Test your basic knowledge |

Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

2. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

3. How many calories does human milk contain?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

4. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

5. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co

6. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

7. What is the let-down reflex?
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.

8. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

9. How should food allergies be addressed?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

10. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

11. How much iron do infants need?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.

12. What types of formulas are available?
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

13. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
20 calories/oz
It is a cow milk-based formula.

14. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.

15. What is colostrum?
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

16. How does lactation affect digestion?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2

17. What is a standard term formula?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
It is a cow milk-based formula.

18. How should foods be introduced to infants?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
20 calories/oz
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

19. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

20. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.

21. What risks are associated with formula usage?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

22. What is myconium?
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg

23. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.

24. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

25. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ

26. What fats are in breast milk?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
It is a cow milk-based formula.

27. What is transitional milk?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.

28. What is mature milk?

29. What are signs of fullness?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

30. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing

31. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

32. What are signs of hunger?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

33. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies

34. What is prolactin?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

35. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes

36. What is a food jag?
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue

37. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.

38. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.

39. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

40. What are the stages of human milk?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.

41. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg

42. What proteins are in breastmilk?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

43. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
24 calories/oz
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.

44. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein

45. What is rooting?
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th

46. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

47. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

48. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2

49. What is lactation?
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes

50. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?