Test your basic knowledge |

Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

2. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
It is a cow milk-based formula.
24 calories/oz
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

3. What types of formulas are available?
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.

4. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

5. What is lactation?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.

6. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
24 calories/oz
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg

7. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.

8. What is a food jag?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

9. What is oxytocin?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.

10. What is myconium?
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

11. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.

12. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

13. What is mature milk?

14. What proteins are in breastmilk?
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

15. What fats are in breast milk?
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.

16. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

17. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

18. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
24 calories/oz

19. What are signs of fullness?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location

20. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2

21. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.

22. What is the let-down reflex?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

23. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.

24. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes

25. How does lactation affect digestion?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.

26. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.

27. How many calories does human milk contain?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.

28. How should food allergies be addressed?
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

29. What is prolactin?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

30. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
20 calories/oz
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.

31. What are signs of hunger?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue

32. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

33. What is a standard term formula?
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It is a cow milk-based formula.

34. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
20 calories/oz

35. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ

36. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.

37. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.

38. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

39. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

40. What is colostrum?
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

41. How should foods be introduced to infants?
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall

42. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

43. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
24 calories/oz
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

44. What is transitional milk?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d

45. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
24 calories/oz

46. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

47. What risks are associated with formula usage?
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.

48. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.

49. What is rooting?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.

50. How much iron do infants need?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.