Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Chemical weathering occurring in warm - wet climates can produce a layer of rotten rock - over 100km thick.






2. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different






3. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.

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4. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.






5. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.






6. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.






7. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.






8. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.






9. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the






10. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.






11. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.






12. Type of volcano; most are adjacent to the Pacific - larger in size - interbedded lavas and pyroclastics - consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra - most violent type of activity - may produce nuee ardente or lahars.






13. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.






14. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.






15. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.






16. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat






17. A place where three plate boundaries intersect at a point.






18. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.






19. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.






20. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.






21. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st






22. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.






23. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.






24. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.






25. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement






26. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.






27. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.






28. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.






29. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and






30. Type of volcanic eruption; produce mainly lava flows - yield low-viscosity basaltic lavas.






31. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.






32. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand






33. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.






34. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.






35. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).






36. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.






37. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.






38. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.






39. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.






40. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.






41. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.






42. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.






43. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.






44. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a






45. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.






46. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.






47. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.






48. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.






49. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each






50. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.