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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Sea-floor spreading
Lapilli
Lava
Area of igneous activity
2. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.
Transition zone
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
A-horizon
Lapilli
3. Type of volcano; broad and slightly domed - primarily made of basaltic lava - large and erupt large volumes of lava. Form from either low viscosity basaltic lava or from large pyroclastic sheets.
Rock layering
Organic chemicals
Gabbro
Shield volcano
4. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
Siliceous rocks
Felsic
Transform fault
Hot-spot track
5. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.
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6. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.
Hydrolysis
Ash
B-horizon
Xenolith
7. The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away. Involves abrasion - plucking - scouring - and dissolution - and is caused by air - water or ice.
Erosion
Native metals
Asthenosphere
Slab-pull force
8. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Outer core
Graded bed
Organic sedimentary rocks
9. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.
Extrusive igneous rock
Viscosity
Jointing
Oxidation
10. A place where three plate boundaries intersect at a point.
triple junction
Sedimentary rocks
Xenolith
Dunes
11. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t
Volcano
Stoping
Geothermal gradient
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
12. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Light silicates
Magma mixing
Quartz sandstone
Batholiths
13. Places with particularly voluminous quantities of magma erupting or intruding.
Crystal
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Chert
Decompression
14. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who
Magnetic inclination
Weathering
triple junction
Streak
15. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.
E-horizon
Volatiles
Color
Loam
16. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different
Shield volcano
Magma mixing
Basalt
C-horizon
17. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.
Halides
Loam
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Basaltic magma
18. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.
Assimilation
Continental drift evidence
Strata
Crystal
19. Mineral class; consist of metal cations bonded by oxygen anions. Examples - hematite and magnetite. Some contain a relatively high proportion of metal atoms - and thus are ore minerals.
Crystal structure
Fumerolic mineralization
The core
Oxides
20. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.
Ash
Why magma rises
Residual soil
Continental drift evidence
21. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Silicate minerals
Viscosity
E-horizon
Granitic composition
22. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.
Deep-ocean trenches
12km
Pyroclastic flows
Weathering
23. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.
Seamount chains
Quartz sandstone
Gem
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
24. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.
Lithification
Halides
Glassy igneous rocks
Hot spots
25. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.
Topography
Crystalline
Laccolith
Sulfates
26. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Volcanic pipes/necks
Fracture and cleavage
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Rocks
27. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.
Crystalline igneous rocks
Conchoidal fractures
Coal
Outcrop
28. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.
Decompression
Tephra
Convergent plate boundary
Paleomagnetism
29. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.
Seamount chains
Pyroclastic debris
Frost wedging
Sedimentary rocks
30. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.
Jointing
Fracture zones
Diagenesis
Deep-ocean trenches
31. Alfred Wegener's suggestion that the positions of the continents change through time as they drift away from each other. The flaw was that he lacked a plausible moving mechanism.
Continental drift hypothesis
Jointing
Effusive eruptions
Fragmental igneous rocks
32. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
Extrusive igneous rock
Magma
Viscosity
Rock composition
33. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.
Area of igneous activity
Lava tube
Flood basalts
Hydration
34. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.
Halides
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Diagenesis
Polymorphs
35. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.
Andesitic lava flows
Effusive eruptions
a'a'
Caliche
36. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Caliche
Crystalline igneous rocks
Fractional crystallization
Glassy igneous rocks
37. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim
Granitic composition
Outcrop
O-horizon
Convergent plate boundary
38. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
ravertine
Hydration
Fragmental igneous rocks
Magnetic inclination
39. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.
Chemical weathering
Lower mantle
650-1100 degrees C
Fracture zones
40. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.
Basalt
Sea-floor spreading
Seamount chains
Strata
41. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.
Fracture zones
Chert
Depositional environment
Lapilli
42. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve
Spreading rate
Lithification
Specific gravity
Sea-floor spreading
43. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Caliche
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Ash
Dark Silicates
44. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.
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45. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.
ravertine
Basaltic magma
Siltstone and mudstone
Fractional crystallization
46. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.
Arkose
Dunes
Andesitic lava flows
Sea-floor spreading
47. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.
Carbonate rocks
Abyssal plains
Biomineralization
Specific gravity
48. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
Strata
Erosion
Granitic magma
Flood basalts
49. The broad - relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level.
Solid-state diffusion
Plutons
Abyssal plains
Dark Silicates
50. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.
Cinder cone
Rhyolitic lava flows
Carbonates
Bedrock