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Geology
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Subject
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science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.
Transgression
Volatiles
Area of igneous activity
Partial melting
2. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Root wedging
Rhyolitic lava flows
Ripples
Crystalline
3. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
ravertine
Hydration
Intrusive igneous rock
4. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.
Stratagraphic formation
Solid-state diffusion
Lithification
Convective flow
5. Process where a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere - such as a continent or island arc - moves into the subduction zone. Yield some of the most spectacular mountains/mountain ranges on the planet including the Him
Sedimentary structure
Heat transfer
Magnetic reversals
collision
6. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.
Laccolith
Granitic composition
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
7. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.
Deposition
Basaltic magma
Frost wedging
Lower mantle
8. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
Glassy igneous rocks
Crystal structure
Laterite
Siliceous rocks
9. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Ultramafic
Convective flow
Conchoidal fractures
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
10. Farther down from a zone of leaching - new mineral crystals precipitate directly out of the water or form when the water reacts with debris - this the region where the new minerals and clay collect.
Dark Silicates
Arkose
Zone of accumulation
Felsic
11. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).
Magma
Halides
Cement
Sedimentary Basins
12. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
Lithification
Limestone
ravertine
Earth's atmosphere
13. Soil section below the A-horizon; a soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material. Because it lacks organic materials - this horizon tends to be lighter than the A-horizon. Part of the zone of leaching
Ultramafic
Volatiles
E-horizon
Cinder cone
14. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and
Continental drift hypothesis
Plate tectonics
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Sedimentary Basins
15. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.
Abyssal plains
Continental shelf
Apparent polar-wander path
Hot-spot track
16. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).
Evaporites
Soil
Differential weathering
Cementation
17. A mineral's growth that is uninhibited - has well-formed crystal faces.
Euhedral crystal
E-horizon
Magnetic declination
Elemental composition of Earth
18. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
Lava
rifting
Crystal habit
Flood basalts
19. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
Laccolith
Silicate minerals
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Specific gravity
20. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.
Ripples
Caliche
Transported soil
Hot spots
21. The difference between the expected strength of the Earth's main field at a certain location and the actual measure strength of the magnetic field at that location. Places where the field strength is stronger that expected are positive anomalies - an
Magnetic anomaly
Deposition
Fractional crystallization
Flood basalts
22. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.
Chemical weathering
Metals
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Sandstone
23. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.
Batholiths
Crystal lattice
Stratagraphic formation
Oxidation
24. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Depositional environment
Salt wedging
Carbonate rocks
25. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Mafic
Seamount chains
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Agrillaceous rocks
26. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.
Magma mixing
Ripples
Magma's speed of flow
Asthenosphere
27. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Rock composition
Outer core
Diagenesis
Gabbro
28. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as
Viscosity
Partial melting
Volatiles
triple junction
29. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.
Inner core
Chemical weathering
Laccolith
Ridge-push force
30. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able
Jointing
Siltstone and mudstone
Magnetic inclination
Outer core
31. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Ash
Polymorphs
Transgression
32. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.
Regolith
Carbonate rocks
Lava tube
Fracture zones
33. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.
Mantle plume
Paleomagnetism
Frost wedging
Rock-forming silicate minerals
34. Rocks that consist of mineral crystals that intergrow when the melt solidifies - interlocking structure. Examples - granite and rhyolite.
Crystalline igneous rocks
Mantle plume
Native metals
Agrillaceous rocks
35. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Ridge-push force
Hydration
Sedimentary Basins
a'a'
36. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Apparent polar-wander path
Magnetic declination
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Gabbro
37. Magma type; contains about 52% to 66% silica. Name indicates that these magmas have a composition between that of felsic and mafic magma.
Intermediate
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Outcrop
Evaporites
38. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.
Diagenesis
atmospheres (atm)
Marine magnetic anomaly
Conchoidal fractures
39. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
atmospheres (atm)
Effusive eruptions
Zone of accumulation
Sea-floor spreading
40. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.
rifting
Transgression
Turbidite
Salt wedging
41. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.
The core
Mantle
Turbidity current
Depositional environment
42. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Volcano
Rhyolitic lava flows
43. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Crystal habit
Grain sizes
Fracture zones
Outcrop
44. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
Igneous rocks
Mineral
Gabbro
Magma
45. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Paleopole
Melting
Light silicates
Sill
46. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Factors of magma cooling time
Granitic magma
Subduction
Volcanic blocks/bombs
47. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.
Paleomagnetism
pahoehoe
Fracture zones
Oxidation
48. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Assimilation
Hydrosphere
Mantle plume
Cinder cone
49. Lava flowing on dry land cools more slowly that lava erupting underwater.
Salt wedging
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Oxidation
Seamount chains
50. A single - continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a crystalline solid bounded by flat surfaces called crystal faces that grew naturally as the mineral formed. Come in a variety of shapes - cubes - trapezoids - pyramids - octahedrons - hexagonal columns
Quartz sandstone
Crystal
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Superplumes
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