Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.






2. A thick accumulation of sediment (10-15km) - the surface of this sediment layer is this broad - shallow region.






3. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.






4. After sand has lost its feldspar composition due to weathering over time - sediment composed entirely of quartz grains gets buried and lithified to form this type of rock.






5. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.






6. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).






7. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.






8. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.






9. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.






10. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil






11. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure






12. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.






13. An exposure of bedrock.






14. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.






15. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.






16. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.






17. Refers to the proportions of different chemicals making up the rock - and thus the proportion chemicals affects the proportions of different minerals constituting the rock.






18. Volcanic landform; bulbous mass of congealed lava - associated with explosive eruptions of gas-rich magma.






19. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.






20. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.






21. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.






22. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.






23. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.






24. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.






25. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.






26. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.






27. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.






28. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.






29. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.






30. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the






31. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.






32. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.






33. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.






34. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.






35. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.






36. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.






37. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.






38. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m






39. A naturally occurring solid - formed by geologic processes - has a crystalline structure and a definable chemical composition - and is generally inorganic.






40. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.






41. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.






42. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.






43. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.






44. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.






45. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.






46. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.






47. Process where a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere - such as a continent or island arc - moves into the subduction zone. Yield some of the most spectacular mountains/mountain ranges on the planet including the Him






48. Sedimentary rock composed of clay.






49. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.

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50. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.