Infant Nutrition

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is transitional milk?
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg


2. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ


3. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.


4. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.


5. What is the let-down reflex?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.


6. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.


7. What risks are associated with formula usage?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location


8. How does lactation affect digestion?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.


9. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag


10. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.


11. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

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12. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.


13. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.


14. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ


15. What is colostrum?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.


16. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.


17. What are signs of fullness?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location


18. What are signs of hunger?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue


19. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.


20. What fats are in breast milk?
24 calories/oz
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.


21. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing


22. What is myconium?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.


23. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co


24. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
24 calories/oz


25. How much iron do infants need?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.


26. What are the stages of human milk?
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.


27. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

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28. What is rooting?
20 calories/oz
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.


29. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

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30. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
24 calories/oz
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.


31. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

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32. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.


33. What is lactation?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.


34. What is a standard term formula?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
It is a cow milk-based formula.


35. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue


36. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
It is a cow milk-based formula.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.


37. What is prolactin?
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.


38. What proteins are in breastmilk?
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.


39. What is a food jag?
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.


40. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.


41. What is oxytocin?
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.


42. What is mature milk?

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43. How should food allergies be addressed?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year


44. How should foods be introduced to infants?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall


45. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies


46. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
20 calories/oz
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.


47. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

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48. How many calories does human milk contain?
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.


49. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
20 calories/oz
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.


50. What types of formulas are available?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.