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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.
Strata
Sedimentary Basins
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Conglomerate
2. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.
Transported soil
Lithosphere
Magnetic inclination
3.5km (2 miles)
3. Develops because mid-ocean ridges lie at a higher elevation than the adjacent abyssal plains of the ocean. The surface of the sea floor overall slopes away from the ridge axis. Gravity causes the elevated lithosphere at the ridge axis to push on the
Ridge-push force
Basaltic lava flows
Elemental composition of Earth
Explosive eruptions
4. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.
Pangaea
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Agrillaceous rocks
Felsic
5. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho
E-horizon
Basalt
Volatiles
Magnetic anomaly
6. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Cementation
Dissolution
Subsidence
7. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
pahoehoe
Depositional environment
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Magma
8. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.
Volatiles
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Melts
Dolostone
9. Sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km.
Pyroclastic debris
Silicates
Organic sedimentary rocks
Upper mantle
10. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.
Magnetic reversals
Stratagraphic formation
Magma mixing
Pyroclastic debris
11. Natural bond connecting rocks; mineral material that precipitates from water and fills the space between grains.
Gabbro
Relative plate velocity
Igneous rocks
Cement
12. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Paleopole
Carbonate rocks
Granite
Conchoidal fractures
13. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Soil
Siltstone and mudstone
Crystal lattice
Asthenosphere
14. Perhaps the cause for the large igneous provinces; formations within the mantle - plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes.
Superplumes
Mantle plume
Cement
Fracture and cleavage
15. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
Dolostone
Sulfides
Effusive eruptions
Transgression
16. Outer surface level of Earth; composed of granite - basalt - and gabbro. Continental: mostly about 35-40km thick . Oceanic: about 7-10km thick. Oxygen - by far the most abundant element.
Crust
Magnetic anomaly
Oxidation
Elemental composition of Earth
17. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.
Root wedging
The core
Continental rift
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
18. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
a'a'
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Lava
Graded bed
19. Layering in sedimentary rocks.
Lava domes
Sulfides
Bedding
Organic chemicals
20. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.
Native metals
Stoping
Andesitic lava flows
collision
21. Occurs within the asthenosphere - actively drags plates along and attributes partially for the mechanism shifting the plates along the Earth's surface.
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Convective flow
Factors of magma cooling time
pahoehoe
22. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.
Physical weathering
Transported soil
Granite
Explosive eruptions
23. The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away. Involves abrasion - plucking - scouring - and dissolution - and is caused by air - water or ice.
Halides
650-1100 degrees C
Bedding
Erosion
24. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.
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25. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Fragmental igneous rocks
Mineral crystal destruction
Hydrolysis
Magma's speed of flow
26. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
Pyroclastic flows
Symmetry
Andesitic lava flows
Magnetic inclination
27. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.
Melts
Magnetic inclination
Lava tube
Clastic sedimentary rocks
28. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
12km
Mantle plume
Plates
Rock composition
29. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.
Cinder cone
Soil Horizons
Magma
Sulfates
30. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.
Glass
Explosive eruptions
Jointing
Solid-state diffusion
31. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.
Slab-pull force
Cementation
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Thermal expansion
32. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.
Inner core
Deep-ocean trenches
Hydrolysis
Ash
33. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.
Peridotite
Crust
Arkose
Luster
34. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.
Symmetry
Differential weathering
Sulfates
Transform fault
35. Mineral class; consist of metal cations bonded by oxygen anions. Examples - hematite and magnetite. Some contain a relatively high proportion of metal atoms - and thus are ore minerals.
Bedding
Fumerolic mineralization
Oxides
Glassy igneous rocks
36. Sedimentary rock composed of clay.
Geothermal gradient
Intermediate
Agrillaceous rocks
Carbonate rocks
37. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Lava tube
Chert
Plates
38. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
Hydration
Limestone
Metamorphic foliation
Mantle plume
39. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.
Melting
Convective flow
Asthenosphere
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
40. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.
Marine magnetic anomaly
atmospheres (atm)
Light silicates
Salt wedging
41. Soil section below the A-horizon; a soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material. Because it lacks organic materials - this horizon tends to be lighter than the A-horizon. Part of the zone of leaching
Paleomagnetism
Superplumes
Sedimentary rocks
E-horizon
42. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns
Root wedging
Clastic
Plate tectonics
Crystal
43. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different
Lava domes
Decompression
Regression
Magma mixing
44. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Spreading rate
Streak
Gem
Silicate minerals
45. Cause of melting; the variation in temperature with depth is expressed in the geotherm; because pressure prevents melting - a decrease in pressure can permit melting. Specifically - if the pressure affecting hot mantle rock decreases while the temper
Crystal structure
Decompression
Peridotite
Precipitation
46. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure
Alloy
Chemical weathering
Fracture and cleavage
Crystal lattice
47. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.
Symmetry
E-horizon
Calderas
Depositional environment
48. Subsoil - ions and clay leached and transported down from above accumulate here. As a result - new minerals form - and clay fills open spaces. Part of the zone of accumulation.
Sea-floor spreading
Arkose
B-horizon
Plates
49. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.
Transgression
Salt wedging
Euhedral crystal
Laterite
50. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.
Basaltic composition
Assimilation
Arkose
Outcrop