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GRE Psychology: Personality

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Criticized trait and type theories that both assume behaviour is stable across situations and people fail to take circumstances into account; - studies show that people often act different in different situations; consistency paradox






2. Focuses on individual'S unique self and experiences






3. At the top a cardinal trait (always consistent) - then central traits - then secondary traits (may conflict)






4. Practice of examining head and skull shape to discern personality






5. Only circumstances determine behavior






6. Suggested females shun masculine-type successes not because of fear or failure or lack of interest - but they fear success and its negative repercussions (i.e. resentment and rejection)






7. Used factor analysis to identify underlying traits of 2 personality-type dimensions (introversion-extraversion and stable-unstable [neuroticism]); - two dimensions formed a cross and four quadrants of phlegmatic - melancholic - choleric - sanguine






8. Sheldon - Somatotypes' short - plump means pleasure-seeking - social






9. Somatotypes personality theory






10. Superfactors - 5 dimensions that encompass all of personality; superordinate traits or facets; O-dimension (openness to experience - intellectual curiosity) - C-dimension (conscientiousness) - E-dimension (extroversion - enthusiasm) - A-dimension (ag






11. Conscious ideas about the self - others and situations






12. Studied Type A personality






13. Personality characteristic - causes one to view events as result of luck or fate; too much breeds helplessness






14. Allport; his version of the ego - believed it acted relatively consistently based on traits developed through experience






15. Many argue that there is no true gender differences - children are reinforced for stereotypical behaviors - prevailing pov -> interactionist






16. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and California Personality Inventory (CPI)






17. People often make assumptions about the dispositions of an individual based on the actions of that person






18. Dispositional attribution; tendency for others to think actions are caused more by personality than situation (e.g. lie because he is a liar - not because of the situation)






19. Ambiguous story cards - people project own 'needs'






20. Experience can change people'S personalities; after a series of events one feels helpless or out of control - negative or pessimistic explanatory style develops; gives up in general - exhibits helpless disposition; countered with learned optimism






21. Organized categorization systems - by statistical techniques for personality






22. Capture individual'S unique - defining characteristics






23. Studies androgyny; created Bem Sex Role Inventory






24. Linked Type A personality to heart disease and other health problems






25. Picking all possible traits out of dictionary






26. Fundamental attribution error; tendency for others to think actions are caused more by personality than situation (e.g. lie because he is a liar - not because of the situation)






27. A state; temporary condition of being aware of how you are thinking - feeling or doing






28. Uses large numbers of people to study commonalities of personality






29. Scrutiny of own behaviour - motivation to act appropriately rather than honestly - ability to mask true feelings






30. Learned helplessness






31. People who emphasize internal determinants of behavior






32. To show personality traits exist in a person - show person exhibits those traits in a variety of situations; cognitive behaviour (e.g. formulation of and attention to prototypes) is examined in social situations; - consistency of behaviour is result






33. Sheldon; personality based on body types - three physiques and corresponding personality types: endomorph - mesomorph - ectomorph


34. Skinny - fragile means inhibited - intellectual






35. Personality characteristic - causes one to view events as outcome of own actions; too much breeds self-blame






36. Relatively stable characteristics of behavior that a person exhibits (trait is stable - state is more of temporary feeling or characteristics)






37. Belief that one can effectively perform a task






38. Women are twice as likely as men to become depressed






39. Found few sex differences existed that could not be explained by simple social learning; - most consistent difference that seems independent of social influence is that females have greater verbal ability and males have greater visual/spatial ability






40. Possibility that a person may behave inconsistently - presents problems for labelling people as one internal disposition






41. Personal constructs determine personality and behaviour






42. Suggested personality typology based on personal activity and social interest; ruling-dominant type (choleric; high-low) - getting-learning type (phlegmatic; low-high) - avoiding type (melancholic; low-low) - and socially useful type (sanguine; high-






43. Emphasized idiographic approach to personality theory - as opposed to nomothetic; conscious motives governed by proprium or propriate function; lexical approach (5000 possible traits) - determined trait hierarchy of cardinal - central - secondary tra






44. Have a great need for arousal






45. Believing you are better than you are or look better than you do; unrealistic self-esteem






46. Cognitive training against learned helplessness






47. Generally make people more self-aware; small mirror - not so self-aware since its common - large mirror - very self-aware since we see a view of ourselves as others see us






48. Self-defeating behaviour that allows one to dismiss or excuse failure






49. Knowing you are worthwhile and in touch with strengths; 50% perceive selves accurately - 35% narcissistically






50. Originally dominated personality theory (Hippocrates) - many placed into type categories based on physical appearance; including using phrenology and somatotypes