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Test your basic knowledge |
Molecular Biotechnology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. When arabinose is present - it binds to araC and allosterically induces it to bind to araI instead araO2. If glucose is absent - then the presence of CAP bound to its site between araO1 and araI helps break the DNA loop and helps araC bind to araI
Positive regulation
Nonsense suppression
Molecular Biotechnology
Lac Operon
2. A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Elongation (Protein)
Eukaryote
Wobble
Pleiotropic
3. C - N - O - H make up 99% cell weight - 70% is water
Diauxie
Operon
Housekeeping genes
What makes up a cell?
4. The repressor dimer (aporepressor) can't bind to the repressor. Transcription from the promoter is not stopped. When tryptophan is bound to the repressor dimer - the repressor changes configuration so that it can bind to the operator and transcriptio
TrpR Repression
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
cAMP
Constitutive expression
5. A strand segment complementary to the template with a free 3'OH group
Elongation (Protein)
RNA Primer
LacI Possibilities
DNAP
6. 4. Cells + organelle 3. Supermolecular complexes 2. Macromolecules 1. Monomeric units
Diauxie
Open reading frame
RNA Primer
Levels of Cells
7. 1. Capping: 5' phosphate capped by 7- methyl guanosine and is a 5'-5' linkage instead of 5'-3' This makes RNA more stable 2. Intron removal 3. Export to cytoplasm 4. Polyadenylated mRNA precursor
Nonsense suppression
Induction
mRNA processing
Housekeeping genes
8. EF-Tu GTP binds with an aminoacyl- tRNA and brings it to the ribosome. Once the correct aminoacyl- tRNA is positioned in the ribosome - GTP is hydrolyzed and EF-Tu* GDP dissociates away from the ribosome
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
TrpL
mRNA processing
Elongation Factor Tu
9. The process of decreasing the expression of inducible genes
Eukaryote
Elongation (Protein)
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Repression
10. Three sites recruit tRNA and forms peptidyl- tRNA bonds (E - exit; P - peptide; A - acceptor).
Elongation Factor Tu
Elongation (Protein)
DNAP
What makes up a cell?
11. A small catabolite molecule. Its level is determined by the level of glucose in the cell where glucose controls the rate of cAMP formation with ATP. When there is high glucose - there is low levels of cAMP. cAMP activator protein (CAP) has to bind cA
cAMP
araI
RNA Primer
Elongation Factor Tu
12. Production of commercial products generated by the metabolic actions of microorganisms.
cAMP
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Lac Operon
Molecular Biotechnology
13. Structural and functional units of life. All organisms are made of cells - all cells are derived from preexisting cells - the purpose of a microorganism is to make another microorganisms as quickly as possible; alter metabolism of microorganism to ma
Levels of Cells
Ribosomes
Cells
Inducible expression
14. Operator site - araC binds to this site and represses its own transcription from the PC promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter
CAP
araO1
ara operon
Housekeeping genes
15. Start codon is usually ATG - first amino acid is n - formyl- methionine. It is assisted by initiation factors (IF) and requires ribosomal binding sites (RBS). It is a polycistronic protein translation (operon).
Cells
DNAP
araI
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
16. The process in which an exact copy of the double strand DNA is made. It is a templated process and occurs from 5' to 3' end. DNAP - RNA primer; semiconservative (each strand is a template for the replication of the complementary strand)
Central Dogma
DNA Replication
LacI Possibilities
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
17. Search for site to start transcription - unwind DNA; -35 region and pribnow region (-10 region).
araI
Operon
Initiation
Wobble
18. Select correct ribonucleotides; loss of sigma factor - transcription bubble - no need for primers
Melting temperature (Tm)
Elongation
DNA diagnostic systems
Polycistronic
19. Operons transcribed as single mRNA and mRNA codes for more than one protein.
Polycistronic
CAP
RNA Primer
Repressible expression
20. 1. Initiation: unwind DNA at the origin of replication (ori) - bidirectional replications; regulated as required for cell division 2. Elongation: requires RNA primer to replicate 3. Termination: signaled by Ter sequence
Diauxie
Monocistronic
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Molecular Biotechnology
21. The ribosome translating the leader peptide arrives at the two tryptophan codons and has to wait for tryptophan. During this time - RNAP continues to transcribe. Stem loop between 2 and 3.
Gene
DNAP
Elongation (Protein)
When tryptophan is low
22. AARS charges the correct amino acid to tRNA in a two- step reaction.
ara operon
Merodiploid
TrpL
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
23. Genes for products that are required at all times.
Molecular Biotechnology
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Cells
Housekeeping genes
24. Eukaryotic. mRNA that codes for one protein
Monocistronic
Elongation Factor Tu
Gene
TrpL
25. When half DNA strand has been denatured. Determined by GC content (triple bond)
RNA
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
tRNA
Melting temperature (Tm)
26. A templated process just like in DNA replication and there is no processing steps.
Trp operon
Bacterial Transcription
Elongation (Protein)
Regulated gene expression
27. Gene products increase in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Operon
When tryptophan is high
Polycistronic
Inducible expression
28. Replication > DNA > Transcription > RNA > Translation > Protein
Central Dogma
Levels of Cells
Initiation
When tryptophan is high
29. In E. coli - DNAP III can unwind DNA (helicase) and replicate both strands of DNA. It also has proofreading activity and corrects mistakes 3' to 5' exonuclease
Activation Lac Operon
RNA Primer
Constitutive expression
DNAP
30. In the presence of glucose and lactose - bacteria grows first on glucose - then growth levels off - and starts growing on lactose. You have diauxie growth because (1) CAP helps recruit RNAP. in the presence of glucose - CAMP is low so it can't bind t
Diauxie
araI
Activation Lac Operon
Central Dogma
31. Codes for three enzymes needed to catalyze the metabolism of arabinose. The operon is regulated by araC gene product.
Positive regulation
ara operon
What makes up a cell?
Eukaryotic Transcription
32. Gene products decrease in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Eukaryotic Transcription
Repressible expression
araO1
Proteins
33. Polymerase binds to lac promoter weakly by itself and results in low levels of transcription even in the absence of lacI. The activator recruits the polymerase to the promoter region and increases its affinity for the promoter
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Activation Lac Operon
LacI Possibilities
DNA Replication
34. A segment of DNA molecule contains the information required for synthesis of a functional biological product
araO2
Open reading frame
Gene
Inducible expression
35. Attenuation
TrpL
DNA diagnostic systems
RNA
Trp operon
36. Release DNA - rewind DNA - release RNA; stop signals or rho mediated termination (hairpin is a palindromic GC- rich region followed by an AT- rich region; Rho is a termination factor that binds to nascent RNA) RNAP has sigma factor that recognizes pr
Termination:
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
araO1
37. A reading frame without termination codon among 50 or more codons. Usually correspond to genes that encode proteins
Polycistronic
Open reading frame
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Lac Operon
38. Comprised of >50 proteins associated with rRNA units. Site of protein synthesis and binds mRNA and finds protein synthesis initiation sites. It also binds aa- tRNA and catalyzes peptide bond formation.
Ribosomes
Retrovirus
TrpR Repression
Polycistronic
39. Unvarying expression of gene
Constitutive expression
Regulated gene expression
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Elongation Factor Tu
40. Binds to CAP binding site. In conjunction with araC bound with arabinose - it assists RNAP in binding to the Pbad promoter
Melting temperature (Tm)
CAP
Pleiotropic
araO1
41. The small ribosomal subunit binds to 5'-G cap on processed mRNA (no RBS) - uses met instead of fmet for initiation; monocistronic translation
Eukaryote
Merodiploid
Negative regulation
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
42. Need to remove introns before changing into mRNA - then take mRNA out of the nucleus. Has 3 RNAP (RNAP I synthesizes rRNA - II synthesizes mRNA - III synthesizes tRNA and small rRNA). Transcription factors are similar to sigma factors.
DNAP
Eukaryotic Transcription
Monocistronic
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
43. 1. mRNA - template for protein synthesis 2. tRNA - carrier of amino acid (the adaptor)3. aminoacyl- tRNA synthetase - pairs tRNA with the cognate amino acid - needs ATP 4. ribosome - site of protein synthesis - read in three frames - start codon is A
Components of Translation
Termination:
Open reading frame
Pleiotropic
44. Inducer site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araO2 site to repress transcription from the Pbad promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter.
Inducible expression
araI
TrpL
Repression
45. LacY: Transports lactose into the cell LacZ: B- galactosidase LacA: transacetylase LacI: lacI+ cells fully inducible - lacI- were already induced and not responsive to IPTG X- gal: analog of lactose that turns blue when cleaved by lacZ product and o
Termination:
Levels of Cells
DNAP
Lac Operon
46. When arabinose is absent - there is no need to express the structural genes. AraC does this by binding simultaneously to araI and araO2 - making a looped DNA. This blocks access to Pbad promoter. AraC is an autoregulator of its own expression and the
tRNA
Diauxie
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Negative regulation
47. The process of increasing the expression of inducible genes
Types of DNA
Repressible expression
Positive regulation
Induction
48. 1. LacI- makes an internal inducer -- NO. Found that lacI- doesn't dominate over lacI+ and is not always constitutive. 2. LacI- is a repressor protein -- YES. LacI+ dominates over lacI- because when both are together - lac operon is inducible. LacI m
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Cells
LacI Possibilities
Elongation (Protein)
49. 1. mRNA: encodes genetic information 2. tRNA: transfer RNA - involved in protein synthesis (DNA to amino acids) 3. rRNA: ribosome RNA - involved in protein synthesis (polypeptide formation) 4. Ribozymes and RNAi - Can store genetic information and ca
Pleiotropic
Molecular Biotechnology
araI
RNA
50. Multiple effects from a single gene
When tryptophan is low
cAMP
Pleiotropic
Visualization of DNA