Infant Nutrition

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• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co


2. How does lactation affect digestion?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg


3. What is colostrum?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.


4. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.


5. What is mature milk?

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6. What fats are in breast milk?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.


7. What is prolactin?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes


8. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.


9. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.


10. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
24 calories/oz


11. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

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12. What are the stages of human milk?
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.


13. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.


14. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

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15. How much iron do infants need?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d


16. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

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17. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.


18. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

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19. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.


20. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co


21. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.


22. How many calories does human milk contain?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ


23. What is the let-down reflex?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food


24. How should foods be introduced to infants?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.


25. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

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26. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
20 calories/oz
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.


27. What is a food jag?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.


28. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue


29. How should food allergies be addressed?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.


30. What proteins are in breastmilk?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.


31. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th


32. What types of formulas are available?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.


33. What is lactation?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue


34. What is myconium?
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co


35. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.


36. What risks are associated with formula usage?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag


37. What are signs of hunger?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.


38. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.


39. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue


40. What is oxytocin?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
It is a cow milk-based formula.


41. What is transitional milk?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes


42. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall


43. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
24 calories/oz


44. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

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45. What is rooting?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.


46. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)


47. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
It is a cow milk-based formula.
20 calories/oz
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue


48. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
24 calories/oz
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.


49. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
24 calories/oz
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.


50. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.