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Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
24 calories/oz
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

2. What risks are associated with formula usage?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows

3. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
24 calories/oz
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

4. What is rooting?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must

5. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.

6. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

7. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

8. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.

9. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

10. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
24 calories/oz

11. What is mature milk?

12. How should food allergies be addressed?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

13. What is a standard term formula?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.

14. What are signs of fullness?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
24 calories/oz
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.

15. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall

16. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

17. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies

18. How does lactation affect digestion?
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.

19. What is the let-down reflex?
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

20. What is a food jag?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

21. What is myconium?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

22. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

23. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

24. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co

25. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

26. What types of formulas are available?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d

27. What is transitional milk?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d

28. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th

29. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.

30. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
24 calories/oz

31. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows

32. What is lactation?
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th

33. What is oxytocin?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
24 calories/oz

34. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes

35. How much iron do infants need?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
20 calories/oz
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue

36. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.

37. What is prolactin?
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.

38. What are signs of hunger?
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.

39. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

40. What fats are in breast milk?
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.

41. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
20 calories/oz
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.

42. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

43. What is colostrum?
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must

44. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
It is a cow milk-based formula.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue

45. What are the stages of human milk?
20 calories/oz
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

46. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

47. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

48. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.

49. How many calories does human milk contain?
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

50. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
20 calories/oz
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows