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MCAT Biology 2

Subjects : mcat, science
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix - releasing calcium ions into the blood






2. Located at the base of the esophagus and functions to prevent food materials from entering the esophagus from the stomach






3. Occurs across the placenta - fetal lungs do not become functional until birth.






4. The extracellular signaling molecule that binds to the membrane receptor






5. Duct through which urine is discharged in most mammals and which serves as the male genital duct






6. A genetic disorder of metabolism - A human genetic defect that results in the failure to metabolize phenylalanine.






7. An internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed. Involved of the transport of materials throughout the cell.






8. The substance acted upon by an enzyme or ferment






9. Given to control diabetes insipidus and promote reabsorption of water in the kidney tubules.






10. Located in the centrosome area - and are found in animal cells but not in plant cells.






11. An essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals






12. Made from cholesterol. Composed of 4 carbon rings attached to distinctive side chains that determine the unique properties of the hormones. Hydrophobic and fat soluble.






13. Neurohormone secreted by the heart in response to ventricular expansion. Elevated greater than 100 pg/mL indicates some heart failure






14. Generation of glucose from non - sugar carbon substrates like pyruvate - lactate - glycerol - and amino acids The vast majority takes place in the liver and - to a smaller extent - in the cortex of kidney. This process occurs during periods of fastin






15. Cortisol and Cortisone are types of these hormones - produced in the Adrenal cortex - which increase blood glucose levels through stimulation of gluconeogenesis and the decrease of protein synthesis. They also reduce the body's immunological and infl






16. An agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection






17. Predominantly photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms containing a blue pigment in addition to chlorophyll.






18. Assist in proper folding and transport of polypeptides across the ER - Golgi and beyond. Some are constantly synthesized - others are only synthesized by STRESS (heat shock proteins). If the folding is not successful - then the chaperones facilitate






19. Gonadotropin releasing hormone; a decapeptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the adenohypophysis to release gonadotropins (as luteinizing hormone and follicle - stimulating hormone) -- abbreviation GnRH






20. Non - membrane bound organelles - large - ATP- dependant - a giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for elimination by the small protein ubiquitin






21. Joint - lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane






22. Semifluid medium containing organelles.






23. End of humerous that is closer to the shoulder






24. Used by hypothalamus to control the pituitary release of tropic hormones






25. Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute; stroke volume x heart rate






26. Connective tissue cells that produce fibrous components of extracellular matrix like collagen and elastin






27. Precursor of the digestive enzyme chymotrypsin. comes from the acinar cells in the pancreas and is activated by autocatalysis or by trypsin (the active form of trypsinogen)






28. 1) stimulates osteoclast activity - 2) stimulates osteoblast activity to a lesser degree. 3) reduces calcium loss in the urine 4) promotes calcium absorption in the intestine (by stimulating calcitiol production) - 5) decrease PTH could result in mus






29. Thyroid hormone that tends to lower the level of calcium in the blood plasma and inhibit resorption of bone






30. Triggering a chain reaction of othe proteins which relay the signal to the specific acting molecule






31. Stores bile produced by the liver until it is needed in the duodenum






32. Require B and T cells. B cells undergo clonal selection with production of plasma cells and memory B cells after their B- cell receptor combines with a specific antegen. Plasma cells secrete antibodies and eventually undergo apoptosis. Memory B cells






33. Nonenzymatic binding of glucose to other molecules such as proteins - fats - or nucleic acids.






34. Abnormal loss of bony tissue resulting in fragile porous bones attributable to a lack of calcium






35. All multicellular and unicellular nonbacteria organisms. Is bounded by a cell membrane and contains cytoplasm. cytoplasm contains organellessuspended in a semifluid mediumcalled cytosol. The genetic material consists of linear strands of DNA organize






36. Gel consisting of a network of insoluble protein fibers






37. Building blocks of lipids. - chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms. Typically there is an even number of carbons with the maximum in humans being 24. Can be saturated or unsaturated.






38. Refers to a chain of events initiated by an unnecessary test - an unexpected result - or patient or physician anxiety - which results in ill - advised tests or treatments[1] that may cause harm to patients as the results are pursued.






39. Chemicals produced by the body break foods into their smaller chemical building blocks






40. Rope - like strands of protein that help to form desmosomes and resist pulling forces on the cell - Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments






41. Any of the many tiny canals that contain blood vessels and connective tissue and that form a network in bone






42. A bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contract






43. Sup/inf vena cava --->R atrium ---->R ventricle ---->Pulmonary artery---->Lungs ---->pulmonary veins ---->L atrium ---->L ventricle ----->Aorta






44. These are absorbed by the intestinal wall cells and are made up of fatty acids and monoacylglycerols. - formed when amphipathic molecules are mixed with water - polar regions on outside - non polar regions on inside






45. All of the types and relative amounts of proteins that are made in a particular cell at a particular time and under specific conditions






46. (genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA






47. On a hydra - they secrete mucus onto the body surface - particularly around the mouth and basal disc






48. A blood vessel in a fetus that bypasses pulmonary circulation by connecting the pulmonary artery directly to the ascending aorta






49. The process of cytokinesis in animal cells - characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically - the succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells.






50. A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway