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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim
Ignimbrite
Convergent plate boundary
Regolith
Halides
2. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and
a'a'
Streak
Viscosity
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
3. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.
Peridotite
Carbonates
Seamount chains
Fragmental igneous rocks
4. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Geothermal gradient
Ash
Streak
5. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo
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6. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.
Dipole
Jointing
Dunes
Volcanic pipes/necks
7. Chemical weathering occurring in warm - wet climates can produce a layer of rotten rock - over 100km thick.
Spreading rate
Lapilli
Silicates
Saprolite
8. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
Laccolith
Symmetry
Magnetic reversals
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
9. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.
Agrillaceous rocks
Plutons
Chemical weathering
Continental drift evidence
10. Equant - meaning that they have the same dimensions in all directions. Or inequant - meaning their dimensions are not the same in all directions.
Continental rift
Hydration
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Grain sizes
11. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.
Transition zone
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Intermediate
Deep-ocean trenches
12. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Viscosity
Felsic
Rock layering
Euhedral crystal
13. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.
Cinder cone
Soil
Partial melting
Residual soil
14. A reference to the supposed position of the Earth's magnetic pole at a time in the past.
Transported soil
Paleopole
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Laterite
15. Layering in metamorphic rocks.
Limestone
Clastic
Sedimentary structure
Metamorphic foliation
16. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
rifting
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Transition zone
Siliceous rocks
17. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Coal
Basaltic lava flows
Extrusive igneous rock
18. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.
Magnetic anomaly
Physical weathering
3.5km (2 miles)
Diagenesis
19. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Apparent polar-wander path
Cementation
Stratagraphic formation
Granite
20. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
Color
Differential weathering
Spreading rate
Dissolution
21. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).
Halides
Cement
Stoping
Laterite
22. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Apparent polar-wander path
Fumerolic mineralization
Felsic
Sulfides
23. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Soil erosion
Peridotite
collision
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
24. Process occurring in arid climates - dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates and grows as crystals in open pore spaces in rocks. This process pushes apart the surrounding grains and so weakens the rock that when exposed to wind or rain - the rock
Laterite
Silicate minerals
Bedding
Salt wedging
25. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Superplumes
Crystalline
Volcanic pipes/necks
Continental drift hypothesis
26. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Cross beds
Volcanic pipes/necks
Transported soil
Luster
27. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Organic chemicals
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Ash
Solid-state diffusion
28. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.
Inner core
Ignimbrite
Specific gravity
Organic sedimentary rocks
29. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
Plates
Effusive eruptions
Rhyolitic lava flows
Apparent polar-wander path
30. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.
Silicate minerals
Salt wedging
Continental rift
Melting
31. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Ultramafic
Oxides
Glassy igneous rocks
Igneous rocks
32. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Differential weathering
Hydrosphere
Effusive eruptions
Plate tectonics
33. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
Differential weathering
Lapilli
Granitic composition
Graded bed
34. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Symmetry
Zone of leaching
Native metals
Subduction
35. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.
Dipole
Precipitation
Salt wedging
Residual soil
36. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.
Precipitation
Fumerolic mineralization
Tephra
Transform fault
37. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Volatiles
Extrusive igneous rock
Why magma rises
Lava tube
38. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Metamorphic foliation
Granitic composition
Intrusive igneous rock
Upper mantle
39. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.
Mantle plume
Biomineralization
Area of igneous activity
Hot-spot track
40. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.
Specific gravity
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Flood basalts
Intrusive igneous rock
41. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.
Rocks
Erosion
Why magma rises
Cross beds
42. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.
Andesitic lava flows
Paleopole
Crystal lattice
Fracture and cleavage
43. Alfred Wegener's suggestion that the positions of the continents change through time as they drift away from each other. The flaw was that he lacked a plausible moving mechanism.
Arkose
Continental drift hypothesis
Mineral
Magnetic inclination
44. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.
Basaltic magma
Partial melting
Weathering
Dissolution
45. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Polymorphs
Laccolith
Gabbro
46. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp
Magnetic reversals
Ash
Ultramafic
Continental drift evidence
47. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
Slab-pull force
Depositional environment
Lithification
Granitic composition
48. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
Grain sizes
Sulfides
Differential weathering
Igneous rocks
49. An exposure of bedrock.
Outcrop
Mineral crystal destruction
Glassy igneous rocks
Organic chemicals
50. Places with particularly voluminous quantities of magma erupting or intruding.
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Ripples
Ridge-push force
Area of igneous activity