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Subject : science
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.






2. Occurs within the asthenosphere - actively drags plates along and attributes partially for the mechanism shifting the plates along the Earth's surface.






3. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).






4. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who






5. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.






6. Distinct internal laminations within a ripple or dune that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer. Form as a consequence of the evolution of dunes or ripples.






7. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.






8. Natural bond connecting rocks; mineral material that precipitates from water and fills the space between grains.






9. A sediment-filled depression; in an area where the lithosphere has subsided.






10. Develops because mid-ocean ridges lie at a higher elevation than the adjacent abyssal plains of the ocean. The surface of the sea floor overall slopes away from the ridge axis. Gravity causes the elevated lithosphere at the ridge axis to push on the






11. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement






12. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.






13. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






14. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat






15. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.






16. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l






17. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.






18. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.






19. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.






20. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).






21. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.






22. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.






23. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.






24. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.






25. Chemical weathering occurring in warm - wet climates can produce a layer of rotten rock - over 100km thick.






26. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.






27. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.






28. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.






29. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.






30. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.






31. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.






32. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






33. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.






34. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.






35. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.






36. Process where a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere - such as a continent or island arc - moves into the subduction zone. Yield some of the most spectacular mountains/mountain ranges on the planet including the Him






37. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.






38. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.






39. Factors; the depth of the intrusion - the deeper - the more slowly it cools. The shape and size of a magma body - the greater the surface area - the faster it cools. The presence of circulating groundwater - water passing through cools magma faster.






40. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.






41. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.






42. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the






43. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.






44. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.






45. Layering in metamorphic rocks.






46. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.






47. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.






48. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between






49. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.






50. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.







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