Test your basic knowledge |

Hematology Clinical Medicine - I

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Normocytic
MCV: 80-100 - sickle cell anemia - G6PD
Male: 14-17 Female: 12-15
HbA-2alpha and 2 beta chains
large gylcoprotein - major adhesion molecule which allows platelets to stick - binding factor in factor VIII and prolongs its half life

2. Hematopoietic Stem cells
Thrombocytopenia - Henoch- Scholein Purpura - Scurvy - ITP - TTP - DIC - Hemophilia A and B - Von Willebrands disease - Vit. K deficiency - Liver disease
Differentiate into whatever cell the body needs - self renewing - uncommitted cells - can differentiate into specialized cells such as progenitor cells
Tiredness - easily fatigued - DOE - palpitation - dizziness - bleeding - sores on mouth and tongue
98% - alpha and beta

3. Thrombopoietin
N - M - Meg - RBC
Anti-thrombin III deficiency - Lupus anticoagulant - other conditions for hyper-coagulation
1-2% - alpha and gamma
GF produced by liver and stimulates production of megakariocytes

4. CBC with differential
Complete blood count with differential: tells what percentage of cells make up the blood
Skin - tend to bleed also into the muscles and joints
What is stored in body M: 18-270 W: 18-160
Less than 80 MCV - iron deficiency - thalessemia - siderblastic

5. Iron Serum test
T lymph - stem cell
group of disorders affecting the structure - function - or production of Hgb - Hgb is important for normal O2 delivery to the tissues. If there is an abnormality then can cause hypoxia of the tissue.
Differentiate into whatever cell the body needs - self renewing - uncommitted cells - can differentiate into specialized cells such as progenitor cells
M- 75-175 F- 65-165

6. Hematopoiesis
Standard for reporting the PT
Skin - tend to bleed also into the muscles and joints
Greater than 100 MCV - B12 deficiency - folic acid deficiency - pernicious anemia (form of B12)
Process by which all blood cells form - develop - and are replaced in the body - blood production

7. Amount of Hb in Males and Females
Autosomal co-dominant traits who inherit a different abnormal allele from each parent - Alpha chain is present in HbA - HbA2 - HbF: alpha chain mutations cause abnormalities in all three - beta chains are present in HbA and HbA2
Thrombocytopenia - Henoch- Scholein Purpura - Scurvy - ITP - TTP - DIC - Hemophilia A and B - Von Willebrands disease - Vit. K deficiency - Liver disease
Female: 12-16 gm/dl ***menopausal women have more Male: 14-17 gm/dl
GF produced by the kidney and is a glycoprotein - stimulates the production of RBC in response to tissue hypoxia - binds to specific receptors on the surface of RBC precursors

8. Progenitor cells
lineage committed - create different blood cell lineages - can be very large - mostly all nucleaus. As they mature and differentiate - they become smaller in size and the nucleaus decreases in size - Ex: Lymphiod - meloid - and platelet lineage cells
XRT (radiation and Chemo - inherited immune disorders
Polycythemia vera - CHF/COPD - Drugs - Living at high altitudes
Standard for reporting the PT

9. Bleeding disoders can be....
volume % of RBC in blood - Female: 36-48 - Males: 42-52
Thrombocytopenia - Henoch- Scholein Purpura - Scurvy - ITP - TTP - DIC - Hemophilia A and B - Von Willebrands disease - Vit. K deficiency - Liver disease
Acquired or inhereited
low platelet count - skin bleeding - mucosa: especially bleeding of gums

10. Macrocytic cells
Pathophysiologic basis: diminished product of increase destruction - Morphologic basis: measure of average RBC size
Abnormally shaped cells - schiztocyte - tear drop - oval
Parasite infections
Greater than 100 MCV - B12 deficiency - folic acid deficiency - pernicious anemia (form of B12)

11. Patient with Anemia c/o
Tiredness - easily fatigued - DOE - palpitation - dizziness - bleeding - sores on mouth and tongue
low platelet count - skin bleeding - mucosa: especially bleeding of gums
Abnormal size of cells and vary in abnormality
Type of anemia characterized by smaller paler than usual RBC

12. purpura
ITP/TTP: platelets destroyed - bone marrow suppression - drugs - prosthetic heart valve: chew up platelets
Anemia - hemodilution (over hydration) - leukemia - hemolytic reactions - drugs
Palpable - slightly raised areas of bleeding
Starts with vasoconstriction and this causes platelets to come to the site of damage and adhere to damaged collagen

13. monocytes are present in....
Severe infections
Skin: hematomas - petechiae - nose and mouth/ throat bleeding - LN: usually not involved - HLA: look for enlarged spleen - liver - MSS: hemathrosis (bleeding into the joints - swollen - tender)
If platelets are below 40 -000 will spontaneously bleed and occurs where pressure it
Primary function is to support O2 transport - hard to bind the first O2 to Hgb but once it does it becomes easier to bind - It must bind at the partial pressure of O2 of alveolus and then it releases it to the tissue at the partial pressure of O2 at

14. PE for anemia
volume % of RBC in blood - Female: 36-48 - Males: 42-52
Adequate supply of iron - proper synthesis of heme - proper synthesis of globin chains
Mild: tired - pale - often assymptomatic - pallor - jaudnice - tachycardia - palpitation - spleen enlargement - glossitis - cheilosis (sore in the mouth) - neurologic sxs
Normal adult Hg - 2 alpha and 2 beta globin chains - attached to each chain is heme - 95-98%

15. Coombs Antiglobulin Test
Erythrocytes: 120 days - Platelets: 8-10 days - WBC: hours to few weeks - increase during infection
Programmed cell death - eliminates old - unnecessary - or unhealthy/ abnormal cells - defects in the pathway are important in causing CA
Detects presence of Ag-AB complex: direct or indirect - diagnostic for: hemolytic dz of a newborn - acquired hemolytic anemia - transfusion reaction - blood that sensitized patient. RBC
RBC - most munerous - Mature they are anucleated boconcave cells which allows more surface area for Hb - certain disease cause shape change: sickle cell anemia - ineffective erythropoiesis is a main feature in many blood diseases

16. Clotting disorders
Anti-thrombin III deficiency - Lupus anticoagulant - other conditions for hyper-coagulation
lineage committed - create different blood cell lineages - can be very large - mostly all nucleaus. As they mature and differentiate - they become smaller in size and the nucleaus decreases in size - Ex: Lymphiod - meloid - and platelet lineage cells
Programmed cell death - eliminates old - unnecessary - or unhealthy/ abnormal cells - defects in the pathway are important in causing CA
Process by which all blood cells form - develop - and are replaced in the body - blood production

17. Serum Ferritin
Severe infections
What is stored in body M: 18-270 W: 18-160
low platelet count - skin bleeding - mucosa: especially bleeding of gums
XRT (radiation and Chemo - inherited immune disorders

18. Composition of HgB
Deletion or point mutation of 1 or more globin genes - caused by reduced synthesis of 1 or more alpha globin chains or beta which leads to microcytic hypochromic anemia - means that the globin chain synthesis is defective from mutated or missing 1 or
CBC with Diff - PT: prothrombin time ***important it analyzes clotting ability of 5 plasma coagulation factors - INR: internatoinal normalized ratio (1-2) - PTT: partial thromboplastin time (30-45sec): analyzes the first stage of clotting - bleeding
4 globin chaines: globin (each bines to 1 O2 molecule Heme: binds to iron
Anemia - hemodilution (over hydration) - leukemia - hemolytic reactions - drugs

19. Alpha globin chain genetics
Alpha genes are on chromosome 16 - 2 genes on chromosome 16 for every alpha globin chain - total of 4 genes responsible for the 2 alpha globin chains
Variation in shape
Abnormally shaped cells - schiztocyte - tear drop - oval
Tetramer structure of proteins - proper arrangement of charged amino acids - interaction with low molecular weight substances

20. B Cell
Temporary infections - trauma/ tissue injury - Acute Infections: WBC count increases - Other causes:Leukemia - Malignant Neoplasms - Drugs -
Programmed cell death - eliminates old - unnecessary - or unhealthy/ abnormal cells - defects in the pathway are important in causing CA
Genetic and rare or acquired
Humeral immunity: Ab production

21. Hematopoeisis in adulthood is limited to....
Thrombocytopenia - Henoch- Scholein Purpura - Scurvy - ITP - TTP - DIC - Hemophilia A and B - Von Willebrands disease - Vit. K deficiency - Liver disease
Encapsulated bacteria: Strep pneumonia and H. Influenza
The flat bones: sternum - pelvis - proximal ends of the long bones
Platelet problems - factor 10 and vwf deficiency - vitamin K deficiency - anti-thrombin III deficiency - protein C deficiency - acquired disorder or coagulation

22. What do growth factors do?
Bind to receptors on cells and initiate carrying of signals that generate transcription factors and the cell proliferates
Immature RBC right before it fully matures - Mature (spend 3 days in) red bone marrow and then circulate in the peripheral blood for 1 day and fully mature (extrusion of nucleaus) - 1% of RBC in the body
Megakaryocytes (growth stimulated by thrombopoieten) - help prevent hemorrhages
volume % of RBC in blood - Female: 36-48 - Males: 42-52

23. Agranulocytes
Primary function is to support O2 transport - hard to bind the first O2 to Hgb but once it does it becomes easier to bind - It must bind at the partial pressure of O2 of alveolus and then it releases it to the tissue at the partial pressure of O2 at
7th month
Plasma protein that binds to Fe and helps absorb it - 200-400
Lymphocytes: 20-40% - Monocytes: 2- 6% (circulate in the blood 1-3 days and mature in tissues)

24. T cell
Cellular Immunity: helper - killer cells: affected with HIV
Skin: hematomas - petechiae - nose and mouth/ throat bleeding - LN: usually not involved - HLA: look for enlarged spleen - liver - MSS: hemathrosis (bleeding into the joints - swollen - tender)
Usually 40-45% - fat cells make up 50-55Q% - Rest are RBC precursor
Greater than 100 MCV - B12 deficiency - folic acid deficiency - pernicious anemia (form of B12)

25. INR
Encapsulated bacteria: Strep pneumonia and H. Influenza
Holds platelets together - factor VIII activated it and has to tighten - trapping more platelets
Anemia - hemodilution (over hydration) - leukemia - hemolytic reactions - drugs
Standard for reporting the PT

26. Blood is produced....
Primary function is to support O2 transport - hard to bind the first O2 to Hgb but once it does it becomes easier to bind - It must bind at the partial pressure of O2 of alveolus and then it releases it to the tissue at the partial pressure of O2 at
MCV - index for classifying anemia - Norma: 80-100
In the bone marrow
Adequate supply of iron - proper synthesis of heme - proper synthesis of globin chains

27. Production of Hemoglobin
N - M - Meg - RBC
Adequate supply of iron - proper synthesis of heme - proper synthesis of globin chains
FE deficiency - Hemoglobinopathies - sideroblastic anemia - lead poisoning
group of disorders affecting the structure - function - or production of Hgb - Hgb is important for normal O2 delivery to the tissues. If there is an abnormality then can cause hypoxia of the tissue.

28. petechiae
What is stored in body M: 18-270 W: 18-160
Skin - tend to bleed also into the muscles and joints
If platelets are below 40 -000 will spontaneously bleed and occurs where pressure it
Usually 40-45% - fat cells make up 50-55Q% - Rest are RBC precursor

29. Abnormality in beta chain are present....
Asymptomatic until 4 months of life
8% of body weight- 5L in women and 5.5L in males
HbF: 2 alpha and 2 gamma
HbA2: 2 alpha and 2 delta globin chains - in 2% of the population

30. Blood consists of what cellular elements
Mild: tired - pale - often assymptomatic - pallor - jaudnice - tachycardia - palpitation - spleen enlargement - glossitis - cheilosis (sore in the mouth) - neurologic sxs
RBC (erythrocytes) - WBC (leukocytes) - Platelet (thrombocytes) - blood cells are surrounded in Plasma
CBC with Diff - PT: prothrombin time ***important it analyzes clotting ability of 5 plasma coagulation factors - INR: internatoinal normalized ratio (1-2) - PTT: partial thromboplastin time (30-45sec): analyzes the first stage of clotting - bleeding
Palpable - slightly raised areas of bleeding

31. Poikilocytosis
Anti-thrombin III deficiency - Lupus anticoagulant - other conditions for hyper-coagulation
XRT (radiation and Chemo - inherited immune disorders
Cause by increase destruction of RBC in the peripheral blood faster than the bone marrow can produce them - decstruction is intrinsic: defect in production - extrinsic: produced healthy
Abnormally shaped cells - schiztocyte - tear drop - oval

32. Erythropoiesis
O2 bearing molecule and carries 02 throughout the body
Production of RBC - stimulated by decrease in O2 -kidneys produce hormone erythropoietin
Programmed cell death (cyto C. and caspases)
CBC with Diff - PT: prothrombin time ***important it analyzes clotting ability of 5 plasma coagulation factors - INR: internatoinal normalized ratio (1-2) - PTT: partial thromboplastin time (30-45sec): analyzes the first stage of clotting - bleeding

33. Apoptosis
Asymptomatic until 4 months of life
GF produced by the kidney and is a glycoprotein - stimulates the production of RBC in response to tissue hypoxia - binds to specific receptors on the surface of RBC precursors
7th month
Programmed cell death (cyto C. and caspases)

34. Reticulocyte
M- 75-175 F- 65-165
Normal adult Hg - 2 alpha and 2 beta globin chains - attached to each chain is heme - 95-98%
Platelet problems - factor 10 and vwf deficiency - vitamin K deficiency - anti-thrombin III deficiency - protein C deficiency - acquired disorder or coagulation
Immature RBC right before it fully matures - Mature (spend 3 days in) red bone marrow and then circulate in the peripheral blood for 1 day and fully mature (extrusion of nucleaus) - 1% of RBC in the body

35. Classification of anemia
Programmed cell death (cyto C. and caspases)
Acyclovir - Phenytoin - Quinin - Amphotericin B - Levamisole - Digoxin - Ibuprofin - Amiodarone - Rifampin - ASA
Pathophysiologic basis: diminished product of increase destruction - Morphologic basis: measure of average RBC size
The flat bones: sternum - pelvis - proximal ends of the long bones

36. Elevated MCV
Acquired or inhereited
Vit B 12 and folic acid deficiency
Hgb in the blood is too low to fulfill the O2 demands of the body - can be a specific disease of a sign of disease progress (GI CA)
Megakaryocytes (growth stimulated by thrombopoieten) - help prevent hemorrhages

37. Platelet problem
Variation in shape
FE deficiency - Hemoglobinopathies - sideroblastic anemia - lead poisoning
4.5-10
low platelet count - skin bleeding - mucosa: especially bleeding of gums

38. microcytic hypochromic anemia
Type of anemia characterized by smaller paler than usual RBC
Excessive loss of RBC - inadequate production of RBC (problem with bone marrow) - increased destruction of RBC - secondary to chronic disease
Cause by increase destruction of RBC in the peripheral blood faster than the bone marrow can produce them - decstruction is intrinsic: defect in production - extrinsic: produced healthy
Autosomal co-dominant traits who inherit a different abnormal allele from each parent - Alpha chain is present in HbA - HbA2 - HbF: alpha chain mutations cause abnormalities in all three - beta chains are present in HbA and HbA2

39. When is a CBC with difference ordered?
Holds platelets together - factor VIII activated it and has to tighten - trapping more platelets
Bind to receptors on cells and initiate carrying of signals that generate transcription factors and the cell proliferates
Platelet problems - factor 10 and vwf deficiency - vitamin K deficiency - anti-thrombin III deficiency - protein C deficiency - acquired disorder or coagulation
Baseline test - wellness screening - diagnosing certain condition - response to treatment and recovery - monitor certain health conditions

40. Pathology for Thallessemia
HbF: 2 alpha and 2 gamma
Production of RBC - stimulated by decrease in O2 -kidneys produce hormone erythropoietin
Deletion or point mutation of 1 or more globin genes - caused by reduced synthesis of 1 or more alpha globin chains or beta which leads to microcytic hypochromic anemia - means that the globin chain synthesis is defective from mutated or missing 1 or
Autosomal co-dominant traits who inherit a different abnormal allele from each parent - Alpha chain is present in HbA - HbA2 - HbF: alpha chain mutations cause abnormalities in all three - beta chains are present in HbA and HbA2

41. Eosinophilia Causes
Vit B 12 and folic acid deficiency
What is stored in body M: 18-270 W: 18-160
Leukocytes - neutraphils - monocytes - basophils - lymphocytes - eosinophils--> 5 different cells divided into 3 classes - immune system and fights viral - bacterial - fungal - parasites - and allergens - classified by presence or absence of granules
Allergies - drug reactions (pCH) - parasitic diseases and tape worms

42. Coagulation factor deficiency
Less than 80 MCV - iron deficiency - thalessemia - siderblastic
Production of RBC - stimulated by decrease in O2 -kidneys produce hormone erythropoietin
Skin - tend to bleed also into the muscles and joints
Begins later in life - may be a medication related - may be related to underlying medical condition - may be idiopathic - may involve more than 1 system

43. Intrinsic Hemolytic anemia
Low WBC count - Bone marrow depression: drug related (H2 blockers) - primary bone marrow disorder - immune associated neutropenia (chemo) - fungal infection of bone marrow (HIV)
Genetic and rare or acquired
Tiredness - easily fatigued - DOE - palpitation - dizziness - bleeding - sores on mouth and tongue
Hereditary spherocytosis - G6PD deficiency - sickle cell syndrome

44. Genetic defects
Normal adult Hg - 2 alpha and 2 beta globin chains - attached to each chain is heme - 95-98%
Immature red blood cells - normal: 0.5-1.5%: elevated in people with anemic anemia - low retic: anemia from decreased RBC production
Bleeding usually begins in infancy or childhood - recurrent bleeding - bleeding from multiple sites
Thalessemia - and sickle cell

45. anisocytosis
Anemia - hemodilution (over hydration) - leukemia - hemolytic reactions - drugs
Variation in size
Bleeding usually begins in infancy or childhood - recurrent bleeding - bleeding from multiple sites
Skin: hematomas - petechiae - nose and mouth/ throat bleeding - LN: usually not involved - HLA: look for enlarged spleen - liver - MSS: hemathrosis (bleeding into the joints - swollen - tender)

46. Hemoglobin
O2 bearing molecule and carries 02 throughout the body
7th month
98% - alpha and beta
Deletion or point mutation of 1 or more globin genes - caused by reduced synthesis of 1 or more alpha globin chains or beta which leads to microcytic hypochromic anemia - means that the globin chain synthesis is defective from mutated or missing 1 or

47. Reticulocyte count
Greater than 100 MCV - B12 deficiency - folic acid deficiency - pernicious anemia (form of B12)
Hgb in the blood is too low to fulfill the O2 demands of the body - can be a specific disease of a sign of disease progress (GI CA)
Immature red blood cells - normal: 0.5-1.5%: elevated in people with anemic anemia - low retic: anemia from decreased RBC production
Variation in size

48. Leukocytosis
M- 75-175 F- 65-165
Temporary infections - trauma/ tissue injury - Acute Infections: WBC count increases - Other causes:Leukemia - Malignant Neoplasms - Drugs -
Anemia - hemodilution (over hydration) - leukemia - hemolytic reactions - drugs
T and B lymph

49. von Willebrand Factor
Genetic and rare or acquired
Hgb in the blood is too low to fulfill the O2 demands of the body - can be a specific disease of a sign of disease progress (GI CA)
MCV - index for classifying anemia - Norma: 80-100
large gylcoprotein - major adhesion molecule which allows platelets to stick - binding factor in factor VIII and prolongs its half life

50. B12
Variation in size
90-91% water - 6-7% are proteins like Albumin - Remaining 2-3%: electrolytes - carbohydrates and fats - chemical messengers (growth factors) and gases like O2 and CO2
It is bound to intrinsic factor: protein produced and secreted by gastric parietal cells - B12 is absorbed in the terminal ilium and stored in the liver
large gylcoprotein - major adhesion molecule which allows platelets to stick - binding factor in factor VIII and prolongs its half life