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Subject : science
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solution - meaning that atoms - molecules - or ions dissolved in water bond together out of water.






2. The bottom portion of the upper mantle - the interval lying between 400km and 660km deep. Here within the Earth - the character of the mantle undergoes a series of abrupt changes.






3. Physical property of a mineral; a measure of a minerals relative ability to resist scratching - and therefore represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure being broken. The atoms or ions in crystals of a hard mineral are more strongly






4. A submarine suspension of sediment.






5. After sand has lost its feldspar composition due to weathering over time - sediment composed entirely of quartz grains gets buried and lithified to form this type of rock.






6. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.






7. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.






8. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.






9. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.






10. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.






11. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.






12. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.






13. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.






14. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat






15. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.






16. Alfred Wegener's suggestion that the positions of the continents change through time as they drift away from each other. The flaw was that he lacked a plausible moving mechanism.






17. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.






18. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.






19. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.






20. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.






21. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.






22. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.






23. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.






24. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.






25. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.






26. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat






27. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.






28. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.






29. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.






30. A reference to the pattern structure of a mineral. A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern - a crystalline solid.






31. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.






32. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.






33. Equant - meaning that they have the same dimensions in all directions. Or inequant - meaning their dimensions are not the same in all directions.






34. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).






35. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able






36. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.






37. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.






38. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.






39. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.






40. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.






41. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.






42. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.






43. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.






44. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.






45. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.






46. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.






47. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.

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48. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.






49. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp






50. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.






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