Test your basic knowledge |

Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

2. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.

3. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

4. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th

5. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein

6. How much iron do infants need?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.

7. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

8. What are signs of fullness?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location

9. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.

10. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall

11. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.

12. How should foods be introduced to infants?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein

13. What is the let-down reflex?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

14. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food

15. What is colostrum?
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

16. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.

17. What risks are associated with formula usage?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2

18. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

19. What is oxytocin?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

20. What fats are in breast milk?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.

21. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

22. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.

23. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.

24. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food

25. What proteins are in breastmilk?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

26. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

27. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes

28. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
20 calories/oz
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.

29. What are the stages of human milk?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
24 calories/oz
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

30. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
20 calories/oz
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.

31. What is mature milk?

32. What is transitional milk?
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
24 calories/oz

33. What are signs of hunger?
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue

34. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

35. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein

36. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.

37. What is a standard term formula?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
It is a cow milk-based formula.

38. How many calories does human milk contain?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
24 calories/oz
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.

39. What is prolactin?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg

40. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue

41. How should food allergies be addressed?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.

42. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

43. What is lactation?
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.

44. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

45. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.

46. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
20 calories/oz
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

47. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
24 calories/oz
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
20 calories/oz

48. How does lactation affect digestion?
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.

49. What is rooting?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.

50. What is a food jag?
20 calories/oz
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.