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Geology
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Subject
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science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
Plates
Elemental composition of Earth
Turbidity current
Sulfides
2. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Oxides
Dissolution
Mantle plume
Cinder cone
3. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Transported soil
Slab-pull force
Chemical weathering
Hydrolysis
4. A plate boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate. No new plate is formed and no old plate is consumed. But the grinding between the plates generates frequent and destructive earthquakes.
Transform plate boundary
Elemental composition of Earth
Symmetry
Intermediate
5. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.
Hot-spot track
Dike
Shield volcano
Crystal lattice
6. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.
Melts
Rhyolitic lava flows
Crystalline igneous rocks
Gem
7. Process occurring in arid climates - dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates and grows as crystals in open pore spaces in rocks. This process pushes apart the surrounding grains and so weakens the rock that when exposed to wind or rain - the rock
Mineral crystal destruction
Magnetic reversals
Salt wedging
Silicates
8. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Caliche
Why magma rises
Zone of leaching
Shield volcano
9. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different
3.5km (2 miles)
Magma mixing
Bathymetry
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
10. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.
Crystal structure
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Regression
11. A reference to the pattern structure of a mineral. A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern - a crystalline solid.
Elemental composition of Earth
Quartz sandstone
Crystal lattice
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
12. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.
Color
Volatiles
Dunes
Polymorphs
13. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Magma
Factors of magma cooling time
Subduction
Convergent plate boundary
14. Chemical precipitates; salt deposits formed as a consequence of evaporation. Examples - rock salt and gypsum.
Fracture zones
collision
Pyroclastic flows
Evaporites
15. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
Graded bed
Laterite
Crystal habit
Zone of leaching
16. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
Cement
Flood basalts
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Biomineralization
17. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Light silicates
Salt wedging
Saprolite
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
18. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.
Batholiths
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Stoping
Volatiles
19. A reference to the supposed position of the Earth's magnetic pole at a time in the past.
Convective flow
Hydration
Fragmental igneous rocks
Paleopole
20. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.
Hydrolysis
Magnetic anomaly
Sill
Ignimbrite
21. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Glassy igneous rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
22. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Magma mixing
3.5km (2 miles)
Mantle
Bedrock
23. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
Basalt
collision
atmospheres (atm)
Alloy
24. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
Intermediate
Symmetry
Thermal expansion
Transform plate boundary
25. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.
Apparent polar-wander path
Euhedral crystal
Mantle plume
Continental drift hypothesis
26. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.
Coal
Xenolith
Andesitic lava flows
Relative plate velocity
27. Type of sedimentary rock; rocks whose grains are stuck together by cement.
Thermal expansion
Siltstone and mudstone
Clastic
Gem
28. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.
Dipole
Sedimentary structure
Fracture and cleavage
Heat transfer
29. On a gem are the ground and polished surfaces made with a certain type of machine.
Elemental composition of Earth
Sedimentary rocks
pahoehoe
Facets
30. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
a'a'
The core
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
3.5km (2 miles)
31. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.
Differential weathering
Magnetic inclination
Earth's atmosphere
Glassy igneous rocks
32. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.
Elemental composition of Earth
Bathymetry
Transition zone
Quartz sandstone
33. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.
Pyroclastic flows
Dunes
Fracture and cleavage
Fragmental igneous rocks
34. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.
Redbeds
C-horizon
Geothermal gradient
Rocks
35. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Agrillaceous rocks
Lava
Magnetic reversals
Caliche
36. A naturally occurring solid - formed by geologic processes - has a crystalline structure and a definable chemical composition - and is generally inorganic.
Special properties of minerals
Mineral
Sill
Crystal lattice
37. Elongate submarine mountain ranges whose peaks lie only about 2-2.5km below sea level. Consist of a ridge axis - are roughly symmetrical - and can include escarpments - axial troughs - and valleys. Examples - Mid-Atlantic Ridge - East Pacific Rise -
Thermal expansion
Mid-ocean ridges
Lava
Tephra
38. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the
Hydrolysis
Siltstone and mudstone
12km
Mantle plume
39. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.
Intrusive igneous rock
Zone of accumulation
Magnetic reversals
Columnar jointing
40. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.
Pyroclastic flows
Polymorphs
Carbonate rocks
Lava tube
41. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Color
Magma
Quartz sandstone
Differential weathering
42. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.
Sulfides
B-horizon
Specific gravity
Subsidence
43. A submarine suspension of sediment.
Turbidity current
Arkose
Flood basalts
Organic chemicals
44. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Jointing
Color
Chert
Viscosity
45. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.
Shield volcano
Thermal expansion
Root wedging
Jointing
46. Alfred Wegener's suggestion that the positions of the continents change through time as they drift away from each other. The flaw was that he lacked a plausible moving mechanism.
Continental drift hypothesis
Chemical weathering
Regression
Carbonate rocks
47. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Andesitic lava flows
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Conglomerate
48. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st
Glassy igneous rocks
Slab-pull force
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Earth's atmosphere
49. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.
Hot-spot track
Fractional crystallization
Batholiths
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
50. Physical property of a mineral; a measure of a minerals relative ability to resist scratching - and therefore represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure being broken. The atoms or ions in crystals of a hard mineral are more strongly
Hardness
Facets
Rock texture
Graded bed
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