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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
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Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.
Crystal
Solid-state diffusion
Symmetry
Pangaea
2. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Explosive eruptions
Spreading rate
Extrusive igneous rock
Metamorphic rocks
3. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.
Regression
Lava tube
Limestone
Paleopole
4. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.
Inner core
Euhedral crystal
Lava
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
5. Created from preexisting rocks which undergo changes - such as the growth of new minerals in response to pressure and heat - and/or as a result of squashing - stretching - or shear.
Zone of accumulation
Metamorphic foliation
Marine magnetic anomaly
Metamorphic rocks
6. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.
Sedimentary Basins
Specific gravity
Magma
Dolostone
7. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.
Tuff
Carbonates
Apparent polar-wander path
Color
8. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand
Inner core
Subsidence
Polymorphs
Calderas
9. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Saprolite
triple junction
Silicate minerals
Calderas
10. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.
B-horizon
Intermediate
Sea-floor spreading
Melting
11. Refers to the proportions of different chemicals making up the rock - and thus the proportion chemicals affects the proportions of different minerals constituting the rock.
Ripples
Lava tube
Magnetic declination
Rock composition
12. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.
Ignimbrite
Sill
Decompression
Fractional crystallization
13. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.
Pyroclastic flows
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Crystalline igneous rocks
ravertine
14. Occurs within the asthenosphere - actively drags plates along and attributes partially for the mechanism shifting the plates along the Earth's surface.
Factors of magma cooling time
Convective flow
Plate tectonics
Native metals
15. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Hydration
Mid-ocean ridges
Igneous rocks
16. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.
Batholiths
Saprolite
ravertine
Differential weathering
17. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.
Mineral crystal destruction
Dunes
Divergent plate boundary
Asthenosphere
18. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.
Color
Relative plate velocity
Ultramafic
Limestone
19. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.
Light silicates
Carbonate rocks
Partial melting
Sulfates
20. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.
Hydrosphere
Melting
Luster
Weathering
21. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.
Redbeds
Halides
Erosion
Hot-spot track
22. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
Continental rift
Divergent plate boundary
atmospheres (atm)
Igneous rocks
23. A submarine suspension of sediment.
Turbidity current
Seamount chains
Crystal
Oxides
24. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Rock layering
Thermal expansion
Zone of leaching
12km
25. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solution - meaning that atoms - molecules - or ions dissolved in water bond together out of water.
Topography
Clastic
Precipitation
Bedding
26. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.
Conglomerate
Mineral crystal destruction
Marine magnetic anomaly
Rock texture
27. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
Sulfides
Symmetry
Decompression
Chert
28. Distinct internal laminations within a ripple or dune that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer. Form as a consequence of the evolution of dunes or ripples.
Sedimentary rocks
Cross beds
a'a'
Sulfates
29. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.
Outer core
Hot spots
Deep-ocean trenches
ravertine
30. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.
Asthenosphere
Soil
Magnetic reversals
Rocks
31. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Glass
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Dark Silicates
Luster
32. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.
Metals
Regolith
Stoping
Continental rift
33. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Rocks
Paleomagnetism
Melts
34. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
Glassy igneous rocks
Soil
Dissolution
Melts
35. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.
Intermediate
Fractional crystallization
Rock composition
Soil erosion
36. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.
Regression
Magnetic declination
Graded bed
Biomineralization
37. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.
Lava
Columnar jointing
Extrusive igneous rock
pahoehoe
38. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.
Volcano
Limestone
Residual soil
Laterite
39. Layering in metamorphic rocks.
Metamorphic foliation
Melts
rifting
Dark Silicates
40. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Tuff
Rhyolitic lava flows
Tephra
Special properties of minerals
41. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.
Tephra
Subsidence
Spreading rate
Sea-floor spreading
42. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Laterite
Transition zone
Siltstone and mudstone
Light silicates
43. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.
Andesitic lava flows
collision
Fracture and cleavage
Sedimentary rocks
44. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the
Dike
Mantle plume
Transform plate boundary
Jointing
45. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
Ripples
Sedimentary Basins
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
The core
46. Alfred Wegener's suggestion that the positions of the continents change through time as they drift away from each other. The flaw was that he lacked a plausible moving mechanism.
a'a'
Carbonate rocks
Continental drift hypothesis
Dark Silicates
47. Outer surface level of Earth; composed of granite - basalt - and gabbro. Continental: mostly about 35-40km thick . Oceanic: about 7-10km thick. Oxygen - by far the most abundant element.
Root wedging
Crust
Sea-floor spreading
Granitic composition
48. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Transition zone
Plate tectonics
Fragmental igneous rocks
49. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Hydration
Fracture and cleavage
Crystalline igneous rocks
Cementation
50. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Bedrock
Basaltic magma
Depositional environment
Mineral crystal destruction