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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Magnetic anomaly
Stoping
Lava
Euhedral crystal
2. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.
Thermal expansion
Sedimentary rocks
Cementation
Magnetic inclination
3. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.
Streak
Deep-ocean trenches
Magma's speed of flow
rifting
4. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.
O-horizon
Asthenosphere
Bed
Chert
5. After sand has lost its feldspar composition due to weathering over time - sediment composed entirely of quartz grains gets buried and lithified to form this type of rock.
Siltstone and mudstone
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Quartz sandstone
Superplumes
6. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.
Reason for Earth's internal heat
pahoehoe
Compaction
Crystalline igneous rocks
7. Refers to the proportions of different chemicals making up the rock - and thus the proportion chemicals affects the proportions of different minerals constituting the rock.
Dark Silicates
Magma mixing
Convective flow
Rock composition
8. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.
Lithification
Subduction
Rhyolitic lava flows
Clastic
9. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the
Geothermal gradient
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Mantle plume
Fracture and cleavage
10. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.
Spreading rate
Magnetic declination
Metals
Evaporites
11. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Fragmental igneous rocks
Cross beds
Mineral
12. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.
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13. Soil section below the A-horizon; a soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material. Because it lacks organic materials - this horizon tends to be lighter than the A-horizon. Part of the zone of leaching
Topography
E-horizon
Fracture zones
Volcano
14. Refers to the arrangement of grains in a rock; that is - the way the grains connect each other and whether inequant grains are aligned parallel to one another.
ravertine
Extrusive igneous rock
Melting
Rock texture
15. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.
Outer core
Root wedging
Native metals
Decompression
16. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m
Sandstone
Strata
Tuff
A-horizon
17. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a
Silicates
Stoping
Cross beds
Differential weathering
18. Chemical weathering occurring in warm - wet climates can produce a layer of rotten rock - over 100km thick.
Saprolite
Volatiles
Organic sedimentary rocks
Crystalline
19. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Magma's speed of flow
Quartz sandstone
Bedrock
20. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.
atmospheres (atm)
Lava tube
Basaltic magma
Bed
21. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.
Euhedral crystal
Ripples
Residual soil
Sill
22. Subsoil - ions and clay leached and transported down from above accumulate here. As a result - new minerals form - and clay fills open spaces. Part of the zone of accumulation.
B-horizon
Abyssal plains
Precipitation
Zone of leaching
23. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Convergent plate boundary
Precipitation
pahoehoe
24. The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away. Involves abrasion - plucking - scouring - and dissolution - and is caused by air - water or ice.
Diagenesis
Erosion
Plate tectonics
Polymorphs
25. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Crystal habit
Volatiles
Mantle
Continental drift evidence
26. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Cinder cone
Grain sizes
650-1100 degrees C
Assimilation
27. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand
Shield volcano
Magnetic reversals
Inner core
ravertine
28. Low-viscosity (basaltic) lava flows out of a volcano easily - whereas high-viscosity (andesitic and rhyolitic) lava can clog and build pressure within a volcano. Basaltic eruptions are typically effusive and produce shield volcanoes - whereas rhyolit
Jointing
Glassy igneous rocks
Cross beds
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
29. A naturally occurring solid - formed by geologic processes - has a crystalline structure and a definable chemical composition - and is generally inorganic.
Mineral
Magnetic declination
Lithification
Organic chemicals
30. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.
Rocks
Magnetic reversals
Pyroclastic flows
Thermal expansion
31. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Crust
Flood basalts
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Strata
32. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Source rock composition
Crystalline
Tephra
Earth's atmosphere
33. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.
Bathymetry
Lithification
Rocks
Plates
34. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
Dunes
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Residual soil
Symmetry
35. Elongate submarine mountain ranges whose peaks lie only about 2-2.5km below sea level. Consist of a ridge axis - are roughly symmetrical - and can include escarpments - axial troughs - and valleys. Examples - Mid-Atlantic Ridge - East Pacific Rise -
Soil
Marine magnetic anomaly
collision
Mid-ocean ridges
36. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.
Pyroclastic flows
Asthenosphere
Topography
Outcrop
37. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.
Silicates
Basaltic composition
Transform fault
Carbonates
38. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Mineral crystal destruction
Limestone
Magma's speed of flow
Turbidite
39. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Rocks
Silicate minerals
Sill
Rock layering
40. Created from preexisting rocks which undergo changes - such as the growth of new minerals in response to pressure and heat - and/or as a result of squashing - stretching - or shear.
Compaction
Dolostone
Seamount chains
Metamorphic rocks
41. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.
Arkose
Symmetry
Superplumes
Chemical weathering
42. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Soil
Magnetic reversals
Mafic
43. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.
Sandstone
ravertine
pahoehoe
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
44. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Magnetic declination
Caliche
Sandstone
Granitic composition
45. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.
Sea-floor spreading
Xenolith
Laterite
Calderas
46. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.
Fracture and cleavage
Residual soil
rifting
Soil
47. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Oxides
Polymorphs
Organic sedimentary rocks
48. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Evaporites
Erosion
12km
49. Factors; the depth of the intrusion - the deeper - the more slowly it cools. The shape and size of a magma body - the greater the surface area - the faster it cools. The presence of circulating groundwater - water passing through cools magma faster.
Factors of magma cooling time
Root wedging
Hardness
Biomineralization
50. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.
Sedimentary rocks
Fracture and cleavage
Topography
Partial melting