Infant Nutrition

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.


2. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

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3. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food


4. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.


5. What are the stages of human milk?
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk


6. How much iron do infants need?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.


7. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein


8. What is prolactin?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year


9. What is colostrum?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th


10. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
24 calories/oz


11. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
It is a cow milk-based formula.


12. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.


13. How should food allergies be addressed?
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year


14. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

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15. What is oxytocin?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.


16. What is rooting?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must


17. What is a standard term formula?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.


18. What proteins are in breastmilk?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
24 calories/oz
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.


19. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d


20. How many calories does human milk contain?
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.


21. What are signs of hunger?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.


22. How does lactation affect digestion?
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food


23. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

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24. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows


25. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.


26. What is mature milk?

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27. What are signs of fullness?
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.


28. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

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29. What is transitional milk?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.


30. How should foods be introduced to infants?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall


31. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food


32. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows


33. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue


34. What is a food jag?
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
When a child will eat nothing but one item.


35. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.


36. What risks are associated with formula usage?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag


37. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

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38. What is the let-down reflex?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must


39. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.


40. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.


41. What is myconium?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.


42. What types of formulas are available?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
20 calories/oz


43. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
24 calories/oz
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
It is a cow milk-based formula.


44. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.


45. What is lactation?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.


46. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.


47. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.


48. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
20 calories/oz
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.


49. What fats are in breast milk?
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.


50. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
24 calories/oz
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.