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Test your basic knowledge |
GMAT Critical Reasoning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gmat
,
logic-and-reasoning
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Arguments contain 2 opposing points of view. Assess answer choices by holding them in opposition to the conclusion or one of its assumptions. 1. Identify the conclusion from the point of view of the author. 2. Note the counter-claim and it's proponen
Weaken: Wrong Answer Choice Type - No tie to the conclusion
Minor Question Type: Explain an Event or Discrepancy
Eliminate alternate paths to reach a given conclusion
Weaken the Conclusion: Argument/Counterargument
2. Look for the assumption to: 1. Bridge agap between any premise and the conclusion. 2. Support/strengthen/validate the conclusion. The answer doesn't have to be the only necessary assumption. The right answer is often 'necessary but not sufficient.' I
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Follow on
Assumption: Ties to the Conclusion
Signal Words for Premises
Strengthen the Conclusion: Wrong Answer Choice Type - Wrong Direction
3. Premise + (assumption) = Conclusion
Strengthen the Conclusion: Wrong Answer Choice Type - No Tie to the Conclusion
Extreme Words
Argument Structure
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Addresses the premise only
4. A powerful technique. If an answer choice in a question is negated and the argument becomes nonsensical - then the answer choice is almost certainly correct. An argument might depend on several assumptions - any of which could be the answer. However
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Switching terms
Negating an assumption
MQT: Analyze Argument Structure - faster approach
Signal Words for Conclusion
5. Follows on from the conclusion instead of identifying an assumption that underlies the conclusion
Identifying the Parts of an Argument
Eliminate alternate paths to reach a given conclusion
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Follow on
'Fill in the Blank'
6. 1. Find the assumption. 2. Draw a conclusion. 3. Strengthen the conclusion. 4. Weaken the conclusion. 5. Explain an event or discrepancy. 6. Analyze the argument structure. 7. Evaluate the conclusion. 8. Resolve a problem. 9. Provide an example. 10.
Major Question Types
Weaken the Conclusion
The AC that gives a new - fact-based premise
MQT: Analyze Argument Structure - faster approach
7. When reading any question stem - try to classify the problem. Then - as you diagram - proactively find answers for the question type. Read the question stem first. If it is not immediately helpful - do not dwell. The process of diagramming will gener
Minor Question Type: Explain an Event or Discrepancy
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Switching terms
Establish the feasibility of the premises of an argument
Identifying the Question Type
8. Solve a problem posed by the premises - correct AC should directly counteract or fix a given problem. Tend to appear as a new premise - wrong AC will address some piece of the argument but not counteract or fix the problem. Some wrong AC will reinfor
Draw a Conclusion
Resolve a Problem A Minor Question Type (MQT)
Provide an Example A Minor Question Type (MQT)
Use Real Numbers - Make an Inference
9. 1. Focus on the essential meaning. 2. Use EXTREME shorthand.3. Keep terms the same - try to keep exact wording of key points. 4. Make sure you understand what you are writing.
Weaken the Conclusion: Argument/Counterargument
Find the Assumption Questions
Answer Choices: Process of Elimination
How to Diagram an Argument: The T-Diagram
10. If an argument involves percentages - use real - concrete numbers. The words inference - assertion - prediction and claim are all synonyms for conclusion.
Use Real Numbers - Make an Inference
Draw a Conclusion: Stay Close to the Premises
LEN: Least Extreme Negation Technique
Evaluate the Conclusion A Minor Question Type (MQT)
11. Is a disguised version of a known question type. Once you recognize what type it is - use the standard strategies for that type.
12. Make sure to note if a question is strengthen or weaken the conclusion so as to not mistakenly choose the wrong answer - use an S-W-slash chart
Weaken: Wrong Answer Choice Type - Wrong direction
Negating an assumption
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Follow on
Wrong Answer Choice Types: Draw a Conclusion - Switching Terms
13. Extreme words make the answer choices incorrect - unless the argument explicitly justifies/states extreme words. A correct answer choice must be 100% true. When you see boundary or extreme words in an answer - ask 'what is the most extreme example I
Negating an assumption
Argument Structure
Signal Words for Premises
Boundary & Extreme Words in Answer Choices
14. Provides a conclusion that is opposite of what the argument says.
Strengthen the Conclusion: Wrong Answer Choice Type - Wrong Direction
Wrong Answer Choice Types: Draw a Conclusion - Wrong Direction
Eliminate alternate paths to reach a given conclusion
The AC that gives a new - fact-based premise
15. Analyze the logical flow of a argument and choose the AC that most closely mimics the argument flow or structure - be sure to not spend too much time
Mimic the Argument A Minor Question Type (MQT)
Identifying the Parts of an Argument
Strengthen the Conclusion: Wrong Answer Choice Type - Wrong Direction
Boundary & Extreme Words in Answer Choices
16. Provides an assumption that is not actually necessary for the conclusion to be logically valid. - breaks up a category subtype
Diagramming Efficiently
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - No ties to the conclusion
The T Diagram
Provide an Example A Minor Question Type (MQT)
17. Most common among critical reasoning questions.Correct answers do NOT need to make the conclusion false or invalid; just needs to make it less likely that the conclusion is valid.
Identifying the Question Type
Find the Assumption Questions
Weaken the Conclusion
Fill in a logic gap
18. A category of assumption - 'how do we logically get from Point A to Point B?' - key words: therefore - because - for this reason - etc. - fact-based or background information; occasionally reflects an opinion or claim
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Wrong direction
Resolve a Problem A Minor Question Type (MQT)
Fill in a logic gap
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Follow on
19. To help the process of elimination: 1. Write down letters A-E. 2. Evaluate each answer choice and note whether a. It strengthens the conclusion with an S b. it weakens the conclusion with a W c. Is irrelevant to the conclusion with a slash through it
The AC that gives a new - fact-based premise
Answer Choices: Process of Elimination
S-W-Slash Chart
Wrong Answer Choice Types: Draw a Conclusion - Out of Scope
20. A category of assumption - Reflects opinions or claims and that these are true or that a sequence of events will occur in a way the argument assumes.
Eliminate alternate paths to reach a given conclusion
Establish the feasibility of the premises of an argument
Weaken: Wrong Answer Choice Type - No tie to the conclusion
How to Diagram an Argument: The T-Diagram
21. Conclude something from a given set of premises - the conclusion you draw must be true as a result of only the given premises; it should not require any additional assumptions. Sample question stems: 'If the statements above are true - which of the f
Wrong Answer Choice Types: Draw a Conclusion - Wrong Direction
Draw a Conclusion
Weaken the Conclusion: Argument/Counterargument
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Follow on
22. Unstated parts of an argument that are necessary to reach the given conclusion. NEVER stated in the written argument.
Assumption
Wrong Answer Choice Types: Draw a Conclusion - Wrong Direction
MQT: Analyze Argument Structure - faster approach
Weaken 'EXCEPT' Questions
23. What do you do when two or more answer choices are very tempting? Use the Least Extreme Negation (LEN) technique. - negate answer choices to see whether the argument fails - use the least extreme negation possible. If the conclusion can still follow
The 'Therefore' test
LEN Examples
Weaken: Wrong Answer Choice Type - Wrong direction
LEN: Least Extreme Negation Technique
24. 1. Look for the conclusion - often the last sentence of an argument - but sometimes the first. 2. Find the premises that lead to the conclusion - provide ALL the pieces of information written in the argument. - provide evidence that supports or leads
Strengthen the Conclusion: Wrong Answer Choice Type - Wrong Direction
Identifying the Parts of an Argument
Use Real Numbers - Make an Inference
Signal Words for Premises
25. Always - never - all -none - etc. They make the argument very broad or far-reaching - making it susceptible to attack. Note any extreme language used in premises or conclusions with an (!). This strategy ONLY applies to words in the argument. _______
Extreme Words
Evaluate the Conclusion A Minor Question Type (MQT)
Fill in a logic gap
Major Question Types
26. Read the passage and label each boldface as Fact - Opinion - or Conclusion. Skim each answer choice - only looking for terminology matching F - O - C. Eliminate AC that don't match F - O - C classification.
The T Diagram
Minor Question Type: Explain an Event or Discrepancy
Conclusion
MQT: Analyze Argument Structure - faster approach
27. In 'Explain an Event or Discrepancy' - Look for __________ that shows why the discrepancy is not one - after you add it to existing premises - it shoul make sense all together - correct AC fills a logical hole in the argument - allowing all premises
Answer Choices: Process of Elimination
The AC that gives a new - fact-based premise
S-W-Slash Chart
Argument Structure
28. 1. Abbreviate anything you can but don't abbreviate so much that you change or lose the argument. 2. Underline key words - details and boundary words. 3. Use arrows to indicate cause and effect relationships. 4. Identify point of view with a colon to
Diagramming Efficiently
'Except' and 'Fill in the Blank' Questions
Evaluate the Conclusion A Minor Question Type (MQT)
Answer Choices: Process of Elimination
29. Stated pieces of information or evidence that provide support for the conclusion (facts - opinions or claims).
Identify all claims from facts (which can be proven) - Alternate Way to Find the Conclusion
Use Real Numbers - Make an Inference
Premise
Conclusion
30. The main point of the argument - logically supported by the assumptions and premises. In the form of an opinion or claim.
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Switching terms
Wrong Answer Choice Types: Draw a Conclusion - Out of Scope
Conclusion
Identify all claims from facts (which can be proven) - Alternate Way to Find the Conclusion
31. Use your paper to visibly eliminate answer choices A-E. Cross out incorrect choices and circle the correct answers. Check all of the answer choices even if you believe you have found the correct one. You may find that another answer choice is potenti
Weaken: Wrong Answer Choice Type - No tie to the conclusion
Answer Choices: Process of Elimination
Weaken 'EXCEPT' Questions
Argument Structure
32. Answer choice replaces a fundamental term with something that seems like a synonym or introduces extreme words - common between numbers - percentages and proportions
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Follow on
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Switching terms
The AC that gives a new - fact-based premise
Can eliminate alternate causes for a given conclusion
33. In order to clarify a question stem with EXCEPT - rephrase the EXCEPT statement into a question - inserting the word NOT and eliminating the word EXCEPT. Ex: 'Each of the following helps to explain event X except...' turns into 'Which one does NOT ex
34. Provide unnecessary information about a premise - make sure answer choices are not simply related to the conclusion but also weaken it - an answer choice can seem realistic - but only need to determine whether it weakens the argument
Identifying the Question Type
Answer Choices: Process of Elimination
Weaken: Wrong Answer Choice Type - No tie to the conclusion
Boundary Words
35. Since - Due to - As a result of - Because - Given that - As
MQT: Analyze Argument Structure
Extreme Words
Assumption: Ties to the Conclusion
Signal Words for Premises
36. Presented in 3 common ways - so read the question first! 1. Question contains the conclusion. 2. Question hints at the conclusion in the argument. 3. Argument contains an obvious conclusion - indicated by a clear signal word. Some GMAT questions ask
Finding the Conclusion
Draw a Conclusion: Stay Close to the Premises
Negating an assumption
Diagramming Efficiently
37. Many answer choices weaken the argument instead of strengthening it - make sure to note the question type so as to choose the correct answer
Fill in a logic gap
'Fill in the Blank'
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices
Strengthen the Conclusion: Wrong Answer Choice Type - Wrong Direction
38. Describe the role of a part or parts of an argument - often use argument/counterargument structure (use modified T-diagram) Don't spend too much time - eliminate a few choices and move on. Two boldfaced statements - determine the role each one plays
Weaken the Conclusion: Argument/Counterargument
MQT: Analyze Argument Structure
LEN: Least Extreme Negation Technique
Weaken: Wrong Answer Choice Type - Wrong direction
39. Answers require you to assume at least one piece of information not explicitly presented in the argument.
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Follow on
Wrong Answer Choice Types: Draw a Conclusion - Out of Scope
Resolve a Problem A Minor Question Type (MQT)
Wrong Answer Choice Types: Draw a Conclusion - Switching Terms
40. Proposes faulty mathematical or logical reasoning - make sure that any substituted expressions are truly synonyms
Wrong Answer Choice Types: Draw a Conclusion - Switching Terms
Strengthen the Conclusion: Wrong Answer Choice Type - No Tie to the Conclusion
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Wrong direction
Major Question Types
41. They limit the scope of an argument and can be useful in identifying incorrect answer choices. They provide nuances to the argument - which can help you make some answer choices correct or incorrect. When diagramming - be sure to include boundary wor
Restate the Conclusion A Minor Question Type (MQT)
Boundary Words
Weaken: Wrong Answer Choice Type - Wrong direction
Draw a Conclusion: Stay Close to the Premises
42. Poses two seemingly contradictory premises and find the AC that best reconciles them - Question will indicate the discrepancy or provide a keyword pointing to it in the argument: yet - however - nonetheless - paradoxically - surprising because...Argu
Wrong Answer Choice Types: Draw a Conclusion - Switching Terms
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Wrong direction
Minor Question Type: Explain an Event or Discrepancy
S-W-Slash Chart
43. Therefore - As a result - Suggests - It follows that - Indicates - Accordingly - So - Consequently - Thus - Hence - Should
Signal Words for Conclusion
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices
Evaluate the Conclusion A Minor Question Type (MQT)
Minor Question Type: Explain an Event or Discrepancy
44. To strengthen an argument - look for an answer choice that fixes a weakness of the conclusion - validates an assumption - or introduces new supporting evidence. A premise can strengthen or support a conclusion without being necessary for that conclus
Strengthen the Conclusion: Wrong Answer Choice Type - Wrong Direction
Establish the feasibility of the premises of an argument
Identify all claims from facts (which can be proven) - Alternate Way to Find the Conclusion
Strengthen the Conclusion
45. Answer choice provides the opposite of what you are looking for
Use Real Numbers - Make an Inference
Identifying the Question Type
'Fill in the Blank'
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Wrong direction
46. Tied to a premise and provides unnecessary information about a premise - if the premise is already a stated fact - it doesn't need support - make sure the answer choice is not simply related to the conclusion but supports it
Strengthen the Conclusion: Wrong Answer Choice Type - No Tie to the Conclusion
Identifying the Parts of an Argument
The T Diagram
Boundary & Extreme Words in Answer Choices
47. Always - only - all >> insert not necessarily or sometimes... Not - Never - none - not one - not once >> at least one - at least once - Some - a few - several >> no - none - Sometimes - on occasion - often >> never - At least - at most - more than -
LEN Examples
What Correct answers do
Identify all claims from facts (which can be proven) - Alternate Way to Find the Conclusion
Extreme Words
48. Identify information that would help evaluate the validity of a given conclusion - the correct AC will provide a way to TEST the conclusion
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Follow on
Major Question Types
Minor Question Type: Explain an Event or Discrepancy
Evaluate the Conclusion A Minor Question Type (MQT)
49. Explains or leads to a premise instead of the conclusion
Signal Words for Conclusion
Restate the Conclusion A Minor Question Type (MQT)
Weaken 'EXCEPT' Questions
Assumptions: Wrong Answer Choices - Addresses the premise only
50. A category of assumption - uses some type of superlative qualifier like only/best/worst way - there shouldn't be another way or better/worse way.
Weaken: Wrong Answer Choice Type - Wrong direction
Draw a Conclusion: Stay Close to the Premises
Eliminate alternate paths to reach a given conclusion
Resolve a Problem A Minor Question Type (MQT)