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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.
Crust
C-horizon
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Carbonate rocks
2. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Dolostone
Gem
Cementation
Marine magnetic anomaly
3. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.
Deposition
Conglomerate
Weathering
Lithosphere
4. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.
Basaltic magma
Plutons
Siliceous rocks
Extrusive igneous rock
5. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Transform fault
Graded bed
Alloy
6. A submarine suspension of sediment.
Turbidity current
Redbeds
Continental rift
Columnar jointing
7. A reference to the supposed position of the Earth's magnetic pole at a time in the past.
3.5km (2 miles)
Paleopole
Convective flow
Topography
8. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.
Symmetry
Organic chemicals
Asthenosphere
Sea-floor spreading
9. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).
Hydrolysis
Fracture zones
Halides
Crystal structure
10. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
Laterite
Saprolite
Graded bed
Crystal habit
11. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.
Mafic
Redbeds
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Explosive eruptions
12. Physical property of a mineral; a measure of a minerals relative ability to resist scratching - and therefore represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure being broken. The atoms or ions in crystals of a hard mineral are more strongly
Zone of accumulation
Hardness
Continental shelf
Volatiles
13. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.
Topography
Cross beds
Magma
Intrusive igneous rock
14. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.
Facets
Hardness
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Seamount chains
15. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.
Assimilation
Gabbro
Volcanic pipes/necks
Dike
16. An exposure of bedrock.
Outcrop
Rock composition
Caliche
Oxides
17. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.
Dissolution
Fracture zones
Sill
Limestone
18. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Limestone
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
19. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.
Biomineralization
Melts
Outcrop
Geothermal gradient
20. The bottom portion of the upper mantle - the interval lying between 400km and 660km deep. Here within the Earth - the character of the mantle undergoes a series of abrupt changes.
Melts
Transition zone
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Deposition
21. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Basaltic lava flows
Sulfates
The core
Color
22. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
Continental rift
Halides
Transgression
Pyroclastic flows
23. Because different soil-forming processes operate at different depths - soils typically develop into these distinct zones. These zones can be arranged vertically into a soil profile.
Clastic
Ultramafic
Stratagraphic formation
Soil Horizons
24. Type of lava flow; the most viscous of any lava flow because it is the most silicic and the coolest in nature. Tends to accumulate in a lava dome above the vent or in short and bulbous flows 1 to 2 km long.
Igneous rocks
Rhyolitic lava flows
Calderas
Outer core
25. A place where three plate boundaries intersect at a point.
Evaporites
triple junction
Magma's speed of flow
Reason for Earth's internal heat
26. Elongate submarine mountain ranges whose peaks lie only about 2-2.5km below sea level. Consist of a ridge axis - are roughly symmetrical - and can include escarpments - axial troughs - and valleys. Examples - Mid-Atlantic Ridge - East Pacific Rise -
Assimilation
Mid-ocean ridges
Turbidity current
Volatiles
27. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Tuff
Light silicates
Organic sedimentary rocks
Ridge-push force
28. Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air.
Regolith
Crystalline igneous rocks
Basalt
Chemical weathering
29. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.
Pyroclastic flows
Paleopole
Hot-spot track
Extrusive igneous rock
30. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Source rock composition
Carbonate rocks
Mineral
Melting
31. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
650-1100 degrees C
Glassy igneous rocks
Seamount chains
Stoping
32. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.
3.5km (2 miles)
Factors classifying clastic sedimentary rocks
Polymorphs
Biomineralization
33. Chemical weathering occurring in warm - wet climates can produce a layer of rotten rock - over 100km thick.
Frost wedging
Saprolite
Rock composition
Dark Silicates
34. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.
Relative plate velocity
Crystal structure
Agrillaceous rocks
Melts
35. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.
Continental drift evidence
Sulfides
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Thermal expansion
36. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.
650-1100 degrees C
Metals
Redbeds
ravertine
37. Process where a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere - such as a continent or island arc - moves into the subduction zone. Yield some of the most spectacular mountains/mountain ranges on the planet including the Him
collision
Pyroclastic debris
Organic sedimentary rocks
Coal
38. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Organic sedimentary rocks
Intermediate
Crystal habit
Plutons
39. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.
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40. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve
Lava tube
B-horizon
Organic sedimentary rocks
Spreading rate
41. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Crystalline
3.5km (2 miles)
Bedding
Clastic
42. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Salt wedging
Basaltic composition
Root wedging
Dunes
43. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.
Source rock composition
Crystalline
Transform fault
Streak
44. Equant - meaning that they have the same dimensions in all directions. Or inequant - meaning their dimensions are not the same in all directions.
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Grain sizes
Subsidence
Dark Silicates
45. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.
Regolith
Granitic composition
Limestone
Ripples
46. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.
Ignimbrite
Chemical weathering
Conchoidal fractures
Metamorphic rocks
47. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.
Lava tube
12km
Volcanic blocks/bombs
Shield volcano
48. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
Root wedging
Laterite
Lithification
Symmetry
49. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Gabbro
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Oxidation
Shield volcano
50. Process that occurs after the sediment has been buried - pressure cause by the overburden squeezes out water and air that had been trapped between clasts - and the clasts press together tightly.
Siliceous rocks
Stratagraphic formation
Compaction
Native metals