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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.
Outer core
Magnetic inclination
Hardness
Crystalline igneous rocks
2. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.
Sandstone
Andesitic lava flows
Continental rift
Crystalline igneous rocks
3. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.
Fractional crystallization
Salt wedging
Caliche
ravertine
4. Physical property of a mineral; a measure of a minerals relative ability to resist scratching - and therefore represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure being broken. The atoms or ions in crystals of a hard mineral are more strongly
Hardness
Tephra
Transported soil
Cinder cone
5. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.
Lithification
Spreading rate
Magnetic declination
Hydrolysis
6. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.
Color
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Fractional crystallization
Halides
7. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.
Jointing
Hot-spot track
Mineral
Chemical weathering
8. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
Conglomerate
Magma
Quartz sandstone
Ridge-push force
9. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Magma
Dissolution
Ash
Volatiles
10. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.
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11. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Batholiths
Upper mantle
Siltstone and mudstone
Cinder cone
12. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Sulfides
Sedimentary Basins
Seamount chains
Mafic
13. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Gabbro
Ridge-push force
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
14. A distinctive sequence of strata traced across a fairly large region. For example - a region may contain a succession of alternating sandstone and shale beds deposited by rivers - overlain by beds of marine limestone deposited later.
Magnetic anomaly
Stratagraphic formation
Biomineralization
Bed
15. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Columnar jointing
Tephra
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Sulfates
16. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve
Silicates
Spreading rate
Granitic composition
Magnetic declination
17. Low-viscosity (basaltic) lava flows out of a volcano easily - whereas high-viscosity (andesitic and rhyolitic) lava can clog and build pressure within a volcano. Basaltic eruptions are typically effusive and produce shield volcanoes - whereas rhyolit
Reason for Earth's internal heat
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Seamount chains
Fragmental igneous rocks
18. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.
Solid-state diffusion
Igneous rocks
Luster
Transported soil
19. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.
atmospheres (atm)
Tuff
650-1100 degrees C
Fumerolic mineralization
20. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.
Topography
Hydration
Mineral crystal destruction
Cement
21. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.
Sill
Physical weathering
Slab-pull force
Pangaea
22. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.
Oxidation
Jointing
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Sedimentary structure
23. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.
Limestone
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Euhedral crystal
Calderas
24. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
Sea-floor spreading
Laterite
Stoping
Partial melting
25. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.
Crystal lattice
Why magma rises
Lithosphere
Root wedging
26. A naturally occurring solid - formed by geologic processes - has a crystalline structure and a definable chemical composition - and is generally inorganic.
Mineral
Dolostone
Magnetic anomaly
Dipole
27. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.
Turbidity current
Crust
Plutons
Sea-floor spreading
28. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.
Sulfates
Volcano
Magma mixing
Graded bed
29. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.
Specific gravity
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Calderas
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
30. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.
Subduction
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Sulfides
Spreading rate
31. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.
Bed
Asthenosphere
Continental shelf
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
32. Equant - meaning that they have the same dimensions in all directions. Or inequant - meaning their dimensions are not the same in all directions.
Sedimentary structure
Grain sizes
Mid-ocean ridges
Hydrolysis
33. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp
Mineral crystal destruction
Magnetic reversals
Silicate minerals
Evaporites
34. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
Outcrop
Peridotite
Relative plate velocity
Dissolution
35. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro
Thermal expansion
Why magma rises
Continental shelf
Continental rift
36. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
Ripples
Symmetry
Paleomagnetism
pahoehoe
37. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.
Basaltic magma
Abyssal plains
Melting
Batholiths
38. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.
Crust
Explosive eruptions
Fracture zones
Abyssal plains
39. Created from preexisting rocks which undergo changes - such as the growth of new minerals in response to pressure and heat - and/or as a result of squashing - stretching - or shear.
Sandstone
Organic sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Melts
40. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Organic sedimentary rocks
Organic chemicals
Clastic
Siliceous rocks
41. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Laterite
Organic chemicals
Spreading rate
Transported soil
42. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.
Carbonates
Frost wedging
Transform fault
Cinder cone
43. Alfred Wegener's suggestion that the positions of the continents change through time as they drift away from each other. The flaw was that he lacked a plausible moving mechanism.
Spreading rate
Cementation
Sea-floor spreading
Continental drift hypothesis
44. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a
Partial melting
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Cinder cone
Silicates
45. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Siltstone and mudstone
Viscosity
The core
Rock texture
46. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.
Lava domes
Arkose
Seamount chains
Euhedral crystal
47. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Ignimbrite
Crystalline
Metals
48. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.
Specific gravity
Partial melting
Symmetry
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
49. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.
Crystalline igneous rocks
Depositional environment
Turbidity current
Soil
50. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.
Rhyolitic lava flows
rifting
Glassy igneous rocks
Limestone