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GRE Psychology: History

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Most important question of the time: understanding the mind (supplanted understanding existence)






2. Behaviourist - valued both behaviour and cognition; purposive behaviour and sign learning; rats in mazes formed cognitive maps rather than blindly attempting various routes like stimulus-response suggests; also expectancy-value theory of motivation:






3. Rene Descartes - John Locke - Thomas Hobbes






4. Carried Franz Joseph Gall on his work - even when others proved theory wrong






5. Individual psychology; people motivated by inferiority; 4-type theory of personality: choleric (dominant) - phlegmatic (Dependent) - melancholic (withdrawn) - and sanguine (healthy)






6. Gestalt ('whole') psychology - asserts perception is greater than the sum of its parts






7. First to use statistics and created correlation coefficient; wrote Hereditary Genius - used Darwinian principles to promote eugenics






8. Father of experimental psychology - in America doing what Wundt was in Germany - combining physiology and philosophy; informally investigating psychological principles but did not have an official lab until later; wrote principle of psychology - wrot






9. Socrates - Plato - Aristotle






10. Understanding the mysterious world temporarily because a question for church - then philosophy was reclaimed by scholars






11. Frankl; focuses on person'S will to meaning






12. Human and animals are machines - sense-perception was all that could be known - can use science to learn people (like physics vs. machines)






13. Anton Mesmer - Franz Joseph Gall - J. Spurzheim - Charles Darwin - Sir Francis Galton - Gustav Fechner - Johannes Muller - Wilhelm Wundt - Herbert Spencer - William James - Hermann von Helmholtz - Stanley Hall - John Dewey - Edward Titchener - James






14. Tolman; pursuing signs towards a goal; purposive behaviour






15. Client-centered therapy; client directs course of therapy - receives unconditional positive regard; humanistic; also first to record sessions for later study and reference






16. 8 stages of psychosocial development; noted for completeness from infancy through old age; coined 'identity crisis' of adolescence






17. Man mind is tabula rasa (blank slate) at first; knowledge not innate - from experience






18. Created phrenology






19. Founding experimental psychology from Elements of Psychophysics; first systematic experiment to result in mathematical conclusions; previously thought the mind could not be studied empirically






20. A plan for selective human breeding to strengthen species






21. Existential psychology; Man'S Search for Meaning - people innately seek meaningfulness in their lives - perceived meaninglessness is root of emotional difficulty; logotherapy






22. Cognitive development in children; The Language and Thought of the Child - Moral Judgment of the Child - Origins of Intelligence in Children






23. Emerged after WWII - psychology research to a practical field






24. Modified Hull'S Performance = drive x habit theory






25. Digestion - classical conditioning






26. Founder of ethology; imprinting in ducklings; On Aggression






27. Physiologist - existence of 'Specific nerve energies' - taught Wilhelm Wundt






28. Studied Thorndike and Watson; Skinner box - operant conditioning; Walden Two and beyond freedom and dignity - control of human behaviour






29. One of America'S most influential philosophers; synthesize philosophy and psychology; reflex arc; denied structuralism - that animals respond to disjointed stimulus and response chains; instead functionalism - constantly adapting to environment rathe






30. Evolutionary psychology vs. social constructionism - whether psychological phenomena are the result of inborn - genetic factors or the result of cultural and society influences






31. The idea that the nature of a person could be known by examining the shape and contours of the skull - Brain - seat of the soul






32. Father of the psychology of adaptation - .also founder of sociology; used principles from Lamarckian evolution - physiology and associationism to understand people - idfferent species or races were elevated because of the greater number of associatio






33. Leader of humanistic psychology; examined normal or optimal functioning rather than abnormal; hierarchy of needs; people inherently strive for self-improvement






34. Founded behaviouralism; studied conditioning - stimulus-response chains - objective - observable behaviours; humans ready to be trained by environment






35. Founder of psychology - first official lab at U of Leipzig - also began first psychology journal; wrote principles of physiological psychology - attempted to study and analyze consciousness; ideas forerunners of Edward Titchener






36. The original philosophic mentor who pondered the abstract ideas of truth - beauty and justice






37. Sensation; hearing and color vision - foundation for modern perception research






38. Minds were active - not passive






39. Opened more psychology labs - thought psychology should be more scientific than Wundt






40. Felt Freud over-emphasized sexual instinct; analytic psychology (metaphysical and mythological components - collective unconscious and unconscious archetypes; autobiography (Memories - Dreams - Reflections)






41. Mechanistic behavioural ideas; motivation: performance = drive x habit; we do what we need and what worked best in the past; Kenneth Spence modified theory






42. Cognitive therapy; problems arise from maladaptive ways of thinking; therapy to reformulating illogical cognition rather than searching for a life-stress cause; Beck Depression Inventory






43. Descartes - mind is a nonphysical substance that is separate from the body






44. wrote Origin of Species and the Descent of Man - did not create the concept of evolution - but made it a scientifically sound principle by positing that natural selection was its driving force






45. Physical world not all that could be known - presence of universal forms and innate knowledge - abstract and unsystematic






46. I think therefore I am - figure out truth through reason and deduction; dualism/ mind-body problem






47. Law of effect; precursor to operant conditioning






48. Founder of structuralism - focused on the analysis of human consciousness; Through introspection - lab assistants objectively describe discrete sensations and contents of their minds; method soon dissolved






49. One of most important in clinical - abnormal - personality - id - ego - superego; unconscious motivations; psychoanalysis; famous writings Interpretation of Dreams - Theory of Sexuality - Beyond the Pleasure Principle - Civilization and its Disconten






50. Tolman; learning is acquired through meaningful behaviour towards a goal; sign learning