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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Evaporites
Hardness
Subduction
Agrillaceous rocks
2. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Lapilli
Ultramafic
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Tephra
3. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Topography
Mineral crystal destruction
Zone of leaching
Regolith
4. Successive turbidity currents deposit successive graded beds - creating this sequence of strata.
Turbidite
Paleomagnetism
Hot-spot track
Slab-pull force
5. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Sea-floor spreading
Columnar jointing
Mafic
6. Sedimentary rock composed of clay.
Continental drift evidence
Paleopole
Hot-spot track
Agrillaceous rocks
7. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Turbidite
Extrusive igneous rock
Halides
Soil Horizons
8. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.
Sill
Ash
pahoehoe
Partial melting
9. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.
Thermal expansion
Crystal habit
Polymorphs
Rocks
10. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.
Erosion
Crystalline igneous rocks
Differential weathering
Calderas
11. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho
Strata
Conchoidal fractures
Volatiles
A-horizon
12. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.
E-horizon
Lava tube
Mantle plume
Saprolite
13. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.
Volcano
rifting
Jointing
Specific gravity
14. Type of sedimentary rock; rocks whose grains are stuck together by cement.
Clastic
650-1100 degrees C
Extrusive igneous rock
3.5km (2 miles)
15. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if
Redbeds
Hydration
Erosion
Dipole
16. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.
Crystal structure
Pyroclastic flows
Andesitic lava flows
Melts
17. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.
Biomineralization
Magnetic anomaly
Agrillaceous rocks
Rocks
18. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Plutons
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Grain sizes
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
19. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.
Factors of magma cooling time
ravertine
Sedimentary Basins
Magnetic declination
20. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.
Solid-state diffusion
Magma mixing
Grain sizes
Crystal lattice
21. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.
Color
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Plate tectonics
Apparent polar-wander path
22. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Hot-spot track
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Peridotite
Crystal habit
23. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.
Stoping
Regression
Convergent plate boundary
Glass
24. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Hydration
Soil
Continental drift evidence
Lithosphere
25. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.
Seamount chains
Fumerolic mineralization
Quartz sandstone
Outer core
26. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
Topography
Transgression
Convective flow
Zone of accumulation
27. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
Volcanic pipes/necks
The core
Evaporites
12km
28. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.
Oxides
Light silicates
Subsidence
Hot-spot track
29. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st
Slab-pull force
Color
Organic chemicals
Turbidity current
30. A submarine suspension of sediment.
Hydrosphere
Turbidity current
Hot spots
rifting
31. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.
Lithification
Rhyolitic lava flows
Volcano
Area of igneous activity
32. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.
Continental drift evidence
Strata
Lava tube
Facets
33. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure
Facets
Fracture and cleavage
Diagenesis
Hydrolysis
34. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Effusive eruptions
Crystal habit
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
The core
35. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Mineral crystal destruction
Oxides
Explosive eruptions
Basaltic magma
36. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Gem
Continental rift
Erosion
Mineral crystal destruction
37. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.
Felsic
Alloy
Pyroclastic flows
Basaltic magma
38. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.
Dolostone
Topography
Turbidity current
Heat transfer
39. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.
Plutons
ravertine
Outcrop
Crystal habit
40. Forms from a chemical reaction between solid calcite and magnesium-bearing groundwater.
650-1100 degrees C
Evaporites
Silicate minerals
Dolostone
41. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.
Symmetry
Fumerolic mineralization
Pangaea
Stoping
42. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.
Rhyolitic lava flows
Diagenesis
Mineral
Color
43. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.
Compaction
Andesitic lava flows
Chert
Oxidation
44. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.
Lower mantle
Cementation
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Transgression
45. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.
Mantle
Specific gravity
Paleomagnetism
Crystal habit
46. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.
Explosive eruptions
Divergent plate boundary
Subsidence
Lithosphere
47. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Laterite
Dunes
Gem
Granitic composition
48. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat
Divergent plate boundary
Transgression
Crystalline
Laterite
49. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Basaltic magma
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Magma's speed of flow
Color
50. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).
Sea-floor spreading
Hot spots
Silicate minerals
atmospheres (atm)