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GRE Psychology: History

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Evolutionary psychology vs. social constructionism - whether psychological phenomena are the result of inborn - genetic factors or the result of cultural and society influences






2. Anton Mesmer - Franz Joseph Gall - J. Spurzheim - Charles Darwin - Sir Francis Galton - Gustav Fechner - Johannes Muller - Wilhelm Wundt - Herbert Spencer - William James - Hermann von Helmholtz - Stanley Hall - John Dewey - Edward Titchener - James






3. Minds were active - not passive






4. Cognitive therapy; problems arise from maladaptive ways of thinking; therapy to reformulating illogical cognition rather than searching for a life-stress cause; Beck Depression Inventory






5. One of most important in clinical - abnormal - personality - id - ego - superego; unconscious motivations; psychoanalysis; famous writings Interpretation of Dreams - Theory of Sexuality - Beyond the Pleasure Principle - Civilization and its Disconten






6. Believed healing of physical ailments came from manipulation of bodily fluids; animal magnetism (mind control of one person over another) responsible for patient recoveries; used technique of mesmerism (hypnotism)






7. A plan for selective human breeding to strengthen species






8. America'S first Ph.D. in psychology from Harvard; coined the term 'adolescence' - started American Journal of Psychology - founded American Psychological Association






9. Client-centered therapy; client directs course of therapy - receives unconditional positive regard; humanistic; also first to record sessions for later study and reference






10. Ancient Greeks - middle ages (500-1600) - scientific revolution (1600-1700) - Enlightenment (1700-1800) The brink of psychology (1800-1900) - The saga continues (1900s)






11. Founder of ethology; imprinting in ducklings; On Aggression






12. Tolman; pursuing signs towards a goal; purposive behaviour






13. Behaviourist - valued both behaviour and cognition; purposive behaviour and sign learning; rats in mazes formed cognitive maps rather than blindly attempting various routes like stimulus-response suggests; also expectancy-value theory of motivation:






14. Socrates - Plato - Aristotle






15. Leader of humanistic psychology; examined normal or optimal functioning rather than abnormal; hierarchy of needs; people inherently strive for self-improvement






16. Digestion - classical conditioning






17. Tolman; learning is acquired through meaningful behaviour towards a goal; sign learning






18. Founded behaviouralism; studied conditioning - stimulus-response chains - objective - observable behaviours; humans ready to be trained by environment






19. Founding experimental psychology from Elements of Psychophysics; first systematic experiment to result in mathematical conclusions; previously thought the mind could not be studied empirically






20. Opened more psychology labs - thought psychology should be more scientific than Wundt






21. Created phrenology






22. Individual psychology; people motivated by inferiority; 4-type theory of personality: choleric (dominant) - phlegmatic (Dependent) - melancholic (withdrawn) - and sanguine (healthy)






23. Mechanistic behavioural ideas; motivation: performance = drive x habit; we do what we need and what worked best in the past; Kenneth Spence modified theory






24. Founder of structuralism - focused on the analysis of human consciousness; Through introspection - lab assistants objectively describe discrete sensations and contents of their minds; method soon dissolved






25. Cognitive development in children; The Language and Thought of the Child - Moral Judgment of the Child - Origins of Intelligence in Children






26. Studied Thorndike and Watson; Skinner box - operant conditioning; Walden Two and beyond freedom and dignity - control of human behaviour






27. Existential psychology; Man'S Search for Meaning - people innately seek meaningfulness in their lives - perceived meaninglessness is root of emotional difficulty; logotherapy






28. Physical world not all that could be known - presence of universal forms and innate knowledge - abstract and unsystematic






29. Rene Descartes - John Locke - Thomas Hobbes






30. Descartes - mind is a nonphysical substance that is separate from the body






31. Physiologist - existence of 'Specific nerve energies' - taught Wilhelm Wundt






32. I think therefore I am - figure out truth through reason and deduction; dualism/ mind-body problem






33. The original philosophic mentor who pondered the abstract ideas of truth - beauty and justice






34. World'S first professor - studied based on order and logic - disagreed with Plato - believed that truth can be found in physical world






35. Understanding the mysterious world temporarily because a question for church - then philosophy was reclaimed by scholars






36. Gestalt ('whole') psychology - asserts perception is greater than the sum of its parts






37. The idea that characteristics acquired during lifetime passed to future generations






38. Movement for better care for mentally ill through hospitalization






39. First to use statistics and created correlation coefficient; wrote Hereditary Genius - used Darwinian principles to promote eugenics






40. Most important question of the time: understanding the mind (supplanted understanding existence)






41. Father of experimental psychology - in America doing what Wundt was in Germany - combining physiology and philosophy; informally investigating psychological principles but did not have an official lab until later; wrote principle of psychology - wrot






42. The idea that the nature of a person could be known by examining the shape and contours of the skull - Brain - seat of the soul






43. 8 stages of psychosocial development; noted for completeness from infancy through old age; coined 'identity crisis' of adolescence






44. Carried Franz Joseph Gall on his work - even when others proved theory wrong






45. wrote Origin of Species and the Descent of Man - did not create the concept of evolution - but made it a scientifically sound principle by positing that natural selection was its driving force






46. Human and animals are machines - sense-perception was all that could be known - can use science to learn people (like physics vs. machines)






47. Law of effect; precursor to operant conditioning






48. Sensation; hearing and color vision - foundation for modern perception research






49. Man mind is tabula rasa (blank slate) at first; knowledge not innate - from experience






50. Father of the psychology of adaptation - .also founder of sociology; used principles from Lamarckian evolution - physiology and associationism to understand people - idfferent species or races were elevated because of the greater number of associatio







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