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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.
Compaction
Melts
Regolith
Dolostone
2. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Halides
Hydrosphere
Mid-ocean ridges
Hardness
3. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.
Metamorphic foliation
Mineral
Diagenesis
Conglomerate
4. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
Volcano
Soil erosion
Flood basalts
Soil
5. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Ash
Earth's atmosphere
Source rock composition
6. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.
rifting
Salt wedging
Euhedral crystal
Pyroclastic flows
7. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Siliceous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Stratagraphic formation
8. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.
E-horizon
650-1100 degrees C
Laterite
Streak
9. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Granitic composition
Andesitic lava flows
Lava tube
10. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.
Magnetic inclination
Deposition
Streak
Metamorphic rocks
11. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.
Redbeds
Elemental composition of Earth
Convergent plate boundary
Sedimentary rocks
12. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Evaporites
Gabbro
Marine magnetic anomaly
Mineral crystal destruction
13. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.
Rhyolitic lava flows
Basaltic magma
Pangaea
Earth's atmosphere
14. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.
Heat transfer
Intermediate
Differential weathering
Depositional environment
15. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the
E-horizon
Melting
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Mantle plume
16. A place where three plate boundaries intersect at a point.
Chert
triple junction
Quartz sandstone
Differential weathering
17. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
Abyssal plains
Transgression
A-horizon
Grain sizes
18. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Siltstone and mudstone
Area of igneous activity
Grain sizes
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
19. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.
Oxidation
Marine magnetic anomaly
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Relative plate velocity
20. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve
Convergent plate boundary
Rock layering
Mineral
Spreading rate
21. The bottom portion of the upper mantle - the interval lying between 400km and 660km deep. Here within the Earth - the character of the mantle undergoes a series of abrupt changes.
Upper mantle
Color
Hydrolysis
Transition zone
22. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.
Frost wedging
Hot-spot track
Basalt
Strata
23. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.
Cementation
Lava
Magnetic declination
Gem
24. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
Carbonates
Pyroclastic debris
Plate tectonics
Lithification
25. Type of volcano; most are adjacent to the Pacific - larger in size - interbedded lavas and pyroclastics - consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra - most violent type of activity - may produce nuee ardente or lahars.
Tephra
Basaltic lava flows
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Outer core
26. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.
Specific gravity
Rocks
Transgression
Magma mixing
27. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
A-horizon
Symmetry
Plates
Physical weathering
28. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Residual soil
Calderas
Zone of leaching
Stoping
29. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Oxidation
Magnetic reversals
Euhedral crystal
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
30. Refers to the arrangement of grains in a rock; that is - the way the grains connect each other and whether inequant grains are aligned parallel to one another.
Color
Rock texture
Transgression
Bedrock
31. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Topography
Transported soil
Carbonate rocks
Magnetic declination
32. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho
Heat transfer
Outcrop
Intrusive igneous rock
Volatiles
33. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Asthenosphere
Deposition
Silicate minerals
Xenolith
34. Lava flowing on dry land cools more slowly that lava erupting underwater.
Basaltic lava flows
Hydration
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Oxides
35. A sediment-filled depression; in an area where the lithosphere has subsided.
Flood basalts
Magma mixing
Oxides
Sedimentary Basins
36. The removal of soil by running water or by wind.
Batholiths
Coal
Soil erosion
Jointing
37. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.
Lava tube
Residual soil
Gabbro
Coal
38. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Magnetic declination
Siltstone and mudstone
Extrusive igneous rock
Marine magnetic anomaly
39. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Sandstone
Lava
Strata
Stratagraphic formation
40. Perhaps the cause for the large igneous provinces; formations within the mantle - plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes.
Superplumes
Sedimentary rocks
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Sulfides
41. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Source rock composition
Sulfides
A-horizon
Pangaea
42. Layering in sedimentary rocks.
12km
Bedding
Crystal habit
Jointing
43. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.
Sea-floor spreading
Biomineralization
Effusive eruptions
Source rock composition
44. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Sulfates
Flood basalts
3.5km (2 miles)
45. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns
Cementation
Magnetic reversals
Crystal
Lithosphere
46. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Light silicates
Symmetry
Mafic
Crystal habit
47. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.
Alloy
Crystal lattice
Ignimbrite
Metamorphic rocks
48. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.
C-horizon
Fumerolic mineralization
Inner core
Soil erosion
49. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Seamount chains
Graded bed
Light silicates
Dipole
50. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
Lapilli
Differential weathering
Hydration
Paleopole