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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.
Andesitic lava flows
Metamorphic foliation
Plutons
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
2. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.
Siltstone and mudstone
Biomineralization
Elemental composition of Earth
Volcanic blocks/bombs
3. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.
Volatiles
Decompression
Stoping
collision
4. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.
Intrusive igneous rock
collision
Magma's speed of flow
Oxidation
5. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.
Basaltic composition
Conglomerate
Sedimentary Basins
Flood basalts
6. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.
Native metals
Lapilli
Factors of magma cooling time
Relative plate velocity
7. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Batholiths
Fractional crystallization
650-1100 degrees C
8. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.
Dipole
Basaltic lava flows
Arkose
Superplumes
9. Theory confirmed by 1968 - geologists had developed the complete model of continental drift - sea-floor spreading - and subduction. Within this model - Earth's lithosphere consists of about 20 distinct pieces - or plates - that move relative to each
Plate tectonics
Apparent polar-wander path
Root wedging
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
10. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Subsidence
Magma's speed of flow
Divergent plate boundary
Mafic
11. An exposure of bedrock.
Granitic composition
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Outcrop
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
12. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a
Lithosphere
Plate tectonics
Silicates
Metals
13. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.
Intermediate
Depositional environment
Frost wedging
Crust
14. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.
Crust
Soil erosion
Hydrolysis
Strata
15. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Crystalline
Lapilli
Heat transfer
Organic chemicals
16. During the final stages of cooling - lava flows contract and may fracture into roughly hexagonal columns.
Abyssal plains
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Metamorphic foliation
Columnar jointing
17. Most common mineral on Earth; compose over 95% of the continental crust. Consist of combinations of a fundamental building block called silicon-oxygen tetrahedron - different groups: independent tetrahedra - single chains - double chains - sheet sili
Granite
Silicate minerals
Outer core
Glass
18. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.
Transition zone
Regression
Explosive eruptions
Lava tube
19. Successive turbidity currents deposit successive graded beds - creating this sequence of strata.
Strata
Color
Turbidite
Earth's atmosphere
20. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
Dipole
Symmetry
Gabbro
Glass
21. The bottom portion of the upper mantle - the interval lying between 400km and 660km deep. Here within the Earth - the character of the mantle undergoes a series of abrupt changes.
Geothermal gradient
Coal
Transition zone
Jointing
22. On a gem are the ground and polished surfaces made with a certain type of machine.
Saprolite
Effusive eruptions
Facets
Hydrosphere
23. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.
Soil Horizons
Xenolith
Turbidity current
Solid-state diffusion
24. A reference to the supposed position of the Earth's magnetic pole at a time in the past.
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Paleopole
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Magnetic reversals
25. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.
Felsic
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Subsidence
atmospheres (atm)
26. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.
Quartz sandstone
Sedimentary structure
Differential weathering
Lava
27. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
A-horizon
Granite
Erosion
Sedimentary Basins
28. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
Igneous rocks
Plates
Sea-floor spreading
Graded bed
29. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Ultramafic
Dipole
Fracture and cleavage
30. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.
Saprolite
Basaltic lava flows
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Dike
31. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -
Asthenosphere
Hydrolysis
Special properties of minerals
Reason for Earth's internal heat
32. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.
Lava domes
Relative plate velocity
Native metals
Pyroclastic debris
33. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim
Extrusive igneous rock
Convergent plate boundary
Grain sizes
B-horizon
34. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.
Metals
Metamorphic rocks
Soil Horizons
Alloy
35. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.
Transform fault
Strata
Granitic magma
Ripples
36. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Graded bed
37. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Hydrolysis
Basalt
Intermediate
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
38. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.
Zone of accumulation
Effusive eruptions
Volcano
Volatiles
39. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.
Volcano
Chemical weathering
Strata
Basaltic lava flows
40. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.
Alloy
Mineral
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Plutons
41. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.
Magnetic anomaly
650-1100 degrees C
Crystal
Saprolite
42. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.
Hardness
Sedimentary rocks
Gem
Dark Silicates
43. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure
Fracture and cleavage
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Hydration
Ultramafic
44. Refers to the arrangement of grains in a rock; that is - the way the grains connect each other and whether inequant grains are aligned parallel to one another.
Paleopole
Specific gravity
Area of igneous activity
Rock texture
45. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.
Arkose
Sill
triple junction
Felsic
46. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.
E-horizon
Fumerolic mineralization
Lapilli
Coal
47. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.
Geothermal gradient
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Dipole
Divergent plate boundary
48. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Cement
Siliceous rocks
Decompression
Silicate minerals
49. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.
Assimilation
Xenolith
Subduction
Cinder cone
50. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Metals
Zone of leaching
Granitic composition