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Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.






2. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.






3. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.






4. Refers to the proportions of different chemicals making up the rock - and thus the proportion chemicals affects the proportions of different minerals constituting the rock.






5. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.






6. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.






7. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.






8. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho






9. Sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km.






10. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.






11. Forms from a chemical reaction between solid calcite and magnesium-bearing groundwater.






12. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo

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13. Process where a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere - such as a continent or island arc - moves into the subduction zone. Yield some of the most spectacular mountains/mountain ranges on the planet including the Him






14. After sand has lost its feldspar composition due to weathering over time - sediment composed entirely of quartz grains gets buried and lithified to form this type of rock.






15. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.






16. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.






17. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.






18. Refers to the arrangement of grains in a rock; that is - the way the grains connect each other and whether inequant grains are aligned parallel to one another.






19. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.






20. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.






21. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.






22. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.






23. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.






24. Sedimentary rock composed of clay.






25. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.






26. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.






27. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.

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28. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the






29. Natural bond connecting rocks; mineral material that precipitates from water and fills the space between grains.






30. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.






31. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.






32. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.






33. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.






34. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.






35. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.






36. An exposure of bedrock.






37. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.






38. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.






39. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.






40. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.






41. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.






42. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.






43. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.






44. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






45. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and






46. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.






47. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.






48. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.






49. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -






50. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.







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