Infant Nutrition

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.


2. How many calories does human milk contain?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d


3. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.


4. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

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5. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
20 calories/oz
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing


6. What are signs of hunger?
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.


7. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue


8. How should food allergies be addressed?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.


9. What is a standard term formula?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall


10. How much iron do infants need?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
24 calories/oz


11. What is colostrum?
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.


12. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

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13. What types of formulas are available?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk


14. What is oxytocin?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year


15. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.


16. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall


17. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.


18. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
24 calories/oz
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.


19. What is myconium?
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
20 calories/oz
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.


20. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

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21. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

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22. What is the let-down reflex?
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.


23. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.


24. What is lactation?
It is a cow milk-based formula.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.


25. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes


26. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein


27. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag


28. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ


29. What is rooting?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.


30. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.


31. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)


32. What are the stages of human milk?
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.


33. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.


34. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.


35. What proteins are in breastmilk?
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing


36. What is transitional milk?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.


37. What fats are in breast milk?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.


38. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

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39. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co


40. How does lactation affect digestion?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.


41. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

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42. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag


43. What is prolactin?
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.


44. How should foods be introduced to infants?
20 calories/oz
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.


45. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.


46. What are signs of fullness?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.


47. What risks are associated with formula usage?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk


48. What is a food jag?
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg


49. What is mature milk?

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50. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food