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Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

2. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

3. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
24 calories/oz
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

4. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue

5. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
20 calories/oz
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows

6. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue

7. What is myconium?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

8. What is a standard term formula?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
It is a cow milk-based formula.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.

9. What is lactation?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.

10. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2

11. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

12. What proteins are in breastmilk?
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

13. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.

14. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It is a cow milk-based formula.

15. How many calories does human milk contain?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.

16. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co

17. What is colostrum?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

18. What are the stages of human milk?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food

19. What risks are associated with formula usage?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.

20. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

21. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

22. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

23. What is mature milk?

24. How much iron do infants need?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
24 calories/oz
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.

25. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes

26. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue

27. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
20 calories/oz
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

28. What is transitional milk?
24 calories/oz
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

29. How does lactation affect digestion?
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.

30. What are signs of fullness?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag

31. What is oxytocin?
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.

32. What is rooting?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.

33. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
20 calories/oz
It is a cow milk-based formula.

34. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
24 calories/oz
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location

35. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
24 calories/oz
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.

36. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

37. What is a food jag?
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

38. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

39. What is prolactin?
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

40. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.

41. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag

42. What types of formulas are available?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.

43. How should foods be introduced to infants?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

44. How should food allergies be addressed?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

45. What fats are in breast milk?
20 calories/oz
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg

46. What are signs of hunger?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue

47. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

48. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.

49. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

50. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?