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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
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Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
Polymorphs
Laccolith
Conglomerate
Arkose
2. Sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km.
Partial melting
650-1100 degrees C
Upper mantle
Bedrock
3. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.
Hydrolysis
Deposition
Bed
Calderas
4. A reference to the pattern structure of a mineral. A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern - a crystalline solid.
Magnetic declination
Basaltic composition
Crystal lattice
Dunes
5. When different rocks in an outcrop undergo weathering at different rates.
Dike
Differential weathering
Sedimentary structure
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
6. Low-viscosity (basaltic) lava flows out of a volcano easily - whereas high-viscosity (andesitic and rhyolitic) lava can clog and build pressure within a volcano. Basaltic eruptions are typically effusive and produce shield volcanoes - whereas rhyolit
Igneous rocks
Dike
Bed
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
7. Layering in metamorphic rocks.
Crust
12km
Zone of leaching
Metamorphic foliation
8. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.
Pyroclastic debris
Magnetic declination
Conchoidal fractures
Zone of leaching
9. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.
Grain sizes
Redbeds
Subduction
Basaltic composition
10. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.
Volcanic pipes/necks
Thermal expansion
Lower mantle
Erosion
11. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.
Sedimentary structure
Compaction
Deep-ocean trenches
Apparent polar-wander path
12. The four classes of igneous silicate rocks based on the proportion of silicon to iron and magnesium. As the proportion of silicon in a rock increases - the density decreases - thus felsic rocks are less dense than mafic. In order - from greatest to l
Viscosity
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Strata
Turbidity current
13. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.
Andesitic lava flows
O-horizon
Mineral crystal destruction
Dolostone
14. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Plutons
Assimilation
Factors of magma cooling time
Siltstone and mudstone
15. Rocks that consist of mineral crystals that intergrow when the melt solidifies - interlocking structure. Examples - granite and rhyolite.
Crystal
A-horizon
Crystalline igneous rocks
Gem
16. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma sits in a magma chamber before completely solidifying - it may incorporate chemicals derived from the walls rocks of the chamber.
Seamount chains
Carbonates
Assimilation
Bathymetry
17. Refers to the arrangement of grains in a rock; that is - the way the grains connect each other and whether inequant grains are aligned parallel to one another.
Marine magnetic anomaly
Rock layering
Rock texture
Crystal habit
18. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).
Fractional crystallization
Cementation
Effusive eruptions
Dark Silicates
19. Type of sedimentary rock; rocks whose grains are stuck together by cement.
Ultramafic
Clastic
Melting
Sandstone
20. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo
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21. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.
Laccolith
Sulfates
Sedimentary Basins
Volcanic pipes/necks
22. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Dunes
Hot-spot track
Precipitation
23. Most common mineral on Earth; compose over 95% of the continental crust. Consist of combinations of a fundamental building block called silicon-oxygen tetrahedron - different groups: independent tetrahedra - single chains - double chains - sheet sili
Convective flow
Sedimentary rocks
Effusive eruptions
Silicate minerals
24. The freely pivoting up and down compass needle's angle of tilt relative to the location upon the Earth's surface. At the equator - the specialized magnetic needle would position horizontally and at a magnetic pole it would point straight down.
Zone of accumulation
Mineral
Intermediate
Magnetic inclination
25. Mineral class; the anion within these types of minerals is a halogen ion (such as chlorine or fluorine).
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Halides
Fumerolic mineralization
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
26. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Luster
Rock composition
The core
Transported soil
27. The base of the soil profile; consists of material derived from the substrate that's been chemically weathered and broken apart - but has not yet undergone leaching or accumulation.
Dissolution
Columnar jointing
Crystalline
C-horizon
28. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.
Coal
Decompression
atmospheres (atm)
Abyssal plains
29. Sedimentary rock composed of calcite or dolomite.
Lower mantle
Carbonate rocks
Sandstone
Clastic sedimentary rocks
30. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.
Batholiths
Geothermal gradient
Carbonate rocks
Light silicates
31. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Crystal habit
Outer core
Calderas
Root wedging
32. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.
Cinder cone
Bathymetry
Viscosity
Continental rift
33. The crust moves away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis at a rate of 1cm per year. This velocity of sea-floor spreading is determined by the relationship between the paleomagnetic anomaly-stripe's width and the reverse polarity duration - the data reve
Transform fault
Spreading rate
The core
Hydrosphere
34. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.
Heat transfer
Bathymetry
Arkose
Crystal structure
35. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.
Superplumes
Specific gravity
Mantle
Gem
36. Alfred Wegener's suggestion that the positions of the continents change through time as they drift away from each other. The flaw was that he lacked a plausible moving mechanism.
Soil erosion
Continental drift hypothesis
Crust
Precipitation
37. The intrusion of numerous plutons in a region - produces a vast composite body that may be several hundred kilometers long and over 100km wide; an immense body of igneous rock.
Hydrolysis
Tuff
Batholiths
Convergent plate boundary
38. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t
Elemental composition of Earth
atmospheres (atm)
Divergent plate boundary
Geothermal gradient
39. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.
Depositional environment
Caliche
Sill
Precipitation
40. A sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow.
Ignimbrite
Fumerolic mineralization
pahoehoe
Conglomerate
41. A vent at Which melt from inside the Earth spews onto the planet's surface. Erupt.
Continental drift hypothesis
Assimilation
Rhyolitic lava flows
Volcano
42. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.
Peridotite
Heat transfer
Asthenosphere
Crystal
43. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.
Organic chemicals
Coal
Crystal
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
44. A distinctive sequence of strata traced across a fairly large region. For example - a region may contain a succession of alternating sandstone and shale beds deposited by rivers - overlain by beds of marine limestone deposited later.
Outcrop
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Stratagraphic formation
Shield volcano
45. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.
Metals
Continental rift
Transition zone
Divergent plate boundary
46. Type of volcanic eruption; produce mainly lava flows - yield low-viscosity basaltic lavas.
Chert
Transported soil
Source rock composition
Effusive eruptions
47. A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern. Forms when a liquid freezes so fast that atoms do not have time to organize into an orderly pattern.
Turbidity current
Glass
Transition zone
Quartz sandstone
48. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.
Chert
Crystal structure
Luster
Ignimbrite
49. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.
Abyssal plains
Upper mantle
Caliche
Differential weathering
50. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.
Xenolith
Felsic
Crystal habit
Why magma rises