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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Mineral crystal formation type; from directly from a vapor - occurs around volcanic vents or around geysers. At such locations - volcanic gases or steam enter the atmosphere and cool - so certain elements cannot remain in gaseous form.
Fumerolic mineralization
Pyroclastic flows
Thermal expansion
Quartz sandstone
2. A layer of sediment in which grain size varies from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.
Graded bed
Outer core
Precipitation
Deep-ocean trenches
3. The process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium.
Sandstone
Metals
Deposition
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
4. When water is trapped in a joint freezes - it forces the joint open and may cause the joint to grow.
Frost wedging
Calderas
Paleopole
Color
5. Some rock bodies appear to contain distinct formations - defined either by bands of different compositions or textures - or by the alignment of inequant grains so that they trend parallel to one another.
Bed
atmospheres (atm)
Rock layering
Gem
6. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.
Marine magnetic anomaly
Rocks
Rock layering
Jointing
7. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Transform fault
Volatiles
pahoehoe
Hydration
8. Chemical weathering during Which minerals dissolve into water.
Dissolution
Fracture zones
Convective flow
Quartz sandstone
9. Volcanic landform; bulbous mass of congealed lava - associated with explosive eruptions of gas-rich magma.
Lava domes
Transported soil
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Thermal expansion
10. Outer surface level of Earth; composed of granite - basalt - and gabbro. Continental: mostly about 35-40km thick . Oceanic: about 7-10km thick. Oxygen - by far the most abundant element.
Dike
Chemical weathering
Crystal
Crust
11. Sea-floor spreading proponents - Hess and others realized that in order for the circumference of the Earth to remain constant through time - ocean floor must eventually sink back into the mantle. This sinking process consumes the ocean floor between
Mantle plume
Subduction
Luster
Deposition
12. A cut and finished stone ready to be used in jewelry. Examples - diamond - ruby - sapphire - emerald.
Gem
Convergent plate boundary
Rock texture
Carbonates
13. If a stoped block does not melt entirely - but rather becomes surrounded by new igneous rock - it becomes this; xeno - meaning foreign.
3.5km (2 miles)
Regolith
atmospheres (atm)
Xenolith
14. The force that subducting plates apply to oceanic lithosphere at a convergent boundary - arises simply because lithosphere formed 10 million years ago is denser than asthenosphere - so it can sink into the asthenosphere. Thus once an oceanic plate st
Sandstone
Laterite
a'a'
Slab-pull force
15. Physical property of a mineral; results from the way a mineral interacts with light. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths - so the color seen represents the color wavelengths the mineral did not absorb.
Color
Mantle
650-1100 degrees C
Loam
16. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.
Lithosphere
Explosive eruptions
Mid-ocean ridges
Subduction
17. Soil section below the O-horizon - humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay - silt - and sand). Water percolating through this horizon causes chemical weathering reactions to occur and produces ions in solution and new clay m
Cement
Caliche
Regression
A-horizon
18. Sedimentary rock composed of clay.
Metals
Magnetic reversals
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Agrillaceous rocks
19. Blocks of rock that are solid and durable but composed of rough quartz sand grains cemented together.
Fragmental igneous rocks
Dolostone
Halides
Sandstone
20. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Magma mixing
Root wedging
O-horizon
21. A distinctive sequence of strata traced across a fairly large region. For example - a region may contain a succession of alternating sandstone and shale beds deposited by rivers - overlain by beds of marine limestone deposited later.
Magma's speed of flow
Five steps of clastic sedimentary rock formation
Tuff
Stratagraphic formation
22. Relatively small - elongated ridges that form on a bed surface at right angles to the direction of the current flow of the rock.
Ripples
Extrusive igneous rock
Strata
Magma
23. The rate of increase in temperature - decreases with increasing depth. The dashed lines represent the solidus and liquidus for mantle rock (peridotite). The solidus line defines the conditions of pressure and temperature at Which mantle rock begins t
Jointing
Seamount chains
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Geothermal gradient
24. A mixture containing more than one type of metal atom. Example - bronze is a mixture of copper and tin.
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Fractional crystallization
Glass
Alloy
25. Some minerals have distinctive properties - such as calcite which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. Dolomite also reacts with acid - graphite can make clear markings - magnetite attracts a magnet - halite tastes salty -
Glass
Special properties of minerals
Evaporites
Gabbro
26. Created from preexisting rocks which undergo changes - such as the growth of new minerals in response to pressure and heat - and/or as a result of squashing - stretching - or shear.
Mineral crystal destruction
Metamorphic rocks
Pyroclastic debris
Lithosphere
27. A rock made of solid mass of glass - or of tiny crystals surrounded by glass. Reflect light as glass does and tend to break conchoidally. Examples - obsidian - tachylite - pumice.
Oxidation
Basaltic lava flows
Sulfates
Glassy igneous rocks
28. Mineral class; the molecule CO23 serves as the anionic group. Elements like calcium or magnesium bond to this group. Examples - calcite and dolomite.
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Carbonates
Effusive eruptions
Turbidite
29. Four settings: in volcanic arcs bordering deep-ocean trenches - isolated hot spots - within continental rifts - and along mid-ocean ridges.
Grain sizes
Subduction
650-1100 degrees C
Area of igneous activity
30. Cause of melting; the variation in temperature with depth is expressed in the geotherm; because pressure prevents melting - a decrease in pressure can permit melting. Specifically - if the pressure affecting hot mantle rock decreases while the temper
Decompression
Geothermal gradient
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Symmetry
31. Cause of melting; when magma rises up from the mantle into the crust - it brings heat with it which raises the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock - and in some cases melting occurs.
Ridge-push force
Heat transfer
Decompression
Dolostone
32. The way in which the atoms are packed together within a mineral by chemical bonds. Five difference types of bonding can occur - covalent - ionic - metallic - Van der Waal's - and hydrogen.
Physical weathering
Crystal structure
Crystal lattice
Intermediate
33. A submarine suspension of sediment.
Volcanic pipes/necks
Turbidity current
Dipole
Zone of accumulation
34. Rocks whose crystals interlock with each other.
Granitic magma
Crystal structure
Crystalline
Halides
35. A reference to the pattern structure of a mineral. A material in which atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern - a crystalline solid.
Igneous rocks
Continental shelf
Specific gravity
Crystal lattice
36. Physical property of a mineral; refers to the shape (morphology) of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces - or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group. Depends on the internal arrangement
Turbidite
Dipole
Intrusive igneous rock
Crystal habit
37. Along much of the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean - the ocean floor reaches astounding depths of 8-12km. These areas define elongate troughs - and they border volcanic arcs - the curving chains of active volcanoes.
Deep-ocean trenches
Dike
pahoehoe
Saprolite
38. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a
C-horizon
Silicates
Salt wedging
Stoping
39. Similar to ripples - but are much larger. Small ripples often form on the surface of these structures.
Divergent plate boundary
Dunes
ravertine
Outer core
40. Physical property of a mineral; represents the density of a mineral - as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water a 4 degrees C.
Native metals
Specific gravity
Silicates
Mineral
41. The burial and lithification of angular or rounded clasts form these types of rocks.
Conglomerate
Native metals
Strata
Paleopole
42. Actively slipping segment of a fracture zone between two ocean ridge segments - these faults make a third type of plate boundary - transforms.
Transform fault
Volcanic pipes/necks
Divergent plate boundary
Ridge-push force
43. Type of lava flow; a lava flow with warm - pasty surfaces wrinkling into smooth - glassy - rope-like bridges.
Intrusive igneous rock
Loam
pahoehoe
Silicates
44. During this process - water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down - working faster in slightly acidic water.
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Glassy igneous rocks
Hydrolysis
Tuff
45. A plate boundary at which two plates move apart from one another by process of sea-floor spreading. Mid-ocean ridges or simply a ridge. New crust is formed at ridges through the buoyant rising of magma from beneath the surface and solidifies to creat
Dunes
Divergent plate boundary
Explosive eruptions
Differential weathering
46. Rocks which develop when hot molten rock cools and freezes solid.
Granitic magma
Erosion
Shield volcano
Igneous rocks
47. Type of soil; forms from sediment that has been carried in from elsewhere. Include those formed from deposits left by rivers - glaciers - or wind.
Dolostone
Transported soil
Sandstone
Subduction
48. Occurs within the asthenosphere - actively drags plates along and attributes partially for the mechanism shifting the plates along the Earth's surface.
Abyssal plains
Lava
Convective flow
Calderas
49. Rock formations still attached to the Earth's crust.
Bedrock
The effect of the environment on eruptive style
Subsidence
Fracture and cleavage
50. Contributes to formation of soil; occurs when rainwater percolates through the debris and carries dissolved ions and clay flakes downward - This is the region where the downward transport occurs.
Zone of leaching
Continental rift
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
Source rock composition