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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
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Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.
Zone of leaching
Luster
Arkose
Cross beds
2. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
E-horizon
Rhyolitic lava flows
Silicate minerals
Symmetry
3. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.
Compaction
Fragmental igneous rocks
Dunes
Relative plate velocity
4. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns
Flood basalts
Crystal
Carbonates
O-horizon
5. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.
rifting
12km
Cross beds
Loam
6. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Organic sedimentary rocks
a'a'
Continental drift evidence
Abyssal plains
7. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.
Outer core
Crystalline
Plates
Specific gravity
8. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
Igneous rocks
Organic chemicals
Mantle plume
Lapilli
9. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.
Pyroclastic debris
Caliche
Plutons
Chemical sedimentary rocks
10. A place where three plate boundaries intersect at a point.
Regression
E-horizon
B-horizon
triple junction
11. Type of volcanic eruption; produce mainly lava flows - yield low-viscosity basaltic lavas.
Effusive eruptions
Source rock composition
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Crystal
12. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
Viscosity
Lava
The core
Dolostone
13. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.
Graded bed
Saprolite
Dipole
Fragmental igneous rocks
14. Lava flowing on dry land cools more slowly that lava erupting underwater.
Color
Superplumes
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
15. Natural bond connecting rocks; mineral material that precipitates from water and fills the space between grains.
Intermediate
Granite
Cement
Fumerolic mineralization
16. During the final stages of cooling - lava flows contract and may fracture into roughly hexagonal columns.
Depositional environment
Columnar jointing
Mineral
Conchoidal fractures
17. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
Cement
Coal
Differential weathering
Viscosity
18. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Root wedging
Lava tube
Rock composition
Hydration
19. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.
Symmetry
Jointing
Fracture zones
Lithosphere
20. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.
Organic sedimentary rocks
Light silicates
Hydrolysis
Jointing
21. Factors; the depth of the intrusion - the deeper - the more slowly it cools. The shape and size of a magma body - the greater the surface area - the faster it cools. The presence of circulating groundwater - water passing through cools magma faster.
Factors of magma cooling time
Felsic
Tuff
Rock texture
22. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.
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23. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
E-horizon
Paleopole
Soil
Siliceous rocks
24. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Sulfides
Conglomerate
Explosive eruptions
Crystalline
25. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.
Weathering
Limestone
Plutons
Fractional crystallization
26. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.
Basaltic composition
Carbonates
Root wedging
Loam
27. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Lava
Paleopole
Dunes
Biomineralization
28. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.
C-horizon
Soil
Sill
Ripples
29. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Transported soil
Chemical weathering
Clastic
Luster
30. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
Transgression
Outer core
Organic sedimentary rocks
Hardness
31. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.
Assimilation
Calderas
Lava domes
650-1100 degrees C
32. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able
Outer core
Organic chemicals
Dolostone
Symmetry
33. A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern. Forms when a liquid freezes so fast that atoms do not have time to organize into an orderly pattern.
Caliche
Glass
Flood basalts
Magnetic inclination
34. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.
Dark Silicates
Crystal structure
Transform fault
Precipitation
35. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Gem
Hydrolysis
Glass
Magnetic inclination
36. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Mafic
Residual soil
Transition zone
Stratagraphic formation
37. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Silicate minerals
Dipole
Lava tube
38. The record of paleomagnetism revealed that the location of Earth's magnetic poles had been changing through geologic time. This 'wandering' meant that Earth's magnetic poles do not move with respect to fixed continents. Rather - continents move relat
Cross beds
Solid-state diffusion
Apparent polar-wander path
Explosive eruptions
39. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.
Sedimentary structure
Calderas
Regression
Tephra
40. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.
Rock texture
Ripples
collision
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
41. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.
Magnetic declination
Organic sedimentary rocks
Deep-ocean trenches
Mineral crystal destruction
42. Soil section below the A-horizon; a soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material. Because it lacks organic materials - this horizon tends to be lighter than the A-horizon. Part of the zone of leaching
E-horizon
Caliche
Superplumes
Color
43. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Mineral
Sulfates
Rock layering
Euhedral crystal
44. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.
Subsidence
Plate tectonics
Native metals
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
45. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.
Xenolith
Arkose
Dipole
Spreading rate
46. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Lava tube
Cement
Extrusive igneous rock
Rock texture
47. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.
triple junction
Hydrosphere
Seamount chains
Strata
48. Type of sedimentary rock; rocks whose grains are stuck together by cement.
Siltstone and mudstone
Metamorphic rocks
Clastic
Area of igneous activity
49. The broad - relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level.
Abyssal plains
Metals
Ash
Turbidity current
50. Process occurring in arid climates - dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates and grows as crystals in open pore spaces in rocks. This process pushes apart the surrounding grains and so weakens the rock that when exposed to wind or rain - the rock
Thermal expansion
Sulfates
Metamorphic rocks
Salt wedging
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