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Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How much iron do infants need?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue

2. What fats are in breast milk?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

3. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.

4. What are the stages of human milk?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

5. How many calories does human milk contain?
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

6. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

7. What are signs of fullness?
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows

8. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

9. What is lactation?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

10. What is prolactin?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

11. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

12. What is a standard term formula?
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

13. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
20 calories/oz
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.

14. What proteins are in breastmilk?
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

15. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co

16. What is the let-down reflex?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.

17. How does lactation affect digestion?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

18. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag

19. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
20 calories/oz
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co

20. What is oxytocin?
24 calories/oz
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.

21. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
24 calories/oz

22. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

23. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.

24. What is rooting?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.

25. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.

26. What is a food jag?
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

27. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

28. How should foods be introduced to infants?
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag

29. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
24 calories/oz
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes

30. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.

31. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
24 calories/oz
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.

32. How should food allergies be addressed?
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

33. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co

34. What is colostrum?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

35. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

36. What types of formulas are available?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

37. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.

38. What is mature milk?

39. What is myconium?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.

40. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

41. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.

42. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

43. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

44. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
20 calories/oz

45. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.

46. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must

47. What is transitional milk?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.

48. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

49. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

50. What risks are associated with formula usage?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.