Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.






2. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.






3. Cause of melting; the variation in temperature with depth is expressed in the geotherm; because pressure prevents melting - a decrease in pressure can permit melting. Specifically - if the pressure affecting hot mantle rock decreases while the temper






4. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.






5. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and






6. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat






7. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.






8. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp






9. The difference between the expected strength of the Earth's main field at a certain location and the actual measure strength of the magnetic field at that location. Places where the field strength is stronger that expected are positive anomalies - an






10. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






11. Low-viscosity (basaltic) lava flows out of a volcano easily - whereas high-viscosity (andesitic and rhyolitic) lava can clog and build pressure within a volcano. Basaltic eruptions are typically effusive and produce shield volcanoes - whereas rhyolit






12. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.






13. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.






14. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.

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15. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.






16. A reference to the pattern structure of a mineral. A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern - a crystalline solid.






17. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.






18. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.






19. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.






20. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.






21. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.






22. A thick accumulation of sediment (10-15km) - the surface of this sediment layer is this broad - shallow region.






23. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.






24. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.






25. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.






26. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.






27. A submarine suspension of sediment.






28. The bottom portion of the upper mantle - the interval lying between 400km and 660km deep. Here within the Earth - the character of the mantle undergoes a series of abrupt changes.






29. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.






30. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure






31. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).






32. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.






33. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.






34. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.






35. Soil section below the A-horizon; a soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material. Because it lacks organic materials - this horizon tends to be lighter than the A-horizon. Part of the zone of leaching






36. Occurs within the asthenosphere - actively drags plates along and attributes partially for the mechanism shifting the plates along the Earth's surface.






37. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.






38. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.






39. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.






40. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro






41. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.






42. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.






43. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.






44. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.






45. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.






46. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.






47. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.






48. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.






49. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.






50. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as