation of sediment (10-15km) - the surface of this sediment layer is this broad - shallow region.






19. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo

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20. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.






21. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.






22. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.






23. The broad - relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level.






24. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure






25. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.






26. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.






27. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.






28. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim






29. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.






30. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.






31. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.






32. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.






33. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.






34. Successive turbidity currents deposit successive graded beds - creating this sequence of strata.






35. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.






36. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.






37. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.






38. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp






39. A plate boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate. No new plate is formed and no old plate is consumed. But the grinding between the plates generates frequent and destructive earthquakes.






40. Forms from a chemical reaction between solid calcite and magnesium-bearing groundwater.






41. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if






42. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.






43. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.






44. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.






45. Sedimentary rock composed of clay.






46. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.






47. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and






48. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l






49. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.






50. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.