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Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the let-down reflex?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

2. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
20 calories/oz
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue

3. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.

4. What is lactation?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.

5. What are signs of hunger?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

6. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

7. What risks are associated with formula usage?
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

8. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.

9. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
20 calories/oz

10. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
24 calories/oz
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location

11. How should food allergies be addressed?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
It is a cow milk-based formula.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

12. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

13. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

14. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg

15. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

16. What types of formulas are available?
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food

17. How should foods be introduced to infants?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall

18. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
20 calories/oz
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.

19. What is colostrum?
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

20. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
24 calories/oz

21. What is oxytocin?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

22. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.

23. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.

24. What is a standard term formula?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing

25. What proteins are in breastmilk?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.

26. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must

27. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

28. What is rooting?
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein

29. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must

30. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
24 calories/oz
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

31. How much iron do infants need?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.

32. What is mature milk?

33. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
20 calories/oz
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

34. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
20 calories/oz
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.

35. What are the stages of human milk?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

36. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.

37. How does lactation affect digestion?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
20 calories/oz
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

38. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co

39. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

40. What are signs of fullness?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must

41. What is transitional milk?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

42. What is myconium?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

43. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d

44. How many calories does human milk contain?
24 calories/oz
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.

45. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

46. What fats are in breast milk?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.

47. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

48. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

49. What is prolactin?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d

50. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.