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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
Regression
Limestone
Ridge-push force
pahoehoe
2. An exposure of bedrock.
Outcrop
3.5km (2 miles)
Turbidite
Magnetic declination
3. A naturally occurring solid - formed by geologic processes - has a crystalline structure and a definable chemical composition - and is generally inorganic.
Elemental composition of Earth
Mineral
Crystal structure
Mantle plume
4. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the
Rock layering
Silicate minerals
Mantle plume
Glass
5. Created from preexisting rocks which undergo changes - such as the growth of new minerals in response to pressure and heat - and/or as a result of squashing - stretching - or shear.
Turbidite
Metamorphic rocks
Lava
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
6. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
Symmetry
Sill
Color
Basaltic lava flows
7. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat
triple junction
Apparent polar-wander path
Facets
B-horizon
8. Low-viscosity (basaltic) lava flows out of a volcano easily - whereas high-viscosity (andesitic and rhyolitic) lava can clog and build pressure within a volcano. Basaltic eruptions are typically effusive and produce shield volcanoes - whereas rhyolit
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
650-1100 degrees C
Ash
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
9. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.
Crystal habit
Fractional crystallization
Specific gravity
triple junction
10. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t
Peridotite
Crystal
Elemental composition of Earth
Geothermal gradient
11. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns
Sedimentary Basins
Basalt
Crystal
Paleomagnetism
12. Alfred Wegener's suggestion that the positions of the continents change through time as they drift away from each other. The flaw was that he lacked a plausible moving mechanism.
Continental drift hypothesis
Factors of magma cooling time
Gem
Facets
13. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim
Effusive eruptions
Sandstone
Convergent plate boundary
Cementation
14. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.
Pangaea
Transgression
Carbonate rocks
Residual soil
15. Type of volcano; most are adjacent to the Pacific - larger in size - interbedded lavas and pyroclastics - consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra - most violent type of activity - may produce nuee ardente or lahars.
Fracture zones
Pyroclastic flows
Biomineralization
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
16. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Volcanic pipes/necks
Batholiths
Symmetry
Luster
17. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.
Symmetry
Magma
Crystalline
Fracture zones
18. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.
Hydrolysis
Soil erosion
Lithification
Basaltic lava flows
19. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.
Superplumes
Ignimbrite
collision
Apparent polar-wander path
20. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.
Coal
Silicate minerals
Basaltic magma
Abyssal plains
21. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Biomineralization
Area of igneous activity
Gem
Topography
22. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.
pahoehoe
Halides
Facets
Compaction
23. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Soil erosion
Tephra
Pyroclastic debris
Partial melting
24. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.
Heat transfer
Dunes
Quartz sandstone
Organic sedimentary rocks
25. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.
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26. Sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km.
Physical weathering
Geothermal gradient
Upper mantle
Melts
27. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.
Continental rift
Regression
Geothermal gradient
Residual soil
28. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.
Mineral
Gabbro
Carbonates
Shield volcano
29. Distinct internal laminations within a ripple or dune that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer. Form as a consequence of the evolution of dunes or ripples.
Superplumes
Physical weathering
Cross beds
Plutons
30. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.
Sill
Oxidation
Loam
Conglomerate
31. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.
Clastic
Magnetic reversals
Basaltic composition
Cementation
32. The removal of soil by running water or by wind.
Soil erosion
Laterite
Special properties of minerals
Hot-spot track
33. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.
Fragmental igneous rocks
Chert
Columnar jointing
Zone of accumulation
34. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp
Magnetic reversals
Zone of accumulation
Alloy
Spreading rate
35. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Mineral
Stratagraphic formation
Ultramafic
36. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Conglomerate
Stratagraphic formation
Outcrop
Organic sedimentary rocks
37. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Ridge-push force
Root wedging
Basaltic magma
Tephra
38. Equant - meaning that they have the same dimensions in all directions. Or inequant - meaning their dimensions are not the same in all directions.
Hydrosphere
Grain sizes
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
39. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.
Magnetic anomaly
Symmetry
Tuff
Tephra
40. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.
Color
Crystal structure
ravertine
Ultramafic
41. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.
Quartz sandstone
Caliche
Assimilation
Chert
42. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Siliceous rocks
Mantle
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
43. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.
Upper mantle
650-1100 degrees C
Caliche
Grain sizes
44. Type of volcanic eruption; produce mainly lava flows - yield low-viscosity basaltic lavas.
Gem
Cement
Effusive eruptions
Crystal
45. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.
Lapilli
Zone of leaching
Oxides
Saprolite
46. Layering in sedimentary rocks.
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Bedding
Hot-spot track
Soil Horizons
47. A reference to the supposed position of the Earth's magnetic pole at a time in the past.
Partial melting
Fractional crystallization
Paleopole
Crystal habit
48. Places with particularly voluminous quantities of magma erupting or intruding.
Outer core
Transform fault
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
rifting
49. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Streak
Crystal
Redbeds
50. Process occurring in arid climates - dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates and grows as crystals in open pore spaces in rocks. This process pushes apart the surrounding grains and so weakens the rock that when exposed to wind or rain - the rock
Salt wedging
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Inner core
Symmetry