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Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How should foods be introduced to infants?
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.

2. What is colostrum?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes

3. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.

4. What is lactation?
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.

5. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

6. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.

7. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.

8. What is rooting?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies

9. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

10. What are the stages of human milk?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

11. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.

12. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

13. What are signs of hunger?
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ

14. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

15. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

16. What proteins are in breastmilk?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

17. What fats are in breast milk?
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.

18. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co

19. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
20 calories/oz
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.

20. What types of formulas are available?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

21. What is oxytocin?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

22. What is myconium?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows

23. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
24 calories/oz

24. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

25. What risks are associated with formula usage?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.

26. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

27. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
20 calories/oz
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.

28. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.

29. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

30. How many calories does human milk contain?
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.

31. What is the let-down reflex?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

32. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

33. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.

34. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.

35. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.

36. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall

37. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

38. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
24 calories/oz

39. What is transitional milk?
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d

40. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th

41. What is prolactin?
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.

42. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
It is a cow milk-based formula.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

43. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.

44. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.

45. How should food allergies be addressed?
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location

46. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.

47. What is a food jag?
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d

48. How much iron do infants need?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d

49. What is mature milk?

50. How does lactation affect digestion?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.