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Test your basic knowledge |
Molecular Biotechnology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Structural and functional units of life. All organisms are made of cells - all cells are derived from preexisting cells - the purpose of a microorganism is to make another microorganisms as quickly as possible; alter metabolism of microorganism to ma
CAP
Polycistronic
Proteins
Cells
2. 1. mRNA - template for protein synthesis 2. tRNA - carrier of amino acid (the adaptor)3. aminoacyl- tRNA synthetase - pairs tRNA with the cognate amino acid - needs ATP 4. ribosome - site of protein synthesis - read in three frames - start codon is A
Melting temperature (Tm)
Wobble
Cells
Components of Translation
3. 1. Capping: 5' phosphate capped by 7- methyl guanosine and is a 5'-5' linkage instead of 5'-3' This makes RNA more stable 2. Intron removal 3. Export to cytoplasm 4. Polyadenylated mRNA precursor
Negative regulation
Types of DNA
DNA Replication
mRNA processing
4. Determines amino acid selection. A noncognate amino acid charge incorrectly to the tRNA will be inserted into the protein. Introduce new amino acid by using tRNA for UAG.
Repression
tRNA
Lac Operon
What makes up a cell?
5. Functions: enzymes - regulation - structural - cellular functions Polymers of amino acids and connected by peptide bonds. Can fold into complex structures.
Constitutive expression
Melting temperature (Tm)
Cells
Proteins
6. Codes for three enzymes needed to catalyze the metabolism of arabinose. The operon is regulated by araC gene product.
CAP
ara operon
Constitutive expression
Gene
7. Release DNA - rewind DNA - release RNA; stop signals or rho mediated termination (hairpin is a palindromic GC- rich region followed by an AT- rich region; Rho is a termination factor that binds to nascent RNA) RNAP has sigma factor that recognizes pr
Termination:
Regulated gene expression
mRNA processing
Merodiploid
8. Need to remove introns before changing into mRNA - then take mRNA out of the nucleus. Has 3 RNAP (RNAP I synthesizes rRNA - II synthesizes mRNA - III synthesizes tRNA and small rRNA). Transcription factors are similar to sigma factors.
Positive regulation
tRNA
ara operon
Eukaryotic Transcription
9. The process of increasing the expression of inducible genes
Retrovirus
Induction
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
When tryptophan is high
10. Genes for products that are required at all times.
mRNA processing
RNA
Housekeeping genes
Elongation Factor Tu
11. Comprised of >50 proteins associated with rRNA units. Site of protein synthesis and binds mRNA and finds protein synthesis initiation sites. It also binds aa- tRNA and catalyzes peptide bond formation.
Ribosomes
Prokaryote
ara operon
Visualization of DNA
12. Start codon is usually ATG - first amino acid is n - formyl- methionine. It is assisted by initiation factors (IF) and requires ribosomal binding sites (RBS). It is a polycistronic protein translation (operon).
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
DNAP
Polycistronic
Activation Lac Operon
13. Replication > DNA > Transcription > RNA > Translation > Protein
araI
Central Dogma
Constitutive expression
Levels of Cells
14. Nonsense mutation in gene that results in truncated protein can be lethal. Sometimes a second mutation arises that counteracts the effects of the mutation. Amber stop codon (UAG/TAG/etc) and amber suppressor tRNA (CUA/etc) can restore protein size an
Positive regulation
Central Dogma
Components of Translation
Nonsense suppression
15. A segment of DNA molecule contains the information required for synthesis of a functional biological product
When tryptophan is low
DNAP
Gene
mRNA processing
16. In E. coli - DNAP III can unwind DNA (helicase) and replicate both strands of DNA. It also has proofreading activity and corrects mistakes 3' to 5' exonuclease
DNAP
Wobble
TrpR Repression
DNA diagnostic systems
17. Unvarying expression of gene
Lac Operon
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Constitutive expression
Levels of Cells
18. C - N - O - H make up 99% cell weight - 70% is water
Molecular Biotechnology
Eukaryotic Transcription
Activation Lac Operon
What makes up a cell?
19. Three sites recruit tRNA and forms peptidyl- tRNA bonds (E - exit; P - peptide; A - acceptor).
tRNA
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Elongation (Protein)
Gene
20. The process in which an exact copy of the double strand DNA is made. It is a templated process and occurs from 5' to 3' end. DNAP - RNA primer; semiconservative (each strand is a template for the replication of the complementary strand)
DNA Replication
Lac Operon
What makes up a cell?
Monocistronic
21. The process of decreasing the expression of inducible genes
CAP
Repression
DNA Replication
Activation Lac Operon
22. AARS charges the correct amino acid to tRNA in a two- step reaction.
When tryptophan is low
araI
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Visualization of DNA
23. Attenuation
araO1
TrpL
Cells
Diauxie
24. 1. Initiation: unwind DNA at the origin of replication (ori) - bidirectional replications; regulated as required for cell division 2. Elongation: requires RNA primer to replicate 3. Termination: signaled by Ter sequence
Gene
cAMP
RNA Primer
3 Stages of DNA Replication
25. The repressor dimer (aporepressor) can't bind to the repressor. Transcription from the promoter is not stopped. When tryptophan is bound to the repressor dimer - the repressor changes configuration so that it can bind to the operator and transcriptio
Degeneracy
CAP
TrpR Repression
Eukaryotic Transcription
26. 1. Ethidium bromide staining 2. P32 - P33 radioactivity 3. Fluorescence 4. Agarose gel electrophoresis
Visualization of DNA
Housekeeping genes
Termination:
When tryptophan is high
27. In prokaryotes - related genes often arrayed in tandem. A unit of bacterial gene expression and regulation - recognized by a regulator gene product
When tryptophan is low
RNA Primer
Operon
3 Stages of DNA Replication
28. Select correct ribonucleotides; loss of sigma factor - transcription bubble - no need for primers
Central Dogma
Activation Lac Operon
Negative regulation
Elongation
29. When half DNA strand has been denatured. Determined by GC content (triple bond)
Monocistronic
Melting temperature (Tm)
Central Dogma
araO2
30. TrpE through trpA are five enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan from chorismic acid. If the cell has enough tryptophan - then it doesn't need to waste energy transcribing this mRNA. In the presence of tryptophan - the oper
Retrovirus
Trp operon
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Housekeeping genes
31. Polymerase binds to lac promoter weakly by itself and results in low levels of transcription even in the absence of lacI. The activator recruits the polymerase to the promoter region and increases its affinity for the promoter
Prokaryote
Eukaryotic Transcription
Activation Lac Operon
Elongation Factor Tu
32. The ribosome translating the leader peptide arrives at the two tryptophan codons and has to wait for tryptophan. During this time - RNAP continues to transcribe. Stem loop between 2 and 3.
Eukaryotic Transcription
tRNA
When tryptophan is low
Initiation
33. Inducer site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araO2 site to repress transcription from the Pbad promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter.
3 Stages of DNA Replication
araI
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Nonsense suppression
34. Multiple effects from a single gene
Elongation
Pleiotropic
cAMP
Repressible expression
35. A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Repressible expression
Prokaryote
araO1
36. 1. Synthesis of commercial products by recombinant organisms 2. Biopolymers 3. Bioremediation 4. Biomass utilization
Inducible expression
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Nonsense suppression
Degeneracy
37. Operons transcribed as single mRNA and mRNA codes for more than one protein.
Gene
Operon
Prokaryote
Polycistronic
38. In the presence of glucose and lactose - bacteria grows first on glucose - then growth levels off - and starts growing on lactose. You have diauxie growth because (1) CAP helps recruit RNAP. in the presence of glucose - CAMP is low so it can't bind t
Components of Translation
Repressible expression
Diauxie
cAMP
39. The small ribosomal subunit binds to 5'-G cap on processed mRNA (no RBS) - uses met instead of fmet for initiation; monocistronic translation
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Lac Operon
mRNA processing
RNA Primer
40. Eukaryotic. mRNA that codes for one protein
Monocistronic
Inducible expression
RNA
TrpR Repression
41. A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Levels of Cells
Eukaryote
Cells
LacI Possibilities
42. Ribosome doesn't stop at trp codons and stem loop forms between 3 and 4. RNAP stops prematurely (attenuated)
Cells
When tryptophan is high
DNA diagnostic systems
Trp operon
43. 4. Cells + organelle 3. Supermolecular complexes 2. Macromolecules 1. Monomeric units
Levels of Cells
Eukaryote
Gene
Activation Lac Operon
44. Gene products increase in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Lac Operon
TrpL
Inducible expression
Operon
45. 1. Nucleic acid hybridization: (a) bind single stranded DNA to a membrane support - (b) add single stranded labeled DNA (probe) under appropriate conditions - (c) wash the support to remove excess unbound labeled probe DNA - (d) detect the hybrid seq
Visualization of DNA
Housekeeping genes
araO1
DNA diagnostic systems
46. A haploid organism that is diploid for a small region of the chromosome (partial diploid)
Repression
Central Dogma
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Merodiploid
47. Expression levels rise and fall in response to molecular signals
Diauxie
Eukaryotic Transcription
Regulated gene expression
Positive regulation
48. 1. LacI- makes an internal inducer -- NO. Found that lacI- doesn't dominate over lacI+ and is not always constitutive. 2. LacI- is a repressor protein -- YES. LacI+ dominates over lacI- because when both are together - lac operon is inducible. LacI m
LacI Possibilities
Visualization of DNA
mRNA processing
Elongation (Protein)
49. The first two bases of the codon always form strong Watson -Crick base- pairing. The first base in the anticodon determines the number of codons a tRNA can recognize. The first position in anticodon is often modified to inosine to facilitate wobble b
Eukaryote
RNA Primer
Wobble
Nonsense suppression
50. 1. mRNA: encodes genetic information 2. tRNA: transfer RNA - involved in protein synthesis (DNA to amino acids) 3. rRNA: ribosome RNA - involved in protein synthesis (polypeptide formation) 4. Ribozymes and RNAi - Can store genetic information and ca
ara operon
What makes up a cell?
RNA
Proteins