Test your basic knowledge |

Subject : science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Form when solid materials become hot and transform into liquid - example - molten rock.






2. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.






3. Weathering - erosion - transportation - deposition - and lithification.






4. Iron (35%) - oxygen (30%) - silicon (15%) - and magnesium (10%) - and the remaining 10% consists of 88 naturally occurring elements.






5. A sediment-filled depression; in an area where the lithosphere has subsided.






6. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.






7. The conditions in which sediment was deposited. Examples - beach - glacial - and/or river environments.






8. Active hot-spot volcanoes commonly occur at the end of a chain of dead volcanoes.






9. Process occurring after sediment has been compacted - can then be bounded together to make coherent sedimentary rock. Binding material consists of minerals (commonly quartz or calcite).






10. Sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km.






11. The combination of processes that separate rock or regolith from its substrate and carry it away. Involves abrasion - plucking - scouring - and dissolution - and is caused by air - water or ice.






12. A reference to the supposed position of the Earth's magnetic pole at a time in the past.






13. Type of soil; forms directly from underlying bedrock.






14. Fracture type; smoothly curving - clamshell-shaped surfaces; typically formed in quartz.






15. Layer that lies below the lithosphere - and is the portion of the mantle in which rock can flow (slowly; 10-15cm per year) despite still being solid. Entirely within the mantle and lies below a depth of 100-150km.






16. Biochemical sedimentary rock; it's made from cryptocrystalline quartz. Examples - flint and jasper.






17. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.






18. Type of volcanic eruption; produce mainly lava flows - yield low-viscosity basaltic lavas.






19. Cause of melting; the variation in temperature with depth is expressed in the geotherm; because pressure prevents melting - a decrease in pressure can permit melting. Specifically - if the pressure affecting hot mantle rock decreases while the temper






20. Mineral group; feldspars - quartz - muscovite - clay minerals.






21. A distinctive sequence of strata traced across a fairly large region. For example - a region may contain a succession of alternating sandstone and shale beds deposited by rivers - overlain by beds of marine limestone deposited later.






22. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where magma changes composition as it cools because formation and sinking of crystals preferentially remove certain atoms from the magma.






23. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. Provides a fairly reliable clue to the mineral's identity - since the color of the mineral powder tends to be less variable than the color of the who






24. Sedimentary rock composed of clay.






25. Mineral crystal formation type; form at interfaces between the physical and biological components of the Earth system by this process.






26. In addition to islands that rise above sea level - seamounts have been detected (isolated submarine mountains) - once volcanoes but no longer erupt.






27. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.






28. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.






29. The shape of the sea floor surface. Investigation of the sea-floor revealed the presence of several important features: mid-ocean ridges - deep-ocean trenches - seamount chains - and fracture zones.






30. Magma viscosity depends upon temperature - volatile content - and silica content. Hotter magma - more volatiles - and mafic magma all have less viscosity.

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31. Forms a 2885-km-thick layer surrounding the core. In terms of volume - it is the largest part of the Earth. It consists entirely of ultramafic rock - peridotite.






32. A naturally occurring solid - formed by geologic processes - has a crystalline structure and a definable chemical composition - and is generally inorganic.






33. Rocks that consist of mineral crystals that intergrow when the melt solidifies - interlocking structure. Examples - granite and rhyolite.






34. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a






35. On a gem are the ground and polished surfaces made with a certain type of machine.






36. Core division; from a depth of 5155km down to Earth's center at 6371km. A radius of about 1220km - is solid iron-nickel alloy - can reach temperature of 4700 degrees C. Solid in nature because of subjection to greater pressure - keeps atoms from wand






37. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.






38. Type of lava flow; higher silica content - greater viscosity - forms a large mound above the vent out of a volcano.






39. Rocks with a fragmental texture consist of igneous fragments that are packed together - welded together - or cemented together after having solidified. Examples - pyroclastic rocks such as tuff or breccia.






40. Type of volcano; built from ejected lava fragments - cone shaped piles of tephra - steep slope angle - smaller in size - frequently occur in groups - deep craters.






41. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Metallic versus non-metallic in nature.






42. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.






43. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.






44. An organic sedimentary rock; black - combustible rock consisting of over 50% carbon.






45. Rock made by the freezing of magma underground - after it has pushed its way (intruded) into preexisting rock of the crust.






46. Mineral crystal formation type; form by type of diffusion - the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure; process takes place very slowly.






47. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.






48. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.






49. The angle between the direction that a compass needle points at a given location and the direction of the 'true' (geographic) north. Through this process - the magnetic poles never stray more than 15 degrees of latitude from the geographic pole.






50. The bottom portion of the upper mantle - the interval lying between 400km and 660km deep. Here within the Earth - the character of the mantle undergoes a series of abrupt changes.