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Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
24 calories/oz
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.

2. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

3. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag

4. What types of formulas are available?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies

5. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co

6. What are signs of fullness?
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
It is a cow milk-based formula.

7. What is oxytocin?
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.

8. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

9. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue

10. How should food allergies be addressed?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

11. What proteins are in breastmilk?
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

12. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

13. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows

14. What are the stages of human milk?
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall

15. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

16. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

17. What is transitional milk?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall

18. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

19. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies

20. What is myconium?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.

21. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co

22. What are signs of hunger?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue

23. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.

24. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

25. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag

26. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location

27. What is prolactin?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

28. What is colostrum?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.

29. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.

30. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

31. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.

32. What is a food jag?
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

33. What is a standard term formula?
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.

34. What fats are in breast milk?
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows

35. What is the let-down reflex?
It is a cow milk-based formula.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
20 calories/oz
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.

36. How many calories does human milk contain?
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.

37. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

38. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

39. What is rooting?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.

40. What is lactation?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

41. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

42. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

43. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.

44. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.

45. What is mature milk?

46. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
It is a cow milk-based formula.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.

47. How does lactation affect digestion?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

48. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.

49. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
20 calories/oz

50. How should foods be introduced to infants?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.