Infant Nutrition

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is mature milk?


2. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It is a cow milk-based formula.


3. What is a food jag?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.


4. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.


5. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
20 calories/oz
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.


6. How many calories does human milk contain?
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue


7. What is lactation?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
20 calories/oz
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue


8. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?


9. How much iron do infants need?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.


10. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.


11. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.


12. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
20 calories/oz
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.


13. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
20 calories/oz
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ


14. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.


15. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
20 calories/oz
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.


16. What fats are in breast milk?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location


17. What is myconium?
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ


18. What is oxytocin?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein


19. What proteins are in breastmilk?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
24 calories/oz


20. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.


21. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?


22. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.


23. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.


24. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue


25. What is a standard term formula?
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
It is a cow milk-based formula.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.


26. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?


27. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.


28. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co


29. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2


30. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.


31. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
24 calories/oz


32. What risks are associated with formula usage?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows


33. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.


34. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein


35. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?


36. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag


37. What are signs of fullness?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location


38. What are the stages of human milk?
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.


39. What is rooting?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.


40. What is the let-down reflex?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.


41. How should foods be introduced to infants?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.


42. What types of formulas are available?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.


43. What are signs of hunger?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.


44. What is transitional milk?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg


45. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food


46. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?


47. How should food allergies be addressed?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
24 calories/oz
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year


48. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?


49. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows


50. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.