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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The removal of soil by running water or by wind.
650-1100 degrees C
Soil erosion
Tuff
Conchoidal fractures
2. An envelope of gas surrounding Earth consisting of 78% nitrogen (N2) and 28% oxygen (O2) - with minor amounts 1% of argon - carbon dioxide - methane - etc. And 99% of the gas in the atmosphere lies below 50km.
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3. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.
Arkose
Lithification
Rock texture
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
4. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.
Hot spots
Partial melting
Subduction
Crystal structure
5. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.
Metals
Divergent plate boundary
Differential weathering
Continental rift
6. A reference to the sinking of the lithosphere; allows for sediment to accumulate in regions where this occurs.
Depositional environment
Geothermal gradient
Granitic composition
Subsidence
7. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Sedimentary Basins
Glassy igneous rocks
Chert
Outer core
8. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.
Plutons
Chert
Halides
Polymorphs
9. Sedimentary rocks made up of minerals that precipitate directly from water solutions.
Subsidence
Regolith
Lapilli
Chemical sedimentary rocks
10. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.
Bedding
Dunes
Andesitic lava flows
Rock composition
11. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.
Batholiths
Outcrop
Lithification
Paleomagnetism
12. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.
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13. A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern. Forms when a liquid freezes so fast that atoms do not have time to organize into an orderly pattern.
Elemental composition of Earth
Glass
Fractional crystallization
Fracture and cleavage
14. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.
Fractional crystallization
Streak
Native metals
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
15. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different
Glassy igneous rocks
Grain sizes
Magma mixing
Deposition
16. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Marine magnetic anomaly
Continental shelf
Lava domes
17. A reference to the pattern structure of a mineral. A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern - a crystalline solid.
Lava tube
12km
Hydrosphere
Crystal lattice
18. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Subduction
Magma's speed of flow
Carbonate rocks
Frost wedging
19. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
Laterite
Evaporites
Precipitation
A-horizon
20. Volcanic landform; steep walled depression at the summit - size exceeds one kilometer in diameter.
Erosion
Calderas
Sedimentary structure
Igneous rocks
21. Places with particularly voluminous quantities of magma erupting or intruding.
Metamorphic rocks
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Lava tube
Soil Horizons
22. Occurs within the asthenosphere - actively drags plates along and attributes partially for the mechanism shifting the plates along the Earth's surface.
Sea-floor spreading
Convective flow
Caliche
Why magma rises
23. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).
Crystal structure
Halides
Transition zone
Gem
24. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.
Dunes
Granitic composition
Calderas
Regolith
25. During the final stages of cooling - lava flows contract and may fracture into roughly hexagonal columns.
Bed
Xenolith
Heat transfer
Columnar jointing
26. Magma type; contains only about 38% to 45% silica. Extreme form of mafic magma.
Light silicates
Ultramafic
Basaltic lava flows
Chemical sedimentary rocks
27. Magma is less dense than surrounding rock - and thus is buoyant. Magma is less dense both because rock expands as it melts and because magma tends to contain smaller proportions of heavy elements. Also - magma rises because the weight of overlying ro
Cement
Basaltic lava flows
Why magma rises
Andesitic lava flows
28. A sediment-filled depression; in an area where the lithosphere has subsided.
Luster
Saprolite
Sedimentary Basins
Fracture zones
29. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -
Light silicates
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Special properties of minerals
Regolith
30. A pluton formation theory; a process during Which magma assimilates wall rock - and blocks of wall rock break off and sink into the magma.
E-horizon
Continental rift
Stoping
Apparent polar-wander path
31. Physical property of a mineral; a measure of a minerals relative ability to resist scratching - and therefore represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure being broken. The atoms or ions in crystals of a hard mineral are more strongly
Convective flow
Hardness
Mid-ocean ridges
12km
32. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.
Luster
Extrusive igneous rock
Reason for Earth's internal heat
A-horizon
33. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.
Area of igneous activity
Lapilli
Carbonates
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
34. The resistance to flow of magma. Reflects its distinct silica content - for silica tends to polymerize - meaning it links up to form long - chainlike molecules whose presence slows down the flowing ability of magma. Thus felsic magmas flow less easil
Viscosity
Slab-pull force
Effusive eruptions
Asthenosphere
35. Two different minerals which have the same composition but have different crystal structures.
Cinder cone
Polymorphs
Silicate minerals
a'a'
36. The transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.
Laccolith
Lithification
Tephra
Silicates
37. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
Clastic
Turbidity current
Hydrosphere
Igneous rocks
38. Rocks that forms by the freezing of lava above ground - after it spills out (extrudes) onto the surface of the Earth and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
Sulfates
Slab-pull force
Extrusive igneous rock
Gabbro
39. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.
Why magma rises
Caliche
Dissolution
Basaltic magma
40. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.
Solid-state diffusion
Batholiths
Dark Silicates
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
41. Process occurring in arid climates - dissolved salt in groundwater precipitates and grows as crystals in open pore spaces in rocks. This process pushes apart the surrounding grains and so weakens the rock that when exposed to wind or rain - the rock
Xenolith
Marine magnetic anomaly
Metamorphic rocks
Salt wedging
42. Places where intrusive igneous rock creates tabular intrusions cutting across rock that does not have layering - this nearly vertical - wall-like tabular intrusions is formed. Cut across layering within the earth.
Calderas
Compaction
Dike
Color
43. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who
Streak
Intermediate
Volatiles
Volcanic blocks/bombs
44. An ultramafic rock with large grains. intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
Batholiths
Peridotite
Silicate minerals
Saprolite
45. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if
Dipole
Reason for Earth's internal heat
Fracture zones
O-horizon
46. Layering in sedimentary rocks.
Bedding
Ash
A-horizon
Salt wedging
47. The separated lithosphere into distinct pieces. Twelve major 'pieces' and several minor. Consist of active margins and passive margins between them.
Oxides
Factors of magma cooling time
Slab-pull force
Plates
48. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Pyroclastic flows
Hydrolysis
triple junction
49. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Hot spots
Fracture zones
Magma
50. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Partial melting
Hydration
Convective flow
Siltstone and mudstone