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Test your basic knowledge |
Molecular Biotechnology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Operator site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araI site to repress transcription from Pbad promoter
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
araO2
Prokaryote
2. Production of commercial products generated by the metabolic actions of microorganisms.
Induction
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Molecular Biotechnology
Polycistronic
3. The process of decreasing the expression of inducible genes
Repression
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
When tryptophan is low
4. 1. mRNA: encodes genetic information 2. tRNA: transfer RNA - involved in protein synthesis (DNA to amino acids) 3. rRNA: ribosome RNA - involved in protein synthesis (polypeptide formation) 4. Ribozymes and RNAi - Can store genetic information and ca
3 Stages of DNA Replication
TrpR Repression
RNA
Housekeeping genes
5. Ribosome doesn't stop at trp codons and stem loop forms between 3 and 4. RNAP stops prematurely (attenuated)
When tryptophan is high
Proteins
TrpR Repression
Visualization of DNA
6. C - N - O - H make up 99% cell weight - 70% is water
Elongation Factor Tu
What makes up a cell?
Molecular Biotechnology
Nonsense suppression
7. 1. Ethidium bromide staining 2. P32 - P33 radioactivity 3. Fluorescence 4. Agarose gel electrophoresis
Levels of Cells
Open reading frame
Visualization of DNA
Central Dogma
8. A small catabolite molecule. Its level is determined by the level of glucose in the cell where glucose controls the rate of cAMP formation with ATP. When there is high glucose - there is low levels of cAMP. cAMP activator protein (CAP) has to bind cA
cAMP
Bacterial Transcription
Levels of Cells
Eukaryote
9. When arabinose is absent - there is no need to express the structural genes. AraC does this by binding simultaneously to araI and araO2 - making a looped DNA. This blocks access to Pbad promoter. AraC is an autoregulator of its own expression and the
Diauxie
Retrovirus
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Negative regulation
10. Eukaryotic. mRNA that codes for one protein
Monocistronic
Bacterial Transcription
tRNA
Constitutive expression
11. Attenuation
Cells
Elongation (Protein)
TrpL
TrpR Repression
12. A templated process just like in DNA replication and there is no processing steps.
ara operon
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Bacterial Transcription
Elongation
13. Multiple effects from a single gene
Pleiotropic
What makes up a cell?
DNAP
Operon
14. Three sites recruit tRNA and forms peptidyl- tRNA bonds (E - exit; P - peptide; A - acceptor).
ara operon
Melting temperature (Tm)
Elongation (Protein)
Polycistronic
15. Nonsense mutation in gene that results in truncated protein can be lethal. Sometimes a second mutation arises that counteracts the effects of the mutation. Amber stop codon (UAG/TAG/etc) and amber suppressor tRNA (CUA/etc) can restore protein size an
Nonsense suppression
araO2
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Termination:
16. In the presence of glucose and lactose - bacteria grows first on glucose - then growth levels off - and starts growing on lactose. You have diauxie growth because (1) CAP helps recruit RNAP. in the presence of glucose - CAMP is low so it can't bind t
cAMP
Initiation
Diauxie
Prokaryote
17. Structural and functional units of life. All organisms are made of cells - all cells are derived from preexisting cells - the purpose of a microorganism is to make another microorganisms as quickly as possible; alter metabolism of microorganism to ma
Components of Translation
Cells
Wobble
Bacterial Transcription
18. 4. Cells + organelle 3. Supermolecular complexes 2. Macromolecules 1. Monomeric units
Merodiploid
Gene
Levels of Cells
Housekeeping genes
19. Chromosome (contains host genetic information) - plasmids (prokaryotes; small - self- replicating DNA; supercoil) - free nucleotides
araO2
Types of DNA
RNA Primer
cAMP
20. Important to suppress mutations at 3rd position and you don't need to have a lot of stop codons; cells can be more flexible
Degeneracy
Constitutive expression
Positive regulation
Elongation Factor Tu
21. The ribosome translating the leader peptide arrives at the two tryptophan codons and has to wait for tryptophan. During this time - RNAP continues to transcribe. Stem loop between 2 and 3.
Types of DNA
When tryptophan is low
araO1
CAP
22. Determines amino acid selection. A noncognate amino acid charge incorrectly to the tRNA will be inserted into the protein. Introduce new amino acid by using tRNA for UAG.
Levels of Cells
Proteins
tRNA
Housekeeping genes
23. A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Prokaryote
cAMP
Trp operon
Elongation (Protein)
24. Unvarying expression of gene
RNA Primer
LacI Possibilities
Constitutive expression
Types of DNA
25. Gene products decrease in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Types of DNA
Elongation
Repressible expression
Inducible expression
26. When half DNA strand has been denatured. Determined by GC content (triple bond)
3 Stages of DNA Replication
cAMP
Cells
Melting temperature (Tm)
27. A segment of DNA molecule contains the information required for synthesis of a functional biological product
Elongation
Lac Operon
Nonsense suppression
Gene
28. When arabinose is present - it binds to araC and allosterically induces it to bind to araI instead araO2. If glucose is absent - then the presence of CAP bound to its site between araO1 and araI helps break the DNA loop and helps araC bind to araI
Repressible expression
Lac Operon
Activation Lac Operon
Positive regulation
29. Search for site to start transcription - unwind DNA; -35 region and pribnow region (-10 region).
Elongation
Monocistronic
Components of Translation
Initiation
30. Gene products increase in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Diauxie
Negative regulation
Inducible expression
Trp operon
31. 1. Initiation: unwind DNA at the origin of replication (ori) - bidirectional replications; regulated as required for cell division 2. Elongation: requires RNA primer to replicate 3. Termination: signaled by Ter sequence
Initiation
Proteins
Negative regulation
3 Stages of DNA Replication
32. Binds to CAP binding site. In conjunction with araC bound with arabinose - it assists RNAP in binding to the Pbad promoter
Constitutive expression
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
CAP
Inducible expression
33. A reading frame without termination codon among 50 or more codons. Usually correspond to genes that encode proteins
Nonsense suppression
Open reading frame
tRNA
Operon
34. 1. Capping: 5' phosphate capped by 7- methyl guanosine and is a 5'-5' linkage instead of 5'-3' This makes RNA more stable 2. Intron removal 3. Export to cytoplasm 4. Polyadenylated mRNA precursor
DNA diagnostic systems
Lac Operon
Operon
mRNA processing
35. Inducer site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araO2 site to repress transcription from the Pbad promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter.
Repression
Operon
araI
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
36. The process of increasing the expression of inducible genes
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Levels of Cells
Induction
mRNA processing
37. Genes for products that are required at all times.
Housekeeping genes
Types of DNA
TrpR Repression
tRNA
38. The first two bases of the codon always form strong Watson -Crick base- pairing. The first base in the anticodon determines the number of codons a tRNA can recognize. The first position in anticodon is often modified to inosine to facilitate wobble b
Inducible expression
tRNA
Wobble
Types of DNA
39. The process in which an exact copy of the double strand DNA is made. It is a templated process and occurs from 5' to 3' end. DNAP - RNA primer; semiconservative (each strand is a template for the replication of the complementary strand)
3 Stages of DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Melting temperature (Tm)
Constitutive expression
40. AARS charges the correct amino acid to tRNA in a two- step reaction.
Cells
Elongation
Molecular Biotechnology
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
41. 1. Nucleic acid hybridization: (a) bind single stranded DNA to a membrane support - (b) add single stranded labeled DNA (probe) under appropriate conditions - (c) wash the support to remove excess unbound labeled probe DNA - (d) detect the hybrid seq
Trp operon
DNA diagnostic systems
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Induction
42. LacY: Transports lactose into the cell LacZ: B- galactosidase LacA: transacetylase LacI: lacI+ cells fully inducible - lacI- were already induced and not responsive to IPTG X- gal: analog of lactose that turns blue when cleaved by lacZ product and o
Lac Operon
Operon
Ribosomes
TrpL
43. Reverse Transcriptase
Levels of Cells
Induction
Retrovirus
Trp operon
44. Codes for three enzymes needed to catalyze the metabolism of arabinose. The operon is regulated by araC gene product.
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Constitutive expression
CAP
ara operon
45. In prokaryotes - related genes often arrayed in tandem. A unit of bacterial gene expression and regulation - recognized by a regulator gene product
Elongation Factor Tu
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Operon
Cells
46. A strand segment complementary to the template with a free 3'OH group
RNA Primer
Regulated gene expression
Bacterial Transcription
DNA Replication
47. The repressor dimer (aporepressor) can't bind to the repressor. Transcription from the promoter is not stopped. When tryptophan is bound to the repressor dimer - the repressor changes configuration so that it can bind to the operator and transcriptio
Open reading frame
TrpR Repression
Components of Translation
Types of DNA
48. Functions: enzymes - regulation - structural - cellular functions Polymers of amino acids and connected by peptide bonds. Can fold into complex structures.
Housekeeping genes
Proteins
Positive regulation
Molecular Biotechnology
49. 1. mRNA - template for protein synthesis 2. tRNA - carrier of amino acid (the adaptor)3. aminoacyl- tRNA synthetase - pairs tRNA with the cognate amino acid - needs ATP 4. ribosome - site of protein synthesis - read in three frames - start codon is A
Components of Translation
TrpR Repression
Molecular Biotechnology
Elongation Factor Tu
50. A haploid organism that is diploid for a small region of the chromosome (partial diploid)
LacI Possibilities
Merodiploid
Repressible expression
Ribosomes