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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
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Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.
Compaction
Siliceous rocks
Sea-floor spreading
Pangaea
2. Type of lava flow; mafic - low viscosity - extremely hot - flows very quickly.
Basaltic lava flows
Limestone
Sandstone
Apparent polar-wander path
3. Places with particularly voluminous quantities of magma erupting or intruding.
Dipole
Relative plate velocity
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Volcano
4. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.
Why magma rises
Arkose
Diagenesis
12km
5. The most important mineral group; comprise the most rock-forming minerals - they are very abundant due to large % of silicon and oxygen in Earth's crust. Examples - oxygen - silica - aluminum.
Convective flow
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Diagenesis
Sulfates
6. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
Alloy
Limestone
Cinder cone
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
7. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand
Inner core
Crystal lattice
Apparent polar-wander path
Volcanic pipes/necks
8. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Felsic
Subduction
Bedrock
Crystalline igneous rocks
9. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Frost wedging
Hydrolysis
A-horizon
Inner core
10. A type of soil consisting of about 10-30% clay and the rest silt and sand. Pores remain between grains so that water and air can pass through and roots can easily penetrate.
Loam
Magnetic anomaly
Silicate minerals
Continental drift hypothesis
11. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t
Cementation
Metamorphic foliation
Plutons
Geothermal gradient
12. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Asthenosphere
Elemental composition of Earth
Glassy igneous rocks
Felsic
13. Subsoil - ions and clay leached and transported down from above accumulate here. As a result - new minerals form - and clay fills open spaces. Part of the zone of accumulation.
Bedrock
B-horizon
Facets
Crystal structure
14. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.
Compaction
Volcanic pipes/necks
Calderas
Crystal structure
15. A name for any kind of unconsolidated debris that covers bedrock. Includes both soil and accumulations of sediment that have not evolved into soil.
Weathering
Lithosphere
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Regolith
16. Distinct internal laminations within a ripple or dune that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer. Form as a consequence of the evolution of dunes or ripples.
Cementation
Glass
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Cross beds
17. Volcanic landform; bulbous mass of congealed lava - associated with explosive eruptions of gas-rich magma.
Lava domes
Explosive eruptions
Soil Horizons
Glassy igneous rocks
18. Most common mineral on Earth; compose over 95% of the continental crust. Consist of combinations of a fundamental building block called silicon-oxygen tetrahedron - different groups: independent tetrahedra - single chains - double chains - sheet sili
Silicate minerals
Arkose
Caliche
atmospheres (atm)
19. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Gem
Quartz sandstone
Granitic composition
Luster
20. Sedimentary rock consisting of cemented together solid fragments and grains derived from preexisting rocks.
Volcanic pipes/necks
Basaltic magma
Stoping
Clastic sedimentary rocks
21. An intrusion starting to inject between layers but then dome upwards - creating this blister-shaped intrusion.
Rhyolitic lava flows
Stratagraphic formation
Laccolith
collision
22. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.
Intrusive igneous rock
Specific gravity
Clastic
Soil Horizons
23. Mineral class; consist of pure masses of a single metal - with metallic bonds. Copper and gold can appear in this way.
Batholiths
Native metals
Deep-ocean trenches
Chemical sedimentary rocks
24. The difference between the expected strength of the Earth's main field at a certain location and the actual measure strength of the magnetic field at that location. Places where the field strength is stronger that expected are positive anomalies - an
Melts
Magnetic anomaly
Sulfates
Fracture and cleavage
25. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Magma's speed of flow
Lapilli
Geothermal gradient
Basalt
26. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as
Partial melting
Silicate minerals
Luster
Cementation
27. Highest soil horizon; consists almost entirely of organic matter and contains barely any mineral matter. Surface level has 'litter' and deeper it contains 'humus'. Part of the zone of leaching.
O-horizon
Volatiles
Mantle
Plate tectonics
28. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.
pahoehoe
Mantle
Asthenosphere
Symmetry
29. Natural cracks that form in rocks due to removal of overburden or due to cooling.
Jointing
Erosion
Marine magnetic anomaly
Bed
30. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different
Hot spots
Magma mixing
Clastic
Basaltic composition
31. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.
Pyroclastic flows
Continental shelf
Carbonate rocks
Paleomagnetism
32. Heat from an intense surface fire bakes and expands the outer layer of the rock. On cooling - the layer contracts - causing the outer part of the rock spall - or break off in sheet-like pieces.
Crust
Thermal expansion
Siliceous rocks
Magnetic declination
33. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
Oxides
The core
Silicates
Gabbro
34. The bottom portion of the upper mantle - the interval lying between 400km and 660km deep. Here within the Earth - the character of the mantle undergoes a series of abrupt changes.
Transition zone
Felsic
Oxidation
Asthenosphere
35. Pea to plum-sized fragments of pyroclastic debris - consists of pumice or scoria fragments.
Lapilli
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Silicate minerals
Continental drift hypothesis
36. A reference to the supposed position of the Earth's magnetic pole at a time in the past.
Rock texture
Limestone
Paleopole
Transition zone
37. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.
pahoehoe
Root wedging
Glass
Carbonates
38. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.
Mantle
Fractional crystallization
Basaltic lava flows
Rhyolitic lava flows
39. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.
Granitic magma
Dike
Sedimentary rocks
Cementation
40. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Sulfides
Reason for Earth's internal heat
triple junction
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
41. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).
Cementation
Clastic
Frost wedging
Metals
42. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.
Crystal lattice
Depositional environment
Outer core
Mantle
43. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.
Source rock composition
Lithosphere
Seamount chains
Laterite
44. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.
Regolith
Basaltic lava flows
Crystalline
Residual soil
45. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Stratagraphic formation
Basaltic composition
Subduction
Continental shelf
46. Type of soil; forms in tropical regions where abundant rainfall drenches the land during the rainy season - and the soil dries during the dry season.
Laterite
Halides
Hydration
Apparent polar-wander path
47. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.
Inner core
Rocks
Siliceous rocks
Granitic magma
48. Type of volcanic eruption; pyroclastic - produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris. Gas expands in the rising magma - cannot escape. The pressure becomes so great that it blasts the lava - and volcanic rock - out of the volcano.
Mid-ocean ridges
Explosive eruptions
Hot-spot track
Lava tube
49. Physical property of a mineral; a measure of a minerals relative ability to resist scratching - and therefore represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure being broken. The atoms or ions in crystals of a hard mineral are more strongly
Hydration
collision
Hardness
pahoehoe
50. Molten rock that has flowed out onto Earth's surface.
Lava
Agrillaceous rocks
Intermediate
Pyroclastic debris
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