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Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How should foods be introduced to infants?
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

2. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
24 calories/oz
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2

3. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.

4. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall

5. What is transitional milk?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

6. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
24 calories/oz
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue

7. What risks are associated with formula usage?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue

8. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location

9. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
20 calories/oz
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.

10. What fats are in breast milk?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.

11. What proteins are in breastmilk?
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

12. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th

13. What is a standard term formula?
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.

14. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
20 calories/oz

15. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.

16. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

17. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.

18. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.

19. What is myconium?
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.

20. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

21. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

22. What are the stages of human milk?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

23. What types of formulas are available?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.

24. What is prolactin?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag

25. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
24 calories/oz
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ

26. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

27. How much iron do infants need?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

28. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

29. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

30. How should food allergies be addressed?
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

31. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
24 calories/oz
20 calories/oz
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

32. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing

33. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.

34. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.

35. What is colostrum?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th

36. What is mature milk?

37. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.

38. What are signs of hunger?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.

39. What is the let-down reflex?
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.

40. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

41. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows

42. What is rooting?
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.

43. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

44. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

45. What is a food jag?
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein

46. What is oxytocin?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall

47. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall

48. How does lactation affect digestion?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must

49. What is lactation?
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.

50. How many calories does human milk contain?
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co