Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.






2. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp






3. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.






4. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.






5. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.






6. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.

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7. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.






8. A place where three plate boundaries intersect at a point.






9. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.






10. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve






11. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.






12. The bottom portion of the upper mantle - the interval lying between 400km and 660km deep. Here within the Earth - the character of the mantle undergoes a series of abrupt changes.






13. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.






14. On a gem are the ground and polished surfaces made with a certain type of machine.






15. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.






16. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure






17. Successive turbidity currents deposit successive graded beds - creating this sequence of strata.






18. Type of magma; high silica content - viscous - liquid at temperatures as low as 700 degrees C.






19. A reference to the pattern structure of a mineral. A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern - a crystalline solid.






20. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.






21. Refers to the arrangement of grains in a rock; that is - the way the grains connect each other and whether inequant grains are aligned parallel to one another.






22. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.






23. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.






24. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.






25. Layering in sedimentary rocks.






26. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.






27. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.






28. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.






29. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.






30. Mineral class; consist of metal cations bonded by oxygen anions. Examples - hematite and magnetite. Some contain a relatively high proportion of metal atoms - and thus are ore minerals.






31. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.






32. In degrees Celsius - the high temperatures at which igneous rocks freeze; the freezing of liquid melt to form solid igneous rock represents the same phenomenon as the freezing of water - except at much higher temperatures.






33. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.






34. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.






35. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.






36. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.






37. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.






38. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho






39. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.






40. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.






41. A thick accumulation of sediment (10-15km) - the surface of this sediment layer is this broad - shallow region.






42. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.






43. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.






44. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.






45. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.






46. The injection of magma within the magma chamber and conduit generates an outward pressure within the volcano. The presence of gas within the magma increases this pressure - as gas expands greatly as it rises toward the Earth's surface. Rhyolitic and






47. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.






48. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.






49. A naturally occurring solid - formed by geologic processes - has a crystalline structure and a definable chemical composition - and is generally inorganic.






50. Type of sedimentary rock; rocks whose grains are stuck together by cement.