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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
O-horizon
Laccolith
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Slab-pull force
2. The compiled data from many marine cruises which defined a distinctive - striped and alternating bands of paleomagnetism.
Sulfates
Coal
Arkose
Marine magnetic anomaly
3. Perhaps the cause for the large igneous provinces; formations within the mantle - plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes.
Erosion
Volcanic pipes/necks
Superplumes
Oxidation
4. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.
Loam
Melts
Volatiles
Agrillaceous rocks
5. Volcanoes that exist as isolated points and appear to be independent of movement at a plate boundary - hot-spot volcanoes. Mostly are located on the interior of plates - away from boundaries.
Hot spots
Peridotite
Basaltic lava flows
Siliceous rocks
6. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.
Superplumes
Flood basalts
Glassy igneous rocks
Specific gravity
7. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.
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8. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.
Spreading rate
rifting
Siltstone and mudstone
Magnetic declination
9. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.
Igneous rocks
Oxidation
Why magma rises
Dolostone
10. A mafic rock with large grains. Intrusive - phaneritic igneous rock.
collision
Specific gravity
Magma mixing
Gabbro
11. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Magma
Clastic
Crystal habit
Soil
12. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Upper mantle
Soil
Mafic
Silicate minerals
13. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.
Mineral crystal destruction
Redbeds
pahoehoe
Source rock composition
14. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.
Jointing
Hydrolysis
Outcrop
Zone of leaching
15. A place where three plate boundaries intersect at a point.
Magnetic anomaly
Turbidite
Volcanic pipes/necks
triple junction
16. Develops because mid-ocean ridges lie at a higher elevation than the adjacent abyssal plains of the ocean. The surface of the sea floor overall slopes away from the ridge axis. Gravity causes the elevated lithosphere at the ridge axis to push on the
Soil
Flood basalts
Ridge-push force
Soil Horizons
17. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.
Polymorphs
Color
Fumerolic mineralization
Assimilation
18. Sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km.
Upper mantle
Zone of leaching
Hot spots
Solid-state diffusion
19. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.
Chemical weathering
Hydrosphere
Regression
Convective flow
20. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.
Sedimentary structure
Crystal structure
Magnetic inclination
Transgression
21. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Hot spots
650-1100 degrees C
Continental shelf
Gem
22. Sedimentary rock composed of quartz.
Bedding
Siliceous rocks
Color
Mantle
23. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Polymorphs
Soil Horizons
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Cinder cone
24. Type of lava flow; surface layer of the lava freezes and then breaks up due to the continued movement of lava underneath - becomes a jumble of sharp - angular fragments - yielding a rubbly flow.
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25. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.
Deposition
Rock texture
Sea-floor spreading
Calderas
26. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.
Xenolith
Fracture zones
Transform fault
The core
27. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.
Upper mantle
Basaltic lava flows
Deep-ocean trenches
Pangaea
28. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.
Lower mantle
Cementation
Specific gravity
Gem
29. An exposure of bedrock.
Asthenosphere
Outcrop
Fumerolic mineralization
Bathymetry
30. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve
Spreading rate
Regression
Intrusive igneous rock
Laterite
31. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Bedrock
Geothermal gradient
Lapilli
Batholiths
32. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.
Magma
Source rock composition
Intrusive igneous rock
Sedimentary Basins
33. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solution - meaning that atoms - molecules - or ions dissolved in water bond together out of water.
Precipitation
Crust
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Plates
34. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
Root wedging
Dissolution
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
35. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Lava
Tephra
Bathymetry
ravertine
36. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Lithification
Precipitation
Color
A-horizon
37. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Glass
Explosive eruptions
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Cementation
38. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure
Fracture and cleavage
Crystal structure
Pangaea
Pyroclastic debris
39. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Convective flow
Crystalline
Gem
Fracture and cleavage
40. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.
Luster
Intrusive igneous rock
Loam
Laccolith
41. Lava flowing on dry land cools more slowly that lava erupting underwater.
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Tephra
Dark Silicates
Bedding
42. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Glassy igneous rocks
Pyroclastic flows
Shield volcano
Siltstone and mudstone
43. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.
Paleomagnetism
Native metals
Hot spots
Magma
44. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.
Mafic
ravertine
Residual soil
Area of igneous activity
45. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.
Caliche
Crystalline igneous rocks
Tuff
Metamorphic rocks
46. Layering in metamorphic rocks.
Mantle plume
Arkose
Hydrosphere
Metamorphic foliation
47. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.
Volatiles
Basaltic composition
rifting
Source rock composition
48. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.
Transform plate boundary
Alloy
Melting
Rock-forming silicate minerals
49. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.
Lapilli
Topography
Chemical weathering
Continental shelf
50. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
Slab-pull force
Limestone
Intermediate
Assimilation