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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.
Lithification
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Hydrolysis
Mineral
2. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Partial melting
Color
Bedrock
Clastic sedimentary rocks
3. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.
Hardness
Cementation
Divergent plate boundary
Fractional crystallization
4. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Bed
Soil erosion
Lapilli
Glassy igneous rocks
5. Most common mineral on Earth; compose over 95% of the continental crust. Consist of combinations of a fundamental building block called silicon-oxygen tetrahedron - different groups: independent tetrahedra - single chains - double chains - sheet sili
Organic sedimentary rocks
Saprolite
Transform fault
Silicate minerals
6. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.
3.5km (2 miles)
Columnar jointing
Salt wedging
Rock texture
7. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Sedimentary Basins
Factors of magma cooling time
Crystal habit
Crystal
8. Consists of rock and sediment that has been modified by physical and chemical interaction with organic material and rainwater - over time - to produce a substrate that can support the growth of plants.
Inner core
Transported soil
Magnetic inclination
Soil
9. The bottom portion of the upper mantle - the interval lying between 400km and 660km deep. Here within the Earth - the character of the mantle undergoes a series of abrupt changes.
Transition zone
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Crystalline igneous rocks
Lower mantle
10. Alfred Wegener's suggestion that the positions of the continents change through time as they drift away from each other. The flaw was that he lacked a plausible moving mechanism.
Zone of accumulation
The effect of gas pressure on eruptive style
Continental drift hypothesis
Volatiles
11. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.
Apparent polar-wander path
Graded bed
Regression
Lava domes
12. Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
Magma
Glass
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Crystal habit
13. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand
ravertine
Special properties of minerals
Inner core
Regression
14. Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rock - eventually transforming it into sediment. Physical and chemical variations.
Special properties of minerals
Why magma rises
Weathering
C-horizon
15. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.
650-1100 degrees C
Soil
Ripples
Basaltic magma
16. Lava flowing on dry land cools more slowly that lava erupting underwater.
Precipitation
Sedimentary structure
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
The core
17. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.
Alloy
Sulfates
Flood basalts
Sulfides
18. Soil section below the A-horizon; a soil level that has undergone substantial leaching but has not yet mixed with organic material. Because it lacks organic materials - this horizon tends to be lighter than the A-horizon. Part of the zone of leaching
Dissolution
E-horizon
Fracture zones
Magnetic declination
19. A mafic rock with small grains. Extrusive - aphanitic igneous rock.
Magnetic declination
Basalt
Cement
Arkose
20. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.
Spreading rate
12km
Sill
Continental shelf
21. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.
Elemental composition of Earth
a'a'
Abyssal plains
Outer core
22. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Carbonates
Dolostone
Organic sedimentary rocks
23. Forms when clots of lava fly into the air in lava fountains and then freeze to form solid chunks before hitting the ground. Some forms when the explosion of a volcano shatters preexisting rock and ejects the fragments over the countryside.
Metals
Pyroclastic debris
Factors of magma cooling time
Columnar jointing
24. Distinguishing feature of magma; the composition of the melt reflects the composition of the solid from which it was derived. Not all magmas form from the same source rock - therefore not all magmas have the same compositions.
Abyssal plains
Stoping
Source rock composition
12km
25. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Granitic composition
Granitic magma
Residual soil
Partial melting
26. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
Polymorphs
Hydrolysis
Limestone
Pyroclastic flows
27. A reference to the pattern structure of a mineral. A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern - a crystalline solid.
Mid-ocean ridges
Crystal lattice
Marine magnetic anomaly
Tephra
28. A linear belt in which continental lithosphere pulls apart - the lithosphere stretches horizontally.
Crust
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Continental rift
650-1100 degrees C
29. Measure of pressure or push in units of force - per unit area. 1 atm = 1.04 kilograms per square centimeter.
12km
atmospheres (atm)
Frost wedging
Deposition
30. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
Mineral
The core
Cement
Mantle plume
31. Materials that easily transform into gas at the relatively low temperatures found at the Earth's surface.
Volatiles
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Outer core
Plutons
32. Magma type; contains about 45% to 52% silica. Named because it produces rock containing abundant mafic minerals - magnesium and iron combinations.
Magma mixing
Mafic
Hydrosphere
Lithification
33. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.
Evaporites
Abyssal plains
Sandstone
Saprolite
34. The Earth radiated heat into space and slowly cooled. Eventually - the early formed sea of lava solidified and formed igneous rock. The cumulative effect of radioactivity has been sufficient to slow the cooling of the planet and subsequently allow fo
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35. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.
Root wedging
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Zone of leaching
Fracture zones
36. Unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains - regardless of size - that have been erupted from a volcano constitute these pyroclastic deposits.
Lithification
Tephra
Granite
Continental drift hypothesis
37. Type of rock; accumulated sand bars - within are mineral grains of quartz and feldspar - this sediment if buried and lithified.
rifting
Arkose
Sulfides
Xenolith
38. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.
Sedimentary rocks
Subduction
Salt wedging
Rock-forming silicate minerals
39. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.
Crystal
Intrusive igneous rock
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Regolith
40. The fit of the continents - locations of past glaciations - the distribution of equatorial climatic belts - the distribution of fossils - and matching geologic units.
Continental drift evidence
pahoehoe
Granitic composition
Transgression
41. Mineral crystal formation type; form from a solution - meaning that atoms - molecules - or ions dissolved in water bond together out of water.
Precipitation
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Magma's speed of flow
3.5km (2 miles)
42. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
Mantle
Transform plate boundary
Igneous rocks
Subsidence
43. Tree roots that grow into joints can push those joints open in this process.
Fractional crystallization
Magma
Root wedging
Oxides
44. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.
Magnetic declination
Dipole
Chert
Native metals
45. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who
Mafic
Differential weathering
Streak
Marine magnetic anomaly
46. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Crystal structure
Oxides
Siliceous rocks
Siltstone and mudstone
47. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.
Superplumes
Sandstone
Alloy
Stratagraphic formation
48. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Strata
C-horizon
Convergent plate boundary
Frost wedging
49. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion. Examples - galena and pyrite. Many have a metallic luster. Can also be considered ores with high proportions of metal within the mineral.
Special properties of minerals
Sulfides
Deep-ocean trenches
A-horizon
50. Times when the Earth's magnetic field flips from normal to reversed polarity - or vice versa. When the Earth has reversed polarity - the south magnetic pole lies near the north geographic pole - and the north magnetic pole lies near the south geograp
Magnetic reversals
Specific gravity
Continental drift evidence
Deposition