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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Viscosity
Salt wedging
Laterite
Glass
2. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different
Magma mixing
Transported soil
Metals
Mineral crystal destruction
3. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.
Convective flow
Metamorphic rocks
Differential weathering
Volcanic blocks/bombs
4. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.
Magma's speed of flow
Oxidation
Rocks
Lithosphere
5. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Source rock composition
Zone of leaching
Clastic sedimentary rocks
6. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Crystal lattice
Hydrolysis
Chemical weathering
7. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
Chemical weathering
Seamount chains
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Transgression
8. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.
Organic chemicals
Conglomerate
Divergent plate boundary
Shield volcano
9. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.
Subduction
Mantle
Stoping
Asthenosphere
10. A sedimentary bed that has developed a reddish color. The red comes from a film of iron oxide (hematite) that forms on grain surfaces.
Transgression
Soil
Redbeds
Mafic
11. A naturally occurring solid - formed by geologic processes - has a crystalline structure and a definable chemical composition - and is generally inorganic.
Why magma rises
Cementation
Mineral
Grain sizes
12. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure
Residual soil
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Fracture and cleavage
3.5km (2 miles)
13. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.
Fumerolic mineralization
Dunes
Diagenesis
Rhyolitic lava flows
14. A reference to the pattern structure of a mineral. A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern - a crystalline solid.
Lava tube
Rock composition
Crystal lattice
Siliceous rocks
15. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.
Redbeds
Crystal habit
Peridotite
Regression
16. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Transported soil
Granitic composition
Depositional environment
17. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Basalt
Halides
E-horizon
Extrusive igneous rock
18. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.
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19. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Subduction
Chemical weathering
Hot spots
Organic chemicals
20. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.
Grain sizes
Metals
Conchoidal fractures
Luster
21. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat
Jointing
Basaltic lava flows
Cinder cone
Divergent plate boundary
22. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.
Crystalline igneous rocks
Inner core
Color
Oxidation
23. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Metamorphic rocks
Outcrop
Volcanic pipes/necks
Glassy igneous rocks
24. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.
Upper mantle
Sulfates
Area of igneous activity
Oxidation
25. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Bathymetry
Lava domes
Volcanic blocks/bombs
26. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim
Depositional environment
Volcano
Rhyolitic lava flows
Convergent plate boundary
27. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Ash
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Gem
3.5km (2 miles)
28. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Tephra
Basaltic lava flows
B-horizon
29. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Streak
Continental rift
Organic sedimentary rocks
Loam
30. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.
Sedimentary Basins
Plutons
Polymorphs
Gabbro
31. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.
Source rock composition
Bathymetry
Assimilation
Bedding
32. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.
Intermediate
C-horizon
Marine magnetic anomaly
Rhyolitic lava flows
33. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.
Siliceous rocks
B-horizon
Deep-ocean trenches
Transform fault
34. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Granitic composition
Dunes
Continental shelf
Root wedging
35. Chemical weathering occurring in warm - wet climates can produce a layer of rotten rock - over 100km thick.
Saprolite
Residual soil
12km
Rock-forming silicate minerals
36. Develops because mid-ocean ridges lie at a higher elevation than the adjacent abyssal plains of the ocean. The surface of the sea floor overall slopes away from the ridge axis. Gravity causes the elevated lithosphere at the ridge axis to push on the
Ridge-push force
Relative plate velocity
Dolostone
Superplumes
37. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.
Fracture and cleavage
Compaction
Magnetic declination
Effusive eruptions
38. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.
Granitic magma
Volcano
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Magnetic declination
39. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Metamorphic foliation
Diagenesis
Redbeds
40. A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern. Forms when a liquid freezes so fast that atoms do not have time to organize into an orderly pattern.
Effusive eruptions
Glass
Subduction
Transform plate boundary
41. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.
Melting
Tephra
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Viscosity
42. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Sulfides
Grain sizes
Cross beds
Seamount chains
43. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Heat transfer
Transported soil
Halides
Special properties of minerals
44. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a
Special properties of minerals
Physical weathering
Silicates
Assimilation
45. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.
The core
Coal
Volatiles
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
46. A sediment-filled depression; in an area where the lithosphere has subsided.
Convergent plate boundary
Sedimentary Basins
Pangaea
Andesitic lava flows
47. Natural bond connecting rocks; mineral material that precipitates from water and fills the space between grains.
Lower mantle
Strata
Chemical weathering
Cement
48. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if
Mantle plume
Quartz sandstone
Dipole
Basaltic magma
49. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Plutons
pahoehoe
Basalt
Hot spots
50. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.
Subsidence
Precipitation
Pyroclastic debris
Tuff