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Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein

2. How much iron do infants need?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.

3. What are signs of hunger?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.

4. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

5. What is the let-down reflex?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
It is a cow milk-based formula.

6. What is transitional milk?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

7. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue

8. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

9. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
24 calories/oz

10. What are signs of fullness?
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag

11. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
24 calories/oz
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.

12. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
20 calories/oz
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d

13. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

14. What is oxytocin?
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.

15. What is lactation?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.

16. What is a food jag?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

17. What types of formulas are available?
It is a cow milk-based formula.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.

18. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

19. What is colostrum?
20 calories/oz
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.

20. What is prolactin?
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

21. What is myconium?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
20 calories/oz

22. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

23. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.

24. How should foods be introduced to infants?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall

25. What risks are associated with formula usage?
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg

26. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2

27. How does lactation affect digestion?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

28. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.

29. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.

30. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th

31. What are the stages of human milk?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.

32. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

33. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
24 calories/oz
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.

34. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

35. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
20 calories/oz

36. What proteins are in breastmilk?
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

37. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.

38. How should food allergies be addressed?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.

39. What fats are in breast milk?
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

40. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall

41. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.

42. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies

43. What is mature milk?

44. How many calories does human milk contain?
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg

45. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

46. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

47. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

48. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue

49. What is a standard term formula?
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
It is a cow milk-based formula.

50. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
It is a cow milk-based formula.