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Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
20 calories/oz
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

2. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

3. What is myconium?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

4. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.

5. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

6. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

7. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.

8. What types of formulas are available?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

9. How many calories does human milk contain?
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.

10. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location

11. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2

12. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
24 calories/oz
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.

13. What is prolactin?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.

14. What fats are in breast milk?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

15. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.

16. How should food allergies be addressed?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows

17. What are the stages of human milk?
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes

18. What proteins are in breastmilk?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
24 calories/oz
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

19. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
It is a cow milk-based formula.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

20. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag

21. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

22. What are signs of fullness?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

23. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

24. What risks are associated with formula usage?
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.

25. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
24 calories/oz
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies

26. What is lactation?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

27. What is colostrum?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ

28. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

29. What is rooting?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co

30. What is transitional milk?
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.

31. What is a standard term formula?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
It is a cow milk-based formula.

32. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

33. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

34. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.

35. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

36. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

37. What is mature milk?

38. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.

39. What is oxytocin?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

40. How does lactation affect digestion?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d

41. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes

42. What are signs of hunger?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

43. What is a food jag?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
20 calories/oz
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

44. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co

45. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.

46. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

47. How should foods be introduced to infants?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.

48. What is the let-down reflex?
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

49. How much iron do infants need?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d

50. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.