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Infant Nutrition

Subjects : health-sciences, pediatrics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is lactation?
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location

2. What types of formulas are available?
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
What the mom eats - albeit subtle - affects the child's future preference for food

3. What is the indication for soy-based formulas?
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.

4. What are signs of fullness?
Slow pace of eating - Plays with food or surrounding items - Refuses to open mouth - Turns head as food approaches - Tries to leave eating location
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

5. What is mature milk?

6. How does a child gain immunity via breastfeeding?

7. What are examples of specialized-term formulas?
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.

8. What are some foods that should not be introduced to infants?

9. What is oxytocin?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Choose iron fortified - Avoid over-dilution - Use CLEAN - sterile bottles and water to avoid contamination - ALWAYS observe the baby when feeding. If they leave the bottle for too long they may develop dental caries.

10. How does breastfeeding prevent ovarian and breast cancers?
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.

11. How should food allergies be addressed?
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year

12. How does lactation correlated to a decreased risk for obesity and DMT2?

13. What is a standard term formula?
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

14. What are some benefits of lactation for infants?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

15. When can infants eat the same food as adults?
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d

16. How do mothers meet the caloric demands of breast feeding?
Mothers need an additional 500 kcal/day for 6 months. The extra caloric intake and the maternal fat storage helps meet the demand. They should also drink an extra 1L/day.
20 calories/oz
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing

17. What is myconium?
Examples are Soy-based - Protein hydrolysate - Amino acid-based - Allergies/ sensitive digestion formularies.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
It is a cow milk-based formula.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.

18. What is the indication for amino acid based formulas?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.

19. How does breast milk adapt to an infant's nutritional needs?

20. How many calories per ounce can a full-term infant receive from transitional milk?
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
20 calories/oz
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.

21. How are lactation and a child's food preference related?

22. What are the stages of human milk?
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

23. What is rooting?
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.

24. What are some pointers for feeding 1-2 year olds?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing

25. What is transitional milk?
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Immunity - More acceptance of foods - Omega-3 fats for brain and vision - Reduced risk for later obesity & DMT2 - Easier digestion/ healthier gut - Less asthma and allergies
A form of breast milk developed after colostrum - within the first two weeks postpartum. It is more watered down - with an increased concentration in fat and CHO and decreased protein content. Its calories depend on the time in which the infant was d
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.

26. What risks are associated with formula usage?
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
Infants are at risk of developing: respiratory & ear infections - diarrhea (bacterial or rotavirus) - urinary tract infections -allergies -obesity - and DMT2

27. What is prolactin?
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
A hormone that stimulates the mammary gland - responsible for milk production and starts during pregnancy.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.

28. What is quantitavely indicative of proper growth?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
When an infant turns his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth - searching for the object by moving his head in steadily decreasing arcs until the object is found.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg

29. How many calories does human milk contain?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
If the infant has a cow-based allergen - he or she will receive this type of formula.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.

30. How much iron do infants need?
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

31. What is the indication for protein hydrolysate formulas?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Weight doubles by 6 months - Triples by 1 year - 2nd year - add about 5 pounds - BMR is very high - Need - 100 kcalories/kg
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.

32. What are some benefits of breastfeeding to mothers?

33. How many calories per ounce can a pre-term infant receive from transitional milk?
24 calories/oz
Same foods as adults - May continue breastfeeding - Formula then whole milk (up to 16-24 oz) - Variety - Food jag
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein

34. How should foods be introduced to infants?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.

35. What is colostrum?
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.

36. How are preterm formulas different from standard formulas
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.

37. What interventions should be done for preterm infants?
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Iron-fortified infant cereal - Strained meats - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentall
IF PREMATURE: use adjusted age (e.g. - if 2 months premature - add 2 months to the above guidelines)
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.

38. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for breastfeeding?
Decreased :Postpartum blood loss - Postpartum depression - Risk of ovarian and breast cancers - Cost - Increased: Uterine contractions after birth - 'Mothering' hormones oxytocin and prolactin - Child spacing
It is a cow milk-based formula.
An involuntary action in which the milk free flows from the breast to the infant.
The AAP recommends: 6 months exclusive breastfeeding - After 6 months - parents can introduced solids and complement them with breastmilk until 1 year. - After 1 year - mothers can breastfeed more as mutually desired.

39. What should nurses educate mothers in when discussing the adequacy of intake?
Breastfeeding helps promote portion control - which can help with weight management. - The baby has more control as to When to stop eating through breastfeeding - than having the baby finish what's in the bottle and overeating.
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co
After 1 year - can include same foods as adults - Cut into appropriate sizes

40. What proteins are in breastmilk?
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
This is feces the infant carried inutero to birth - which is high in bilirubin and can lead to jaundice.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
It is a cow milk-based formula.

41. How are the nutritional needs of infants different from adults?
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Breast milk contains molecules that are easier for the gut to break down - resulting in a faster digestion rate than with formula.

42. What type of ratio does formula milk carry?
Formula milk contains a higher casein to whey amount - making it longer to digest the proteins.
Canned foods & Honey - C. botulinum - foods that can cause choking ie. Carrot or hot dog 'rings -' whole - unpeeled grapes - hard candies - marshmallows
Iron supplementation is not needed until 6 months unless the child was preterm.
A mother's antibodies and normal flora can be transferred to a child via breast milk.

43. What is a food jag?
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
Mothers can choose from: standard-term formulas - specialized term formulas - and preterm formulas.
When a child will eat nothing but one item.
Breastfeeding helps regulate the hormones related to the ovaries and the breast.

44. What are some infant feeding recommendations?
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Breastfeed exclusively for approx 6 months and continue until 12 months of age - Begin with iron rich food as first solid - New foods 3-6 days apart - Introduce solid foods when infant is developmentally ready - 4-6 months - Head up - control tongue
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.

45. How much vitamin D is needed for infants?
If the infant has severe allergies and digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
If an infant is wearing a diaper and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 30 mins per week. If he or she is clothed and exposed to sun - he or she should be exposed 2 hours per week. Another method is through supplementation.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk
Infants require : 54% fat (from dietary fat) - 40% CHO - 6% protein - Adults require: 45-65% CHO - 20-35% fat - 10-35% protein

46. What fats are in breast milk?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
One new food every 3-7 days to watch for allergic reactions - family hx food allergies: Delay allergenic foods until after 1 year - Delay major allergens (eggs - milk - wheat - soy - peanuts - tree nuts - fish and shellfish) until well after 1st year
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
Offer ad libitum - paying attention to infant signs of hunger and fullness. Most important indicator is adequate growth: Regain birth weight by 10 days - Track on growth chart without crossing major centile lines. 6-8 wet diapers a day is normal. Co

47. What are signs of hunger?
If the infant has digestion problems - he or she will receive this type of formula.
The synthesis of milk components and its movement through milk ducts and out through the nipple.
It contains about 85 kcal per 100 mL.
Sucking on hand - Rooting - Excited arm and leg movements - Opening mouth as spoon approaches - Fussing - Crying is late cue

48. What carbohydrates are in breast milk?
A form of breast milk that forms 2 weeks after birth - after the development of transitional milk. It changes its composition over time to adapt to the infant's nutritional needs. To receive adequate nutrition from this breast milk - the infant must
Lactose is the most abundant as it is easily digested - but breaks down slowly. It also facilitates calcium absorption.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Colostrum - Transitional milk - Mature milk

49. Why is Vitamin K administered on infants?
Preterm formulas contain 22-24 kcal/oz while term formulas contain 20kcal/oz.
Breast milk contains a high whey: casein ratio - The ratio in human milk changes during the first year as the baby grows. The balance of the 18 essential amino acids in the milk are uniquely suited to foster human growth and brain development.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
A form of breast milk produced in the first 3-4 days after birth. It is a concentrated source of protein - fat-soluble vitamins - and immune factors - as the infant has a sterile gut. It is also easy to digest and stimulates bowel movement more frequ

50. How is the composition of formula different from breast milk?
It contains omega-3 and cholesterol needed for brain and eye development as well as for cell membrane development. Early exposure to cholesterol gives infants a better ability to metabolize cholesterol later in life.
A hormone responsible for the let down reflex and starts right at birth and continues while breastfeeding.
Formulas are nutritionally similar to breast milk - but do not provide immune protection and are higher in caesin.
It is injected within the first hours of life as prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.