Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.






2. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.






3. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.






4. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.






5. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.






6. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.






7. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.






8. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.






9. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each






10. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.






11. An exposure of bedrock.






12. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a






13. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.






14. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.






15. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.






16. During the final stages of cooling - lava flows contract and may fracture into roughly hexagonal columns.






17. Most common mineral on Earth; compose over 95% of the continental crust. Consist of combinations of a fundamental building block called silicon-oxygen tetrahedron - different groups: independent tetrahedra - single chains - double chains - sheet sili






18. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.






19. Successive turbidity currents deposit successive graded beds - creating this sequence of strata.






20. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.






21. The bottom portion of the upper mantle - the interval lying between 400km and 660km deep. Here within the Earth - the character of the mantle undergoes a series of abrupt changes.






22. On a gem are the ground and polished surfaces made with a certain type of machine.






23. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.






24. A reference to the supposed position of the Earth's magnetic pole at a time in the past.






25. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.






26. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.






27. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






28. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.






29. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.






30. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.






31. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -






32. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.






33. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim






34. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.






35. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.






36. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l






37. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.






38. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.






39. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.






40. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.






41. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.






42. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.






43. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure






44. Refers to the arrangement of grains in a rock; that is - the way the grains connect each other and whether inequant grains are aligned parallel to one another.






45. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.






46. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.






47. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.






48. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).






49. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.






50. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.