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Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is transitional milk?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d

2. What is myconium?
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.

3. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
24 calories/oz
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows

4. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th

5. What is rooting?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co

6. What risks are associated with formula usage?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.

7. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

8. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.

9. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

10. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

11. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.

12. How much iron do infants need?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location

13. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.

14. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
It is a cow milk-based formula.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.

15. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue

16. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

17. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes

18. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

19. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes

20. What is mature milk?

21. What types of formulas are available?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2

22. What is prolactin?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
It is a cow milk-based formula.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

23. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

24. How does lactation affect digestion?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

25. What is lactation?
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

26. What are signs of hunger?
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.

27. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
20 calories/oz

28. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

29. How should food allergies be addressed?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

30. How many calories does human milk contain?
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows

31. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

32. What is oxytocin?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.

33. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.

34. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue

35. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.

36. What is colostrum?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ

37. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

38. What proteins are in breastmilk?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.

39. What is a food jag?
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

40. What fats are in breast milk?
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.

41. What are signs of fullness?
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

42. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location

43. How should foods be introduced to infants?
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
24 calories/oz

44. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.

45. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co

46. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

47. What are the stages of human milk?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

48. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies

49. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue

50. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag