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Introduction To Health Sciences Vocab

Subject : health-sciences
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The type of bone that is less dense (compared with compact bone) and contains struts (trabeculae) to provide strength. It is found within the widened areas inside the ends of the bones.






2. Drinking to get drunk rather than just for pleasure.






3. A form of plasticity within the connections between the neurons that underlie nociception and pain - such that - over time - increasing levels of pain are experienced even though the stimulus remains unchanged.






4. A non-invasive method of measuring the level of oxygenation of the blood by using light absorption to calculate the relative levels of haemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin.






5. That part of the nervous system that exerts control over the skeletal muscles and thereby over behaviour.






6. A condition in which the optic nerve becomes damaged - usually because the pressure of fluid within the eye becomes too high - leading to a progressive loss of vision.






7. An alternative way of modelling the energy from an electromagnetic wave; small packets of energy and the energy of each depends on the frequency of the electromagnetic wave.






8. The unit used to measure equivalent dose and effective dose (Sv).






9. The level of intensity of stimulation of a neuron at which it first shows activity. The term is used particularly in the context of sensory neurons.






10. A covalent bond formed by the sharing of four electrons - two from each atom at either end of the bond.






11. The outer layer of the brain - also known as the 'cerebral cortex'. (






12. The type of bone (sometimes called compact) that is more dense (compared with cancellous bone) and very strong. It is found in the parts of the bone that need to withstand the largest forces.






13. A muscular structure at the junction of the stomach and small intestine that constricts and closes when food is present in the stomach - preventing it from passing into the small intestine.






14. A slimy - viscous substance secreted as a protective lubricant by the cells in the lining of the nose - throat and airways. Traps microbes and particles and is swept out of the respiratory system into the throat - to be coughed out or swallowed. Also






15. A chemical that is stored within the axon terminal of a neuron and is released in response to electrical activity within that neuron. It passes the short distance to a neighbouring cell (neuron or muscle cell) where it binds to a neurotransmitter rec






16. Haemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide. It is formed in the blood when carbon monoxide is inhaled - reducing the ability of the blood to form oxyhaemoglobin.






17. A covalent bond formed by the sharing of two electrons - one from each atom at either end of the bond.






18. A form of conditioning in which a stimulus with no intrinsic capacity to trigger a particular response acquires such a capacity by being paired with a stimulus that does trigger the response; e.g. a bell can come to trigger salivation in a dog if it






19. A graph recording breathing - Which is made with a spirometer.






20. Often abbreviated to 'compound': a substance made up of two or more elements; it may be composed of molecules or ions.






21. Intoxication so extreme that it leads to unconsciousness that can result in death.






22. Inflammation with a rapid onset - severe symptoms and short duration.






23. A process causing evolutionary change over time (from one generation to the next). Individuals that hold an advantage in terms of survival and reproduction - in competition with other individuals - will pass on characteristics that contribute to that






24. The process of expiring or breathing out; the emission of air from the lungs.






25. A region of cortex at the front of the brain - where the activity of neurons is associated with voluntary control of behaviour (self-control) and restraint. Biological evidence suggests that mild to moderate doses of alcohol selectively depress the a






26. A class of neuron that detects the presence of stimuli in the world - such as tactile events - heat - cold or tissue damage.






27. A global strategy to combat trachoma - involving eyelid surgery - antibiotic treatment - attention to facial cleanliness and environmental changes.






28. The thinnest blood vessels.






29. Haemoglobin bound to oxygen molecules. Transports oxygen from blood vessels in the lungs to the cells in the rest of the body.






30. Cells that cover all surfaces of the body. (CS 3 - 4 - 6 & 7)






31. The eye chart used to determine how well a person can see at various distances. Named after a 19th-century Dutch ophthalmologist Hermann Snellen (1834-1908) who devised a test for visual acuity.






32. Leading global causes of visual impairment that have been identified by the WHO's Vision 2020 project as targets that can be prevented or treated. They include refractive errors and low vision - cataract - glaucoma - AMD - diabetic retinopathy and tr






33. A change in the sequences of bases in the DNA of an organism - resulting in an alteration in the manufacture or function of a body protein. Also refers to the process by which such a change in DNA sequence occurs due to the action of a mutagen - e.g.






34. A drug that acts to reduce the signs of inflammation - e.g. swelling - redness - heat and pain.






35. A variety of conditions associated with eyesight - from total loss of sight (blindness) to partial sight loss.






36. Substances in which an interaction or reaction occurs - or in which an event takes place - or chemicals or objects are transported or supported - e.g. a medium through which a wave is transmitted in the refraction of light.






37. A bean-shaped tissue packed with immune system cells found at intervals along the vessels of the lymphatic system. They filter potentially harmful substances and organisms (microbes) from body fluids that drain into the lymphatic system; the filtered






38. A proteinase (protein-degrading) enzyme that catalyses (facilitates) the breakdown of elastin and other related proteins.






39. The system of organs and structures in which gas exchange takes place. In mammals it consists of the airways - the lungs and the muscles that mediate the movement of air into and out of the lungs.






40. The cells associated with peripheral neurons that wrap themselves around the axons.






41. An electrically charged atom or molecule. May be positively or negatively charged; e.g. Na+ (the positively charged sodium ion) and Cl- (the negatively charged chloride ion).






42. A qualified doctor who has specialised in the diagnosis and treatment of eye conditions - and who can perform eye surgery.






43. A fracture that occurs because the bone has been weakened through osteoporosis.






44. A group of steroid hormones produced mainly by the ovaries (some are also produced by fat deposits in the body) - which are responsible for promoting the development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics.






45. Radiation which can cause ionisation. From the electromagnetic spectrum this includes gamma rays - X-rays and some high-energy ultraviolet radiation.






46. A class of substances arising from outside the body - but Which bear a close similarity to naturally occurring opioids in their structure and effect; they include heroin derived from the opium poppy and morphine.






47. An inflammation of the liver which can vary in severity.






48. The value of a characteristic in terms of its contribution to the survival and reproductive chances of an animal.






49. A fracture where the bone bends and only breaks on one side; commonest in children - whose bones tend to bend rather than break completely.






50. A type of cell that is found within the nervous system and Which is specialised to transmit and process information (colloquially referred to as 'nerve cell').







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