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Subject : science
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro






2. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.






3. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.






4. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.






5. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.






6. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.






7. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.






8. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.






9. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.






10. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.






11. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.






12. Layering in sedimentary rocks.






13. Refers to the proportions of different chemicals making up the rock - and thus the proportion chemicals affects the proportions of different minerals constituting the rock.






14. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






15. Lava flowing on dry land cools more slowly that lava erupting underwater.






16. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.






17. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.






18. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.






19. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a






20. Chemical weathering occurring in warm - wet climates can produce a layer of rotten rock - over 100km thick.






21. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.






22. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.






23. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.






24. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.






25. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.






26. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.

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27. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.






28. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.






29. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat






30. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.






31. Type of volcanic eruption; produce mainly lava flows - yield low-viscosity basaltic lavas.






32. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.






33. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.






34. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.






35. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.






36. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure






37. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.






38. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.






39. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.






40. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.






41. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).






42. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solution - meaning that atoms - molecules - or ions dissolved in water bond together out of water.






43. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.






44. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.






45. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.






46. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -






47. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.






48. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.






49. Physical property of a mineral; a measure of a minerals relative ability to resist scratching - and therefore represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure being broken. The atoms or ions in crystals of a hard mineral are more strongly






50. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.