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Test your basic knowledge |
Molecular Biotechnology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Chromosome (contains host genetic information) - plasmids (prokaryotes; small - self- replicating DNA; supercoil) - free nucleotides
Repressible expression
Types of DNA
Prokaryote
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
2. Ribosome doesn't stop at trp codons and stem loop forms between 3 and 4. RNAP stops prematurely (attenuated)
Degeneracy
When tryptophan is high
Monocistronic
DNA Replication
3. A segment of DNA molecule contains the information required for synthesis of a functional biological product
When tryptophan is low
Pleiotropic
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Gene
4. Operator site - araC binds to this site and represses its own transcription from the PC promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter
araO1
Diauxie
mRNA processing
Types of DNA
5. 4. Cells + organelle 3. Supermolecular complexes 2. Macromolecules 1. Monomeric units
TrpL
Operon
Degeneracy
Levels of Cells
6. Binds to CAP binding site. In conjunction with araC bound with arabinose - it assists RNAP in binding to the Pbad promoter
Elongation
RNA
CAP
Housekeeping genes
7. Operator site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araI site to repress transcription from Pbad promoter
araO2
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Molecular Biotechnology
Initiation
8. The process in which an exact copy of the double strand DNA is made. It is a templated process and occurs from 5' to 3' end. DNAP - RNA primer; semiconservative (each strand is a template for the replication of the complementary strand)
Molecular Biotechnology
Repressible expression
Elongation Factor Tu
DNA Replication
9. Determines amino acid selection. A noncognate amino acid charge incorrectly to the tRNA will be inserted into the protein. Introduce new amino acid by using tRNA for UAG.
ara operon
cAMP
tRNA
Bacterial Transcription
10. In the presence of glucose and lactose - bacteria grows first on glucose - then growth levels off - and starts growing on lactose. You have diauxie growth because (1) CAP helps recruit RNAP. in the presence of glucose - CAMP is low so it can't bind t
Levels of Cells
Eukaryote
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Diauxie
11. Structural and functional units of life. All organisms are made of cells - all cells are derived from preexisting cells - the purpose of a microorganism is to make another microorganisms as quickly as possible; alter metabolism of microorganism to ma
Activation Lac Operon
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Repression
Cells
12. A small catabolite molecule. Its level is determined by the level of glucose in the cell where glucose controls the rate of cAMP formation with ATP. When there is high glucose - there is low levels of cAMP. cAMP activator protein (CAP) has to bind cA
When tryptophan is high
cAMP
Levels of Cells
araO2
13. Attenuation
When tryptophan is high
TrpL
What makes up a cell?
Repression
14. Nonsense mutation in gene that results in truncated protein can be lethal. Sometimes a second mutation arises that counteracts the effects of the mutation. Amber stop codon (UAG/TAG/etc) and amber suppressor tRNA (CUA/etc) can restore protein size an
Eukaryotic Transcription
Nonsense suppression
LacI Possibilities
Regulated gene expression
15. 1. Nucleic acid hybridization: (a) bind single stranded DNA to a membrane support - (b) add single stranded labeled DNA (probe) under appropriate conditions - (c) wash the support to remove excess unbound labeled probe DNA - (d) detect the hybrid seq
Trp operon
Repressible expression
DNA diagnostic systems
araO1
16. When arabinose is absent - there is no need to express the structural genes. AraC does this by binding simultaneously to araI and araO2 - making a looped DNA. This blocks access to Pbad promoter. AraC is an autoregulator of its own expression and the
Negative regulation
What makes up a cell?
Elongation (Protein)
Inducible expression
17. 1. Initiation: unwind DNA at the origin of replication (ori) - bidirectional replications; regulated as required for cell division 2. Elongation: requires RNA primer to replicate 3. Termination: signaled by Ter sequence
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Trp operon
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Constitutive expression
18. When half DNA strand has been denatured. Determined by GC content (triple bond)
Inducible expression
Melting temperature (Tm)
Wobble
cAMP
19. Comprised of >50 proteins associated with rRNA units. Site of protein synthesis and binds mRNA and finds protein synthesis initiation sites. It also binds aa- tRNA and catalyzes peptide bond formation.
Nonsense suppression
Pleiotropic
Molecular Biotechnology
Ribosomes
20. 1. mRNA - template for protein synthesis 2. tRNA - carrier of amino acid (the adaptor)3. aminoacyl- tRNA synthetase - pairs tRNA with the cognate amino acid - needs ATP 4. ribosome - site of protein synthesis - read in three frames - start codon is A
Components of Translation
Ribosomes
araO1
cAMP
21. Inducer site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araO2 site to repress transcription from the Pbad promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter.
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Retrovirus
Cells
araI
22. Operons transcribed as single mRNA and mRNA codes for more than one protein.
Elongation Factor Tu
Polycistronic
Repression
Diauxie
23. The first two bases of the codon always form strong Watson -Crick base- pairing. The first base in the anticodon determines the number of codons a tRNA can recognize. The first position in anticodon is often modified to inosine to facilitate wobble b
Wobble
When tryptophan is high
Merodiploid
ara operon
24. The repressor dimer (aporepressor) can't bind to the repressor. Transcription from the promoter is not stopped. When tryptophan is bound to the repressor dimer - the repressor changes configuration so that it can bind to the operator and transcriptio
Degeneracy
Initiation
Prokaryote
TrpR Repression
25. LacY: Transports lactose into the cell LacZ: B- galactosidase LacA: transacetylase LacI: lacI+ cells fully inducible - lacI- were already induced and not responsive to IPTG X- gal: analog of lactose that turns blue when cleaved by lacZ product and o
Repression
Lac Operon
Central Dogma
Components of Translation
26. A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Prokaryote
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Induction
Eukaryote
27. Eukaryotic. mRNA that codes for one protein
Operon
Retrovirus
tRNA
Monocistronic
28. EF-Tu GTP binds with an aminoacyl- tRNA and brings it to the ribosome. Once the correct aminoacyl- tRNA is positioned in the ribosome - GTP is hydrolyzed and EF-Tu* GDP dissociates away from the ribosome
Trp operon
Elongation Factor Tu
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
LacI Possibilities
29. The small ribosomal subunit binds to 5'-G cap on processed mRNA (no RBS) - uses met instead of fmet for initiation; monocistronic translation
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Housekeeping genes
30. AARS charges the correct amino acid to tRNA in a two- step reaction.
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Ribosomes
Activation Lac Operon
Inducible expression
31. Need to remove introns before changing into mRNA - then take mRNA out of the nucleus. Has 3 RNAP (RNAP I synthesizes rRNA - II synthesizes mRNA - III synthesizes tRNA and small rRNA). Transcription factors are similar to sigma factors.
Eukaryotic Transcription
Visualization of DNA
Ribosomes
Polycistronic
32. In E. coli - DNAP III can unwind DNA (helicase) and replicate both strands of DNA. It also has proofreading activity and corrects mistakes 3' to 5' exonuclease
When tryptophan is high
Eukaryotic Transcription
Open reading frame
DNAP
33. A templated process just like in DNA replication and there is no processing steps.
Gene
TrpR Repression
Bacterial Transcription
Retrovirus
34. TrpE through trpA are five enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan from chorismic acid. If the cell has enough tryptophan - then it doesn't need to waste energy transcribing this mRNA. In the presence of tryptophan - the oper
araO1
RNA
Trp operon
Pleiotropic
35. Multiple effects from a single gene
Induction
Pleiotropic
CAP
Cells
36. 1. LacI- makes an internal inducer -- NO. Found that lacI- doesn't dominate over lacI+ and is not always constitutive. 2. LacI- is a repressor protein -- YES. LacI+ dominates over lacI- because when both are together - lac operon is inducible. LacI m
DNAP
Bacterial Transcription
LacI Possibilities
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
37. Reverse Transcriptase
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Retrovirus
tRNA
RNA Primer
38. 1. Synthesis of commercial products by recombinant organisms 2. Biopolymers 3. Bioremediation 4. Biomass utilization
TrpL
Activation Lac Operon
Retrovirus
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
39. Production of commercial products generated by the metabolic actions of microorganisms.
araO1
Nonsense suppression
Molecular Biotechnology
Degeneracy
40. Unvarying expression of gene
Constitutive expression
When tryptophan is high
Housekeeping genes
What makes up a cell?
41. 1. Ethidium bromide staining 2. P32 - P33 radioactivity 3. Fluorescence 4. Agarose gel electrophoresis
Types of DNA
LacI Possibilities
Visualization of DNA
Ribosomes
42. Replication > DNA > Transcription > RNA > Translation > Protein
Central Dogma
RNA Primer
Wobble
Merodiploid
43. Search for site to start transcription - unwind DNA; -35 region and pribnow region (-10 region).
Bacterial Transcription
Initiation
DNA diagnostic systems
Repression
44. The process of decreasing the expression of inducible genes
Initiation
Degeneracy
Merodiploid
Repression
45. The ribosome translating the leader peptide arrives at the two tryptophan codons and has to wait for tryptophan. During this time - RNAP continues to transcribe. Stem loop between 2 and 3.
When tryptophan is low
Elongation Factor Tu
Bacterial Transcription
Visualization of DNA
46. The process of increasing the expression of inducible genes
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Operon
TrpR Repression
Induction
47. Codes for three enzymes needed to catalyze the metabolism of arabinose. The operon is regulated by araC gene product.
ara operon
When tryptophan is high
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Proteins
48. When arabinose is present - it binds to araC and allosterically induces it to bind to araI instead araO2. If glucose is absent - then the presence of CAP bound to its site between araO1 and araI helps break the DNA loop and helps araC bind to araI
Retrovirus
Positive regulation
RNA Primer
DNA diagnostic systems
49. A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Prokaryote
Negative regulation
When tryptophan is high
araI
50. A strand segment complementary to the template with a free 3'OH group
Central Dogma
RNA Primer
Inducible expression
araO2