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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.
Melts
Fractional crystallization
Bedding
Color
2. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Sedimentary rocks
Hot spots
Root wedging
rifting
3. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.
Cement
Limestone
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Ripples
4. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).
Ultramafic
Abyssal plains
Cementation
Arkose
5. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Earth's atmosphere
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
B-horizon
6. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
Silicate minerals
Flood basalts
Symmetry
Dark Silicates
7. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Chemical weathering
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Siltstone and mudstone
Basalt
8. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
Pangaea
Euhedral crystal
The core
Fumerolic mineralization
9. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solution - meaning that atoms - molecules - or ions dissolved in water bond together out of water.
Fracture and cleavage
Halides
Sea-floor spreading
Precipitation
10. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.
Zone of accumulation
Transform fault
Intermediate
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
11. Layering in sedimentary rocks.
Soil erosion
Bedding
Peridotite
Transform plate boundary
12. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.
Lithosphere
Continental drift evidence
Abyssal plains
Dissolution
13. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
Plutons
rifting
Lithification
Volcanic pipes/necks
14. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.
Lapilli
Melts
Hot spots
Conglomerate
15. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
Plates
Hot-spot track
Granite
Differential weathering
16. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.
Seamount chains
Magnetic reversals
Magnetic declination
Ignimbrite
17. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Ignimbrite
Granitic composition
Explosive eruptions
Magnetic reversals
18. Mineral class; consist of metal cations bonded by oxygen anions. Examples - hematite and magnetite. Some contain a relatively high proportion of metal atoms - and thus are ore minerals.
Calderas
Dipole
Oxides
Jointing
19. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Salt wedging
Siliceous rocks
Redbeds
20. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.
Rhyolitic lava flows
Fumerolic mineralization
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Cement
21. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.
Frost wedging
Basalt
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Specific gravity
22. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.
Grain sizes
Symmetry
Subsidence
Area of igneous activity
23. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.
Subsidence
Rock composition
Diagenesis
Metamorphic rocks
24. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.
Erosion
Oxides
Outcrop
Volcano
25. Subsoil - ions and clay leached and transported down from above accumulate here. As a result - new minerals form - and clay fills open spaces. Part of the zone of accumulation.
Paleopole
Strata
Clastic
B-horizon
26. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Glassy igneous rocks
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Explosive eruptions
Transition zone
27. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro
Ripples
Heat transfer
Physical weathering
Why magma rises
28. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Alloy
Batholiths
Organic sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks
29. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.
ravertine
Redbeds
Inner core
Precipitation
30. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.
Magma's speed of flow
Andesitic lava flows
Mantle
Flood basalts
31. Sedimentary rock composed of clay.
Chert
Agrillaceous rocks
Stoping
Saprolite
32. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Sulfides
Hydrosphere
Jointing
Crystal structure
33. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.
Volcanic pipes/necks
Saprolite
pahoehoe
Basaltic composition
34. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Abyssal plains
Graded bed
Rock layering
Streak
35. Sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km.
Soil erosion
Ultramafic
Upper mantle
Sill
36. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat
Carbonate rocks
Granite
Apparent polar-wander path
Divergent plate boundary
37. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.
Andesitic lava flows
Tephra
Outer core
Saprolite
38. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Viscosity
Metamorphic foliation
Cement
Reason for Earth's internal heat
39. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.
Topography
Fracture zones
Lithosphere
Fracture and cleavage
40. Physical property of a mineral; a measure of a minerals relative ability to resist scratching - and therefore represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure being broken. The atoms or ions in crystals of a hard mineral are more strongly
Flood basalts
Hardness
Soil Horizons
Regression
41. Volcanic landform; bulbous mass of congealed lava - associated with explosive eruptions of gas-rich magma.
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Lava domes
Redbeds
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
42. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.
atmospheres (atm)
Soil Horizons
Silicate minerals
Residual soil
43. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Factors of magma cooling time
Mantle
Transform plate boundary
Crystal habit
44. Outer surface level of Earth; composed of granite - basalt - and gabbro. Continental: mostly about 35-40km thick . Oceanic: about 7-10km thick. Oxygen - by far the most abundant element.
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Flood basalts
Crust
Columnar jointing
45. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.
Cross beds
Outer core
Continental drift evidence
Biomineralization
46. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.
Felsic
Dissolution
Graded bed
Transform fault
47. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.
Viscosity
Dike
Asthenosphere
Cinder cone
48. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Transported soil
Oxides
Light silicates
Peridotite
49. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Ridge-push force
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
50. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
Outcrop
E-horizon
Columnar jointing
Limestone