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Subject : science
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.






2. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.






3. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.






4. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.






5. Process where a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere - such as a continent or island arc - moves into the subduction zone. Yield some of the most spectacular mountains/mountain ranges on the planet including the Him






6. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.






7. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.






8. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.






9. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.






10. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.






11. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).






12. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.






13. Soil section below the A-horizon; a soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material. Because it lacks organic materials - this horizon tends to be lighter than the A-horizon. Part of the zone of leaching






14. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and






15. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.






16. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).






17. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.






18. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.






19. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.






20. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.






21. The difference between the expected strength of the Earth's main field at a certain location and the actual measure strength of the magnetic field at that location. Places where the field strength is stronger that expected are positive anomalies - an






22. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.






23. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.






24. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.






25. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.






26. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.






27. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






28. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as






29. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.






30. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able






31. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.






32. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.






33. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.






34. Rocks that consist of mineral crystals that intergrow when the melt solidifies - interlocking structure. Examples - granite and rhyolite.






35. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.






36. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.






37. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.






38. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.






39. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.






40. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.






41. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.






42. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.






43. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement






44. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.






45. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.






46. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between






47. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.






48. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).






49. Lava flowing on dry land cools more slowly that lava erupting underwater.






50. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns







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