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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Thinking
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 44 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Problem solving strategy - considers every possible solution to arrive at correct one - time consuming
Algorithms
Inductive reasoning
Associations between pictures and words
Elizabeth Loftus and Allan Collins
2. Find the one solution to a problem (e.g. math)
Allen Newell and Herbert Simon
Top-down processing
Algorithms
Convergent thinking
3. Frequently debated definition and types; the capacity to use knowledge to improve achievement in an environment
Top-down processing
Intelligence
Saccades
Logical reasoning errors (types)
4. Cognitive theory of emotion; similar to James-Lange theory - emotions are the product of physiological reactions - but interpretation of the physiological arousal is determined by the cognition we attach to a situation - leading to emotion
Schachter-Singer theory
Confirmation bias
Cognition Theory of Emotion
Elizabeth Loftus and Allan Collins
5. More than one possibility exists in a situation (e.g. chess or creative thinking)
Divergent thinking
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Deductive reasoning
Cognition Theory of Emotion
6. Newell and Simon - designed to solve problems like humans
Computer simulation models
prototypes
Atmosphere effect
Top-down processing
7. Reasoning that leads to general rules inferred from specifics 'Most PhD student studied hard for GRE - if I do the same I may be able to get in to a good program'
Logical reasoning errors (types)
Scripts
Decision making
Inductive reasoning
8. The representative or usual type of an event or object
prototypes
Deductive reasoning
Insight
Parallel distributive processing
9. Suggested hierarchical semantic networks - people group related items; the more closely related items - the more quickly subject can link them (e.g. Answer T/F quicker to 'a canary is a bird' than 'a toaster is a bird')
Mediation
Hierarchical semantic network
Top-down processing
Elizabeth Loftus and Allan Collins
10. Elizabeth Loftus & Allen Collins - The more closely related two items are - the more closely they are located in the hierarchy - and the more quickly a subject can link them
Hierarchical semantic network
Concepts
Semantic effect
Scripts
11. The process of thinking about your own thinking - knowing what solving strategies to apply and when - or knowing how to adapt thinking to new situations
Saccades
Cognition Theory of Emotion
Metacognition
Concepts
12. Allan Collins and Ross Quillian - People make decisions about the relationship between items by searching their cognitive semantic hierarchies - The farther apart in the hierarchy - the longer it will take to see a connection
Eye movements and gaze durations
Parallel distributive processing
Elizabeth Loftus and Allan Collins
Cognition Theory of Emotion
13. The idea that people develop closed minds about the functions of certain objects. From this they cannot think of creative uses or think divergently 'Bird cage can only used as birdcage' - development of closed minds about the function of objects - d
Schema
Logical reasoning errors (types)
Problem space
Functional fixedness
14. Decreased speed of naming color of ink if incongruous to word itself
Parallel distributive processing
Automatic processing
Stroop effect
Semantic priming
15. Eye movements from one fixation point to another
Elizabeth Loftus and Allan Collins
Saccades
Concepts
Deductive reasoning
16. An organized bunch of knowledge gathered from prior experiences that includes ideas about specific events or objects and the attributes that accompany them. - New events and objects are categorized based on how well they match the existing attributes
prototypes
Semantic priming
Schema
Divergent thinking
17. Sum total of possible moves that one might make to solve a problem
Associations between pictures and words
Problem space
Inductive reasoning
Automatic processing
18. Represents relationship between two things
Concepts
Inductive reasoning
Schema
Eye movements and gaze durations
19. Atmosphere effect - semantic effect - confirmation bias
Allan Collins and Ross Quillian
Mediation
Logical reasoning errors (types)
Emergency Theory
20. Emergency theory; Emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously In emotional situations - our body is cued to react in the brain (emotion) and in the body (biological response) Ex: We tremble and feel scared in response to anger
Schema
Saccades
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Reaction Time/Latency
21. Logical reasoning error - believing in conclusions because of what you know or think to be correct rather that what logically follows from the information given
Metacognition
Semantic effect
Logical reasoning errors (types)
Convergent thinking
22. Intervening mental process that occurs between stimulus and response - It reminds us of what to do or how to respond based on ideas or past learning
Problem space
Mediation
Elizabeth Loftus and Allan Collins
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
23. Schachter-singer theory; emotions are the product of physiological reactions - cognitions are the link in the chain - interpretation of the physiological arousal is determined by the cognition we attach to a situation - leading to emotion Situation c
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Cognition Theory of Emotion
Allan Collins and Ross Quillian
Logical reasoning errors (types)
24. In a word recognition task - presentation of a related item before the next item; decreases reaction time because it activates node of the second item in semantic hierarchy - Pairing GRE with TEST vs. pairing GRE with lobster
Deductive reasoning
Semantic priming
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Elizabeth Loftus and Allan Collins
25. James-Lange theory of emotion Cannon-Bard theory of emotion Schachter-Singer theory
Theories of emotion x 3
prototypes
Cognition Theory of Emotion
Atmosphere effect
26. Ideas about the way events typically unfold 'When people go to movies - they stay in their' seats and are quiet'
Scripts
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Hierarchical semantic network
Confirmation bias
27. Logical reasoning error - remembering and using information that confirms what you already believe
Confirmation bias
Atmosphere effect
Hierarchical semantic network
Bottom-up processing
28. New perspective on old problem 'A-ha!'
Heuristics
Atmosphere effect
Insight
Bottom-up processing
29. Reasoning that leads to specific conclusion that must follow from information given 'All coats are blue --> she is wearing a blue coat --> Her coat must be blue'
Parallel distributive processing
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Decision making
Deductive reasoning
30. Effortless task due to higher organization process - When a task is effortlessly done because the task is subsumed under a higher organization process
Eye movements and gaze durations
Semantic priming
Heuristics
Automatic processing
31. Recognizing an item or pattern guided by larger concepts
Top-down processing
Theories of emotion x 3
Cognition Theory of Emotion
prototypes
32. Movements and durations indicate information processing while reading
Convergent thinking
Inductive reasoning
Eye movements and gaze durations
Metacognition
33. Preconceived notion of how to look at a problem
prototypes
Confirmation bias
Mental set
Hierarchical semantic network
34. Designed first Computer Simulation Models called LOGIC THEORIST - then revamped it and called it GENERAL PROBLEM SOLVER
Allen Newell and Herbert Simon
Heuristics
Reaction Time/Latency
Cognition Theory of Emotion
35. Test relationships then to form concepts
Functional fixedness
Hypotheses
Eye movements and gaze durations
Schema
36. The process of working on solving a problem until an acceptable solution; - The process of reaching a solution is usually based on some sort of assumption: rational/irrational - Solution is usually found by relying on reasoning and/or emotion - Commo
Decision making
prototypes
Semantic effect
Associations between pictures and words
37. Problem solving strategies that use rules of thumb or short-cuts based on what has worked int eh past - Cannot guarantee a solution - but it is faster than algorithm
Intelligence
Semantic effect
Elizabeth Loftus and Allan Collins
Heuristics
38. Used to measure cognitive processing - Response speed for all types of tasks declines with age
Schema
Bottom-up processing
Reaction Time/Latency
Confirmation bias
39. Physiological responses cause emotion - We feel scared BECAUSE we tremble
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Elizabeth Loftus and Allan Collins
Inductive reasoning
Cognition Theory of Emotion
40. Slower between pictures than words; pictures must be put into words before associations made
Problem space
Concepts
Parallel distributive processing
Associations between pictures and words
41. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion. Emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously In emotional situations - our body is cued to react in the brain (emotion) and in the body (biological response) Ex: We tremble and feel scared in response to anger
Emergency Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Mediation
Decision making
42. Parallel distributive processing - People make decisions about the relationship between items by searching their cognitive semantic hierarchies - The farther apart in the hierarchy - the longer it will take to see a connection
Inductive reasoning
Allan Collins and Ross Quillian
Confirmation bias
Functional fixedness
43. Recognizing an item or pattern from data or details (data driven)
Semantic effect
Bottom-up processing
Semantic priming
Reaction Time/Latency
44. Logical reasoning error - conclusion influenced by the way information is phrased
Schema
Insight
Atmosphere effect
Functional fixedness