Infant Nutrition

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• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

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2. What fats are in breast milk?
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food


3. What are signs of hunger?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ


4. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year


5. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

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6. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

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7. What proteins are in breastmilk?
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
20 calories/oz
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.


8. What risks are associated with formula usage?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein


9. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.


10. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue


11. What is oxytocin?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d


12. What are signs of fullness?
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
It is a cow milk-based formula.


13. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

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14. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
20 calories/oz
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.


15. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.


16. How should food allergies be addressed?
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year


17. What is transitional milk?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.


18. How many calories does human milk contain?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.


19. What is rooting?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.


20. What is lactation?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.


21. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
24 calories/oz
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing


22. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.


23. How does lactation affect digestion?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
20 calories/oz


24. What is prolactin?
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.


25. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
24 calories/oz
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue


26. What is a standard term formula?
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.


27. What are the stages of human milk?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.


28. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
20 calories/oz
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.


29. How much iron do infants need?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co


30. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.


31. What is colostrum?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location


32. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.


33. What types of formulas are available?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ


34. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.


35. What is mature milk?

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36. What is a food jag?
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.


37. What is myconium?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue


38. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

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39. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.


40. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
20 calories/oz
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co


41. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co


42. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

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43. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg


44. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
20 calories/oz


45. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.


46. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.


47. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
20 calories/oz
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.


48. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.


49. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.


50. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.