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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Mineral crystal destruction
Carbonate rocks
650-1100 degrees C
Solid-state diffusion
2. Created from preexisting rocks which undergo changes - such as the growth of new minerals in response to pressure and heat - and/or as a result of squashing - stretching - or shear.
Differential weathering
Glassy igneous rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Relative plate velocity
3. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Inner core
Gem
Rock layering
Basaltic magma
4. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Rock composition
Hydration
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Coal
5. Low-viscosity (basaltic) lava flows out of a volcano easily - whereas high-viscosity (andesitic and rhyolitic) lava can clog and build pressure within a volcano. Basaltic eruptions are typically effusive and produce shield volcanoes - whereas rhyolit
Why magma rises
Volcanic pipes/necks
Sea-floor spreading
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
6. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.
3.5km (2 miles)
Hot spots
Crystalline
Soil
7. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
Magma
Soil erosion
Mineral crystal destruction
Jointing
8. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.
Crystalline
Diagenesis
3.5km (2 miles)
Topography
9. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.
Facets
3.5km (2 miles)
Mantle
Ridge-push force
10. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.
Area of igneous activity
Dike
Marine magnetic anomaly
Organic chemicals
11. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.
Graded bed
atmospheres (atm)
Magma
Magnetic anomaly
12. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Special properties of minerals
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Gem
13. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.
Pangaea
Euhedral crystal
Calderas
Extrusive igneous rock
14. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
Divergent plate boundary
Mineral crystal destruction
Plates
Andesitic lava flows
15. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).
Mafic
650-1100 degrees C
Cementation
Lower mantle
16. A distinctive sequence of strata traced across a fairly large region. For example - a region may contain a succession of alternating sandstone and shale beds deposited by rivers - overlain by beds of marine limestone deposited later.
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Stratagraphic formation
Factors of magma cooling time
Cementation
17. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a
Frost wedging
Superplumes
Silicates
Hardness
18. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Deep-ocean trenches
Transform fault
Crust
19. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.
Arkose
Sea-floor spreading
Differential weathering
Root wedging
20. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Tuff
Glassy igneous rocks
Dark Silicates
Rock composition
21. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.
12km
Transgression
a'a'
Oxidation
22. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Chemical weathering
Inner core
collision
23. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Crystal habit
Tephra
Crystalline igneous rocks
Laccolith
24. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.
25. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.
Hydration
Continental shelf
Dunes
Hot spots
26. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.
Chert
Luster
Magma
Outcrop
27. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if
Chert
Xenolith
Dipole
Effusive eruptions
28. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.
Silicate minerals
Coal
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Hot-spot track
29. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.
Sulfides
Dipole
Chert
Shield volcano
30. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Topography
Conchoidal fractures
Siliceous rocks
31. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Precipitation
Assimilation
Gabbro
Volatiles
32. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.
Granite
Glassy igneous rocks
Columnar jointing
Dike
33. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Why magma rises
Basaltic composition
Crystalline
34. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Transported soil
Special properties of minerals
Magma
Subduction
35. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Frost wedging
Organic sedimentary rocks
Geothermal gradient
Crystal lattice
36. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.
Rhyolitic lava flows
Bed
Turbidite
Pangaea
37. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Volatiles
Elemental composition of Earth
Arkose
38. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different
Organic sedimentary rocks
Magma mixing
Continental shelf
Transition zone
39. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Silicate minerals
Lava
Color
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
40. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.
Chert
B-horizon
Xenolith
Lava domes
41. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim
Facets
Convergent plate boundary
Pangaea
Carbonate rocks
42. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.
Felsic
Bed
Halides
Bedding
43. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.
Fractional crystallization
Zone of accumulation
650-1100 degrees C
Calderas
44. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.
Effusive eruptions
Euhedral crystal
Stratagraphic formation
Weathering
45. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.
Continental rift
Gem
Flood basalts
Clastic sedimentary rocks
46. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Factors of magma cooling time
Silicates
Arkose
Color
47. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.
Hot spots
Thermal expansion
Mineral
Carbonates
48. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.
Convergent plate boundary
Silicate minerals
Native metals
Pyroclastic flows
49. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
pahoehoe
Crystal structure
Peridotite
Factors of magma cooling time
50. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.
Ripples
Factors of magma cooling time
Carbonates
ravertine