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Test your basic knowledge |
Molecular Biotechnology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reverse Transcriptase
Retrovirus
Proteins
Eukaryote
Induction
2. Comprised of >50 proteins associated with rRNA units. Site of protein synthesis and binds mRNA and finds protein synthesis initiation sites. It also binds aa- tRNA and catalyzes peptide bond formation.
Positive regulation
Open reading frame
When tryptophan is low
Ribosomes
3. Eukaryotic. mRNA that codes for one protein
Monocistronic
Central Dogma
araO1
DNA Replication
4. Inducer site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araO2 site to repress transcription from the Pbad promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter.
araI
Elongation Factor Tu
Prokaryote
Gene
5. Determines amino acid selection. A noncognate amino acid charge incorrectly to the tRNA will be inserted into the protein. Introduce new amino acid by using tRNA for UAG.
Eukaryotic Transcription
Open reading frame
tRNA
Elongation
6. Start codon is usually ATG - first amino acid is n - formyl- methionine. It is assisted by initiation factors (IF) and requires ribosomal binding sites (RBS). It is a polycistronic protein translation (operon).
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Diauxie
Induction
Polycistronic
7. Release DNA - rewind DNA - release RNA; stop signals or rho mediated termination (hairpin is a palindromic GC- rich region followed by an AT- rich region; Rho is a termination factor that binds to nascent RNA) RNAP has sigma factor that recognizes pr
What makes up a cell?
Ribosomes
Termination:
Proteins
8. In the presence of glucose and lactose - bacteria grows first on glucose - then growth levels off - and starts growing on lactose. You have diauxie growth because (1) CAP helps recruit RNAP. in the presence of glucose - CAMP is low so it can't bind t
Elongation (Protein)
Diauxie
CAP
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
9. Attenuation
Components of Translation
Regulated gene expression
TrpL
Merodiploid
10. A templated process just like in DNA replication and there is no processing steps.
mRNA processing
Positive regulation
RNA Primer
Bacterial Transcription
11. Functions: enzymes - regulation - structural - cellular functions Polymers of amino acids and connected by peptide bonds. Can fold into complex structures.
Proteins
Initiation
Nonsense suppression
Elongation
12. The first two bases of the codon always form strong Watson -Crick base- pairing. The first base in the anticodon determines the number of codons a tRNA can recognize. The first position in anticodon is often modified to inosine to facilitate wobble b
Trp operon
Pleiotropic
Wobble
Eukaryote
13. Replication > DNA > Transcription > RNA > Translation > Protein
Repression
tRNA
Central Dogma
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
14. 1. Nucleic acid hybridization: (a) bind single stranded DNA to a membrane support - (b) add single stranded labeled DNA (probe) under appropriate conditions - (c) wash the support to remove excess unbound labeled probe DNA - (d) detect the hybrid seq
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
DNA diagnostic systems
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Constitutive expression
15. Unvarying expression of gene
Lac Operon
Constitutive expression
Elongation (Protein)
LacI Possibilities
16. Codes for three enzymes needed to catalyze the metabolism of arabinose. The operon is regulated by araC gene product.
Melting temperature (Tm)
Open reading frame
Levels of Cells
ara operon
17. A small catabolite molecule. Its level is determined by the level of glucose in the cell where glucose controls the rate of cAMP formation with ATP. When there is high glucose - there is low levels of cAMP. cAMP activator protein (CAP) has to bind cA
Wobble
Elongation Factor Tu
Components of Translation
cAMP
18. Operator site - araC binds to this site and represses its own transcription from the PC promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter
araO1
Inducible expression
araI
Proteins
19. When arabinose is present - it binds to araC and allosterically induces it to bind to araI instead araO2. If glucose is absent - then the presence of CAP bound to its site between araO1 and araI helps break the DNA loop and helps araC bind to araI
Nonsense suppression
Positive regulation
Polycistronic
araO1
20. A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Lac Operon
Monocistronic
Prokaryote
Visualization of DNA
21. 1. LacI- makes an internal inducer -- NO. Found that lacI- doesn't dominate over lacI+ and is not always constitutive. 2. LacI- is a repressor protein -- YES. LacI+ dominates over lacI- because when both are together - lac operon is inducible. LacI m
Regulated gene expression
Central Dogma
Nonsense suppression
LacI Possibilities
22. A haploid organism that is diploid for a small region of the chromosome (partial diploid)
Merodiploid
Types of DNA
cAMP
Repression
23. The repressor dimer (aporepressor) can't bind to the repressor. Transcription from the promoter is not stopped. When tryptophan is bound to the repressor dimer - the repressor changes configuration so that it can bind to the operator and transcriptio
Eukaryotic Transcription
TrpR Repression
Components of Translation
Gene
24. The process of decreasing the expression of inducible genes
Diauxie
Eukaryotic Transcription
Repression
DNAP
25. Binds to CAP binding site. In conjunction with araC bound with arabinose - it assists RNAP in binding to the Pbad promoter
Pleiotropic
araI
Housekeeping genes
CAP
26. Operator site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araI site to repress transcription from Pbad promoter
araO2
Inducible expression
Eukaryote
RNA Primer
27. Need to remove introns before changing into mRNA - then take mRNA out of the nucleus. Has 3 RNAP (RNAP I synthesizes rRNA - II synthesizes mRNA - III synthesizes tRNA and small rRNA). Transcription factors are similar to sigma factors.
Eukaryotic Transcription
Retrovirus
Melting temperature (Tm)
Elongation (Protein)
28. In E. coli - DNAP III can unwind DNA (helicase) and replicate both strands of DNA. It also has proofreading activity and corrects mistakes 3' to 5' exonuclease
DNAP
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Degeneracy
RNA Primer
29. Three sites recruit tRNA and forms peptidyl- tRNA bonds (E - exit; P - peptide; A - acceptor).
When tryptophan is high
Elongation (Protein)
Proteins
RNA Primer
30. When arabinose is absent - there is no need to express the structural genes. AraC does this by binding simultaneously to araI and araO2 - making a looped DNA. This blocks access to Pbad promoter. AraC is an autoregulator of its own expression and the
Merodiploid
Negative regulation
RNA
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
31. A segment of DNA molecule contains the information required for synthesis of a functional biological product
araI
Trp operon
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Gene
32. In prokaryotes - related genes often arrayed in tandem. A unit of bacterial gene expression and regulation - recognized by a regulator gene product
Trp operon
Polycistronic
Operon
Inducible expression
33. Genes for products that are required at all times.
Pleiotropic
Prokaryote
Monocistronic
Housekeeping genes
34. C - N - O - H make up 99% cell weight - 70% is water
Elongation
When tryptophan is high
What makes up a cell?
3 Stages of DNA Replication
35. Select correct ribonucleotides; loss of sigma factor - transcription bubble - no need for primers
Elongation
Prokaryote
Operon
Degeneracy
36. A reading frame without termination codon among 50 or more codons. Usually correspond to genes that encode proteins
Open reading frame
ara operon
Constitutive expression
Cells
37. 1. Synthesis of commercial products by recombinant organisms 2. Biopolymers 3. Bioremediation 4. Biomass utilization
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
When tryptophan is low
Prokaryote
Housekeeping genes
38. TrpE through trpA are five enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan from chorismic acid. If the cell has enough tryptophan - then it doesn't need to waste energy transcribing this mRNA. In the presence of tryptophan - the oper
Trp operon
RNA
TrpR Repression
Elongation
39. When half DNA strand has been denatured. Determined by GC content (triple bond)
Pleiotropic
Melting temperature (Tm)
Positive regulation
DNAP
40. Gene products decrease in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Repressible expression
Regulated gene expression
When tryptophan is high
Molecular Biotechnology
41. Chromosome (contains host genetic information) - plasmids (prokaryotes; small - self- replicating DNA; supercoil) - free nucleotides
TrpL
Components of Translation
Cells
Types of DNA
42. 4. Cells + organelle 3. Supermolecular complexes 2. Macromolecules 1. Monomeric units
Levels of Cells
Pleiotropic
When tryptophan is high
Lac Operon
43. A strand segment complementary to the template with a free 3'OH group
Eukaryotic Transcription
RNA Primer
araI
Inducible expression
44. 1. Initiation: unwind DNA at the origin of replication (ori) - bidirectional replications; regulated as required for cell division 2. Elongation: requires RNA primer to replicate 3. Termination: signaled by Ter sequence
Cells
Molecular Biotechnology
Eukaryotic Transcription
3 Stages of DNA Replication
45. Structural and functional units of life. All organisms are made of cells - all cells are derived from preexisting cells - the purpose of a microorganism is to make another microorganisms as quickly as possible; alter metabolism of microorganism to ma
Cells
Negative regulation
Wobble
DNA Replication
46. Multiple effects from a single gene
Elongation (Protein)
Gene
Components of Translation
Pleiotropic
47. Nonsense mutation in gene that results in truncated protein can be lethal. Sometimes a second mutation arises that counteracts the effects of the mutation. Amber stop codon (UAG/TAG/etc) and amber suppressor tRNA (CUA/etc) can restore protein size an
Pleiotropic
Merodiploid
Constitutive expression
Nonsense suppression
48. Ribosome doesn't stop at trp codons and stem loop forms between 3 and 4. RNAP stops prematurely (attenuated)
Merodiploid
When tryptophan is high
CAP
Levels of Cells
49. 1. Capping: 5' phosphate capped by 7- methyl guanosine and is a 5'-5' linkage instead of 5'-3' This makes RNA more stable 2. Intron removal 3. Export to cytoplasm 4. Polyadenylated mRNA precursor
DNA Replication
mRNA processing
Types of DNA
DNAP
50. Gene products increase in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
LacI Possibilities
Inducible expression
Merodiploid
Bacterial Transcription