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Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ

2. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

3. What is mature milk?

4. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

5. What proteins are in breastmilk?
20 calories/oz
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing

6. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.

7. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.

8. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.

9. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

10. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
20 calories/oz
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

11. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

12. How should foods be introduced to infants?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.

13. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

14. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

15. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

16. What are the stages of human milk?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

17. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.

18. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.

19. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue

20. What fats are in breast milk?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must

21. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.

22. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies

23. How many calories does human milk contain?
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

24. How much iron do infants need?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

25. What is oxytocin?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.

26. How should food allergies be addressed?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall

27. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

28. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue

29. What is prolactin?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

30. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

31. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows

32. What is a standard term formula?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

33. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d

34. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
24 calories/oz
It is a cow milk-based formula.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food

35. What are signs of fullness?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location

36. What is transitional milk?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
It is a cow milk-based formula.

37. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
It is a cow milk-based formula.

38. What is the let-down reflex?
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.

39. How does lactation affect digestion?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location

40. What risks are associated with formula usage?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.

41. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
20 calories/oz
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

42. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.

43. What types of formulas are available?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must

44. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

45. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d

46. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.

47. What is rooting?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing

48. What is a food jag?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.

49. What is myconium?
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

50. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.