Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if






2. The difference between the expected strength of the Earth's main field at a certain location and the actual measure strength of the magnetic field at that location. Places where the field strength is stronger that expected are positive anomalies - an






3. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.






4. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.






5. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.






6. Sedimentary rock composed of clay.






7. A reference to the supposed position of the Earth's magnetic pole at a time in the past.






8. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.






9. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.






10. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.






11. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.






12. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.






13. Layering in sedimentary rocks.






14. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.






15. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.






16. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m






17. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.






18. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.






19. Cause of melting; the variation in temperature with depth is expressed in the geotherm; because pressure prevents melting - a decrease in pressure can permit melting. Specifically - if the pressure affecting hot mantle rock decreases while the temper






20. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.






21. A sedimentary bed that has developed a reddish color. The red comes from a film of iron oxide (hematite) that forms on grain surfaces.






22. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.






23. During the final stages of cooling - lava flows contract and may fracture into roughly hexagonal columns.






24. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp






25. Magma type; contains about 66% to 76% silica. Name reflects the occurrence of feldspar and quartz in rocks formed in this magma.






26. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.






27. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.






28. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.






29. A plate boundary at which two plates move toward one another so that one plate sinks beneath the other. Subduction zones; Engage the sinking process known as subduction - between plates - consuming old oceanic lithosphere due to high density. Can sim






30. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.






31. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.






32. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.






33. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.






34. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.






35. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.






36. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.






37. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.






38. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.






39. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.






40. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.






41. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.






42. The broad - relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level.






43. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.






44. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.






45. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.






46. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.






47. The removal of soil by running water or by wind.






48. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.






49. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.






50. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.







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