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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Occurs within the asthenosphere - actively drags plates along and attributes partially for the mechanism shifting the plates along the Earth's surface.
Convective flow
Mineral
Batholiths
Convergent plate boundary
2. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Mineral crystal destruction
Solid-state diffusion
Intermediate
The core
3. After sand has lost its feldspar composition due to weathering over time - sediment composed entirely of quartz grains gets buried and lithified to form this type of rock.
The core
Sill
Quartz sandstone
Glass
4. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Oxides
12km
Pyroclastic debris
Silicate minerals
5. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve
Salt wedging
Effusive eruptions
Spreading rate
Weathering
6. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.
Sandstone
Basaltic composition
Andesitic lava flows
Caliche
7. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
Volcanic pipes/necks
E-horizon
Differential weathering
Decompression
8. The removal of soil by running water or by wind.
Dolostone
Continental shelf
Cross beds
Soil erosion
9. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -
Calderas
Transition zone
Special properties of minerals
Carbonates
10. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Conglomerate
Sulfides
Evaporites
Decompression
11. Sedimentary rock composed of clay.
Crystalline igneous rocks
Agrillaceous rocks
Physical weathering
Lava
12. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Subsidence
Carbonates
Transported soil
Sill
13. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.
Basaltic lava flows
Volcanic pipes/necks
Organic chemicals
Explosive eruptions
14. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different
Laccolith
Spreading rate
Bathymetry
Magma mixing
15. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Explosive eruptions
Mafic
Magma mixing
Source rock composition
16. Develops because mid-ocean ridges lie at a higher elevation than the adjacent abyssal plains of the ocean. The surface of the sea floor overall slopes away from the ridge axis. Gravity causes the elevated lithosphere at the ridge axis to push on the
Ridge-push force
Paleomagnetism
Rhyolitic lava flows
Magma's speed of flow
17. Type of volcanic eruption; produce mainly lava flows - yield low-viscosity basaltic lavas.
Effusive eruptions
Basaltic composition
O-horizon
Strata
18. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solution - meaning that atoms - molecules - or ions dissolved in water bond together out of water.
Frost wedging
Rhyolitic lava flows
Granitic magma
Precipitation
19. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.
Rock texture
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Paleopole
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
20. Refers to the arrangement of grains in a rock; that is - the way the grains connect each other and whether inequant grains are aligned parallel to one another.
Rock texture
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Facets
Carbonates
21. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.
Arkose
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
The core
Ignimbrite
22. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
rifting
Native metals
Hydrosphere
23. An exposure of bedrock.
Crystal lattice
Stoping
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Outcrop
24. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.
12km
Conchoidal fractures
Ultramafic
O-horizon
25. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat
Mantle plume
Silicates
Dipole
Divergent plate boundary
26. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.
650-1100 degrees C
Deep-ocean trenches
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Ultramafic
27. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.
Convergent plate boundary
Hot-spot track
Precipitation
Conchoidal fractures
28. Natural bond connecting rocks; mineral material that precipitates from water and fills the space between grains.
Lava tube
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Cement
Siltstone and mudstone
29. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.
Coal
Dissolution
Melting
Rhyolitic lava flows
30. Type of volcano; most are adjacent to the Pacific - larger in size - interbedded lavas and pyroclastics - consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra - most violent type of activity - may produce nuee ardente or lahars.
Cement
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Convergent plate boundary
Crystal lattice
31. During the final stages of cooling - lava flows contract and may fracture into roughly hexagonal columns.
collision
Volcanic pipes/necks
Heat transfer
Columnar jointing
32. Subsoil - ions and clay leached and transported down from above accumulate here. As a result - new minerals form - and clay fills open spaces. Part of the zone of accumulation.
Subsidence
Metamorphic foliation
3.5km (2 miles)
B-horizon
33. A distinctive sequence of strata traced across a fairly large region. For example - a region may contain a succession of alternating sandstone and shale beds deposited by rivers - overlain by beds of marine limestone deposited later.
Stratagraphic formation
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Continental shelf
34. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.
Earth's atmosphere
Crystalline igneous rocks
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
12km
35. A submarine suspension of sediment.
Turbidity current
Hydration
Clastic
Superplumes
36. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
Igneous rocks
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Inner core
Why magma rises
37. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
Light silicates
Frost wedging
Laterite
Transgression
38. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns
Relative plate velocity
Continental rift
Magnetic reversals
Crystal
39. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Symmetry
Crystal habit
Lava domes
Volatiles
40. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.
Loam
Topography
Fracture zones
Heat transfer
41. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.
Relative plate velocity
Weathering
Differential weathering
Silicate minerals
42. Cause of melting; the variation in temperature with depth is expressed in the geotherm; because pressure prevents melting - a decrease in pressure can permit melting. Specifically - if the pressure affecting hot mantle rock decreases while the temper
Decompression
Mantle plume
Stratagraphic formation
Mantle
43. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo
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44. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.
Bed
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Basaltic lava flows
Volcanic blocks/bombs
45. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.
Peridotite
Soil Horizons
Elemental composition of Earth
Glassy igneous rocks
46. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.
Streak
Soil Horizons
Source rock composition
Cement
47. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.
rifting
Sea-floor spreading
Siliceous rocks
Deep-ocean trenches
48. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.
Specific gravity
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Spreading rate
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
49. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.
Subsidence
Crystal
Basaltic magma
Paleopole
50. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.
Volatiles
Calderas
Assimilation
Solid-state diffusion