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Test your basic knowledge |
Molecular Biotechnology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A reading frame without termination codon among 50 or more codons. Usually correspond to genes that encode proteins
CAP
araO1
Open reading frame
Components of Translation
2. When arabinose is present - it binds to araC and allosterically induces it to bind to araI instead araO2. If glucose is absent - then the presence of CAP bound to its site between araO1 and araI helps break the DNA loop and helps araC bind to araI
Molecular Biotechnology
When tryptophan is low
Positive regulation
araI
3. Eukaryotic. mRNA that codes for one protein
Constitutive expression
Monocistronic
Melting temperature (Tm)
When tryptophan is high
4. 1. Initiation: unwind DNA at the origin of replication (ori) - bidirectional replications; regulated as required for cell division 2. Elongation: requires RNA primer to replicate 3. Termination: signaled by Ter sequence
Diauxie
3 Stages of DNA Replication
cAMP
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
5. In E. coli - DNAP III can unwind DNA (helicase) and replicate both strands of DNA. It also has proofreading activity and corrects mistakes 3' to 5' exonuclease
DNAP
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Components of Translation
Bacterial Transcription
6. Chromosome (contains host genetic information) - plasmids (prokaryotes; small - self- replicating DNA; supercoil) - free nucleotides
Repression
Levels of Cells
araI
Types of DNA
7. The process in which an exact copy of the double strand DNA is made. It is a templated process and occurs from 5' to 3' end. DNAP - RNA primer; semiconservative (each strand is a template for the replication of the complementary strand)
Polycistronic
DNA Replication
3 Stages of DNA Replication
CAP
8. A strand segment complementary to the template with a free 3'OH group
RNA Primer
DNAP
Wobble
ara operon
9. Important to suppress mutations at 3rd position and you don't need to have a lot of stop codons; cells can be more flexible
Degeneracy
TrpL
LacI Possibilities
Eukaryotic Transcription
10. Comprised of >50 proteins associated with rRNA units. Site of protein synthesis and binds mRNA and finds protein synthesis initiation sites. It also binds aa- tRNA and catalyzes peptide bond formation.
Ribosomes
Open reading frame
Degeneracy
Types of DNA
11. Structural and functional units of life. All organisms are made of cells - all cells are derived from preexisting cells - the purpose of a microorganism is to make another microorganisms as quickly as possible; alter metabolism of microorganism to ma
Negative regulation
cAMP
Cells
Regulated gene expression
12. Gene products decrease in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Operon
Elongation
Regulated gene expression
Repressible expression
13. Functions: enzymes - regulation - structural - cellular functions Polymers of amino acids and connected by peptide bonds. Can fold into complex structures.
Proteins
Bacterial Transcription
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Elongation Factor Tu
14. Replication > DNA > Transcription > RNA > Translation > Protein
Retrovirus
Regulated gene expression
Central Dogma
Molecular Biotechnology
15. Select correct ribonucleotides; loss of sigma factor - transcription bubble - no need for primers
Trp operon
Elongation
Prokaryote
Degeneracy
16. Unvarying expression of gene
LacI Possibilities
Eukaryote
Constitutive expression
Gene
17. A templated process just like in DNA replication and there is no processing steps.
Wobble
CAP
Bacterial Transcription
Repression
18. Gene products increase in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
What makes up a cell?
Inducible expression
Repressible expression
Positive regulation
19. 1. mRNA - template for protein synthesis 2. tRNA - carrier of amino acid (the adaptor)3. aminoacyl- tRNA synthetase - pairs tRNA with the cognate amino acid - needs ATP 4. ribosome - site of protein synthesis - read in three frames - start codon is A
Housekeeping genes
Wobble
Ribosomes
Components of Translation
20. Need to remove introns before changing into mRNA - then take mRNA out of the nucleus. Has 3 RNAP (RNAP I synthesizes rRNA - II synthesizes mRNA - III synthesizes tRNA and small rRNA). Transcription factors are similar to sigma factors.
Regulated gene expression
Eukaryotic Transcription
Housekeeping genes
Operon
21. 1. mRNA: encodes genetic information 2. tRNA: transfer RNA - involved in protein synthesis (DNA to amino acids) 3. rRNA: ribosome RNA - involved in protein synthesis (polypeptide formation) 4. Ribozymes and RNAi - Can store genetic information and ca
Open reading frame
DNA diagnostic systems
Retrovirus
RNA
22. Codes for three enzymes needed to catalyze the metabolism of arabinose. The operon is regulated by araC gene product.
mRNA processing
ara operon
DNA diagnostic systems
cAMP
23. 4. Cells + organelle 3. Supermolecular complexes 2. Macromolecules 1. Monomeric units
Central Dogma
Visualization of DNA
araO2
Levels of Cells
24. Operator site - araC binds to this site and represses its own transcription from the PC promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter
Wobble
Bacterial Transcription
Repression
araO1
25. A small catabolite molecule. Its level is determined by the level of glucose in the cell where glucose controls the rate of cAMP formation with ATP. When there is high glucose - there is low levels of cAMP. cAMP activator protein (CAP) has to bind cA
Repressible expression
cAMP
Trp operon
Visualization of DNA
26. Nonsense mutation in gene that results in truncated protein can be lethal. Sometimes a second mutation arises that counteracts the effects of the mutation. Amber stop codon (UAG/TAG/etc) and amber suppressor tRNA (CUA/etc) can restore protein size an
Nonsense suppression
araO2
TrpL
3 Stages of DNA Replication
27. 1. Capping: 5' phosphate capped by 7- methyl guanosine and is a 5'-5' linkage instead of 5'-3' This makes RNA more stable 2. Intron removal 3. Export to cytoplasm 4. Polyadenylated mRNA precursor
Components of Translation
mRNA processing
Molecular Biotechnology
When tryptophan is low
28. A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote
Levels of Cells
Repression
Termination:
29. LacY: Transports lactose into the cell LacZ: B- galactosidase LacA: transacetylase LacI: lacI+ cells fully inducible - lacI- were already induced and not responsive to IPTG X- gal: analog of lactose that turns blue when cleaved by lacZ product and o
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
CAP
DNAP
Lac Operon
30. Production of commercial products generated by the metabolic actions of microorganisms.
Molecular Biotechnology
Constitutive expression
DNA Replication
What makes up a cell?
31. Search for site to start transcription - unwind DNA; -35 region and pribnow region (-10 region).
Retrovirus
Termination:
DNAP
Initiation
32. A haploid organism that is diploid for a small region of the chromosome (partial diploid)
Eukaryote
Merodiploid
Termination:
Central Dogma
33. In prokaryotes - related genes often arrayed in tandem. A unit of bacterial gene expression and regulation - recognized by a regulator gene product
DNAP
Operon
Elongation (Protein)
Lac Operon
34. Determines amino acid selection. A noncognate amino acid charge incorrectly to the tRNA will be inserted into the protein. Introduce new amino acid by using tRNA for UAG.
Trp operon
Housekeeping genes
tRNA
Central Dogma
35. 1. Ethidium bromide staining 2. P32 - P33 radioactivity 3. Fluorescence 4. Agarose gel electrophoresis
mRNA processing
Elongation
Wobble
Visualization of DNA
36. In the presence of glucose and lactose - bacteria grows first on glucose - then growth levels off - and starts growing on lactose. You have diauxie growth because (1) CAP helps recruit RNAP. in the presence of glucose - CAMP is low so it can't bind t
Eukaryote
Initiation
Activation Lac Operon
Diauxie
37. C - N - O - H make up 99% cell weight - 70% is water
ara operon
What makes up a cell?
DNA Replication
Components of Translation
38. EF-Tu GTP binds with an aminoacyl- tRNA and brings it to the ribosome. Once the correct aminoacyl- tRNA is positioned in the ribosome - GTP is hydrolyzed and EF-Tu* GDP dissociates away from the ribosome
Elongation Factor Tu
ara operon
mRNA processing
Repressible expression
39. Multiple effects from a single gene
DNAP
Pleiotropic
DNA Replication
Degeneracy
40. AARS charges the correct amino acid to tRNA in a two- step reaction.
Repressible expression
Elongation (Protein)
araO1
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
41. Genes for products that are required at all times.
Eukaryote
Elongation (Protein)
Housekeeping genes
Activation Lac Operon
42. The first two bases of the codon always form strong Watson -Crick base- pairing. The first base in the anticodon determines the number of codons a tRNA can recognize. The first position in anticodon is often modified to inosine to facilitate wobble b
CAP
Levels of Cells
Wobble
Cells
43. Three sites recruit tRNA and forms peptidyl- tRNA bonds (E - exit; P - peptide; A - acceptor).
Elongation Factor Tu
Regulated gene expression
Termination:
Elongation (Protein)
44. Operator site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araI site to repress transcription from Pbad promoter
Eukaryotic Transcription
Ribosomes
araO2
Prokaryote
45. When arabinose is absent - there is no need to express the structural genes. AraC does this by binding simultaneously to araI and araO2 - making a looped DNA. This blocks access to Pbad promoter. AraC is an autoregulator of its own expression and the
Negative regulation
Repressible expression
Monocistronic
Inducible expression
46. The process of increasing the expression of inducible genes
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Components of Translation
Central Dogma
Induction
47. Expression levels rise and fall in response to molecular signals
Regulated gene expression
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
TrpR Repression
tRNA
48. Operons transcribed as single mRNA and mRNA codes for more than one protein.
Polycistronic
Operon
cAMP
Regulated gene expression
49. 1. Synthesis of commercial products by recombinant organisms 2. Biopolymers 3. Bioremediation 4. Biomass utilization
When tryptophan is high
Ribosomes
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Wobble
50. The repressor dimer (aporepressor) can't bind to the repressor. Transcription from the promoter is not stopped. When tryptophan is bound to the repressor dimer - the repressor changes configuration so that it can bind to the operator and transcriptio
When tryptophan is low
DNA diagnostic systems
TrpR Repression
Diauxie