SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
Molecular Biotechnology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. C - N - O - H make up 99% cell weight - 70% is water
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Wobble
What makes up a cell?
Polycistronic
2. A segment of DNA molecule contains the information required for synthesis of a functional biological product
Elongation Factor Tu
Trp operon
Gene
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
3. Reverse Transcriptase
Induction
Nonsense suppression
Retrovirus
RNA Primer
4. A strand segment complementary to the template with a free 3'OH group
RNA Primer
Repressible expression
Levels of Cells
Induction
5. The process of decreasing the expression of inducible genes
Repression
Induction
Nonsense suppression
TrpL
6. A reading frame without termination codon among 50 or more codons. Usually correspond to genes that encode proteins
Open reading frame
Repressible expression
Initiation
mRNA processing
7. Multiple effects from a single gene
Inducible expression
Pleiotropic
Cells
Repression
8. The repressor dimer (aporepressor) can't bind to the repressor. Transcription from the promoter is not stopped. When tryptophan is bound to the repressor dimer - the repressor changes configuration so that it can bind to the operator and transcriptio
TrpR Repression
araO2
Nonsense suppression
Elongation (Protein)
9. 1. Ethidium bromide staining 2. P32 - P33 radioactivity 3. Fluorescence 4. Agarose gel electrophoresis
DNA Replication
Monocistronic
Visualization of DNA
Pleiotropic
10. A small catabolite molecule. Its level is determined by the level of glucose in the cell where glucose controls the rate of cAMP formation with ATP. When there is high glucose - there is low levels of cAMP. cAMP activator protein (CAP) has to bind cA
tRNA
Bacterial Transcription
cAMP
Ribosomes
11. Search for site to start transcription - unwind DNA; -35 region and pribnow region (-10 region).
Nonsense suppression
Wobble
Initiation
Pleiotropic
12. 1. Initiation: unwind DNA at the origin of replication (ori) - bidirectional replications; regulated as required for cell division 2. Elongation: requires RNA primer to replicate 3. Termination: signaled by Ter sequence
Wobble
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Proteins
Molecular Biotechnology
13. Eukaryotic. mRNA that codes for one protein
ara operon
Eukaryote
Monocistronic
CAP
14. Determines amino acid selection. A noncognate amino acid charge incorrectly to the tRNA will be inserted into the protein. Introduce new amino acid by using tRNA for UAG.
Eukaryotic Transcription
RNA Primer
tRNA
Merodiploid
15. Comprised of >50 proteins associated with rRNA units. Site of protein synthesis and binds mRNA and finds protein synthesis initiation sites. It also binds aa- tRNA and catalyzes peptide bond formation.
Ribosomes
Eukaryote
Bacterial Transcription
LacI Possibilities
16. EF-Tu GTP binds with an aminoacyl- tRNA and brings it to the ribosome. Once the correct aminoacyl- tRNA is positioned in the ribosome - GTP is hydrolyzed and EF-Tu* GDP dissociates away from the ribosome
Elongation Factor Tu
araO1
Eukaryotic Transcription
Gene
17. Attenuation
mRNA processing
Prokaryote
TrpL
RNA Primer
18. 1. Synthesis of commercial products by recombinant organisms 2. Biopolymers 3. Bioremediation 4. Biomass utilization
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Induction
LacI Possibilities
Repression
19. In prokaryotes - related genes often arrayed in tandem. A unit of bacterial gene expression and regulation - recognized by a regulator gene product
Termination:
cAMP
Cells
Operon
20. 1. Nucleic acid hybridization: (a) bind single stranded DNA to a membrane support - (b) add single stranded labeled DNA (probe) under appropriate conditions - (c) wash the support to remove excess unbound labeled probe DNA - (d) detect the hybrid seq
Ribosomes
Visualization of DNA
DNA diagnostic systems
Proteins
21. 1. LacI- makes an internal inducer -- NO. Found that lacI- doesn't dominate over lacI+ and is not always constitutive. 2. LacI- is a repressor protein -- YES. LacI+ dominates over lacI- because when both are together - lac operon is inducible. LacI m
Inducible expression
LacI Possibilities
Proteins
Eukaryotic Transcription
22. Structural and functional units of life. All organisms are made of cells - all cells are derived from preexisting cells - the purpose of a microorganism is to make another microorganisms as quickly as possible; alter metabolism of microorganism to ma
Open reading frame
Levels of Cells
Lac Operon
Cells
23. Production of commercial products generated by the metabolic actions of microorganisms.
Eukaryote
DNA Replication
Molecular Biotechnology
RNA
24. 4. Cells + organelle 3. Supermolecular complexes 2. Macromolecules 1. Monomeric units
TrpR Repression
Levels of Cells
Repressible expression
LacI Possibilities
25. LacY: Transports lactose into the cell LacZ: B- galactosidase LacA: transacetylase LacI: lacI+ cells fully inducible - lacI- were already induced and not responsive to IPTG X- gal: analog of lactose that turns blue when cleaved by lacZ product and o
Lac Operon
Retrovirus
When tryptophan is high
Operon
26. When arabinose is present - it binds to araC and allosterically induces it to bind to araI instead araO2. If glucose is absent - then the presence of CAP bound to its site between araO1 and araI helps break the DNA loop and helps araC bind to araI
Bacterial Transcription
ara operon
Nonsense suppression
Positive regulation
27. Start codon is usually ATG - first amino acid is n - formyl- methionine. It is assisted by initiation factors (IF) and requires ribosomal binding sites (RBS). It is a polycistronic protein translation (operon).
Elongation Factor Tu
Initiation
When tryptophan is low
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
28. The first two bases of the codon always form strong Watson -Crick base- pairing. The first base in the anticodon determines the number of codons a tRNA can recognize. The first position in anticodon is often modified to inosine to facilitate wobble b
Wobble
Monocistronic
Central Dogma
Operon
29. Operator site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araI site to repress transcription from Pbad promoter
Proteins
araO2
Elongation
Visualization of DNA
30. A haploid organism that is diploid for a small region of the chromosome (partial diploid)
Molecular Biotechnology
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Merodiploid
Constitutive expression
31. In the presence of glucose and lactose - bacteria grows first on glucose - then growth levels off - and starts growing on lactose. You have diauxie growth because (1) CAP helps recruit RNAP. in the presence of glucose - CAMP is low so it can't bind t
Termination:
Types of DNA
cAMP
Diauxie
32. Release DNA - rewind DNA - release RNA; stop signals or rho mediated termination (hairpin is a palindromic GC- rich region followed by an AT- rich region; Rho is a termination factor that binds to nascent RNA) RNAP has sigma factor that recognizes pr
DNAP
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Termination:
Ribosomes
33. A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Open reading frame
Repression
Eukaryote
DNA Replication
34. Operator site - araC binds to this site and represses its own transcription from the PC promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter
DNAP
araO1
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Housekeeping genes
35. Gene products increase in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Inducible expression
araI
DNAP
Merodiploid
36. Three sites recruit tRNA and forms peptidyl- tRNA bonds (E - exit; P - peptide; A - acceptor).
Levels of Cells
Elongation
Elongation (Protein)
Diauxie
37. Gene products decrease in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Repressible expression
Operon
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Regulated gene expression
38. Chromosome (contains host genetic information) - plasmids (prokaryotes; small - self- replicating DNA; supercoil) - free nucleotides
Types of DNA
DNA diagnostic systems
Retrovirus
Initiation
39. Binds to CAP binding site. In conjunction with araC bound with arabinose - it assists RNAP in binding to the Pbad promoter
Monocistronic
CAP
Initiation
mRNA processing
40. The process of increasing the expression of inducible genes
Induction
Merodiploid
mRNA processing
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
41. Codes for three enzymes needed to catalyze the metabolism of arabinose. The operon is regulated by araC gene product.
Termination:
When tryptophan is low
ara operon
Regulated gene expression
42. The small ribosomal subunit binds to 5'-G cap on processed mRNA (no RBS) - uses met instead of fmet for initiation; monocistronic translation
Negative regulation
Repressible expression
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Cells
43. When half DNA strand has been denatured. Determined by GC content (triple bond)
What makes up a cell?
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Termination:
Melting temperature (Tm)
44. Need to remove introns before changing into mRNA - then take mRNA out of the nucleus. Has 3 RNAP (RNAP I synthesizes rRNA - II synthesizes mRNA - III synthesizes tRNA and small rRNA). Transcription factors are similar to sigma factors.
Induction
Initiation
Pleiotropic
Eukaryotic Transcription
45. A templated process just like in DNA replication and there is no processing steps.
Degeneracy
Bacterial Transcription
Diauxie
CAP
46. Unvarying expression of gene
Repression
Termination:
Central Dogma
Constitutive expression
47. Polymerase binds to lac promoter weakly by itself and results in low levels of transcription even in the absence of lacI. The activator recruits the polymerase to the promoter region and increases its affinity for the promoter
Monocistronic
Elongation Factor Tu
Cells
Activation Lac Operon
48. AARS charges the correct amino acid to tRNA in a two- step reaction.
Induction
Visualization of DNA
Prokaryote
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
49. Expression levels rise and fall in response to molecular signals
Degeneracy
Components of Translation
Regulated gene expression
3 Stages of DNA Replication
50. Important to suppress mutations at 3rd position and you don't need to have a lot of stop codons; cells can be more flexible
Induction
Degeneracy
Diauxie
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology