Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.






2. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.






3. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.






4. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l






5. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.






6. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.






7. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.






8. Refers to the proportions of different chemicals making up the rock - and thus the proportion chemicals affects the proportions of different minerals constituting the rock.






9. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.






10. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.






11. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.






12. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.






13. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.






14. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.






15. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.






16. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.






17. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.






18. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement






19. Low-viscosity (basaltic) lava flows out of a volcano easily - whereas high-viscosity (andesitic and rhyolitic) lava can clog and build pressure within a volcano. Basaltic eruptions are typically effusive and produce shield volcanoes - whereas rhyolit






20. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns






21. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.






22. Factors; the depth of the intrusion - the deeper - the more slowly it cools. The shape and size of a magma body - the greater the surface area - the faster it cools. The presence of circulating groundwater - water passing through cools magma faster.






23. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each






24. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.






25. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.






26. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.






27. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.






28. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.






29. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.






30. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.






31. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.






32. Subsoil - ions and clay leached and transported down from above accumulate here. As a result - new minerals form - and clay fills open spaces. Part of the zone of accumulation.






33. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.






34. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.






35. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.






36. An exposure of bedrock.






37. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.






38. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.






39. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).






40. Layering in metamorphic rocks.






41. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.






42. On a gem are the ground and polished surfaces made with a certain type of machine.






43. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo

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44. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.






45. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.






46. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.






47. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.






48. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






49. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.






50. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.