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Molecular Biotechnology 2

Subject : engineering
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. During meiosis - homologous recombination happens in chromosomes to generate offspring diversity. Recombination is used to repair DNA damage and can be induced by a wide array of environmental stresses.






2. 1. Decide the desired coverage of the genome 2. Choose an appropriate vector for making the library 3. Digest the genome pieces and clone into the vector 4. Introduce the library into e.coli host using appropriate means 5. Design probes to investiga






3. Introduce DNA into bacteria. Transformation efficiency can be increased by making cells competent (treating with cold CaCl2 and heat shock at 42C).






4. Use polyT to 'trap' the mRNA and leave tRNA and rRNA behind.






5. The host's immune system that protects against foreign DNA (DNA binding proteins). It protects the hosts DNA through methylation and digests DNA that isn't methylated. Hydrolyze phosophodiester bond at specific sequences. Binding/cutting sites can be






6. 1. Detecting pathogens using genome- specific primer pairs 2. Screening specific genes for unknown mutations 3. Genotyping using known STS (sequence tagged sites) markers






7. A host for recombinant DNA because it can grow fast and to a high cell density. It can also transcribe most foreign genes efficiently and there are many strains that facilitate genetic manipulations.






8. Move plasmid into cell. In cancer biology - this means converting non - carcinoma cell to carcinoma cell.






9. As the process continues - the complementary DNA strand is built up and the nucleotide sequence is determined from the signal peaks in the pyrogram.






10. Introduced on plasmids sensitive to temperature






11. Directional cloning of a DNA fragment - single site cloning - blunt end cloning - polylinker - creating new restriction sites






12. Type I and III: cut and modify DNA by methylation - binding and cutting sites differ - requires ATP to move along DNA - and not efficient for DNA manipulation Type II: has only restriction activity - no modification; cutting sites are adjacent or wit






13. SDS lysis cells - potassium acetate/acetic acid is used to neutralize pH and precipitates lipids and large proteins - centrifuge to separate out plasmid DNA from precipitates






14. ATP sulfurylase quantitatively converts PPi to ATP in the presence of APS. This ATP drives the luciferase mediated conversion of luciferin to oxyluciferin that generates visible light in amounts that are porportional to the amount of ATP and is detec






15. A method to assemble long sequences of chromosomal DNA. It involves hybridizing a primer of known sequence to a clone from an unordered genomic library and synthesizing a short complementary strand. The complementary strand is then sequenced and its






16. 1. Delete genetic information on the chromosomes of species of interest (knock outs) 2. Insert new genes and DNA sequences into desired positions on the chromosome (not relying on plasmids) 3. Generate genetically engineered species






17. A technique that sequences the N terminus and C terminus sequence of purified proteins. These sequences can be used to design degenerate primers and probe a gene library. (1) Purify protein from cell sample - (2) break it up - (3) enzyme assay - (4)






18. DNA sequencing - Understand biological processes - Study the function of encoded protein - Introduce a mutation into the gene - Evolve a protein towards desirable functions - Obtain large amounts of a protein






19. E. coli polymerase denatures at 95C and new enzyme has to be added each time. TaqP is a thermal stable organism and only need to add once - but will denature after 30 min at 95C (may be able to reduce temperature after a few cycles; increase denatura






20. 1. Use RTase to go from RNA to DNA 2. Use RNAseH to get rid of RNA 3. Use TaqP to make top strand of DNA - can't detect quantity of RNA/DNA






21. Extrachromosomal - circular DNA that has autonomous - self- replicating genetic elements. Found in bacteria - yeast. Transferred to daughter cells during cell division. Size varies from 1kb ~ 200 -000 kb.






22. An identical copy. This term was originally applied to individual cells that were isolated and allowed to grow to create the same cell.






23. Integrate into cellular chromosome.






24. Fluorescent dye is attached to 3' of each of the four bases (ddNTP) and will emit a narrow spectrum of light when struck by an argon ion laser beam. All four ddNTP can be added to the same reaction. >800 bases can be sequenced






25. (1) Gene is separated from chromosome - (2) gene is put into a vector - (3) vector replicates to produce multiple copies of the gene.






26. This uses a suicide plasmid (no ori) to do single crossover recombination because you want to force the plasmid to integrate its gene into the chromosome. Maintenance on chromosome allows plasmid to survive.






27. Strong positive reaction with moderate nucleic acid






28. Has been cloned and re- engineered to have negligible levels of RNase H activity - without compromising its first strand cDNA polymerizing function






29. The first reverse transcriptase specifically purified for use in first stand cDNA reactions






30. Plasmids have an ori sequence for replication. The sequence of ori and plasmid encoded proteins determine the 'copy- number' of plasmids. Stringent control of replication (1 copy per cell division - low cell copy number plasmid); relaxed control of r






31. 4-8 bp long (usually 6). Mostly palindromic because the nuclease is 2 enzymes coming together. There are 3 types of cleavage: (1) blunt ends - (2) 5' overhang sticky end - (3) 3' overhang sticky end.






32. dNTP is added to the reaction Each time dNTP is incorporated to DNA - pyrophosphate (PPi) is released in a quantity equimolar to the amount of incorporated nucleotide.






33. Small size (between 3-50 kb) and it is more efficient to transfer into host cell. Unique restriction enzyme sites and selectable marker (antibiotic resistance genes)






34. Can be used to linearize circular DNA - can have double digest - usually done at 37C but some done at 55C - digest time depends on the amount of enzyme






35. Increases specificity - sensitivity - and yield without redesigning primers. The initial annealing temperature is above the projected melting temperature of the primers being used. It then transitions to lower - more permissive annealing temperature






36. Primers anneal to complementary sequences on DNA template and determine the boundaries of the amplified product.






37. Two components to perform the traceless recombination on chromosomes: 1. FLP recognition target (FRT): inverted repeat 2. FLP recombinase






38. A viral polymerase that converts sticky ends to blunt ends. Has polymerase activity and nuclease activity.






39. 20-25 nt oligonucleotide that will hybridize to DNA of interest. It can be radiolabeled with kinase and 32P-ATP or fluorescently labeled.






40. Apyrase - a nucleotide degrading enzyme continuously degrades unincorporated dNTPs and excess ATP. When degradation is complete - another dNTP is added.






41. A DNA Virus that infects bacteria with its chromosomal DNA. The Phage DNA is linear (35-50 kb) but circularizes in host. It encodes virus specific enzymes and is replicated in the host. It gets integrated into bacteria genome.






42. Each clone on the plate has the gene of interest - but there are only a few colonies that have the gene. Once do a filter paper - you need to do it again around the area where colonies popped up first until finally know where the colony is.






43. Four Components: 1. Template (Target DNA) - doesn't need to be purified and can be from anything 2. Primers (short oligonucleotides) 3. dNTP (building blocks) 4. Thermostable polymerase - no need for RNA primers like in actual DNA replication






44. DNA footprinting; will have an empty region if DNA has protein binding to it because that region won't be amplified.






45. Assist recombination between homologous DNA sequences.






46. Restriction nucleases - electrophoresis - vector - ligase - bacterial host - identifying the cloned gene






47. Strong positive reactions with abundant nucleic acid






48. Need: polymerase - dNTP (one is labeled with 32P to provide signal) - ddNTP (3'H will terminate DNA synthesis; dideoxyribose; only one is put in and added in excess) - synthesizes DNA and can deduce sequence wherever DNA stops synthesizing because o






49. A DNA which is complementary to an RNA (a complementary DNA); Generally made by reverse transcription of mRNA. (1) purification of mRNA with polyT because mRNA has lots of polyA on 3' end - (2) first strand DNA synthesis using RTase - (3) second stra






50. 1. Cycles of temperatures 2. 94C denatures DNA 3. Lower temperature so primers can bind to DNA at specific locations 4. Polymerase carries out templated DNA synthesis with primers at an optimal temperature (~72C) 5. Product serves as the template for