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Subject : science
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solution - meaning that atoms - molecules - or ions dissolved in water bond together out of water.






2. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.






3. Layering in metamorphic rocks.






4. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.






5. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.






6. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.






7. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.






8. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.






9. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.






10. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st






11. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






12. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.






13. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.






14. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different






15. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.






16. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.






17. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.






18. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.






19. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.






20. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.






21. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).






22. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.






23. Forms from a chemical reaction between solid calcite and magnesium-bearing groundwater.






24. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.






25. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.






26. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.






27. Soil section below the A-horizon; a soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material. Because it lacks organic materials - this horizon tends to be lighter than the A-horizon. Part of the zone of leaching






28. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m






29. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.






30. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.






31. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.






32. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.






33. Mineral class; consist of metal cations bonded by oxygen anions. Examples - hematite and magnetite. Some contain a relatively high proportion of metal atoms - and thus are ore minerals.






34. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.






35. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.






36. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.






37. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.






38. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.






39. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.






40. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.






41. On a gem are the ground and polished surfaces made with a certain type of machine.






42. Develops because mid-ocean ridges lie at a higher elevation than the adjacent abyssal plains of the ocean. The surface of the sea floor overall slopes away from the ridge axis. Gravity causes the elevated lithosphere at the ridge axis to push on the






43. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.






44. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.






45. Outer surface level of Earth; composed of granite - basalt - and gabbro. Continental: mostly about 35-40km thick . Oceanic: about 7-10km thick. Oxygen - by far the most abundant element.






46. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).






47. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.






48. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.






49. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.






50. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.







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