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Test your basic knowledge |
Molecular Biotechnology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Genes for products that are required at all times.
araO2
Repressible expression
Housekeeping genes
Visualization of DNA
2. 1. Synthesis of commercial products by recombinant organisms 2. Biopolymers 3. Bioremediation 4. Biomass utilization
TrpL
CAP
RNA Primer
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
3. The small ribosomal subunit binds to 5'-G cap on processed mRNA (no RBS) - uses met instead of fmet for initiation; monocistronic translation
tRNA
Repressible expression
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Housekeeping genes
4. 1. Nucleic acid hybridization: (a) bind single stranded DNA to a membrane support - (b) add single stranded labeled DNA (probe) under appropriate conditions - (c) wash the support to remove excess unbound labeled probe DNA - (d) detect the hybrid seq
DNA diagnostic systems
Inducible expression
Elongation Factor Tu
Lac Operon
5. Operator site - araC binds to this site and represses its own transcription from the PC promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter
Proteins
Retrovirus
araO1
Activation Lac Operon
6. Gene products decrease in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Repressible expression
Ribosomes
mRNA processing
Wobble
7. Start codon is usually ATG - first amino acid is n - formyl- methionine. It is assisted by initiation factors (IF) and requires ribosomal binding sites (RBS). It is a polycistronic protein translation (operon).
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
RNA Primer
Positive regulation
Ribosomes
8. A haploid organism that is diploid for a small region of the chromosome (partial diploid)
cAMP
Merodiploid
RNA Primer
Central Dogma
9. Need to remove introns before changing into mRNA - then take mRNA out of the nucleus. Has 3 RNAP (RNAP I synthesizes rRNA - II synthesizes mRNA - III synthesizes tRNA and small rRNA). Transcription factors are similar to sigma factors.
Eukaryotic Transcription
Positive regulation
Housekeeping genes
DNA Replication
10. Polymerase binds to lac promoter weakly by itself and results in low levels of transcription even in the absence of lacI. The activator recruits the polymerase to the promoter region and increases its affinity for the promoter
araI
Monocistronic
Activation Lac Operon
LacI Possibilities
11. Chromosome (contains host genetic information) - plasmids (prokaryotes; small - self- replicating DNA; supercoil) - free nucleotides
RNA Primer
Bacterial Transcription
Elongation Factor Tu
Types of DNA
12. 1. Capping: 5' phosphate capped by 7- methyl guanosine and is a 5'-5' linkage instead of 5'-3' This makes RNA more stable 2. Intron removal 3. Export to cytoplasm 4. Polyadenylated mRNA precursor
Ribosomes
Bacterial Transcription
mRNA processing
Negative regulation
13. EF-Tu GTP binds with an aminoacyl- tRNA and brings it to the ribosome. Once the correct aminoacyl- tRNA is positioned in the ribosome - GTP is hydrolyzed and EF-Tu* GDP dissociates away from the ribosome
Components of Translation
Proteins
Elongation Factor Tu
Elongation (Protein)
14. Nonsense mutation in gene that results in truncated protein can be lethal. Sometimes a second mutation arises that counteracts the effects of the mutation. Amber stop codon (UAG/TAG/etc) and amber suppressor tRNA (CUA/etc) can restore protein size an
Central Dogma
RNA
Nonsense suppression
When tryptophan is low
15. Operator site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araI site to repress transcription from Pbad promoter
When tryptophan is low
ara operon
Gene
araO2
16. A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
araO1
Eukaryote
Proteins
17. A segment of DNA molecule contains the information required for synthesis of a functional biological product
Repressible expression
Monocistronic
Visualization of DNA
Gene
18. In prokaryotes - related genes often arrayed in tandem. A unit of bacterial gene expression and regulation - recognized by a regulator gene product
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Levels of Cells
Operon
TrpL
19. The process of increasing the expression of inducible genes
Nonsense suppression
Induction
Negative regulation
araI
20. Release DNA - rewind DNA - release RNA; stop signals or rho mediated termination (hairpin is a palindromic GC- rich region followed by an AT- rich region; Rho is a termination factor that binds to nascent RNA) RNAP has sigma factor that recognizes pr
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Termination:
Components of Translation
DNA Replication
21. The process in which an exact copy of the double strand DNA is made. It is a templated process and occurs from 5' to 3' end. DNAP - RNA primer; semiconservative (each strand is a template for the replication of the complementary strand)
TrpR Repression
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
DNA Replication
Gene
22. In the presence of glucose and lactose - bacteria grows first on glucose - then growth levels off - and starts growing on lactose. You have diauxie growth because (1) CAP helps recruit RNAP. in the presence of glucose - CAMP is low so it can't bind t
Diauxie
Housekeeping genes
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
When tryptophan is high
23. Determines amino acid selection. A noncognate amino acid charge incorrectly to the tRNA will be inserted into the protein. Introduce new amino acid by using tRNA for UAG.
Levels of Cells
Open reading frame
TrpR Repression
tRNA
24. Codes for three enzymes needed to catalyze the metabolism of arabinose. The operon is regulated by araC gene product.
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Constitutive expression
ara operon
Melting temperature (Tm)
25. Binds to CAP binding site. In conjunction with araC bound with arabinose - it assists RNAP in binding to the Pbad promoter
Monocistronic
Eukaryotic Transcription
Negative regulation
CAP
26. 1. mRNA - template for protein synthesis 2. tRNA - carrier of amino acid (the adaptor)3. aminoacyl- tRNA synthetase - pairs tRNA with the cognate amino acid - needs ATP 4. ribosome - site of protein synthesis - read in three frames - start codon is A
Components of Translation
Elongation Factor Tu
Degeneracy
CAP
27. 1. LacI- makes an internal inducer -- NO. Found that lacI- doesn't dominate over lacI+ and is not always constitutive. 2. LacI- is a repressor protein -- YES. LacI+ dominates over lacI- because when both are together - lac operon is inducible. LacI m
Degeneracy
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Regulated gene expression
LacI Possibilities
28. LacY: Transports lactose into the cell LacZ: B- galactosidase LacA: transacetylase LacI: lacI+ cells fully inducible - lacI- were already induced and not responsive to IPTG X- gal: analog of lactose that turns blue when cleaved by lacZ product and o
Positive regulation
LacI Possibilities
Eukaryotic Transcription
Lac Operon
29. The repressor dimer (aporepressor) can't bind to the repressor. Transcription from the promoter is not stopped. When tryptophan is bound to the repressor dimer - the repressor changes configuration so that it can bind to the operator and transcriptio
araI
Merodiploid
TrpR Repression
Regulated gene expression
30. Select correct ribonucleotides; loss of sigma factor - transcription bubble - no need for primers
TrpR Repression
Elongation
Induction
Molecular Biotechnology
31. Reverse Transcriptase
Activation Lac Operon
Types of DNA
Components of Translation
Retrovirus
32. Gene products increase in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Inducible expression
RNA Primer
araI
Proteins
33. Operons transcribed as single mRNA and mRNA codes for more than one protein.
DNA Replication
Polycistronic
DNA diagnostic systems
mRNA processing
34. C - N - O - H make up 99% cell weight - 70% is water
What makes up a cell?
DNA diagnostic systems
Central Dogma
Ribosomes
35. Comprised of >50 proteins associated with rRNA units. Site of protein synthesis and binds mRNA and finds protein synthesis initiation sites. It also binds aa- tRNA and catalyzes peptide bond formation.
Prokaryote
TrpL
Repression
Ribosomes
36. Eukaryotic. mRNA that codes for one protein
Diauxie
Monocistronic
Pleiotropic
Elongation Factor Tu
37. TrpE through trpA are five enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan from chorismic acid. If the cell has enough tryptophan - then it doesn't need to waste energy transcribing this mRNA. In the presence of tryptophan - the oper
Regulated gene expression
Melting temperature (Tm)
Trp operon
ara operon
38. A strand segment complementary to the template with a free 3'OH group
Gene
Melting temperature (Tm)
When tryptophan is high
RNA Primer
39. Structural and functional units of life. All organisms are made of cells - all cells are derived from preexisting cells - the purpose of a microorganism is to make another microorganisms as quickly as possible; alter metabolism of microorganism to ma
Eukaryotic Transcription
Cells
Nonsense suppression
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
40. 1. Ethidium bromide staining 2. P32 - P33 radioactivity 3. Fluorescence 4. Agarose gel electrophoresis
Gene
Termination:
Visualization of DNA
Open reading frame
41. Important to suppress mutations at 3rd position and you don't need to have a lot of stop codons; cells can be more flexible
Regulated gene expression
Elongation (Protein)
Polycistronic
Degeneracy
42. When arabinose is absent - there is no need to express the structural genes. AraC does this by binding simultaneously to araI and araO2 - making a looped DNA. This blocks access to Pbad promoter. AraC is an autoregulator of its own expression and the
DNA Replication
Negative regulation
Induction
Constitutive expression
43. A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Elongation (Protein)
RNA
Prokaryote
Negative regulation
44. Attenuation
Elongation (Protein)
Melting temperature (Tm)
CAP
TrpL
45. Production of commercial products generated by the metabolic actions of microorganisms.
araO1
Central Dogma
Molecular Biotechnology
tRNA
46. The first two bases of the codon always form strong Watson -Crick base- pairing. The first base in the anticodon determines the number of codons a tRNA can recognize. The first position in anticodon is often modified to inosine to facilitate wobble b
Positive regulation
Cells
Initiation
Wobble
47. 4. Cells + organelle 3. Supermolecular complexes 2. Macromolecules 1. Monomeric units
Levels of Cells
Inducible expression
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Initiation
48. 1. Initiation: unwind DNA at the origin of replication (ori) - bidirectional replications; regulated as required for cell division 2. Elongation: requires RNA primer to replicate 3. Termination: signaled by Ter sequence
Induction
Diauxie
Termination:
3 Stages of DNA Replication
49. Expression levels rise and fall in response to molecular signals
ara operon
Regulated gene expression
Proteins
RNA
50. 1. mRNA: encodes genetic information 2. tRNA: transfer RNA - involved in protein synthesis (DNA to amino acids) 3. rRNA: ribosome RNA - involved in protein synthesis (polypeptide formation) 4. Ribozymes and RNAi - Can store genetic information and ca
Melting temperature (Tm)
RNA
Pleiotropic
Polycistronic