Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The nature of Earth's magnetic field - like the familiar magnetic field around a bar magnet - has a North and South pole. The magnetic field is drawn with field lines - the paths along Which magnets would align - or charged particles would flow - if






2. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.






3. A sediment-filled depression; in an area where the lithosphere has subsided.






4. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.






5. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.






6. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.






7. Sedimentary rocks made up of the shells of organisms.






8. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -






9. Physical property of a mineral; a measure of a minerals relative ability to resist scratching - and therefore represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure being broken. The atoms or ions in crystals of a hard mineral are more strongly






10. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.






11. Core division; between 2900 and 5155km deep. Liquid iron alloy - it exists as a liquid because the temperature here is so high that even the great pressures squeezing the region cannot lock atoms into a solid framework. This liquid iron alloy is able






12. Physical features of the land surface represented by changes in elevation.






13. Occurs within the asthenosphere - actively drags plates along and attributes partially for the mechanism shifting the plates along the Earth's surface.






14. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.






15. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.






16. Most common mineral on Earth; compose over 95% of the continental crust. Consist of combinations of a fundamental building block called silicon-oxygen tetrahedron - different groups: independent tetrahedra - single chains - double chains - sheet sili






17. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st






18. Clast size - clast composition - angularity and sphericity - sorting - and character of cement.






19. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.






20. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.






21. Develops because mid-ocean ridges lie at a higher elevation than the adjacent abyssal plains of the ocean. The surface of the sea floor overall slopes away from the ridge axis. Gravity causes the elevated lithosphere at the ridge axis to push on the






22. Volcanic landform; pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface.






23. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.






24. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.






25. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.






26. Chemical weathering occurring in warm - wet climates can produce a layer of rotten rock - over 100km thick.






27. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.






28. By melting - dissolving - or other chemical reactions.






29. Mineral group; olivine group - pyroxene group - amphibole group.






30. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.






31. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.






32. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.






33. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.






34. The supercontinent; existence proposed by Wegener - suggested that the supercontinent later fragmented into separate continents that then drifted apart - moving slowly to their present positions.






35. Lava flow; associated with felsic magma - consists of ash and pumice fragments - material is propelled from the vent at a high speed.






36. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.






37. An insulated - tunnel-like conduit through which lava moves within a flow.






38. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.






39. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between






40. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.






41. A column of very hot rock that flows upward until it reaches the base of the lithosphere. In this model - such deep-mantle plumes form because heat rising from the Earth's core is warming rock at the base of the mantle. A possible explanation to the






42. Forms from a chemical reaction between solid calcite and magnesium-bearing groundwater.






43. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.






44. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).






45. The boundary between two beds is a bedding plane; several beds constitute this structure.






46. Created from preexisting rocks which undergo changes - such as the growth of new minerals in response to pressure and heat - and/or as a result of squashing - stretching - or shear.






47. Inorganic limestone; rock composed of crystalline calcium carbonate formed by chemical precipitation.






48. The speed of the movements of the plates with respect to the speed of the other plates' movements. Absolute plate velocity is a measure of the movement of any plates relative to a fixed point in the mantle.






49. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.






50. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.