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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
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Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Develops because mid-ocean ridges lie at a higher elevation than the adjacent abyssal plains of the ocean. The surface of the sea floor overall slopes away from the ridge axis. Gravity causes the elevated lithosphere at the ridge axis to push on the
atmospheres (atm)
Regolith
Silicate minerals
Ridge-push force
2. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Magma mixing
Mafic
Subsidence
Decompression
3. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.
Regolith
Seamount chains
Stoping
Conchoidal fractures
4. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.
Transported soil
Hydrolysis
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Hot spots
5. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.
Continental shelf
Silicate minerals
Strata
Transform plate boundary
6. After sand has lost its feldspar composition due to weathering over time - sediment composed entirely of quartz grains gets buried and lithified to form this type of rock.
Intermediate
Volcano
a'a'
Quartz sandstone
7. Elongate submarine mountain ranges whose peaks lie only about 2-2.5km below sea level. Consist of a ridge axis - are roughly symmetrical - and can include escarpments - axial troughs - and valleys. Examples - Mid-Atlantic Ridge - East Pacific Rise -
Bathymetry
Crystalline igneous rocks
Mid-ocean ridges
Luster
8. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the
Mantle plume
Crust
Jointing
Basaltic magma
9. The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away. Involves abrasion - plucking - scouring - and dissolution - and is caused by air - water or ice.
Light silicates
Erosion
Volatiles
The core
10. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
Dolostone
atmospheres (atm)
Caliche
Erosion
11. A sediment-filled depression; in an area where the lithosphere has subsided.
Crystal lattice
Depositional environment
Sedimentary Basins
Dipole
12. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.
Thermal expansion
Shield volcano
Magnetic anomaly
Siltstone and mudstone
13. A place where three plate boundaries intersect at a point.
Volatiles
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Frost wedging
triple junction
14. On a gem are the ground and polished surfaces made with a certain type of machine.
Outcrop
Metals
Facets
Loam
15. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.
650-1100 degrees C
Hot spots
Bedding
Felsic
16. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.
Lava
Residual soil
Outcrop
Polymorphs
17. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.
Regression
Cinder cone
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Arkose
18. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
a'a'
Magnetic inclination
Volatiles
19. Process occurring in arid climates - dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates and grows as crystals in open pore spaces in rocks. This process pushes apart the surrounding grains and so weakens the rock that when exposed to wind or rain - the rock
Metals
Intermediate
E-horizon
Salt wedging
20. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
Convergent plate boundary
Transgression
Biomineralization
Paleopole
21. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Melts
Bed
Slab-pull force
Hydrosphere
22. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.
Graded bed
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Fracture and cleavage
Paleopole
23. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.
Tephra
Oxidation
Erosion
12km
24. Physical property of a mineral; a measure of a minerals relative ability to resist scratching - and therefore represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure being broken. The atoms or ions in crystals of a hard mineral are more strongly
Biomineralization
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Pyroclastic debris
Hardness
25. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.
Lower mantle
Cinder cone
C-horizon
a'a'
26. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
Glassy igneous rocks
Ripples
Flood basalts
Weathering
27. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.
Batholiths
Basaltic composition
Sulfates
Bedrock
28. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Magma mixing
Shield volcano
Lava
Volcanic blocks/bombs
29. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.
Siliceous rocks
Thermal expansion
Ignimbrite
Outcrop
30. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
collision
Lapilli
Grain sizes
31. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m
pahoehoe
Light silicates
A-horizon
Fractional crystallization
32. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Chert
Graded bed
Topography
33. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo
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34. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.
Soil Horizons
O-horizon
Columnar jointing
650-1100 degrees C
35. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.
Organic chemicals
Columnar jointing
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Plates
36. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Basaltic magma
Gabbro
Fragmental igneous rocks
Magma
37. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Bedrock
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
atmospheres (atm)
Transported soil
38. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.
Deep-ocean trenches
Crystal structure
Fumerolic mineralization
atmospheres (atm)
39. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
Symmetry
Sulfides
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Bed
40. Sedimentary rock composed of clay.
Crystalline igneous rocks
Agrillaceous rocks
Zone of accumulation
Magnetic anomaly
41. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.
Transform plate boundary
Precipitation
Hydration
Rocks
42. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different
Magma mixing
Sedimentary Basins
Carbonates
Silicate minerals
43. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.
Coal
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Geothermal gradient
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
44. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.
ravertine
Batholiths
Source rock composition
Basalt
45. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Sulfides
Abyssal plains
Granitic magma
Rocks
46. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.
Melts
Clastic sedimentary rocks
3.5km (2 miles)
Oxidation
47. The broad - relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level.
Outcrop
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Abyssal plains
Subsidence
48. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Luster
Transform fault
Explosive eruptions
Soil Horizons
49. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.
Volcano
Fumerolic mineralization
Peridotite
Thermal expansion
50. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Basaltic composition
Ripples
Organic sedimentary rocks
Continental drift evidence