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Molecular Biotechnology

Subject : engineering
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Operator site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araI site to repress transcription from Pbad promoter






2. Production of commercial products generated by the metabolic actions of microorganisms.






3. The process of decreasing the expression of inducible genes






4. 1. mRNA: encodes genetic information 2. tRNA: transfer RNA - involved in protein synthesis (DNA to amino acids) 3. rRNA: ribosome RNA - involved in protein synthesis (polypeptide formation) 4. Ribozymes and RNAi - Can store genetic information and ca






5. Ribosome doesn't stop at trp codons and stem loop forms between 3 and 4. RNAP stops prematurely (attenuated)






6. C - N - O - H make up 99% cell weight - 70% is water






7. 1. Ethidium bromide staining 2. P32 - P33 radioactivity 3. Fluorescence 4. Agarose gel electrophoresis






8. A small catabolite molecule. Its level is determined by the level of glucose in the cell where glucose controls the rate of cAMP formation with ATP. When there is high glucose - there is low levels of cAMP. cAMP activator protein (CAP) has to bind cA






9. When arabinose is absent - there is no need to express the structural genes. AraC does this by binding simultaneously to araI and araO2 - making a looped DNA. This blocks access to Pbad promoter. AraC is an autoregulator of its own expression and the






10. Eukaryotic. mRNA that codes for one protein






11. Attenuation






12. A templated process just like in DNA replication and there is no processing steps.






13. Multiple effects from a single gene






14. Three sites recruit tRNA and forms peptidyl- tRNA bonds (E - exit; P - peptide; A - acceptor).






15. Nonsense mutation in gene that results in truncated protein can be lethal. Sometimes a second mutation arises that counteracts the effects of the mutation. Amber stop codon (UAG/TAG/etc) and amber suppressor tRNA (CUA/etc) can restore protein size an






16. In the presence of glucose and lactose - bacteria grows first on glucose - then growth levels off - and starts growing on lactose. You have diauxie growth because (1) CAP helps recruit RNAP. in the presence of glucose - CAMP is low so it can't bind t






17. Structural and functional units of life. All organisms are made of cells - all cells are derived from preexisting cells - the purpose of a microorganism is to make another microorganisms as quickly as possible; alter metabolism of microorganism to ma






18. 4. Cells + organelle 3. Supermolecular complexes 2. Macromolecules 1. Monomeric units






19. Chromosome (contains host genetic information) - plasmids (prokaryotes; small - self- replicating DNA; supercoil) - free nucleotides






20. Important to suppress mutations at 3rd position and you don't need to have a lot of stop codons; cells can be more flexible






21. The ribosome translating the leader peptide arrives at the two tryptophan codons and has to wait for tryptophan. During this time - RNAP continues to transcribe. Stem loop between 2 and 3.






22. Determines amino acid selection. A noncognate amino acid charge incorrectly to the tRNA will be inserted into the protein. Introduce new amino acid by using tRNA for UAG.






23. A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles






24. Unvarying expression of gene






25. Gene products decrease in concentration under particular molecular circumstances






26. When half DNA strand has been denatured. Determined by GC content (triple bond)






27. A segment of DNA molecule contains the information required for synthesis of a functional biological product






28. When arabinose is present - it binds to araC and allosterically induces it to bind to araI instead araO2. If glucose is absent - then the presence of CAP bound to its site between araO1 and araI helps break the DNA loop and helps araC bind to araI






29. Search for site to start transcription - unwind DNA; -35 region and pribnow region (-10 region).






30. Gene products increase in concentration under particular molecular circumstances






31. 1. Initiation: unwind DNA at the origin of replication (ori) - bidirectional replications; regulated as required for cell division 2. Elongation: requires RNA primer to replicate 3. Termination: signaled by Ter sequence






32. Binds to CAP binding site. In conjunction with araC bound with arabinose - it assists RNAP in binding to the Pbad promoter






33. A reading frame without termination codon among 50 or more codons. Usually correspond to genes that encode proteins






34. 1. Capping: 5' phosphate capped by 7- methyl guanosine and is a 5'-5' linkage instead of 5'-3' This makes RNA more stable 2. Intron removal 3. Export to cytoplasm 4. Polyadenylated mRNA precursor






35. Inducer site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araO2 site to repress transcription from the Pbad promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter.






36. The process of increasing the expression of inducible genes






37. Genes for products that are required at all times.






38. The first two bases of the codon always form strong Watson -Crick base- pairing. The first base in the anticodon determines the number of codons a tRNA can recognize. The first position in anticodon is often modified to inosine to facilitate wobble b






39. The process in which an exact copy of the double strand DNA is made. It is a templated process and occurs from 5' to 3' end. DNAP - RNA primer; semiconservative (each strand is a template for the replication of the complementary strand)






40. AARS charges the correct amino acid to tRNA in a two- step reaction.






41. 1. Nucleic acid hybridization: (a) bind single stranded DNA to a membrane support - (b) add single stranded labeled DNA (probe) under appropriate conditions - (c) wash the support to remove excess unbound labeled probe DNA - (d) detect the hybrid seq






42. LacY: Transports lactose into the cell LacZ: B- galactosidase LacA: transacetylase LacI: lacI+ cells fully inducible - lacI- were already induced and not responsive to IPTG X- gal: analog of lactose that turns blue when cleaved by lacZ product and o






43. Reverse Transcriptase






44. Codes for three enzymes needed to catalyze the metabolism of arabinose. The operon is regulated by araC gene product.






45. In prokaryotes - related genes often arrayed in tandem. A unit of bacterial gene expression and regulation - recognized by a regulator gene product






46. A strand segment complementary to the template with a free 3'OH group






47. The repressor dimer (aporepressor) can't bind to the repressor. Transcription from the promoter is not stopped. When tryptophan is bound to the repressor dimer - the repressor changes configuration so that it can bind to the operator and transcriptio






48. Functions: enzymes - regulation - structural - cellular functions Polymers of amino acids and connected by peptide bonds. Can fold into complex structures.






49. 1. mRNA - template for protein synthesis 2. tRNA - carrier of amino acid (the adaptor)3. aminoacyl- tRNA synthetase - pairs tRNA with the cognate amino acid - needs ATP 4. ribosome - site of protein synthesis - read in three frames - start codon is A






50. A haploid organism that is diploid for a small region of the chromosome (partial diploid)