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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Lava domes
Conchoidal fractures
Sulfates
Hydration
2. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
Magma
Organic sedimentary rocks
Flood basalts
Agrillaceous rocks
3. During the final stages of cooling - lava flows contract and may fracture into roughly hexagonal columns.
Superplumes
Area of igneous activity
Columnar jointing
C-horizon
4. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Lava
Earth's atmosphere
Sea-floor spreading
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
5. The removal of soil by running water or by wind.
Soil erosion
Frost wedging
Sulfates
Turbidite
6. Natural bond connecting rocks; mineral material that precipitates from water and fills the space between grains.
Paleomagnetism
Fracture and cleavage
Alloy
Cement
7. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
Hot spots
Chert
Seamount chains
Transgression
8. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.
Lava domes
A-horizon
Sulfates
rifting
9. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.
Transform fault
Compaction
Loam
Transition zone
10. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Sandstone
Color
Volatiles
Viscosity
11. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.
Apparent polar-wander path
Sedimentary rocks
Subsidence
Ignimbrite
12. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Pyroclastic debris
Stoping
Mineral crystal destruction
Cement
13. Forms from a chemical reaction between solid calcite and magnesium-bearing groundwater.
Soil Horizons
Dolostone
Grain sizes
Precipitation
14. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.
Paleopole
Intrusive igneous rock
Continental shelf
Bathymetry
15. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.
Transform fault
Basalt
Source rock composition
Chert
16. Cause of melting; the variation in temperature with depth is expressed in the geotherm; because pressure prevents melting - a decrease in pressure can permit melting. Specifically - if the pressure affecting hot mantle rock decreases while the temper
Jointing
Ridge-push force
Decompression
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
17. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.
Intrusive igneous rock
Weathering
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Why magma rises
18. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand
Inner core
Assimilation
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Salt wedging
19. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.
Jointing
Laterite
Physical weathering
Clastic
20. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.
Convective flow
Hydrolysis
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Pyroclastic flows
21. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
Lithification
Earth's atmosphere
Siliceous rocks
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
22. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.
Superplumes
Redbeds
Transported soil
Transform fault
23. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.
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24. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Volcanic pipes/necks
ravertine
Crystal
Explosive eruptions
25. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Bedrock
Euhedral crystal
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Soil
26. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Factors of magma cooling time
a'a'
Relative plate velocity
27. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Residual soil
Sedimentary Basins
Seamount chains
Root wedging
28. A naturally occurring solid - formed by geologic processes - has a crystalline structure and a definable chemical composition - and is generally inorganic.
Mineral
Strata
Silicates
Agrillaceous rocks
29. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.
Area of igneous activity
Residual soil
Extrusive igneous rock
Plate tectonics
30. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.
Mineral
Pangaea
Volcanic pipes/necks
Magnetic declination
31. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.
Ash
Flood basalts
Melts
Magma mixing
32. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.
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33. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.
Bathymetry
Transform plate boundary
Crust
Mid-ocean ridges
34. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Metals
Ultramafic
Thermal expansion
Zone of accumulation
35. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.
Granitic composition
Zone of accumulation
Mineral crystal destruction
Melting
36. Outer surface level of Earth; composed of granite - basalt - and gabbro. Continental: mostly about 35-40km thick . Oceanic: about 7-10km thick. Oxygen - by far the most abundant element.
Facets
Crust
Granite
Basaltic magma
37. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.
Metals
Oxidation
Dolostone
Granitic magma
38. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.
Stoping
Special properties of minerals
Caliche
Inner core
39. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Hydration
Silicate minerals
Crystal lattice
Symmetry
40. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Cinder cone
Geothermal gradient
Relative plate velocity
Pyroclastic flows
41. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.
Chemical weathering
Magnetic declination
Batholiths
Native metals
42. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.
Zone of accumulation
Xenolith
Lava tube
a'a'
43. The difference between the expected strength of the Earth's main field at a certain location and the actual measure strength of the magnetic field at that location. Places where the field strength is stronger that expected are positive anomalies - an
Sill
Turbidity current
Bathymetry
Magnetic anomaly
44. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Jointing
Upper mantle
Hydration
45. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Magnetic inclination
Transported soil
Carbonate rocks
Depositional environment
46. A distinctive sequence of strata traced across a fairly large region. For example - a region may contain a succession of alternating sandstone and shale beds deposited by rivers - overlain by beds of marine limestone deposited later.
Evaporites
Inner core
Continental rift
Stratagraphic formation
47. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.
Heat transfer
Lava tube
Caliche
Crystal lattice
48. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).
Volcanic pipes/necks
Lower mantle
Ridge-push force
Cementation
49. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Crystalline igneous rocks
Gem
Symmetry
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
50. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.
Solid-state diffusion
Caliche
Dolostone
a'a'