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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
Laterite
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Relative plate velocity
Dunes
2. Volcanic landform; bulbous mass of congealed lava - associated with explosive eruptions of gas-rich magma.
Outer core
Magnetic inclination
Volatiles
Lava domes
3. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
Relative plate velocity
Pangaea
Mafic
The core
4. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Saprolite
Transgression
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Frost wedging
5. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.
Asthenosphere
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Rhyolitic lava flows
Hydrosphere
6. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.
Decompression
Peridotite
Compaction
Assimilation
7. A felsic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Lithosphere
Physical weathering
Granite
Crystalline igneous rocks
8. Natural bond connecting rocks; mineral material that precipitates from water and fills the space between grains.
Turbidity current
Cement
Outer core
Outcrop
9. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.
Bedrock
Abyssal plains
Crystal structure
Alloy
10. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.
Tephra
Sedimentary Basins
C-horizon
Mid-ocean ridges
11. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Carbonate rocks
Tuff
Soil erosion
Lithosphere
12. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Outcrop
Dark Silicates
Granite
Subduction
13. Cause of melting; magma can also form at locations where chemicals called volatiles mix with hot mantle rock. Elements such as water and carbon dioxide mix with hot rock - helping to break chemical bonds - so that if you add volatiles to a solid - ho
Residual soil
Volatiles
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Sea-floor spreading
14. The broad - relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 4-5km below sea level.
Lava tube
pahoehoe
The core
Abyssal plains
15. Hot basaltic lava that erupts with such low viscosity that it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the landscape.
Ash
Polymorphs
Flood basalts
Cement
16. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.
Hydrolysis
Dipole
Color
Soil Horizons
17. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.
Agrillaceous rocks
Bed
Spreading rate
Zone of accumulation
18. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.
Crystalline
Ignimbrite
Sulfides
650-1100 degrees C
19. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp
Magnetic reversals
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Volcano
Convergent plate boundary
20. The removal of soil by running water or by wind.
Intrusive igneous rock
Soil erosion
Convergent plate boundary
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
21. The layering nature of sedimentary rocks - surface features of layers formed during deposition - and the arrangement of grains within layers.
Sedimentary structure
Mafic
Volcano
Peridotite
22. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat
Divergent plate boundary
Transgression
Laterite
Soil
23. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.
Subduction
pahoehoe
Basaltic magma
Plutons
24. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.
Rock layering
Regolith
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
25. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Root wedging
Plate tectonics
Superplumes
Convergent plate boundary
26. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.
Mantle plume
triple junction
Rock composition
Lapilli
27. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Zone of leaching
Strata
Cross beds
Soil Horizons
28. Perhaps the cause for the large igneous provinces; formations within the mantle - plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes.
Superplumes
Differential weathering
Magma mixing
Precipitation
29. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.
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30. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.
Soil Horizons
Bed
Magnetic reversals
Pyroclastic flows
31. Process where a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere - such as a continent or island arc - moves into the subduction zone. Yield some of the most spectacular mountains/mountain ranges on the planet including the Him
Bedrock
Crystal habit
Fractional crystallization
collision
32. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
Lapilli
Laccolith
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
pahoehoe
33. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
650-1100 degrees C
Hardness
Sulfides
Diagenesis
34. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.
Topography
Plate tectonics
Transition zone
Strata
35. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Ultramafic
Andesitic lava flows
Redbeds
Lava domes
36. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Salt wedging
Lithification
Columnar jointing
Gabbro
37. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.
Rhyolitic lava flows
Biomineralization
Deposition
O-horizon
38. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Crystalline
Gabbro
Lithification
O-horizon
39. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.
Special properties of minerals
Fumerolic mineralization
C-horizon
Chemical sedimentary rocks
40. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Basaltic lava flows
Glassy igneous rocks
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Arkose
41. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Viscosity
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Symmetry
Tuff
42. Places with particularly voluminous quantities of magma erupting or intruding.
Special properties of minerals
Saprolite
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Magma
43. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.
Carbonates
Dissolution
Precipitation
Upper mantle
44. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Plate tectonics
B-horizon
Limestone
45. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
O-horizon
Turbidity current
Diagenesis
Crystal habit
46. The bottom portion of the upper mantle - the interval lying between 400km and 660km deep. Here within the Earth - the character of the mantle undergoes a series of abrupt changes.
Subduction
Transition zone
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Dunes
47. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Pyroclastic flows
Carbonates
Limestone
Color
48. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.
Abyssal plains
Sandstone
Why magma rises
Differential weathering
49. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who
Magnetic reversals
Streak
Magnetic declination
Rock layering
50. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Subsidence
Hardness
Mafic
Effusive eruptions