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Molecular Biotechnology

Subject : engineering
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1. Synthesis of commercial products by recombinant organisms 2. Biopolymers 3. Bioremediation 4. Biomass utilization






2. Select correct ribonucleotides; loss of sigma factor - transcription bubble - no need for primers






3. Determines amino acid selection. A noncognate amino acid charge incorrectly to the tRNA will be inserted into the protein. Introduce new amino acid by using tRNA for UAG.






4. A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles






5. 1. Capping: 5' phosphate capped by 7- methyl guanosine and is a 5'-5' linkage instead of 5'-3' This makes RNA more stable 2. Intron removal 3. Export to cytoplasm 4. Polyadenylated mRNA precursor






6. When half DNA strand has been denatured. Determined by GC content (triple bond)






7. The small ribosomal subunit binds to 5'-G cap on processed mRNA (no RBS) - uses met instead of fmet for initiation; monocistronic translation






8. Operator site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araI site to repress transcription from Pbad promoter






9. In E. coli - DNAP III can unwind DNA (helicase) and replicate both strands of DNA. It also has proofreading activity and corrects mistakes 3' to 5' exonuclease






10. AARS charges the correct amino acid to tRNA in a two- step reaction.






11. C - N - O - H make up 99% cell weight - 70% is water






12. Replication > DNA > Transcription > RNA > Translation > Protein






13. Structural and functional units of life. All organisms are made of cells - all cells are derived from preexisting cells - the purpose of a microorganism is to make another microorganisms as quickly as possible; alter metabolism of microorganism to ma






14. Gene products increase in concentration under particular molecular circumstances






15. Chromosome (contains host genetic information) - plasmids (prokaryotes; small - self- replicating DNA; supercoil) - free nucleotides






16. Expression levels rise and fall in response to molecular signals






17. The process in which an exact copy of the double strand DNA is made. It is a templated process and occurs from 5' to 3' end. DNAP - RNA primer; semiconservative (each strand is a template for the replication of the complementary strand)






18. Production of commercial products generated by the metabolic actions of microorganisms.






19. 1. Nucleic acid hybridization: (a) bind single stranded DNA to a membrane support - (b) add single stranded labeled DNA (probe) under appropriate conditions - (c) wash the support to remove excess unbound labeled probe DNA - (d) detect the hybrid seq






20. EF-Tu GTP binds with an aminoacyl- tRNA and brings it to the ribosome. Once the correct aminoacyl- tRNA is positioned in the ribosome - GTP is hydrolyzed and EF-Tu* GDP dissociates away from the ribosome






21. A segment of DNA molecule contains the information required for synthesis of a functional biological product






22. Unvarying expression of gene






23. Important to suppress mutations at 3rd position and you don't need to have a lot of stop codons; cells can be more flexible






24. The ribosome translating the leader peptide arrives at the two tryptophan codons and has to wait for tryptophan. During this time - RNAP continues to transcribe. Stem loop between 2 and 3.






25. 1. Ethidium bromide staining 2. P32 - P33 radioactivity 3. Fluorescence 4. Agarose gel electrophoresis






26. Gene products decrease in concentration under particular molecular circumstances






27. 1. LacI- makes an internal inducer -- NO. Found that lacI- doesn't dominate over lacI+ and is not always constitutive. 2. LacI- is a repressor protein -- YES. LacI+ dominates over lacI- because when both are together - lac operon is inducible. LacI m






28. The process of increasing the expression of inducible genes






29. The repressor dimer (aporepressor) can't bind to the repressor. Transcription from the promoter is not stopped. When tryptophan is bound to the repressor dimer - the repressor changes configuration so that it can bind to the operator and transcriptio






30. A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles






31. 1. mRNA - template for protein synthesis 2. tRNA - carrier of amino acid (the adaptor)3. aminoacyl- tRNA synthetase - pairs tRNA with the cognate amino acid - needs ATP 4. ribosome - site of protein synthesis - read in three frames - start codon is A






32. When arabinose is present - it binds to araC and allosterically induces it to bind to araI instead araO2. If glucose is absent - then the presence of CAP bound to its site between araO1 and araI helps break the DNA loop and helps araC bind to araI






33. LacY: Transports lactose into the cell LacZ: B- galactosidase LacA: transacetylase LacI: lacI+ cells fully inducible - lacI- were already induced and not responsive to IPTG X- gal: analog of lactose that turns blue when cleaved by lacZ product and o






34. Operator site - araC binds to this site and represses its own transcription from the PC promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter






35. TrpE through trpA are five enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan from chorismic acid. If the cell has enough tryptophan - then it doesn't need to waste energy transcribing this mRNA. In the presence of tryptophan - the oper






36. Genes for products that are required at all times.






37. Codes for three enzymes needed to catalyze the metabolism of arabinose. The operon is regulated by araC gene product.






38. Need to remove introns before changing into mRNA - then take mRNA out of the nucleus. Has 3 RNAP (RNAP I synthesizes rRNA - II synthesizes mRNA - III synthesizes tRNA and small rRNA). Transcription factors are similar to sigma factors.






39. 4. Cells + organelle 3. Supermolecular complexes 2. Macromolecules 1. Monomeric units






40. In the presence of glucose and lactose - bacteria grows first on glucose - then growth levels off - and starts growing on lactose. You have diauxie growth because (1) CAP helps recruit RNAP. in the presence of glucose - CAMP is low so it can't bind t






41. Start codon is usually ATG - first amino acid is n - formyl- methionine. It is assisted by initiation factors (IF) and requires ribosomal binding sites (RBS). It is a polycistronic protein translation (operon).






42. Reverse Transcriptase






43. Release DNA - rewind DNA - release RNA; stop signals or rho mediated termination (hairpin is a palindromic GC- rich region followed by an AT- rich region; Rho is a termination factor that binds to nascent RNA) RNAP has sigma factor that recognizes pr






44. Polymerase binds to lac promoter weakly by itself and results in low levels of transcription even in the absence of lacI. The activator recruits the polymerase to the promoter region and increases its affinity for the promoter






45. When arabinose is absent - there is no need to express the structural genes. AraC does this by binding simultaneously to araI and araO2 - making a looped DNA. This blocks access to Pbad promoter. AraC is an autoregulator of its own expression and the






46. Comprised of >50 proteins associated with rRNA units. Site of protein synthesis and binds mRNA and finds protein synthesis initiation sites. It also binds aa- tRNA and catalyzes peptide bond formation.






47. The first two bases of the codon always form strong Watson -Crick base- pairing. The first base in the anticodon determines the number of codons a tRNA can recognize. The first position in anticodon is often modified to inosine to facilitate wobble b






48. Three sites recruit tRNA and forms peptidyl- tRNA bonds (E - exit; P - peptide; A - acceptor).






49. A small catabolite molecule. Its level is determined by the level of glucose in the cell where glucose controls the rate of cAMP formation with ATP. When there is high glucose - there is low levels of cAMP. cAMP activator protein (CAP) has to bind cA






50. A templated process just like in DNA replication and there is no processing steps.







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