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Test your basic knowledge |
Molecular Biotechnology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Operator site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araI site to repress transcription from Pbad promoter
Diauxie
araO2
Components of Translation
TrpR Repression
2. The process of increasing the expression of inducible genes
Induction
Housekeeping genes
Lac Operon
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
3. The ribosome translating the leader peptide arrives at the two tryptophan codons and has to wait for tryptophan. During this time - RNAP continues to transcribe. Stem loop between 2 and 3.
Bacterial Transcription
Prokaryote
araO1
When tryptophan is low
4. 1. mRNA: encodes genetic information 2. tRNA: transfer RNA - involved in protein synthesis (DNA to amino acids) 3. rRNA: ribosome RNA - involved in protein synthesis (polypeptide formation) 4. Ribozymes and RNAi - Can store genetic information and ca
Merodiploid
TrpR Repression
RNA
tRNA
5. Production of commercial products generated by the metabolic actions of microorganisms.
Molecular Biotechnology
When tryptophan is low
Constitutive expression
Wobble
6. Functions: enzymes - regulation - structural - cellular functions Polymers of amino acids and connected by peptide bonds. Can fold into complex structures.
Activation Lac Operon
Open reading frame
Proteins
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
7. A strand segment complementary to the template with a free 3'OH group
Wobble
Open reading frame
RNA Primer
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
8. 1. mRNA - template for protein synthesis 2. tRNA - carrier of amino acid (the adaptor)3. aminoacyl- tRNA synthetase - pairs tRNA with the cognate amino acid - needs ATP 4. ribosome - site of protein synthesis - read in three frames - start codon is A
Gene
TrpR Repression
araO2
Components of Translation
9. 1. Synthesis of commercial products by recombinant organisms 2. Biopolymers 3. Bioremediation 4. Biomass utilization
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
araO2
Lac Operon
Elongation (Protein)
10. Operator site - araC binds to this site and represses its own transcription from the PC promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
araO1
Operon
Elongation Factor Tu
11. Nonsense mutation in gene that results in truncated protein can be lethal. Sometimes a second mutation arises that counteracts the effects of the mutation. Amber stop codon (UAG/TAG/etc) and amber suppressor tRNA (CUA/etc) can restore protein size an
Cells
cAMP
Nonsense suppression
Inducible expression
12. The small ribosomal subunit binds to 5'-G cap on processed mRNA (no RBS) - uses met instead of fmet for initiation; monocistronic translation
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Housekeeping genes
Negative regulation
Nonsense suppression
13. Gene products increase in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Elongation (Protein)
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
When tryptophan is high
Inducible expression
14. Important to suppress mutations at 3rd position and you don't need to have a lot of stop codons; cells can be more flexible
Gene
Degeneracy
3 Stages of DNA Replication
mRNA processing
15. A haploid organism that is diploid for a small region of the chromosome (partial diploid)
Merodiploid
Elongation Factor Tu
Gene
Levels of Cells
16. LacY: Transports lactose into the cell LacZ: B- galactosidase LacA: transacetylase LacI: lacI+ cells fully inducible - lacI- were already induced and not responsive to IPTG X- gal: analog of lactose that turns blue when cleaved by lacZ product and o
CAP
Lac Operon
When tryptophan is high
araO2
17. A reading frame without termination codon among 50 or more codons. Usually correspond to genes that encode proteins
Prokaryote
Open reading frame
LacI Possibilities
Termination:
18. The first two bases of the codon always form strong Watson -Crick base- pairing. The first base in the anticodon determines the number of codons a tRNA can recognize. The first position in anticodon is often modified to inosine to facilitate wobble b
Cells
Wobble
Eukaryotic Transcription
Constitutive expression
19. AARS charges the correct amino acid to tRNA in a two- step reaction.
Gene
Merodiploid
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
cAMP
20. Gene products decrease in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Central Dogma
Repressible expression
Molecular Biotechnology
Eukaryotic Transcription
21. Eukaryotic. mRNA that codes for one protein
Monocistronic
Initiation
Gene
DNA Replication
22. Start codon is usually ATG - first amino acid is n - formyl- methionine. It is assisted by initiation factors (IF) and requires ribosomal binding sites (RBS). It is a polycistronic protein translation (operon).
Ribosomes
Pleiotropic
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Proteins
23. Attenuation
TrpL
DNA Replication
ara operon
RNA
24. 1. Capping: 5' phosphate capped by 7- methyl guanosine and is a 5'-5' linkage instead of 5'-3' This makes RNA more stable 2. Intron removal 3. Export to cytoplasm 4. Polyadenylated mRNA precursor
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Melting temperature (Tm)
mRNA processing
Housekeeping genes
25. Expression levels rise and fall in response to molecular signals
Molecular Biotechnology
Regulated gene expression
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Merodiploid
26. Replication > DNA > Transcription > RNA > Translation > Protein
When tryptophan is high
Central Dogma
Constitutive expression
Ribosomes
27. Structural and functional units of life. All organisms are made of cells - all cells are derived from preexisting cells - the purpose of a microorganism is to make another microorganisms as quickly as possible; alter metabolism of microorganism to ma
Components of Translation
Degeneracy
DNAP
Cells
28. Reverse Transcriptase
Inducible expression
Retrovirus
What makes up a cell?
Elongation Factor Tu
29. In E. coli - DNAP III can unwind DNA (helicase) and replicate both strands of DNA. It also has proofreading activity and corrects mistakes 3' to 5' exonuclease
Activation Lac Operon
DNAP
Monocistronic
Inducible expression
30. 1. LacI- makes an internal inducer -- NO. Found that lacI- doesn't dominate over lacI+ and is not always constitutive. 2. LacI- is a repressor protein -- YES. LacI+ dominates over lacI- because when both are together - lac operon is inducible. LacI m
LacI Possibilities
Positive regulation
Open reading frame
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
31. When arabinose is absent - there is no need to express the structural genes. AraC does this by binding simultaneously to araI and araO2 - making a looped DNA. This blocks access to Pbad promoter. AraC is an autoregulator of its own expression and the
Retrovirus
Induction
Bacterial Transcription
Negative regulation
32. 1. Initiation: unwind DNA at the origin of replication (ori) - bidirectional replications; regulated as required for cell division 2. Elongation: requires RNA primer to replicate 3. Termination: signaled by Ter sequence
Prokaryote
Termination:
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
33. TrpE through trpA are five enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan from chorismic acid. If the cell has enough tryptophan - then it doesn't need to waste energy transcribing this mRNA. In the presence of tryptophan - the oper
Elongation
Molecular Biotechnology
Trp operon
mRNA processing
34. Need to remove introns before changing into mRNA - then take mRNA out of the nucleus. Has 3 RNAP (RNAP I synthesizes rRNA - II synthesizes mRNA - III synthesizes tRNA and small rRNA). Transcription factors are similar to sigma factors.
Components of Translation
Visualization of DNA
Eukaryotic Transcription
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
35. In prokaryotes - related genes often arrayed in tandem. A unit of bacterial gene expression and regulation - recognized by a regulator gene product
Gene
Operon
Bacterial Transcription
When tryptophan is high
36. Select correct ribonucleotides; loss of sigma factor - transcription bubble - no need for primers
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Activation Lac Operon
Elongation
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
37. Inducer site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araO2 site to repress transcription from the Pbad promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter.
Repression
araI
Housekeeping genes
RNA Primer
38. Unvarying expression of gene
Constitutive expression
Elongation
tRNA
ara operon
39. A segment of DNA molecule contains the information required for synthesis of a functional biological product
Inducible expression
Retrovirus
araI
Gene
40. A small catabolite molecule. Its level is determined by the level of glucose in the cell where glucose controls the rate of cAMP formation with ATP. When there is high glucose - there is low levels of cAMP. cAMP activator protein (CAP) has to bind cA
tRNA
RNA Primer
cAMP
Positive regulation
41. EF-Tu GTP binds with an aminoacyl- tRNA and brings it to the ribosome. Once the correct aminoacyl- tRNA is positioned in the ribosome - GTP is hydrolyzed and EF-Tu* GDP dissociates away from the ribosome
Elongation Factor Tu
Repressible expression
mRNA processing
TrpR Repression
42. Chromosome (contains host genetic information) - plasmids (prokaryotes; small - self- replicating DNA; supercoil) - free nucleotides
Types of DNA
tRNA
Regulated gene expression
araO1
43. Multiple effects from a single gene
Pleiotropic
Eukaryote
Initiation
araO1
44. Release DNA - rewind DNA - release RNA; stop signals or rho mediated termination (hairpin is a palindromic GC- rich region followed by an AT- rich region; Rho is a termination factor that binds to nascent RNA) RNAP has sigma factor that recognizes pr
Open reading frame
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Termination:
Visualization of DNA
45. Search for site to start transcription - unwind DNA; -35 region and pribnow region (-10 region).
When tryptophan is high
Gene
Initiation
Elongation
46. Polymerase binds to lac promoter weakly by itself and results in low levels of transcription even in the absence of lacI. The activator recruits the polymerase to the promoter region and increases its affinity for the promoter
Activation Lac Operon
DNA Replication
DNA diagnostic systems
Proteins
47. When half DNA strand has been denatured. Determined by GC content (triple bond)
Retrovirus
Negative regulation
Melting temperature (Tm)
Lac Operon
48. In the presence of glucose and lactose - bacteria grows first on glucose - then growth levels off - and starts growing on lactose. You have diauxie growth because (1) CAP helps recruit RNAP. in the presence of glucose - CAMP is low so it can't bind t
Lac Operon
Elongation Factor Tu
Diauxie
Visualization of DNA
49. 1. Nucleic acid hybridization: (a) bind single stranded DNA to a membrane support - (b) add single stranded labeled DNA (probe) under appropriate conditions - (c) wash the support to remove excess unbound labeled probe DNA - (d) detect the hybrid seq
Eukaryotic Transcription
DNA diagnostic systems
Constitutive expression
Elongation (Protein)
50. 1. Ethidium bromide staining 2. P32 - P33 radioactivity 3. Fluorescence 4. Agarose gel electrophoresis
Central Dogma
araO1
Visualization of DNA
Molecular Biotechnology