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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
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Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.
Assimilation
Mantle
Heat transfer
a'a'
2. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.
Specific gravity
Metals
Special properties of minerals
The core
3. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
Special properties of minerals
Magma
Native metals
Zone of leaching
4. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.
Depositional environment
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Organic sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks
5. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.
O-horizon
Zone of accumulation
E-horizon
Metamorphic foliation
6. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
Lithification
Metamorphic rocks
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Magma
7. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.
Basalt
Deep-ocean trenches
Outcrop
Xenolith
8. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Granite
Crystal structure
Hydrolysis
Dipole
9. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.
Bed
Sill
Basaltic magma
Extrusive igneous rock
10. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.
Igneous rocks
Granite
Lapilli
Rocks
11. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who
Mantle
Ignimbrite
Streak
Geothermal gradient
12. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solution - meaning that atoms - molecules - or ions dissolved in water bond together out of water.
Spreading rate
Precipitation
Physical weathering
Paleomagnetism
13. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.
Volcano
Andesitic lava flows
Flood basalts
Volcanic pipes/necks
14. Rocks that consist of mineral crystals that intergrow when the melt solidifies - interlocking structure. Examples - granite and rhyolite.
650-1100 degrees C
Crystalline igneous rocks
Soil erosion
Tephra
15. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.
pahoehoe
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Depositional environment
Extrusive igneous rock
16. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
a'a'
Bedrock
Hydrosphere
Pyroclastic debris
17. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand
Conchoidal fractures
Silicate minerals
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Inner core
18. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.
Sedimentary structure
Magnetic reversals
A-horizon
Continental drift hypothesis
19. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Mantle
Why magma rises
A-horizon
20. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.
Area of igneous activity
Silicates
Subsidence
Deposition
21. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
Turbidity current
Melts
atmospheres (atm)
Plates
22. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Frost wedging
Area of igneous activity
Hot-spot track
23. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.
Organic chemicals
Bedding
ravertine
Dark Silicates
24. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho
Volatiles
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Precipitation
Carbonates
25. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.
Metamorphic foliation
Ultramafic
Bathymetry
Topography
26. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Melting
Alloy
Ripples
Granitic composition
27. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.
Stoping
Mid-ocean ridges
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Columnar jointing
28. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Intrusive igneous rock
A-horizon
Jointing
29. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.
Sulfates
Graded bed
Jointing
Batholiths
30. Forms from a chemical reaction between solid calcite and magnesium-bearing groundwater.
Fragmental igneous rocks
Dark Silicates
Dolostone
Laccolith
31. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Limestone
Magnetic declination
Sedimentary Basins
Light silicates
32. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Color
Gabbro
Hydration
12km
33. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.
Redbeds
Soil erosion
Stoping
Source rock composition
34. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Lithosphere
Subduction
Geothermal gradient
Magnetic declination
35. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.
Oxides
Dike
Elemental composition of Earth
Area of igneous activity
36. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Divergent plate boundary
Alloy
Root wedging
Color
37. Refers to the proportions of different chemicals making up the rock - and thus the proportion chemicals affects the proportions of different minerals constituting the rock.
Turbidite
Dipole
Rock composition
Sulfates
38. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m
A-horizon
Color
Soil erosion
Shield volcano
39. The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away. Involves abrasion - plucking - scouring - and dissolution - and is caused by air - water or ice.
Erosion
Quartz sandstone
Granitic magma
Metamorphic rocks
40. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.
Metamorphic foliation
Laccolith
Pangaea
Gabbro
41. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns
Hot-spot track
Sedimentary Basins
Crystal
Deep-ocean trenches
42. Most common mineral on Earth; compose over 95% of the continental crust. Consist of combinations of a fundamental building block called silicon-oxygen tetrahedron - different groups: independent tetrahedra - single chains - double chains - sheet sili
Regression
Geothermal gradient
Hardness
Silicate minerals
43. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -
Compaction
Source rock composition
Sulfates
Special properties of minerals
44. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.
Ultramafic
Physical weathering
12km
Sedimentary structure
45. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.
Ultramafic
Ripples
Depositional environment
Thermal expansion
46. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
Carbonate rocks
Transgression
Geothermal gradient
Gem
47. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Basaltic composition
Paleomagnetism
Cinder cone
Continental drift evidence
48. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.
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49. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.
ravertine
Laccolith
Silicate minerals
Cross beds
50. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
a'a'
Crystal habit
Metamorphic foliation
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style