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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Crystal structure
Mid-ocean ridges
Cinder cone
Conchoidal fractures
2. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.
Jointing
Magma's speed of flow
Hardness
Outcrop
3. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Sulfides
Crystal lattice
Explosive eruptions
Paleomagnetism
4. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.
Andesitic lava flows
Ash
Bed
Sedimentary structure
5. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.
Light silicates
Intermediate
Soil Horizons
Calderas
6. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.
Granitic magma
Alloy
O-horizon
Volatiles
7. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Granitic magma
Bedrock
Hydrosphere
Silicate minerals
8. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.
Tuff
Relative plate velocity
Transgression
Rock layering
9. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Lower mantle
Topography
Continental drift hypothesis
Basalt
10. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.
Area of igneous activity
Crystal structure
collision
Why magma rises
11. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Gabbro
Marine magnetic anomaly
Cross beds
Mafic
12. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.
Shield volcano
Cement
Crystal lattice
Hot-spot track
13. A distinctive sequence of strata traced across a fairly large region. For example - a region may contain a succession of alternating sandstone and shale beds deposited by rivers - overlain by beds of marine limestone deposited later.
Ripples
Intermediate
Stratagraphic formation
Magnetic declination
14. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat
Deposition
Relative plate velocity
Apparent polar-wander path
Divergent plate boundary
15. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.
Laterite
A-horizon
pahoehoe
Subduction
16. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.
Polymorphs
B-horizon
Relative plate velocity
Continental drift evidence
17. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Organic sedimentary rocks
Light silicates
Transform plate boundary
Volatiles
18. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.
Dark Silicates
Volcanic pipes/necks
Crust
Sedimentary structure
19. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).
Halides
Clastic
Viscosity
Conglomerate
20. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each
Basaltic magma
Plate tectonics
Continental drift hypothesis
Deep-ocean trenches
21. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.
Plutons
Andesitic lava flows
Soil
Alloy
22. Type of volcanic eruption; produce mainly lava flows - yield low-viscosity basaltic lavas.
Silicates
Metamorphic foliation
Effusive eruptions
Slab-pull force
23. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Metamorphic foliation
Glass
Decompression
Tephra
24. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Frost wedging
3.5km (2 miles)
Subsidence
Viscosity
25. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Transform plate boundary
Organic sedimentary rocks
Fractional crystallization
Turbidity current
26. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
A-horizon
Metamorphic foliation
Crystalline
27. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.
Igneous rocks
Plates
atmospheres (atm)
Basaltic magma
28. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.
Seamount chains
Slab-pull force
Volatiles
Caliche
29. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.
Streak
Stoping
Fumerolic mineralization
Tephra
30. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Carbonate rocks
Chemical weathering
Relative plate velocity
Paleomagnetism
31. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.
Lava
Sandstone
Rock layering
Dolostone
32. Most common mineral on Earth; compose over 95% of the continental crust. Consist of combinations of a fundamental building block called silicon-oxygen tetrahedron - different groups: independent tetrahedra - single chains - double chains - sheet sili
Ignimbrite
Outcrop
Silicate minerals
Loam
33. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Granitic magma
Zone of leaching
Volatiles
Dark Silicates
34. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
Asthenosphere
Why magma rises
The core
ravertine
35. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.
Siltstone and mudstone
Carbonate rocks
Cementation
Specific gravity
36. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Continental rift
Plutons
Subduction
Crust
37. Elongate submarine mountain ranges whose peaks lie only about 2-2.5km below sea level. Consist of a ridge axis - are roughly symmetrical - and can include escarpments - axial troughs - and valleys. Examples - Mid-Atlantic Ridge - East Pacific Rise -
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Mid-ocean ridges
Crystal
Sedimentary structure
38. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Peridotite
Color
Fumerolic mineralization
Pangaea
39. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Ash
Mineral
Sea-floor spreading
Ignimbrite
40. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.
Chemical weathering
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Biomineralization
Abyssal plains
41. The difference between the expected strength of the Earth's main field at a certain location and the actual measure strength of the magnetic field at that location. Places where the field strength is stronger that expected are positive anomalies - an
Subsidence
Silicate minerals
Magnetic anomaly
Stoping
42. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.
a'a'
Sedimentary structure
B-horizon
Granitic magma
43. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.
Biomineralization
Plates
Gabbro
Depositional environment
44. A sedimentary bed that has developed a reddish color. The red comes from a film of iron oxide (hematite) that forms on grain surfaces.
Continental drift evidence
Hot-spot track
Redbeds
Mid-ocean ridges
45. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.
Evaporites
Shield volcano
Crystal habit
Jointing
46. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.
Fracture and cleavage
Assimilation
Granite
Hardness
47. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Tephra
Lapilli
Granitic composition
Fumerolic mineralization
48. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.
Bed
Andesitic lava flows
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Lapilli
49. Lava flowing on dry land cools more slowly that lava erupting underwater.
ravertine
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Magnetic inclination
Differential weathering
50. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the
Mantle plume
Peridotite
Magma mixing
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style