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Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

2. How should foods be introduced to infants?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
20 calories/oz
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.

3. How should food allergies be addressed?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag

4. What are the stages of human milk?
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.

5. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.

6. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.

7. What is a food jag?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.

8. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows

9. What proteins are in breastmilk?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food

10. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
24 calories/oz

11. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

12. How much iron do infants need?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

13. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
24 calories/oz
20 calories/oz
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

14. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.

15. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.

16. What risks are associated with formula usage?
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
20 calories/oz
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2

17. What should nurses teach mothers when they use formula milk?
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.

18. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies

19. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag

20. What is rooting?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.

21. What are signs of hunger?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue

22. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.

23. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
24 calories/oz
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

24. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag

25. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.

26. What is lactation?
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.

27. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
20 calories/oz
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

28. What is oxytocin?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.

29. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

30. What is a standard term formula?
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
24 calories/oz
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

31. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
20 calories/oz
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.

32. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

33. What is transitional milk?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies

34. What is prolactin?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
20 calories/oz
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.

35. What types of formulas are available?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.

36. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
24 calories/oz
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

37. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag

38. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg

39. What are signs of fullness?
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location

40. What is colostrum?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

41. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.

42. How many calories does human milk contain?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

43. What fats are in breast milk?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

44. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.

45. What is the let-down reflex?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.

46. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
It is based on the idease of supply and demand. Mature milk increases water content and decreases protein content. Milk composition changes during each feeding and on each breast. Composition changes to meet the baby's changing needs - even beyond th

47. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

48. What is mature milk?

49. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)

50. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?