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Subject : science
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.






2. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement






3. Process where a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere - such as a continent or island arc - moves into the subduction zone. Yield some of the most spectacular mountains/mountain ranges on the planet including the Him






4. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.






5. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.






6. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.






7. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.






8. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.






9. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.






10. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.






11. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.






12. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.






13. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.






14. The broad - relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level.






15. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.






16. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.






17. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.






18. Alfred Wegener's suggestion that the positions of the continents change through time as they drift away from each other. The flaw was that he lacked a plausible moving mechanism.






19. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.






20. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.






21. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






22. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solution - meaning that atoms - molecules - or ions dissolved in water bond together out of water.






23. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.






24. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.






25. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.






26. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.






27. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.






28. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.






29. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.






30. Lava flowing on dry land cools more slowly that lava erupting underwater.






31. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.






32. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.






33. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil






34. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.






35. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.






36. Develops because mid-ocean ridges lie at a higher elevation than the adjacent abyssal plains of the ocean. The surface of the sea floor overall slopes away from the ridge axis. Gravity causes the elevated lithosphere at the ridge axis to push on the






37. An exposure of bedrock.






38. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.






39. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.






40. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.






41. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.






42. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.






43. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.






44. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.






45. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who






46. Elongate submarine mountain ranges whose peaks lie only about 2-2.5km below sea level. Consist of a ridge axis - are roughly symmetrical - and can include escarpments - axial troughs - and valleys. Examples - Mid-Atlantic Ridge - East Pacific Rise -






47. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.






48. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.






49. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.






50. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho






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