Test your basic knowledge |

Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
24 calories/oz
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.

2. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

3. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg

4. How should foods be introduced to infants?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall

5. What are the stages of human milk?
It is a cow milk-based formula.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

6. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

7. What is prolactin?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

8. What is a standard term formula?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

9. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

10. What is the let-down reflex?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.

11. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

12. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

13. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

14. What is oxytocin?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein

15. How should food allergies be addressed?
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

16. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
20 calories/oz
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.

17. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.

18. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

19. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location

20. What is colostrum?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.

21. What is a food jag?
20 calories/oz
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

22. What is lactation?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
24 calories/oz
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location

23. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

24. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

25. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
20 calories/oz

26. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.

27. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.

28. How does lactation affect digestion?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg

29. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
24 calories/oz
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

30. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

31. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue

32. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.

33. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein

34. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag

35. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

36. What types of formulas are available?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein

37. How many calories does human milk contain?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

38. How much iron do infants need?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food

39. What risks are associated with formula usage?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
24 calories/oz
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.

40. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
24 calories/oz
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.

41. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

42. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

43. What is mature milk?

44. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.

45. What is transitional milk?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

46. What are signs of hunger?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d

47. What is myconium?
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

48. What are signs of fullness?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location

49. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag

50. What proteins are in breastmilk?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.