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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.
Superplumes
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Symmetry
Batholiths
2. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.
Continental shelf
Andesitic lava flows
Tuff
Ignimbrite
3. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Tephra
Gabbro
Dissolution
Jointing
4. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.
Lava domes
Magnetic inclination
Hot-spot track
Sill
5. Built up deposit of volcanic bombs and lapilli - known as volcanic agglomerate.
Facets
Assimilation
Gabbro
Tuff
6. Type of sedimentary rock; rocks whose grains are stuck together by cement.
Tephra
Intrusive igneous rock
Metamorphic rocks
Clastic
7. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.
Ultramafic
Strata
Conchoidal fractures
Zone of accumulation
8. Breaks intact rocks into unconnected grains or chunks - collectively called debris or detritus. Grain size from largest to smallest: boulders - cobbles - pebbles - sand - silt - mud/clay.
Basaltic composition
Physical weathering
Volcano
Chemical weathering
9. Type of volcanic eruption; produce mainly lava flows - yield low-viscosity basaltic lavas.
Effusive eruptions
Organic chemicals
Arkose
Plutons
10. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Root wedging
Apparent polar-wander path
Lava
Organic sedimentary rocks
11. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.
Hot spots
Crystalline
Deposition
Magnetic inclination
12. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
Igneous rocks
Slab-pull force
Intermediate
Rhyolitic lava flows
13. A thick accumulation of sediment (10-15km) - the surface of this sediment layer is this broad - shallow region.
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Continental shelf
Light silicates
Biomineralization
14. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.
Mineral crystal destruction
Gem
Outcrop
Sedimentary structure
15. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Magma's speed of flow
Hydrosphere
Transgression
Basalt
16. A sediment-filled depression; in an area where the lithosphere has subsided.
Plate tectonics
Deposition
Sedimentary Basins
Transported soil
17. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Viscosity
Crystal
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Explosive eruptions
18. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.
Topography
Melts
Alloy
B-horizon
19. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.
Native metals
Continental drift hypothesis
Physical weathering
Zone of leaching
20. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m
Laccolith
Marine magnetic anomaly
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
A-horizon
21. Rocks that consist of mineral crystals that intergrow when the melt solidifies - interlocking structure. Examples - granite and rhyolite.
Crystalline igneous rocks
Transform plate boundary
Magnetic anomaly
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
22. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Salt wedging
Volcanic pipes/necks
Transform plate boundary
Slab-pull force
23. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Root wedging
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Slab-pull force
Redbeds
24. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.
Compaction
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Alloy
Hydration
25. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Outer core
Light silicates
Topography
Zone of leaching
26. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho
Volatiles
Organic sedimentary rocks
Plate tectonics
Geothermal gradient
27. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.
Hydrolysis
Volcanic pipes/necks
Flood basalts
Geothermal gradient
28. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
Halides
Subduction
Dissolution
Intermediate
29. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Magnetic inclination
Mineral crystal destruction
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Magnetic reversals
30. Factors; the depth of the intrusion - the deeper - the more slowly it cools. The shape and size of a magma body - the greater the surface area - the faster it cools. The presence of circulating groundwater - water passing through cools magma faster.
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Stoping
Factors of magma cooling time
31. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.
Source rock composition
Color
Loam
Bathymetry
32. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Dunes
Extrusive igneous rock
Crystal habit
Bedrock
33. A submarine suspension of sediment.
Stratagraphic formation
Shield volcano
Hardness
Turbidity current
34. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.
Fumerolic mineralization
Intrusive igneous rock
Crystalline igneous rocks
Halides
35. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -
Cross beds
Deep-ocean trenches
Fractional crystallization
Special properties of minerals
36. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.
Coal
Halides
Cross beds
Granitic magma
37. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.
Basaltic magma
Fractional crystallization
Lapilli
Mantle plume
38. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Inner core
Convective flow
Transported soil
Hardness
39. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.
Mantle
Assimilation
Coal
Cement
40. The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away. Involves abrasion - plucking - scouring - and dissolution - and is caused by air - water or ice.
Erosion
Magnetic reversals
A-horizon
Organic sedimentary rocks
41. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.
Deep-ocean trenches
Arkose
Explosive eruptions
Magnetic reversals
42. A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern. Forms when a liquid freezes so fast that atoms do not have time to organize into an orderly pattern.
Rock layering
Glass
Clastic sedimentary rocks
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
43. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.
Organic chemicals
Topography
Soil Horizons
Laccolith
44. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.
Granitic magma
Laterite
Upper mantle
Volcanic pipes/necks
45. Perhaps the cause for the large igneous provinces; formations within the mantle - plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes.
Superplumes
Weathering
Mantle plume
Frost wedging
46. A sedimentary bed that has developed a reddish color. The red comes from a film of iron oxide (hematite) that forms on grain surfaces.
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Transported soil
Redbeds
Precipitation
47. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Crystalline
Tuff
Sedimentary Basins
Caliche
48. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Pangaea
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Strata
Organic sedimentary rocks
49. Subsoil - ions and clay leached and transported down from above accumulate here. As a result - new minerals form - and clay fills open spaces. Part of the zone of accumulation.
Cementation
Hot-spot track
Limestone
B-horizon
50. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.
Andesitic lava flows
Volatiles
Carbonates
Laccolith