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Test your basic knowledge |
Molecular Biotechnology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Three sites recruit tRNA and forms peptidyl- tRNA bonds (E - exit; P - peptide; A - acceptor).
Monocistronic
Elongation (Protein)
RNA
Eukaryote
2. The process of increasing the expression of inducible genes
Components of Translation
LacI Possibilities
araO2
Induction
3. Chromosome (contains host genetic information) - plasmids (prokaryotes; small - self- replicating DNA; supercoil) - free nucleotides
Inducible expression
Types of DNA
Repressible expression
Elongation
4. AARS charges the correct amino acid to tRNA in a two- step reaction.
Lac Operon
Activation Lac Operon
Eukaryotic Transcription
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
5. EF-Tu GTP binds with an aminoacyl- tRNA and brings it to the ribosome. Once the correct aminoacyl- tRNA is positioned in the ribosome - GTP is hydrolyzed and EF-Tu* GDP dissociates away from the ribosome
Degeneracy
Elongation Factor Tu
RNA Primer
Merodiploid
6. 1. Initiation: unwind DNA at the origin of replication (ori) - bidirectional replications; regulated as required for cell division 2. Elongation: requires RNA primer to replicate 3. Termination: signaled by Ter sequence
Monocistronic
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Retrovirus
Visualization of DNA
7. A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Pleiotropic
DNA Replication
Wobble
Prokaryote
8. C - N - O - H make up 99% cell weight - 70% is water
CAP
What makes up a cell?
Diauxie
Activation Lac Operon
9. The process of decreasing the expression of inducible genes
Monocistronic
When tryptophan is high
Repression
Inducible expression
10. A templated process just like in DNA replication and there is no processing steps.
Bacterial Transcription
araI
Ribosomes
Central Dogma
11. Ribosome doesn't stop at trp codons and stem loop forms between 3 and 4. RNAP stops prematurely (attenuated)
Prokaryote
tRNA
Cells
When tryptophan is high
12. Start codon is usually ATG - first amino acid is n - formyl- methionine. It is assisted by initiation factors (IF) and requires ribosomal binding sites (RBS). It is a polycistronic protein translation (operon).
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Elongation Factor Tu
cAMP
When tryptophan is high
13. Select correct ribonucleotides; loss of sigma factor - transcription bubble - no need for primers
Eukaryotic Transcription
Elongation (Protein)
Induction
Elongation
14. Production of commercial products generated by the metabolic actions of microorganisms.
Molecular Biotechnology
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Constitutive expression
Activation Lac Operon
15. A strand segment complementary to the template with a free 3'OH group
RNA Primer
Repressible expression
Wobble
Gene
16. The repressor dimer (aporepressor) can't bind to the repressor. Transcription from the promoter is not stopped. When tryptophan is bound to the repressor dimer - the repressor changes configuration so that it can bind to the operator and transcriptio
Molecular Biotechnology
TrpR Repression
TrpL
Regulated gene expression
17. Genes for products that are required at all times.
When tryptophan is high
Bacterial Transcription
CAP
Housekeeping genes
18. Operons transcribed as single mRNA and mRNA codes for more than one protein.
Polycistronic
Types of DNA
LacI Possibilities
RNA
19. 1. Capping: 5' phosphate capped by 7- methyl guanosine and is a 5'-5' linkage instead of 5'-3' This makes RNA more stable 2. Intron removal 3. Export to cytoplasm 4. Polyadenylated mRNA precursor
Levels of Cells
Initiation
mRNA processing
CAP
20. When arabinose is absent - there is no need to express the structural genes. AraC does this by binding simultaneously to araI and araO2 - making a looped DNA. This blocks access to Pbad promoter. AraC is an autoregulator of its own expression and the
Elongation
Negative regulation
mRNA processing
Melting temperature (Tm)
21. A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote
Open reading frame
Melting temperature (Tm)
Diauxie
22. Reverse Transcriptase
Retrovirus
Inducible expression
Melting temperature (Tm)
When tryptophan is low
23. Search for site to start transcription - unwind DNA; -35 region and pribnow region (-10 region).
Initiation
mRNA processing
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
3 Stages of DNA Replication
24. Comprised of >50 proteins associated with rRNA units. Site of protein synthesis and binds mRNA and finds protein synthesis initiation sites. It also binds aa- tRNA and catalyzes peptide bond formation.
Ribosomes
CAP
Elongation Factor Tu
ara operon
25. 1. mRNA - template for protein synthesis 2. tRNA - carrier of amino acid (the adaptor)3. aminoacyl- tRNA synthetase - pairs tRNA with the cognate amino acid - needs ATP 4. ribosome - site of protein synthesis - read in three frames - start codon is A
Retrovirus
RNA
Types of DNA
Components of Translation
26. TrpE through trpA are five enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan from chorismic acid. If the cell has enough tryptophan - then it doesn't need to waste energy transcribing this mRNA. In the presence of tryptophan - the oper
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
What makes up a cell?
Trp operon
DNAP
27. LacY: Transports lactose into the cell LacZ: B- galactosidase LacA: transacetylase LacI: lacI+ cells fully inducible - lacI- were already induced and not responsive to IPTG X- gal: analog of lactose that turns blue when cleaved by lacZ product and o
Diauxie
Open reading frame
Regulated gene expression
Lac Operon
28. 1. Synthesis of commercial products by recombinant organisms 2. Biopolymers 3. Bioremediation 4. Biomass utilization
Elongation
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
DNA Replication
Trp operon
29. Gene products increase in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Monocistronic
Inducible expression
Lac Operon
TrpR Repression
30. Unvarying expression of gene
Elongation
RNA
Constitutive expression
Retrovirus
31. In prokaryotes - related genes often arrayed in tandem. A unit of bacterial gene expression and regulation - recognized by a regulator gene product
Wobble
Operon
Types of DNA
Trp operon
32. The ribosome translating the leader peptide arrives at the two tryptophan codons and has to wait for tryptophan. During this time - RNAP continues to transcribe. Stem loop between 2 and 3.
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
When tryptophan is low
Negative regulation
Constitutive expression
33. The small ribosomal subunit binds to 5'-G cap on processed mRNA (no RBS) - uses met instead of fmet for initiation; monocistronic translation
Nonsense suppression
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Inducible expression
34. Eukaryotic. mRNA that codes for one protein
Types of DNA
CAP
Positive regulation
Monocistronic
35. 1. LacI- makes an internal inducer -- NO. Found that lacI- doesn't dominate over lacI+ and is not always constitutive. 2. LacI- is a repressor protein -- YES. LacI+ dominates over lacI- because when both are together - lac operon is inducible. LacI m
Bacterial Transcription
Degeneracy
TrpR Repression
LacI Possibilities
36. When arabinose is present - it binds to araC and allosterically induces it to bind to araI instead araO2. If glucose is absent - then the presence of CAP bound to its site between araO1 and araI helps break the DNA loop and helps araC bind to araI
Open reading frame
mRNA processing
Positive regulation
LacI Possibilities
37. In the presence of glucose and lactose - bacteria grows first on glucose - then growth levels off - and starts growing on lactose. You have diauxie growth because (1) CAP helps recruit RNAP. in the presence of glucose - CAMP is low so it can't bind t
Proteins
Housekeeping genes
Diauxie
Types of DNA
38. The first two bases of the codon always form strong Watson -Crick base- pairing. The first base in the anticodon determines the number of codons a tRNA can recognize. The first position in anticodon is often modified to inosine to facilitate wobble b
Wobble
Pleiotropic
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Levels of Cells
39. Codes for three enzymes needed to catalyze the metabolism of arabinose. The operon is regulated by araC gene product.
LacI Possibilities
Open reading frame
Activation Lac Operon
ara operon
40. A haploid organism that is diploid for a small region of the chromosome (partial diploid)
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Merodiploid
Housekeeping genes
Ribosomes
41. Gene products decrease in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
RNA
cAMP
Repressible expression
Types of DNA
42. Functions: enzymes - regulation - structural - cellular functions Polymers of amino acids and connected by peptide bonds. Can fold into complex structures.
Constitutive expression
Proteins
CAP
Central Dogma
43. 4. Cells + organelle 3. Supermolecular complexes 2. Macromolecules 1. Monomeric units
DNA Replication
Levels of Cells
Positive regulation
Visualization of DNA
44. Structural and functional units of life. All organisms are made of cells - all cells are derived from preexisting cells - the purpose of a microorganism is to make another microorganisms as quickly as possible; alter metabolism of microorganism to ma
Bacterial Transcription
When tryptophan is low
Cells
When tryptophan is high
45. Important to suppress mutations at 3rd position and you don't need to have a lot of stop codons; cells can be more flexible
Lac Operon
cAMP
Degeneracy
mRNA processing
46. In E. coli - DNAP III can unwind DNA (helicase) and replicate both strands of DNA. It also has proofreading activity and corrects mistakes 3' to 5' exonuclease
cAMP
DNAP
Lac Operon
Retrovirus
47. Inducer site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araO2 site to repress transcription from the Pbad promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter.
araI
Elongation
Cells
Regulated gene expression
48. 1. mRNA: encodes genetic information 2. tRNA: transfer RNA - involved in protein synthesis (DNA to amino acids) 3. rRNA: ribosome RNA - involved in protein synthesis (polypeptide formation) 4. Ribozymes and RNAi - Can store genetic information and ca
Melting temperature (Tm)
RNA
araO1
Types of DNA
49. Determines amino acid selection. A noncognate amino acid charge incorrectly to the tRNA will be inserted into the protein. Introduce new amino acid by using tRNA for UAG.
Proteins
Termination:
tRNA
Visualization of DNA
50. 1. Nucleic acid hybridization: (a) bind single stranded DNA to a membrane support - (b) add single stranded labeled DNA (probe) under appropriate conditions - (c) wash the support to remove excess unbound labeled probe DNA - (d) detect the hybrid seq
Eukaryote
When tryptophan is low
DNA diagnostic systems
3 Stages of DNA Replication