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Test your basic knowledge |
Geology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Occurs within the asthenosphere - actively drags plates along and attributes partially for the mechanism shifting the plates along the Earth's surface.
Convective flow
Fractional crystallization
Special properties of minerals
Subduction
2. Subsoil - ions and clay leached and transported down from above accumulate here. As a result - new minerals form - and clay fills open spaces. Part of the zone of accumulation.
B-horizon
Zone of accumulation
Silicates
Mid-ocean ridges
3. Deeper sublayer of the mantle - depth of 660km to 2900km.
Lower mantle
Tephra
Columnar jointing
Plutons
4. A single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom.
Bed
Stoping
Regolith
Reason for Earth's internal heat
5. Rigid outer layer of Earth - 100-150km thick. Consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle.
Fractional crystallization
ravertine
Lithosphere
Symmetry
6. Mineral class; consist of a metal cation bonded to the anionic group. Many form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth's surface. Example - gypsum.
Effusive eruptions
Sulfates
Magma's speed of flow
Flood basalts
7. Type of volcanic eruption; produce mainly lava flows - yield low-viscosity basaltic lavas.
Alloy
Lithosphere
Quartz sandstone
Effusive eruptions
8. The distance that the world's deepest mine-shaft penetrates into the Earth beneath South Africa.
Ash
Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)
3.5km (2 miles)
Carbonates
9. Type of volcano; most are adjacent to the Pacific - larger in size - interbedded lavas and pyroclastics - consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra - most violent type of activity - may produce nuee ardente or lahars.
Composite cone (stratovolcano)
Sedimentary structure
Graded bed
Intrusive igneous rock
10. Successive turbidity currents deposit successive graded beds - creating this sequence of strata.
Turbidite
Magnetic inclination
Earth's atmosphere
Inner core
11. Type of magma; low in silica - fluid - crystallize at high temperatures.
Basaltic magma
Deposition
Melts
Igneous rocks
12. A reaction during which an element loses electrons - commonly takes place when elements combine with oxygen.
Mafic
Oxidation
Carbonate rocks
Hot-spot track
13. A process occurring when the sea level rises - the coast migrates inland. Through this - an extensive layer of beach forms.
C-horizon
Transgression
Clastic
Euhedral crystal
14. A process occurring when sea level falls - the coast migrates seaward.
Regression
Fragmental igneous rocks
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Hot spots
15. Some rocks develop their magnetization - their ability to produce a magnetic field - at the time that the rocks themselves formed. Such rocks - preserve a record of the Earth's magnetic field at known times in the past.
Paleomagnetism
Bedding
Crystal
Basaltic lava flows
16. A nearly horizontal - tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion - parallel to layering within the earth.
Weathering
Sill
Bathymetry
Zone of leaching
17. Type of sedimentary soil/rock; Calcite in a pedocal soil accumulates in the B-horizon and may cement soil together - creating this solid mass.
Conchoidal fractures
Caliche
Spreading rate
Laccolith
18. Type of volcanic eruption; takes place when water gains access to the hot rock around the magma chamber and suddenly transforms into steam - a pyroclastic eruption involving the reaction of water with magma.
Apparent polar-wander path
Rhyolitic lava flows
Residual soil
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
19. On a gem are the ground and polished surfaces made with a certain type of machine.
Grain sizes
Felsic
Gem
Facets
20. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms - or have characteristics that resemble the molecules within living organisms. Examples - oil - protein - plastic - fat - and rubber.
The effect of viscosity on eruptive style
Felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
Organic chemicals
Transform fault
21. Natural bond connecting rocks; mineral material that precipitates from water and fills the space between grains.
Cement
12km
Topography
Compaction
22. Sphere; Surface water along with groundwater - Earth consists of 70% surface water (oceans - lakes - and streams).
Hydrosphere
Magnetic reversals
Bedding
Transform plate boundary
23. Solids composed of metal atoms (such as iron - aluminum - copper - and tin). Within this type of solid - outer electrons are able to flow freely.
Weathering
Compaction
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
Metals
24. Distinguishing feature of magma; Because not all minerals melt by the same amount under given conditions - and because chemical reactions take place during melting - the magma that forms as a rock begins to melt does not have the same composition as
Siliceous rocks
Partial melting
Fracture zones
Conglomerate
25. Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures.
Calderas
Hardness
Rocks
Fissure eruptions/lava plateaus
26. When silt and clay accumulate in the flat areas bordering a stream - lagoon - or delta - the silt when lithified becomes this type of sediment. And the mud - when lithified - becomes another type of sediment - also known as shale.
Sulfates
Laccolith
Saprolite
Siltstone and mudstone
27. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of light-colored silicates - very rich in felsic (feldspar and silica). Major constituent of continental crust.
Granitic composition
Upper mantle
Silicate minerals
Strata
28. A solid in which atoms are not arranged in an orderly pattern. Forms when a liquid freezes so fast that atoms do not have time to organize into an orderly pattern.
Hydrolysis
Limestone
Glass
a'a'
29. Center of the Earth - consists mainly of iron alloy.
Mantle
The core
Extrusive igneous rock
Source rock composition
30. A fine spray of lava instantly freezes to form fine particles of glass.
Fracture and cleavage
a'a'
Biomineralization
Ash
31. A term used for all the physical - chemical - and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristics of sedimentary rock one the rock has formed.
Decompression
Crystal structure
Hot spots
Diagenesis
32. Form from grains that break off preexisting rock and become cemented together - or from minerals that precipitate out of a water solution.
Rock composition
Sedimentary rocks
Ash
Biomineralization
33. The ocean floor is diced up by narrow bands of vertical fractures. Lie roughly at right angles to mid-ocean ridges - effectively segmenting the ridges into small pieces.
Basaltic composition
Fracture zones
Marine magnetic anomaly
O-horizon
34. The absorption of water into the crystal structure of minerals - causes some minerals to expand.
Geothermal gradient
Biomineralization
Area of igneous activity
Hydration
35. Physical property of a mineral; different minerals fracture in different ways - depending on the internal arrangement of atoms. If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure
Fracture and cleavage
Zone of leaching
Sulfates
Sedimentary structure
36. The display of the pattern of atoms or ions within a mineral. Meaning that the shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part.
Symmetry
Special properties of minerals
Crystalline igneous rocks
Tephra
37. Process where a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere - such as a continent or island arc - moves into the subduction zone. Yield some of the most spectacular mountains/mountain ranges on the planet including the Him
collision
Lava tube
Rock-forming silicate minerals
Transform fault
38. Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains - and masses of natural glass; a coherent - naturally occurring solid - consisting of an aggregate of minerals or a mass of glass.
Rocks
Granitic magma
Thermal expansion
Sandstone
39. The removal of soil by running water or by wind.
Turbidite
Soil erosion
Outcrop
Columnar jointing
40. Mineral class; the fundamental component within these types of minerals in the Earth's crust is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron anionic group - a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron - a
Flood basalts
Sill
Continental drift hypothesis
Silicates
41. Irregular or blob-shaped intrusions that range in size from tens of meters across to tens of kilometers across.
Continental shelf
Transform plate boundary
Plutons
Arkose
42. A type of carbonate rock; rocks formed from the calcite or aragonite skeletons of organisms form this biochemical sedimentary rock.
rifting
Abyssal plains
Lava
Limestone
43. A distinctive sequence of strata traced across a fairly large region. For example - a region may contain a succession of alternating sandstone and shale beds deposited by rivers - overlain by beds of marine limestone deposited later.
pahoehoe
Stratagraphic formation
O-horizon
Basalt
44. Type of sedimentary rock; rocks whose grains are stuck together by cement.
Physical weathering
Apparent polar-wander path
Hardness
Clastic
45. Distinguishing feature of magma; the process where different magmas formed in different locations from different sources may come in contact within a magma chamber prior to freezing. Thus the originally distinct magmas mix to create a new - different
Seamount chains
Magma mixing
Volatiles
650-1100 degrees C
46. Type of igneous rock composition; composed of dark silicates and calcium-rich feldspar - referred to as mafic (magnesium and iron). Make up the ocean floor/volcanic islands.
Zone of leaching
Gem
Basaltic composition
Organic sedimentary rocks
47. Sedimentary rocks consisting of carbon-rich relicts of plants.
Organic sedimentary rocks
Cementation
Sedimentary structure
Hydrolysis
48. Highest soil horizon; consists almost entirely of organic matter and contains barely any mineral matter. Surface level has 'litter' and deeper it contains 'humus'. Part of the zone of leaching.
O-horizon
Topography
Mid-ocean ridges
Grain sizes
49. The distance of the deepest well ever drilled - hole in northern Russia. Penetrates only about 0.03% of the Earth.
rifting
12km
Andesitic lava flows
Erosion
50. A proposition in 1960 - by Princeton University professor Harry Hess - that continents drift apart because new ocean floor forms between them by this process.
Sea-floor spreading
Siliceous rocks
Streak
Soil