Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.






2. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.






3. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.

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4. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.






5. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.






6. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.






7. A sediment-filled depression; in an area where the lithosphere has subsided.






8. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.






9. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.






10. Process where new divergent boundaries form when a continent splits and separates into two continents.






11. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.






12. Cause of melting; the variation in temperature with depth is expressed in the geotherm; because pressure prevents melting - a decrease in pressure can permit melting. Specifically - if the pressure affecting hot mantle rock decreases while the temper






13. Coarse pyroclastic debris - apple to refrigerator-sized fragments. Chunks of preexisting igneous rock or large lava blobs which discharge from volcanic eruptions.






14. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.






15. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.






16. Chemical weathering occurring in warm - wet climates can produce a layer of rotten rock - over 100km thick.






17. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.






18. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.






19. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.






20. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.






21. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.






22. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.






23. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.






24. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solidification of a melt - meaning the freezing of a liquid.






25. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.






26. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.






27. A plate boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate. No new plate is formed and no old plate is consumed. But the grinding between the plates generates frequent and destructive earthquakes.






28. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.






29. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.






30. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).






31. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo

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32. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.






33. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.






34. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.






35. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.






36. Volcanic landform; bulbous mass of congealed lava - associated with explosive eruptions of gas-rich magma.






37. Distinct internal laminations within a ripple or dune that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer. Form as a consequence of the evolution of dunes or ripples.






38. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.






39. The most common minerals in the Earth. Contain silica (SiO2) mixed in varying proportions with other elements (typically iron - magnesium - aluminum - calcium - potassium - and sodium).






40. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.






41. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as






42. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.






43. A submarine suspension of sediment.






44. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.






45. Subsoil - ions and clay leached and transported down from above accumulate here. As a result - new minerals form - and clay fills open spaces. Part of the zone of accumulation.






46. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.






47. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.






48. Layering in metamorphic rocks.






49. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.






50. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.