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Geology
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Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.
Crystal habit
Plutons
Silicate minerals
Pyroclastic debris
2. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.
Intrusive igneous rock
Conglomerate
Chemical weathering
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
3. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.
Bedding
Solid-state diffusion
Bed
Subduction
4. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.
Soil
Root wedging
Metamorphic rocks
Graded bed
5. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.
Fumerolic mineralization
Continental rift
Polymorphs
Calderas
6. Outer surface level of Earth; composed of granite - basalt - and gabbro. Continental: mostly about 35-40km thick . Oceanic: about 7-10km thick. Oxygen - by far the most abundant element.
Outer core
Mid-ocean ridges
Asthenosphere
Crust
7. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.
Alloy
Conglomerate
Facets
Saprolite
8. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.
Superplumes
Magma mixing
Topography
Chert
9. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Hydrosphere
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Residual soil
Area of igneous activity
10. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who
Bed
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Continental drift evidence
Streak
11. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Basaltic lava flows
Earth's atmosphere
Lithification
12. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.
Luster
Pangaea
Coal
Hydrolysis
13. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.
Conglomerate
Xenolith
Siliceous rocks
Turbidity current
14. Process where a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere - such as a continent or island arc - moves into the subduction zone. Yield some of the most spectacular mountains/mountain ranges on the planet including the Him
Light silicates
atmospheres (atm)
collision
Hot-spot track
15. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Carbonate rocks
Bedrock
Cross beds
Rock layering
16. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Symmetry
Bed
Native metals
17. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.
Lava tube
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Upper mantle
Stoping
18. Factors; the depth of the intrusion - the deeper - the more slowly it cools. The shape and size of a magma body - the greater the surface area - the faster it cools. The presence of circulating groundwater - water passing through cools magma faster.
Dunes
pahoehoe
Factors of magma cooling time
A-horizon
19. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
Crystal structure
Ash
Pangaea
Symmetry
20. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.
Seamount chains
Mineral crystal destruction
Magnetic anomaly
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
21. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.
Plates
Streak
3.5km (2 miles)
Oxidation
22. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.
Why magma rises
Transported soil
Sulfates
Granitic magma
23. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.
Rocks
collision
Why magma rises
Sedimentary structure
24. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.
Residual soil
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Explosive eruptions
C-horizon
25. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.
Extrusive igneous rock
Chert
Subsidence
Sill
26. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.
Sedimentary structure
Hydrosphere
650-1100 degrees C
Specific gravity
27. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.
Volatiles
Zone of accumulation
Precipitation
Continental rift
28. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.
Sea-floor spreading
Specific gravity
Conglomerate
Regolith
29. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Metamorphic rocks
Outer core
Tephra
30. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.
Viscosity
Basaltic lava flows
Intrusive igneous rock
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
31. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim
Convergent plate boundary
Volatiles
Quartz sandstone
Fumerolic mineralization
32. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Hot spots
Jointing
Tephra
Root wedging
33. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.
Mafic
Root wedging
Evaporites
Clastic sedimentary rocks
34. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.
Fractional crystallization
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Silicate minerals
Felsic
35. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Granitic magma
Caliche
Ripples
36. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.
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37. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Compaction
Andesitic lava flows
Deep-ocean trenches
38. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.
ravertine
Volatiles
Spreading rate
Loam
39. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.
The core
Lava tube
Mid-ocean ridges
Subduction
40. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Ash
Carbonate rocks
Native metals
Decompression
41. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.
Jointing
Biomineralization
Zone of accumulation
Area of igneous activity
42. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able
Earth's atmosphere
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Geothermal gradient
Outer core
43. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.
12km
Lava
Ripples
Bathymetry
44. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.
Superplumes
Paleomagnetism
Lapilli
Plate tectonics
45. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.
Compaction
Topography
Diagenesis
Caliche
46. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.
Fumerolic mineralization
Loam
Special properties of minerals
Crystal structure
47. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Rocks
Symmetry
Glassy igneous rocks
Evaporites
48. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.
Dolostone
Continental rift
Symmetry
Continental drift evidence
49. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Continental shelf
collision
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Crystal habit
50. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.
Cross beds
Columnar jointing
Sulfates
Lapilli
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