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Test your basic knowledge |
Molecular Biotechnology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The repressor dimer (aporepressor) can't bind to the repressor. Transcription from the promoter is not stopped. When tryptophan is bound to the repressor dimer - the repressor changes configuration so that it can bind to the operator and transcriptio
Degeneracy
Levels of Cells
Prokaryote
TrpR Repression
2. Expression levels rise and fall in response to molecular signals
Components of Translation
Elongation
araO2
Regulated gene expression
3. A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Degeneracy
Elongation
Prokaryote
Induction
4. Release DNA - rewind DNA - release RNA; stop signals or rho mediated termination (hairpin is a palindromic GC- rich region followed by an AT- rich region; Rho is a termination factor that binds to nascent RNA) RNAP has sigma factor that recognizes pr
Elongation (Protein)
cAMP
Termination:
Repression
5. A segment of DNA molecule contains the information required for synthesis of a functional biological product
Prokaryote
cAMP
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Gene
6. The process in which an exact copy of the double strand DNA is made. It is a templated process and occurs from 5' to 3' end. DNAP - RNA primer; semiconservative (each strand is a template for the replication of the complementary strand)
What makes up a cell?
DNA Replication
Housekeeping genes
RNA Primer
7. 1. mRNA: encodes genetic information 2. tRNA: transfer RNA - involved in protein synthesis (DNA to amino acids) 3. rRNA: ribosome RNA - involved in protein synthesis (polypeptide formation) 4. Ribozymes and RNAi - Can store genetic information and ca
RNA
Melting temperature (Tm)
CAP
tRNA
8. The first two bases of the codon always form strong Watson -Crick base- pairing. The first base in the anticodon determines the number of codons a tRNA can recognize. The first position in anticodon is often modified to inosine to facilitate wobble b
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
RNA Primer
Constitutive expression
Wobble
9. 1. LacI- makes an internal inducer -- NO. Found that lacI- doesn't dominate over lacI+ and is not always constitutive. 2. LacI- is a repressor protein -- YES. LacI+ dominates over lacI- because when both are together - lac operon is inducible. LacI m
Positive regulation
Melting temperature (Tm)
Diauxie
LacI Possibilities
10. Unvarying expression of gene
cAMP
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
Constitutive expression
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
11. Need to remove introns before changing into mRNA - then take mRNA out of the nucleus. Has 3 RNAP (RNAP I synthesizes rRNA - II synthesizes mRNA - III synthesizes tRNA and small rRNA). Transcription factors are similar to sigma factors.
DNA Replication
Eukaryotic Transcription
araO1
Pleiotropic
12. Replication > DNA > Transcription > RNA > Translation > Protein
Central Dogma
Molecular Biotechnology
Melting temperature (Tm)
Degeneracy
13. Functions: enzymes - regulation - structural - cellular functions Polymers of amino acids and connected by peptide bonds. Can fold into complex structures.
Nonsense suppression
Molecular Biotechnology
Operon
Proteins
14. AARS charges the correct amino acid to tRNA in a two- step reaction.
Elongation
Cells
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Elongation Factor Tu
15. 1. Capping: 5' phosphate capped by 7- methyl guanosine and is a 5'-5' linkage instead of 5'-3' This makes RNA more stable 2. Intron removal 3. Export to cytoplasm 4. Polyadenylated mRNA precursor
When tryptophan is low
Bacterial Transcription
mRNA processing
ara operon
16. Genes for products that are required at all times.
Housekeeping genes
Inducible expression
Levels of Cells
ara operon
17. A haploid organism that is diploid for a small region of the chromosome (partial diploid)
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Eukaryote
mRNA processing
Merodiploid
18. The process of decreasing the expression of inducible genes
Bacterial Transcription
Repression
Eukaryote
araO2
19. Chromosome (contains host genetic information) - plasmids (prokaryotes; small - self- replicating DNA; supercoil) - free nucleotides
Lac Operon
Types of DNA
Elongation (Protein)
Polycistronic
20. A templated process just like in DNA replication and there is no processing steps.
Bacterial Transcription
Ribosomes
Positive regulation
Merodiploid
21. A strand segment complementary to the template with a free 3'OH group
RNA Primer
mRNA processing
Activation Lac Operon
Degeneracy
22. Gene products decrease in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Levels of Cells
Repressible expression
cAMP
araO2
23. The small ribosomal subunit binds to 5'-G cap on processed mRNA (no RBS) - uses met instead of fmet for initiation; monocistronic translation
DNAP
Initiation of Translation in Eukaryote
Retrovirus
Prokaryote
24. TrpE through trpA are five enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan from chorismic acid. If the cell has enough tryptophan - then it doesn't need to waste energy transcribing this mRNA. In the presence of tryptophan - the oper
What makes up a cell?
Molecular Biotechnology
DNA Replication
Trp operon
25. Inducer site; araC bound at this site can simultaneously bind to the araO2 site to repress transcription from the Pbad promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter.
Monocistronic
araI
mRNA processing
Initiation
26. A reading frame without termination codon among 50 or more codons. Usually correspond to genes that encode proteins
Polycistronic
ara operon
Prokaryote
Open reading frame
27. Gene products increase in concentration under particular molecular circumstances
Melting temperature (Tm)
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
Regulated gene expression
Inducible expression
28. Comprised of >50 proteins associated with rRNA units. Site of protein synthesis and binds mRNA and finds protein synthesis initiation sites. It also binds aa- tRNA and catalyzes peptide bond formation.
Negative regulation
Levels of Cells
Ribosomes
Housekeeping genes
29. When arabinose is present - it binds to araC and allosterically induces it to bind to araI instead araO2. If glucose is absent - then the presence of CAP bound to its site between araO1 and araI helps break the DNA loop and helps araC bind to araI
Positive regulation
Constitutive expression
Elongation
When tryptophan is low
30. Determines amino acid selection. A noncognate amino acid charge incorrectly to the tRNA will be inserted into the protein. Introduce new amino acid by using tRNA for UAG.
Activation Lac Operon
Open reading frame
Melting temperature (Tm)
tRNA
31. C - N - O - H make up 99% cell weight - 70% is water
Merodiploid
Cells
Initiation of Translation in Bacteria
What makes up a cell?
32. 1. Synthesis of commercial products by recombinant organisms 2. Biopolymers 3. Bioremediation 4. Biomass utilization
araO1
Melting temperature (Tm)
tRNA
Impacts of Molecular Biotechnology
33. Attenuation
TrpL
Operon
Bacterial Transcription
Central Dogma
34. Search for site to start transcription - unwind DNA; -35 region and pribnow region (-10 region).
Melting temperature (Tm)
Negative regulation
Termination:
Initiation
35. In E. coli - DNAP III can unwind DNA (helicase) and replicate both strands of DNA. It also has proofreading activity and corrects mistakes 3' to 5' exonuclease
Retrovirus
DNAP
Levels of Cells
Initiation
36. In the presence of glucose and lactose - bacteria grows first on glucose - then growth levels off - and starts growing on lactose. You have diauxie growth because (1) CAP helps recruit RNAP. in the presence of glucose - CAMP is low so it can't bind t
Diauxie
Molecular Biotechnology
Trp operon
Negative regulation
37. The process of increasing the expression of inducible genes
Elongation Factor Tu
ara operon
Induction
Ribosomes
38. 1. mRNA - template for protein synthesis 2. tRNA - carrier of amino acid (the adaptor)3. aminoacyl- tRNA synthetase - pairs tRNA with the cognate amino acid - needs ATP 4. ribosome - site of protein synthesis - read in three frames - start codon is A
Operon
ara operon
Components of Translation
Types of DNA
39. 1. Initiation: unwind DNA at the origin of replication (ori) - bidirectional replications; regulated as required for cell division 2. Elongation: requires RNA primer to replicate 3. Termination: signaled by Ter sequence
DNAP
3 Stages of DNA Replication
Proteins
RNA
40. 1. Ethidium bromide staining 2. P32 - P33 radioactivity 3. Fluorescence 4. Agarose gel electrophoresis
Induction
Visualization of DNA
Activation Lac Operon
Eukaryotic Transcription
41. Nonsense mutation in gene that results in truncated protein can be lethal. Sometimes a second mutation arises that counteracts the effects of the mutation. Amber stop codon (UAG/TAG/etc) and amber suppressor tRNA (CUA/etc) can restore protein size an
Polycistronic
Nonsense suppression
Eukaryotic Transcription
Negative regulation
42. A small catabolite molecule. Its level is determined by the level of glucose in the cell where glucose controls the rate of cAMP formation with ATP. When there is high glucose - there is low levels of cAMP. cAMP activator protein (CAP) has to bind cA
DNA diagnostic systems
Diauxie
cAMP
Monocistronic
43. Three sites recruit tRNA and forms peptidyl- tRNA bonds (E - exit; P - peptide; A - acceptor).
Bacterial Transcription
tRNA
Diauxie
Elongation (Protein)
44. Production of commercial products generated by the metabolic actions of microorganisms.
Ribosomes
Amino acyl- tRNA synthase
Molecular Biotechnology
Pleiotropic
45. Operator site - araC binds to this site and represses its own transcription from the PC promoter. In the presence of arabinose - araC bound at this site helps to activate expression of Pbad promoter
Gene
Diauxie
araO1
Induction
46. Ribosome doesn't stop at trp codons and stem loop forms between 3 and 4. RNAP stops prematurely (attenuated)
Degeneracy
cAMP
Termination:
When tryptophan is high
47. Structural and functional units of life. All organisms are made of cells - all cells are derived from preexisting cells - the purpose of a microorganism is to make another microorganisms as quickly as possible; alter metabolism of microorganism to ma
Degeneracy
Eukaryotic Transcription
Cells
Monocistronic
48. Important to suppress mutations at 3rd position and you don't need to have a lot of stop codons; cells can be more flexible
Pleiotropic
Proteins
Eukaryote
Degeneracy
49. 1. Nucleic acid hybridization: (a) bind single stranded DNA to a membrane support - (b) add single stranded labeled DNA (probe) under appropriate conditions - (c) wash the support to remove excess unbound labeled probe DNA - (d) detect the hybrid seq
DNA diagnostic systems
Housekeeping genes
Pleiotropic
Visualization of DNA
50. Select correct ribonucleotides; loss of sigma factor - transcription bubble - no need for primers
Merodiploid
Negative regulation
Elongation
Trp operon