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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.
Physical weathering
Transform plate boundary
Arkose
Dark Silicates
2. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.
Agrillaceous rocks
Granitic magma
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Effusive eruptions
3. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Physical weathering
Ultramafic
Area of igneous activity
Volcanic pipes/necks
4. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.
Chert
Fractional crystallization
O-horizon
Elemental composition of Earth
5. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro
Inner core
Why magma rises
Silicate minerals
Lower mantle
6. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.
Elemental composition of Earth
Pyroclastic debris
Halides
Lava
7. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Partial melting
Paleomagnetism
Mineral crystal destruction
Quartz sandstone
8. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp
Soil
Dark Silicates
Magnetic reversals
Silicate minerals
9. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.
Mid-ocean ridges
Andesitic lava flows
Silicate minerals
Glass
10. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.
Factors of magma cooling time
Paleomagnetism
Lapilli
Upper mantle
11. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.
Physical weathering
Compaction
Magnetic reversals
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
12. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.
Hydrolysis
Andesitic lava flows
Deposition
Area of igneous activity
13. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.
Carbonate rocks
Sill
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Magma
14. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
Lithification
Arkose
Superplumes
Regression
15. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.
Siltstone and mudstone
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Volcanic blocks/bombs
16. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Ultramafic
Pyroclastic flows
Xenolith
Granite
17. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.
Graded bed
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Dissolution
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
18. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Dissolution
Fracture and cleavage
Lava
Pyroclastic debris
19. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Igneous rocks
Outcrop
Rock layering
Carbonates
20. Process occurring in arid climates - dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates and grows as crystals in open pore spaces in rocks. This process pushes apart the surrounding grains and so weakens the rock that when exposed to wind or rain - the rock
Factors of magma cooling time
Agrillaceous rocks
Salt wedging
Chert
21. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.
Volatiles
Area of igneous activity
Depositional environment
Loam
22. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.
Silicate minerals
Assimilation
Outcrop
Peridotite
23. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Mafic
Gem
Erosion
Melts
24. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Viscosity
Magma's speed of flow
Organic chemicals
Grain sizes
25. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t
Pyroclastic flows
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Geothermal gradient
Factors of magma cooling time
26. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.
Basaltic lava flows
Calderas
Mineral crystal destruction
Frost wedging
27. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.
Hydrolysis
Caliche
Transition zone
a'a'
28. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.
Facets
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Subduction
C-horizon
29. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.
Why magma rises
Carbonate rocks
Transported soil
Conglomerate
30. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
Columnar jointing
Superplumes
rifting
Laterite
31. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
Specific gravity
Elemental composition of Earth
atmospheres (atm)
ravertine
32. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Spreading rate
Melting
Crystalline
Tuff
33. Type of volcano; most are adjacent to the Pacific - larger in size - interbedded lavas and pyroclastics - consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra - most violent type of activity - may produce nuee ardente or lahars.
Mantle plume
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Caliche
Regression
34. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.
Extrusive igneous rock
Sedimentary Basins
Transform fault
3.5km (2 miles)
35. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat
Effusive eruptions
Apparent polar-wander path
Columnar jointing
Organic sedimentary rocks
36. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.
Luster
Melting
Turbidite
O-horizon
37. Subsoil - ions and clay leached and transported down from above accumulate here. As a result - new minerals form - and clay fills open spaces. Part of the zone of accumulation.
B-horizon
Sedimentary structure
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Sea-floor spreading
38. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.
Topography
Basaltic composition
Oxides
Batholiths
39. Places with particularly voluminous quantities of magma erupting or intruding.
Earth's atmosphere
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Melting
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
40. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
Siliceous rocks
Mineral
Pangaea
Fragmental igneous rocks
41. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.
12km
Plutons
Factors of magma cooling time
Clastic
42. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Laccolith
Metamorphic rocks
Granitic magma
43. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.
Regression
Mid-ocean ridges
Ripples
Turbidite
44. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.
Mantle plume
Magnetic declination
Crystalline igneous rocks
Mineral
45. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.
Stratagraphic formation
Zone of leaching
Chemical weathering
Lapilli
46. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.
Lava tube
Ultramafic
Slab-pull force
Ignimbrite
47. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.
Siltstone and mudstone
Clastic
Regolith
Sandstone
48. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.
Pyroclastic flows
The core
Laterite
Fracture and cleavage
49. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.
Agrillaceous rocks
Volatiles
Hydrolysis
Organic chemicals
50. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
triple junction
Laterite
Magnetic inclination
Apparent polar-wander path