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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -
Special properties of minerals
Clastic
Plates
Lava domes
2. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.
Earth's atmosphere
Specific gravity
pahoehoe
Tephra
3. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Siliceous rocks
Continental drift evidence
Columnar jointing
Color
4. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Hot spots
Gabbro
Specific gravity
Zone of leaching
5. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
Limestone
Transgression
Inner core
Sandstone
6. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.
Plutons
Basalt
O-horizon
Deep-ocean trenches
7. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.
Plutons
Hydrolysis
Melts
Residual soil
8. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.
Fracture and cleavage
Hydrosphere
Native metals
Luster
9. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.
Lava domes
Sulfates
Elemental composition of Earth
Weathering
10. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.
Root wedging
Streak
Sandstone
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
11. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.
Conglomerate
Arkose
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Effusive eruptions
12. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.
Xenolith
Geothermal gradient
Magnetic inclination
Basaltic lava flows
13. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Paleopole
Crystalline
Metamorphic foliation
Viscosity
14. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m
Continental rift
Bed
Paleopole
A-horizon
15. A place where three plate boundaries intersect at a point.
triple junction
Mineral
Laccolith
Metamorphic foliation
16. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Basaltic composition
Subduction
Transform plate boundary
Hydration
17. Places with particularly voluminous quantities of magma erupting or intruding.
Basalt
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Gabbro
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
18. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.
Rock layering
Lava tube
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Flood basalts
19. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.
Graded bed
Light silicates
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Fragmental igneous rocks
20. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
Igneous rocks
Transition zone
Plate tectonics
Basaltic lava flows
21. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.
Bedding
Cementation
Caliche
Plate tectonics
22. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Plutons
Cross beds
Coal
Granite
23. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.
Arkose
Why magma rises
Differential weathering
Sulfides
24. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Peridotite
Topography
Apparent polar-wander path
3.5km (2 miles)
25. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.
rifting
Organic sedimentary rocks
Calderas
collision
26. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Transform plate boundary
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Explosive eruptions
Mafic
27. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and
Bedrock
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
pahoehoe
Zone of accumulation
28. A sedimentary bed that has developed a reddish color. The red comes from a film of iron oxide (hematite) that forms on grain surfaces.
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Rock texture
Pyroclastic debris
Redbeds
29. A thick accumulation of sediment (10-15km) - the surface of this sediment layer is this broad - shallow region.
Continental shelf
Evaporites
Plutons
Specific gravity
30. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Marine magnetic anomaly
Convergent plate boundary
Mineral crystal destruction
Earth's atmosphere
31. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.
Plates
Sea-floor spreading
Weathering
Deposition
32. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Rhyolitic lava flows
Thermal expansion
Magma's speed of flow
Siltstone and mudstone
33. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.
Igneous rocks
Slab-pull force
Halides
Transform fault
34. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.
Native metals
Transform fault
Lava tube
Bed
35. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
Transgression
Ridge-push force
Topography
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
36. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho
Volatiles
Ultramafic
Basaltic composition
Continental rift
37. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.
Ridge-push force
Native metals
Dipole
Gabbro
38. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Ultramafic
Igneous rocks
Transported soil
Magnetic reversals
39. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.
Zone of accumulation
ravertine
Flood basalts
Thermal expansion
40. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.
Evaporites
Plutons
Cross beds
Stratagraphic formation
41. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.
Organic chemicals
Metamorphic rocks
3.5km (2 miles)
Stoping
42. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Turbidity current
Biomineralization
Geothermal gradient
Tephra
43. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the
Mantle plume
Silicate minerals
Redbeds
Halides
44. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
atmospheres (atm)
12km
Lapilli
Explosive eruptions
45. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.
Lapilli
Transgression
Conglomerate
Specific gravity
46. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different
Magma mixing
Crystal lattice
Paleopole
Regolith
47. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as
Evaporites
Partial melting
Differential weathering
Continental shelf
48. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.
Earth's atmosphere
Pyroclastic flows
Weathering
Light silicates
49. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Intermediate
Convective flow
Sea-floor spreading
Volcanic pipes/necks
50. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Crystal lattice
Gem
Dipole
triple junction