Test your basic knowledge |

Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What risks are associated with formula usage?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2

2. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2

3. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.

4. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.

5. What are the stages of human milk?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
20 calories/oz
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

6. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue

7. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ

8. What is a food jag?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies

9. What is the let-down reflex?
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

10. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

11. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
20 calories/oz

12. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

13. What is colostrum?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue

14. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
20 calories/oz
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.

15. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

16. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

17. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th

18. How many calories does human milk contain?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.

19. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

20. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ

21. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
24 calories/oz
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must

22. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

23. What is a standard term formula?
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein

24. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

25. What are signs of hunger?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co

26. What is myconium?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.

27. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue

28. What fats are in breast milk?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.

29. How should foods be introduced to infants?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.

30. What is mature milk?

31. How should food allergies be addressed?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

32. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein

33. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows

34. What is transitional milk?
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.

35. What are signs of fullness?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.

36. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co

37. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.

38. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

39. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
24 calories/oz
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

40. What types of formulas are available?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.

41. What is prolactin?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

42. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

43. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.

44. What is rooting?
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.

45. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

46. What is oxytocin?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.

47. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.

48. What is lactation?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

49. How does lactation affect digestion?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.

50. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?