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Geology
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Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns
Outer core
Carbonates
Crystal
Tuff
2. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
Flood basalts
Plutons
Gabbro
Saprolite
3. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.
Peridotite
Crystalline igneous rocks
O-horizon
Relative plate velocity
4. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.
12km
Hydrosphere
Melts
Elemental composition of Earth
5. Refers to the proportions of different chemicals making up the rock - and thus the proportion chemicals affects the proportions of different minerals constituting the rock.
Rock composition
Crust
Fracture and cleavage
Regolith
6. Subsoil - ions and clay leached and transported down from above accumulate here. As a result - new minerals form - and clay fills open spaces. Part of the zone of accumulation.
Fumerolic mineralization
B-horizon
Frost wedging
Lava domes
7. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Magma's speed of flow
Volatiles
Cinder cone
Facets
8. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Dunes
Flood basalts
Frost wedging
Organic chemicals
9. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Color
Specific gravity
Siltstone and mudstone
Paleopole
10. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.
Deep-ocean trenches
Sea-floor spreading
Flood basalts
Silicates
11. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.
Compaction
Magnetic inclination
Oxidation
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
12. A reference to the supposed position of the Earth's magnetic pole at a time in the past.
Crystal
Paleopole
Marine magnetic anomaly
Melts
13. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.
Conchoidal fractures
Turbidity current
Tuff
Intrusive igneous rock
14. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.
Carbonate rocks
Fracture zones
Residual soil
Sulfides
15. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.
Extrusive igneous rock
Felsic
Metamorphic foliation
Calderas
16. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.
Paleomagnetism
Calderas
Soil erosion
Fragmental igneous rocks
17. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.
Specific gravity
Calderas
Silicates
Conglomerate
18. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.
650-1100 degrees C
Flood basalts
Erosion
Frost wedging
19. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.
Lower mantle
Magnetic anomaly
Rhyolitic lava flows
Lava
20. Successive turbidity currents deposit successive graded beds - creating this sequence of strata.
Ridge-push force
Agrillaceous rocks
Crystalline igneous rocks
Turbidite
21. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Dolostone
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Elemental composition of Earth
22. Physical property of a mineral; a measure of a minerals relative ability to resist scratching - and therefore represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure being broken. The atoms or ions in crystals of a hard mineral are more strongly
Continental drift evidence
Crystal structure
Sea-floor spreading
Hardness
23. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
Hydrosphere
Dipole
Mineral crystal destruction
Plates
24. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.
The core
Sulfides
Transform fault
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
25. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.
Redbeds
Cement
Heat transfer
triple junction
26. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Mantle
Crystal habit
Polymorphs
Clastic
27. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
ravertine
Volcano
Mineral crystal destruction
28. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Melting
Root wedging
Volcano
Tephra
29. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.
Earth's atmosphere
Quartz sandstone
Caliche
Siltstone and mudstone
30. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.
Metamorphic foliation
Sandstone
Outcrop
Lava domes
31. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Continental rift
Crystalline
Bathymetry
Dunes
32. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.
Diagenesis
Volcanic pipes/necks
Calderas
Silicates
33. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.
Sandstone
Magnetic reversals
Dike
Melting
34. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a
Hot spots
Igneous rocks
Silicates
Oxides
35. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.
E-horizon
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Effusive eruptions
Bathymetry
36. A place where three plate boundaries intersect at a point.
Continental drift hypothesis
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Special properties of minerals
triple junction
37. Lava flowing on dry land cools more slowly that lava erupting underwater.
Rhyolitic lava flows
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Lava tube
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
38. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.
Felsic
Plutons
A-horizon
Dunes
39. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.
Cinder cone
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Andesitic lava flows
40. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Tephra
Zone of accumulation
Turbidity current
Cross beds
41. The difference between the expected strength of the Earth's main field at a certain location and the actual measure strength of the magnetic field at that location. Places where the field strength is stronger that expected are positive anomalies - an
Paleopole
Magnetic anomaly
Symmetry
Thermal expansion
42. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.
Lava domes
Soil
Soil erosion
Clastic sedimentary rocks
43. A plate boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate. No new plate is formed and no old plate is consumed. But the grinding between the plates generates frequent and destructive earthquakes.
Crystalline igneous rocks
triple junction
Transform plate boundary
Mineral crystal destruction
44. Elongate submarine mountain ranges whose peaks lie only about 2-2.5km below sea level. Consist of a ridge axis - are roughly symmetrical - and can include escarpments - axial troughs - and valleys. Examples - Mid-Atlantic Ridge - East Pacific Rise -
Mid-ocean ridges
Fracture and cleavage
Basaltic lava flows
Crystal habit
45. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as
Pyroclastic debris
Redbeds
Arkose
Partial melting
46. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.
Elemental composition of Earth
Cementation
Volcano
Crystalline
47. Develops because mid-ocean ridges lie at a higher elevation than the adjacent abyssal plains of the ocean. The surface of the sea floor overall slopes away from the ridge axis. Gravity causes the elevated lithosphere at the ridge axis to push on the
Batholiths
Dark Silicates
Magma
Ridge-push force
48. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.
Specific gravity
Upper mantle
Coal
Mafic
49. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.
Sill
Dissolution
Bathymetry
Rock-forming silicate minerals
50. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.
Shield volcano
Xenolith
Light silicates
Volcanic pipes/necks
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