SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
Molecular Biotechnology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Search for site to start transcription - unwind DNA; -35 region and pribnow region (-10 region).
Elongation (Protein)
DNA Replication
Initiation
Inducible expression
2. LacY: Transports lactose into the cell LacZ: B- galactosidase LacA: transacetylase LacI: lacI+ cells fully inducible - lacI- were already induced and not responsive to IPTG X- gal: analog of lactose that turns blue when cleaved by lacZ product and o
Levels of Cells
Lac Operon
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Initiation
3. Operons transcribed as single mRNA and mRNA codes for more than one protein.
araI
Eukaryote
Polycistronic
Elongation Factor Tu
4. Important to suppress mutations at 3rd position and you don't need to have a lot of stop codons; cells can be more flexible
Nonsense suppression
What makes up a cell?
Degeneracy
araI
5. 1. Nucleic acid hybridization: (a) bind single stranded DNA to a membrane support - (b) add single stranded labeled DNA (probe) under appropriate conditions - (c) wash the support to remove excess unbound labeled probe DNA - (d) detect the hybrid seq
DNA diagnostic systems
Diauxie
Termination:
mRNA processing
6. A templated process just like in DNA replication and there is no processing steps.
Elongation (Protein)
Activation Lac Operon
Bacterial Transcription
Open reading frame
7. Need to remove introns before changing into mRNA - then take mRNA out of the nucleus. Has 3 RNAP (RNAP I synthesizes rRNA - II synthesizes mRNA - III synthesizes tRNA and small rRNA). Transcription factors are similar to sigma factors.
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Central Dogma
Eukaryotic Transcription
Operon
8. C - N - O - H make up 99% cell weight - 70% is water
What makes up a cell?
Nonsense suppression
When tryptophan is high
Retrovirus
9. A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote
Polycistronic
Elongation
mRNA processing
10. Chromosome (contains host genetic information) - plasmids (prokaryotes; small - self- replicating DNA; supercoil) - free nucleotides
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Elongation Factor Tu
Types of DNA
DNAP
11. Operator site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araI site to repress transcription from Pbad promoter
Types of DNA
Trp operon
araO2
Components of Translation
12. 1. mRNA: encodes genetic information 2. tRNA: transfer RNA - involved in protein synthesis (DNA to amino acids) 3. rRNA: ribosome RNA - involved in protein synthesis (polypeptide formation) 4. Ribozymes and RNAi - Can store genetic information and ca
Polycistronic
RNA
Retrovirus
Prokaryote
13. Inducer site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araO2 site to repress transcription from the Pbad promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter.
Monocistronic
RNA Primer
Merodiploid
araI
14. Polymerase binds to lac promoter weakly by itself and results in low levels of transcription even in the absence of lacI. The activator recruits the polymerase to the promoter region and increases its affinity for the promoter
Initiation
RNA
Bacterial Transcription
Activation Lac Operon
15. Gene products decrease in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Wobble
Repressible expression
DNAP
DNA diagnostic systems
16. Functions: enzymes - regulation - structural - cellular functions Polymers of amino acids and connected by peptide bonds. Can fold into complex structures.
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Central Dogma
Ribosomes
Proteins
17. In prokaryotes - related genes often arrayed in tandem. A unit of bacterial gene expression and regulation - recognized by a regulator gene product
Housekeeping genes
Wobble
Bacterial Transcription
Operon
18. Operator site - araC binds to this site and represses its own transcription from the PC promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter
Eukaryotic Transcription
Wobble
When tryptophan is high
araO1
19. Reverse Transcriptase
araO2
Regulated gene expression
Retrovirus
Pleiotropic
20. A reading frame without termination codon among 50 or more codons. Usually correspond to genes that encode proteins
Positive regulation
CAP
Open reading frame
Molecular Biotechnology
21. 4. Cells + organelle 3. Supermolecular complexes 2. Macromolecules 1. Monomeric units
Types of DNA
Degeneracy
Positive regulation
Levels of Cells
22. The process of decreasing the expression of inducible genes
araI
Elongation
Ribosomes
Repression
23. 1. Capping: 5' phosphate capped by 7- methyl guanosine and is a 5'-5' linkage instead of 5'-3' This makes RNA more stable 2. Intron removal 3. Export to cytoplasm 4. Polyadenylated mRNA precursor
mRNA processing
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Ribosomes
Negative regulation
24. 1. mRNA - template for protein synthesis 2. tRNA - carrier of amino acid (the adaptor)3. aminoacyl- tRNA synthetase - pairs tRNA with the cognate amino acid - needs ATP 4. ribosome - site of protein synthesis - read in three frames - start codon is A
DNA diagnostic systems
Ribosomes
Components of Translation
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
25. Eukaryotic. mRNA that codes for one protein
Trp operon
Monocistronic
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
26. Binds to CAP binding site. In conjunction with araC bound with arabinose - it assists RNAP in binding to the Pbad promoter
mRNA processing
Monocistronic
CAP
Housekeeping genes
27. 1. Initiation: unwind DNA at the origin of replication (ori) - bidirectional replications; regulated as required for cell division 2. Elongation: requires RNA primer to replicate 3. Termination: signaled by Ter sequence
ara operon
Trp operon
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Molecular Biotechnology
28. 1. Ethidium bromide staining 2. P32 - P33 radioactivity 3. Fluorescence 4. Agarose gel electrophoresis
DNAP
Eukaryote
Visualization of DNA
Repression
29. In E. coli - DNAP III can unwind DNA (helicase) and replicate both strands of DNA. It also has proofreading activity and corrects mistakes 3' to 5' exonuclease
DNAP
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Eukaryotic Transcription
CAP
30. AARS charges the correct amino acid to tRNA in a two- step reaction.
Activation Lac Operon
Open reading frame
Ribosomes
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
31. A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Induction
Negative regulation
Operon
Prokaryote
32. The first two bases of the codon always form strong Watson -Crick base- pairing. The first base in the anticodon determines the number of codons a tRNA can recognize. The first position in anticodon is often modified to inosine to facilitate wobble b
Nonsense suppression
Wobble
Eukaryotic Transcription
Activation Lac Operon
33. When arabinose is absent - there is no need to express the structural genes. AraC does this by binding simultaneously to araI and araO2 - making a looped DNA. This blocks access to Pbad promoter. AraC is an autoregulator of its own expression and the
tRNA
Retrovirus
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Negative regulation
34. Gene products increase in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Inducible expression
Central Dogma
Types of DNA
Diauxie
35. EF-Tu GTP binds with an aminoacyl- tRNA and brings it to the ribosome. Once the correct aminoacyl- tRNA is positioned in the ribosome - GTP is hydrolyzed and EF-Tu* GDP dissociates away from the ribosome
tRNA
Constitutive expression
Elongation Factor Tu
Molecular Biotechnology
36. The process of increasing the expression of inducible genes
Repressible expression
Molecular Biotechnology
Eukaryote
Induction
37. TrpE through trpA are five enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan from chorismic acid. If the cell has enough tryptophan - then it doesn't need to waste energy transcribing this mRNA. In the presence of tryptophan - the oper
Positive regulation
Open reading frame
Trp operon
Nonsense suppression
38. Codes for three enzymes needed to catalyze the metabolism of arabinose. The operon is regulated by araC gene product.
Bacterial Transcription
Induction
Elongation (Protein)
ara operon
39. Determines amino acid selection. A noncognate amino acid charge incorrectly to the tRNA will be inserted into the protein. Introduce new amino acid by using tRNA for UAG.
Positive regulation
mRNA processing
tRNA
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
40. Nonsense mutation in gene that results in truncated protein can be lethal. Sometimes a second mutation arises that counteracts the effects of the mutation. Amber stop codon (UAG/TAG/etc) and amber suppressor tRNA (CUA/etc) can restore protein size an
Nonsense suppression
Eukaryote
Melting temperature (Tm)
Lac Operon
41. Release DNA - rewind DNA - release RNA; stop signals or rho mediated termination (hairpin is a palindromic GC- rich region followed by an AT- rich region; Rho is a termination factor that binds to nascent RNA) RNAP has sigma factor that recognizes pr
Termination:
araO2
Visualization of DNA
Levels of Cells
42. The repressor dimer (aporepressor) can't bind to the repressor. Transcription from the promoter is not stopped. When tryptophan is bound to the repressor dimer - the repressor changes configuration so that it can bind to the operator and transcriptio
Elongation Factor Tu
araI
DNA diagnostic systems
TrpR Repression
43. Multiple effects from a single gene
Inducible expression
Merodiploid
Pleiotropic
Wobble
44. The small ribosomal subunit binds to 5'-G cap on processed mRNA (no RBS) - uses met instead of fmet for initiation; monocistronic translation
Types of DNA
What makes up a cell?
Molecular Biotechnology
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
45. Unvarying expression of gene
araO2
Constitutive expression
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Degeneracy
46. Select correct ribonucleotides; loss of sigma factor - transcription bubble - no need for primers
Elongation
tRNA
ara operon
When tryptophan is high
47. Ribosome doesn't stop at trp codons and stem loop forms between 3 and 4. RNAP stops prematurely (attenuated)
Housekeeping genes
When tryptophan is high
cAMP
Open reading frame
48. Expression levels rise and fall in response to molecular signals
Regulated gene expression
Inducible expression
Polycistronic
DNAP
49. In the presence of glucose and lactose - bacteria grows first on glucose - then growth levels off - and starts growing on lactose. You have diauxie growth because (1) CAP helps recruit RNAP. in the presence of glucose - CAMP is low so it can't bind t
Ribosomes
Diauxie
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Central Dogma
50. A haploid organism that is diploid for a small region of the chromosome (partial diploid)
Operon
DNA diagnostic systems
Proteins
Merodiploid