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Molecular Biotechnology 2

Subject : engineering
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Introduce DNA into bacteria. Transformation efficiency can be increased by making cells competent (treating with cold CaCl2 and heat shock at 42C).






2. ATP sulfurylase quantitatively converts PPi to ATP in the presence of APS. This ATP drives the luciferase mediated conversion of luciferin to oxyluciferin that generates visible light in amounts that are porportional to the amount of ATP and is detec






3. 1. Use RTase to go from RNA to DNA 2. Use RNAseH to get rid of RNA 3. Use TaqP to make top strand of DNA - can't detect quantity of RNA/DNA






4. Each cell can maintain different plasmids with different selection markers. If the plasmid has the same selection marker - one will be lost. Transformation is very inefficient (<1% of the cell can be transformed).






5. This uses a suicide plasmid (no ori) to do single crossover recombination because you want to force the plasmid to integrate its gene into the chromosome. Maintenance on chromosome allows plasmid to survive.






6. Used to remove selection marker after Red- mediated recombination.






7. Sequencing primer is hybridized to a single stranded DNA and incubated with enzymes - DNAP - ATP sulfurylase - luciferase - and apyrase. Adenosine 5' phosphosulfate (APS) and luciferin are added.






8. (1) Gene is separated from chromosome - (2) gene is put into a vector - (3) vector replicates to produce multiple copies of the gene.






9. 1. Detecting pathogens using genome- specific primer pairs 2. Screening specific genes for unknown mutations 3. Genotyping using known STS (sequence tagged sites) markers






10. E. coli polymerase denatures at 95C and new enzyme has to be added each time. TaqP is a thermal stable organism and only need to add once - but will denature after 30 min at 95C (may be able to reduce temperature after a few cycles; increase denatura






11. Extrachromosomal - circular DNA that has autonomous - self- replicating genetic elements. Found in bacteria - yeast. Transferred to daughter cells during cell division. Size varies from 1kb ~ 200 -000 kb.






12. Weak reactions with minimal nucleic acid (representing an infection state or environmental contamination).






13. Assist recombination between homologous DNA sequences.






14. Each clone on the plate has the gene of interest - but there are only a few colonies that have the gene. Once do a filter paper - you need to do it again around the area where colonies popped up first until finally know where the colony is.






15. From bacteriophage lambda and help in the removal of chromosomal genes in e.coli. As little as 30 nt homologous region is required - which can be introduced as overhangs in a PCR reaction using the selection marker as template 1. Gam - protects line






16. 1. Label one end of DNA with radioactivity 2. Cut DNA at different places wherever A/G/C/T pop up using different chemicals 3. Line up DNA pieces by size using gel electrophoresis.






17. Strong positive reaction with moderate nucleic acid






18. A DNA Virus that infects bacteria with its chromosomal DNA. The Phage DNA is linear (35-50 kb) but circularizes in host. It encodes virus specific enzymes and is replicated in the host. It gets integrated into bacteria genome.






19. A technique that sequences the N terminus and C terminus sequence of purified proteins. These sequences can be used to design degenerate primers and probe a gene library. (1) Purify protein from cell sample - (2) break it up - (3) enzyme assay - (4)






20. Use virus/bacteria phase to infect cell






21. Integrate into cellular chromosome.






22. 1. Primer length is between 18-24 nucleotides long. 2. Duplex stability: both primers need to have similar Tm to have the same hybridization kinetics during the template annealing phase. Remove bases to have the same Tm 3. Non - complementary primer






23. Two components to perform the traceless recombination on chromosomes: 1. FLP recognition target (FRT): inverted repeat 2. FLP recombinase






24. An identical copy. This term was originally applied to individual cells that were isolated and allowed to grow to create the same cell.






25. Strong positive reactions with abundant nucleic acid






26. A viral polymerase that converts sticky ends to blunt ends. Has polymerase activity and nuclease activity.






27. A host for recombinant DNA because it can grow fast and to a high cell density. It can also transcribe most foreign genes efficiently and there are many strains that facilitate genetic manipulations.






28. Used so the cell isn't killed and can still transfer foreign DNA into a host cell. The DNA can be propagated in a host cell and hosts with the vector can be selected over hosts that don't have the vector. Plasmids - viruses - plasmids + viruses (cosm






29. Directional cloning of a DNA fragment - single site cloning - blunt end cloning - polylinker - creating new restriction sites






30. 1. If a product is formed: PCR can be unsuccessful if the quality of DNA is poor - one of the primers doesn't fit - too much starting template (non - specific binding) - optimization 2. Product is of the right size: primers may bind to different part






31. Use polyT to 'trap' the mRNA and leave tRNA and rRNA behind.






32. 1. Delete genetic information on the chromosomes of species of interest (knock outs) 2. Insert new genes and DNA sequences into desired positions on the chromosome (not relying on plasmids) 3. Generate genetically engineered species






33. Fluorescent dye is attached to 3' of each of the four bases (ddNTP) and will emit a narrow spectrum of light when struck by an argon ion laser beam. All four ddNTP can be added to the same reaction. >800 bases can be sequenced






34. Need: polymerase - dNTP (one is labeled with 32P to provide signal) - ddNTP (3'H will terminate DNA synthesis; dideoxyribose; only one is put in and added in excess) - synthesizes DNA and can deduce sequence wherever DNA stops synthesizing because o






35. 1. Decide the desired coverage of the genome 2. Choose an appropriate vector for making the library 3. Digest the genome pieces and clone into the vector 4. Introduce the library into e.coli host using appropriate means 5. Design probes to investiga






36. Increases specificity - sensitivity - and yield without redesigning primers. The initial annealing temperature is above the projected melting temperature of the primers being used. It then transitions to lower - more permissive annealing temperature






37. The host's immune system that protects against foreign DNA (DNA binding proteins). It protects the hosts DNA through methylation and digests DNA that isn't methylated. Hydrolyze phosophodiester bond at specific sequences. Binding/cutting sites can be






38. 20-25 nt oligonucleotide that will hybridize to DNA of interest. It can be radiolabeled with kinase and 32P-ATP or fluorescently labeled.






39. Has been cloned and re- engineered to have negligible levels of RNase H activity - without compromising its first strand cDNA polymerizing function






40. Cell lysis --> new phages. In nonrestrictive bacteria - there is more chance lysis. Plaques appear where cells have lysed.






41. Four Components: 1. Template (Target DNA) - doesn't need to be purified and can be from anything 2. Primers (short oligonucleotides) 3. dNTP (building blocks) 4. Thermostable polymerase - no need for RNA primers like in actual DNA replication






42. Apyrase - a nucleotide degrading enzyme continuously degrades unincorporated dNTPs and excess ATP. When degradation is complete - another dNTP is added.






43. DNA sequencing - Understand biological processes - Study the function of encoded protein - Introduce a mutation into the gene - Evolve a protein towards desirable functions - Obtain large amounts of a protein






44. The first reverse transcriptase specifically purified for use in first stand cDNA reactions






45. Plasmids have an ori sequence for replication. The sequence of ori and plasmid encoded proteins determine the 'copy- number' of plasmids. Stringent control of replication (1 copy per cell division - low cell copy number plasmid); relaxed control of r






46. Type I and III: cut and modify DNA by methylation - binding and cutting sites differ - requires ATP to move along DNA - and not efficient for DNA manipulation Type II: has only restriction activity - no modification; cutting sites are adjacent or wit






47. SDS lysis cells - potassium acetate/acetic acid is used to neutralize pH and precipitates lipids and large proteins - centrifuge to separate out plasmid DNA from precipitates






48. 1. Antibiotic Resistance: gene that degrades toxic compounds 2. Auxotrophic Marker: host is missing some essential amino acid/nucleotide and cell needs it to grow (eg. uracil) - nutritional markers






49. 1. Cycles of temperatures 2. 94C denatures DNA 3. Lower temperature so primers can bind to DNA at specific locations 4. Polymerase carries out templated DNA synthesis with primers at an optimal temperature (~72C) 5. Product serves as the template for






50. Primers anneal to complementary sequences on DNA template and determine the boundaries of the amplified product.