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Nutrition Diagnosis

Subjects : health-sciences, nursing, health-fitness-nutrition

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the complications of Parenteral Nutrition?
Low serum mineral levels - Physical signs of deficiency - Diet hx of low intake - Celiac disease - SBS - IBD
Allows body to heal -To prepare diagnostic test -To prepare Surgical Procedure
Diet hx of low fiber intake - Constipation/low stool volume
Technical complications - Pneumothorax - Septic complications - Local or systemic - Metabolic complications - Most common complication - Most common is hyperglycemia

2. Inadequate protein-energy intake
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO
High BGL - Weight gain - High Hgb A1C - diet hx of energy dense food intake - Excess eating away from home
Low serum vitamin levels - Physical signs of deficiency - Diet hx of low intake
Low HDL - High TSH - High Mg - High PO4 - Diet hx of xs intake - Liver damage - GI distress

3. Excessive or inappropriate protein intake
Kcal count -24 hr recall -Food records
High BUN - Low GFR - Poor growth - Deranged AA ratios - diet hx high PRO or AA supplement
GI problems - Diarrhea - Nausea and vomiting - Cramping - Distention - Constipation - Mechanical complications - Tube displacement - Tube obstruction - Pulmonary aspiration - Mucosal damage
Potential to become malnourished

4. Inadequate oral food/ beverage intake
Before Putting anything in - Radiography - pH of aspirated fluids - Air injection and ausculation - Visual assessment of aspiration
Dry skin - Weight loss - diet hx of low intake - dx: AIDS - TB - AN - sepsis - infection - xs ETOH
Potential to become malnourished
Carbohydrate - Dextrose solutions - Available in initial concentrations of 5% to 70% - Mixed with amino acids and other nutrients to form the final solution - Protein - Mixture of essential and nonessential crystalline amino acids - Available wi

5. Symptoms of Intakes - Increased energy expenditure
Food allergy diet - Common: nuts - eggs - cow's milk - shellfish - wheat - Gluten-restricted diet - Celiac disease (malabsorption syndrome) - Omits wheat - rye - barley - oats - buckwheat - malt - Allows rice and corn - Lactose-restricted - Primary i
Anthropometric data -Clinical data -Dietary intake assessment
Inadequate Intake
Weight loss (5% in 1 month; 10% in 6 months) - Increased activity - dx: Parkinsons - cerebral palsy - dementia

6. What are the IV lipid emulsions for Parenteral Nutriton Solution?
Patients who have difficulty chewing or swallowing food - Goal is to provide a diet that meets nutritional needs and prevents aspiration - Causes of dysphagia - Acute: CVA - seizure - trauma - surgery - anoxia - Progressive: dementia - Parkinson's -
Prealbumin- (visceral protein status) Normal Value: 16-40 g/dl Compromised Protein status: 10-15 g/dl Possible protein malnutrition: <10 g/dl
GI problems - Diarrhea - Nausea and vomiting - Cramping - Distention - Constipation - Mechanical complications - Tube displacement - Tube obstruction - Pulmonary aspiration - Mucosal damage
IV lipid emulsions - Used as a concentrated energy source and to prevent the development of essential fatty acid deficiency - Kcal density of lipid solutions is useful when volume restriction is necessary

7. What is Fat-Controlled Diet?
Foods that are easy to chew - digest - and absorb - Used during transition from liquid diets to regular or general diets - Foods low in fiber - Only lightly seasoned - Not appropriate for patients requiring mechanical soft diets
Before Putting anything in - Radiography - pH of aspirated fluids - Air injection and ausculation - Visual assessment of aspiration
High BUN - High serum osmolality - High Na - Weight loss - Thirst
Management of malabsorption - chronic pancreatitis - gallbladder disease - Medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) utilized with high intake of CHO and protein - Easy to digest - Restricts - High fat - additional fat in cooking - Enzyme replacement may be

8. What is Pureed Diet?
Provides essential nutrients in blenderized form - Clients who are unable to chew or swallow - Can be used long-term
Based on - Patient's digestive and absorptive capabilities - Metabolic requirements - Need for fluid restriction - Done in conjunction with dietician who will calculate patients individual nutritional need and develop plan to initiate feedings
Individualized diets based on swallowing ability and food preference - Evaluate ability to swallow solids and liquids: often done by speech therapist who can also aid in teaching the patient swallowing techniques - Features of food to consider and mo
CHO 55-60% - protein 10-20% - lipid <30% - fiber 20-35 grams - Evaluate glucose levels - serum lipids - kcalories - diet - insulin/medication

9. Less than optimal enteral nutrition
Dry skin - Weight loss - diet hx of low intake - dx: AIDS - TB - AN - sepsis - infection - xs ETOH
High BUN - Low GFR - Poor growth - Deranged AA ratios - diet hx high PRO or AA supplement
Common for this diet to be ordered postoperatively - Permits patient's preferences and situations to be taken into consideration - Also allows for postoperative diet progression at the patient's tolerance
Abnormal liver enzymes - Fatty liver - Weight gain/loss - Edema

10. Excessive or inappropriate fat intake
High chol - amylase/lipase - liver function tests - Diet hx high fat
High BUN - High serum osmolality - High Na - Weight loss - Thirst
Weight gain - Diet hx of energy dense food intake
Weight Loss - dx: AIDS - TB - AN

11. Predicted suboptimal energy intake
Patients who have difficulty chewing or swallowing food - Goal is to provide a diet that meets nutritional needs and prevents aspiration - Causes of dysphagia - Acute: CVA - seizure - trauma - surgery - anoxia - Progressive: dementia - Parkinson's -
Based on - Patient's digestive and absorptive capabilities - Metabolic requirements - Need for fluid restriction - Done in conjunction with dietician who will calculate patients individual nutritional need and develop plan to initiate feedings
Reports or observations of energy intake less than needs - Projected change in ability to procure or consume adequate energy - Knowledge deficit - Projected increase in physical activity
Indirect calorimetry measurement - Vitamin/mineral abnormalities in lab values - Inadequate weight gain - or unintentional weight loss Clinical evidence of vitamin/mineral deficiency

12. Excessive parenteral nutrition infusion
Elevated BUN:creatinine ratio - Hyperglycemia - Hypercapnia - Elevated liver enzymes - Weight gain - Edema - Meds that reduce energy requirements or impair metabolism
Potential to become malnourished
Pudding Thick - Consistency of applesauce or smooth mashed potatoes - Most restrictive - Used with severe levels of dysphagia in which oral intake is still allowed - May require IV hydration - Necessary to closely monitor fluid intake to prevent dehy
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO

13. What is Nutritional risk?
Weight status and trends - BUN - creatinine - serum chemistries - proteins - Fluid status - intake and output
Potential to become malnourished
Management of malabsorption - chronic pancreatitis - gallbladder disease - Medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) utilized with high intake of CHO and protein - Easy to digest - Restricts - High fat - additional fat in cooking - Enzyme replacement may be
High chol - amylase/lipase - liver function tests - Diet hx high fat

14. What are Dysphagia 'warning signs'?
High/low BGL - Meds - Insulin use -
CHO 55-60% - protein 10-20% - lipid <30% - fiber 20-35 grams - Evaluate glucose levels - serum lipids - kcalories - diet - insulin/medication
Based on - Patient's digestive and absorptive capabilities - Metabolic requirements - Need for fluid restriction - Done in conjunction with dietician who will calculate patients individual nutritional need and develop plan to initiate feedings
Collecting food in the mouth - Spitting out food - Inability to control tongue - Coughing before or after swallowing - Choking - Excessive drooling - Regurgitation of food or liquid through nose - mouth or trach tube - Increased time required to eat

15. Inadequate fluid intake
High BUN - High serum osmolality - High Na - Weight loss - Thirst
Low serum mineral levels - Physical signs of deficiency - Diet hx of low intake - Celiac disease - SBS - IBD
Serum Albumin- (visceral protein status) Normal Value: 3.5-5 g/dl 2.8-3.5- compromised protein status <2.4- possible protein malnutrition
Diet hx of low intake

16. What is the assessment of nutritional risk approach? (abcd)
A- Anthropometric approach B- Biochemical Tests C- Clinical Observations D- Diet Evaluations (Kcal - 24 hr recall etc)
Monitor patient's nutritional status - Monitor I&O - Fluid balance - lung sounds - s/s dehydration - etc. - Monitor IV - Change solution bag every 24 hours to decrease infection rate - CVC dressing change q 72 hours - Monitor Blood Chemistry - Fluid
CHO 55-60% - protein 10-20% - lipid <30% - fiber 20-35 grams - Evaluate glucose levels - serum lipids - kcalories - diet - insulin/medication
Pudding Thick - Consistency of applesauce or smooth mashed potatoes - Most restrictive - Used with severe levels of dysphagia in which oral intake is still allowed - May require IV hydration - Necessary to closely monitor fluid intake to prevent dehy

17. How long does TJC require resident screenings to be done during admission?
Abnormal liver function tests - Abnormal levels of nutrient - Weight gain or weight loss - Edema - Nausea - Intolerance
Management of malabsorption - chronic pancreatitis - gallbladder disease - Medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) utilized with high intake of CHO and protein - Easy to digest - Restricts - High fat - additional fat in cooking - Enzyme replacement may be
High BGL - Weight gain - High Hgb A1C - diet hx of energy dense food intake - Excess eating away from home
TJC requires screenings within 48hrs

18. What is Secondary Nutrition Risk?
Caused by disease
Diet hx of low intake
Low serum osmolality - Weight gain - Edema - Excess salt intake
Foods clear and liquid at room/body temperature - :Used to help prevent dehydration and keep colon contents to a minimum - -Good source of fluids and water - Inadequate in: - Protein - Fat - Energy - Fiber - Recommended for short-term use (3-5 days

19. What is Enteral Nutrition? Why preferred over Parenteral Nutrition?
Diet hx of low intake
Pudding Thick - Consistency of applesauce or smooth mashed potatoes - Most restrictive - Used with severe levels of dysphagia in which oral intake is still allowed - May require IV hydration - Necessary to closely monitor fluid intake to prevent dehy
Patients who have difficulty chewing or swallowing food - Goal is to provide a diet that meets nutritional needs and prevents aspiration - Causes of dysphagia - Acute: CVA - seizure - trauma - surgery - anoxia - Progressive: dementia - Parkinson's -
Used when patient has functioning GI tract - Used when patients unable to orally consume adequate nutrients and kcal - Preferred over parenteral nutrition - Physiologically beneficial in maintaining the integrity and function of the gut - Short-term

20. What is Enteral Nutrition based on?

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21. Inadequate energy intake
Prevents aspiration - Thickener added to liquids to created required thickness - Nectar/Syrup thick - Consistency of heavy syrup in canned fruit - Least restrictive - Cream based soups and most nutritional supplements - Honey thick - Consistency of h
Serum Albumin- (visceral protein status) Normal Value: 3.5-5 g/dl 2.8-3.5- compromised protein status <2.4- possible protein malnutrition
Based on - Patient's digestive and absorptive capabilities - Metabolic requirements - Need for fluid restriction - Done in conjunction with dietician who will calculate patients individual nutritional need and develop plan to initiate feedings
Low cholesterol - Weight loss - Poor dentition - Self-feeding problems - Inadequate nutrition support

22. How long should Nutritional screenings be done to residents being admitted?
Prealbumin- (visceral protein status) Normal Value: 16-40 g/dl Compromised Protein status: 10-15 g/dl Possible protein malnutrition: <10 g/dl
14 days of admission
High AST/GGT - Blood ETOH - diet hx of > 2 drinks/day - liver dx
Kcal count -24 hr recall -Food records

23. What are the assessments for Enteral Feedings?
Assessment - Residuals - Weight - Lung sounds - Edema - I & O - Blood glucose monitoring - Blood chemistry
Reports or observations of energy intake more than needs - Lower physical activity - Planned change in mobility/physical activity - Meds increasing appetite - Knowledge deficit
Poor nutrition prevents or delays recovery from injury.
Patients who have difficulty chewing or swallowing food - Goal is to provide a diet that meets nutritional needs and prevents aspiration - Causes of dysphagia - Acute: CVA - seizure - trauma - surgery - anoxia - Progressive: dementia - Parkinson's -

24. How do you monitor response for enteral treatment?
Weight status and trends - BUN - creatinine - serum chemistries - proteins - Fluid status - intake and output
Diet hx of low plant food intake
Low serum osmolality - Weight gain - Edema - Excess salt intake
Underweight-bmi<18.5 normal- 18.5-24.9 overweight-25.0-29.9 obese- bmi>30

25. Inadequate enteral nutrition infusion
Height/length -Weight -BMI -Body Measures (skin fold thickness)
Weight gain - Diet hx of energy dense food intake
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO
Low cholesterol - Low Ca - High PTT - Low Cu/Zn/Fe - Weight loss - Dehydration

26. Predicted Suboptimal Nutrient Intake
Weight gain - Diet hx of energy dense food intake
Food allergy diet - Common: nuts - eggs - cow's milk - shellfish - wheat - Gluten-restricted diet - Celiac disease (malabsorption syndrome) - Omits wheat - rye - barley - oats - buckwheat - malt - Allows rice and corn - Lactose-restricted - Primary i
Biochemical parameters indicating suboptimal nutrient intake - Estimated intake less than needs - Cultural or religious practices - Knowledge deficit - Meds affecting appetite
Potential to become malnourished

27. What is the classifications of BMI and numbers?
Reports or observations of energy intake less than needs - Projected change in ability to procure or consume adequate energy - Knowledge deficit - Projected increase in physical activity
Management of malabsorption - chronic pancreatitis - gallbladder disease - Medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) utilized with high intake of CHO and protein - Easy to digest - Restricts - High fat - additional fat in cooking - Enzyme replacement may be
>Moderate nutritional risk: transition from restrictive therapeutic to regular dietary intake >High Nutritional Risk: -Parenteral feeding -Tube Feeding -NPO -Clear liquids for more than 3 days
Underweight-bmi<18.5 normal- 18.5-24.9 overweight-25.0-29.9 obese- bmi>30

28. Inadequate fat intake
Weight Loss - dx: AIDS - TB - AN
>Moderate nutritional risk: transition from restrictive therapeutic to regular dietary intake >High Nutritional Risk: -Parenteral feeding -Tube Feeding -NPO -Clear liquids for more than 3 days
High BGL - Weight gain - High Hgb A1C - diet hx of energy dense food intake - Excess eating away from home
Indirect calorimetry measurement - Vitamin/mineral abnormalities in lab values - Inadequate weight gain - or unintentional weight loss Clinical evidence of vitamin/mineral deficiency

29. What are the 3 levels of Dysphagia?
High chol - PO4 - GFR <90 - High BUN - Edema - Dx: kidney/liver
Pureed - Mechanically altered - Advanced
Common for this diet to be ordered postoperatively - Permits patient's preferences and situations to be taken into consideration - Also allows for postoperative diet progression at the patient's tolerance
High BUN - High BGL - High liver enzymes - Weight gain - Edema

30. What are the feeding modalities?
High/low BGL - Meds - Insulin use -
Underweight-bmi<18.5 normal- 18.5-24.9 overweight-25.0-29.9 obese- bmi>30
Diet hx of low fiber intake - Constipation/low stool volume
>Moderate nutritional risk: transition from restrictive therapeutic to regular dietary intake >High Nutritional Risk: -Parenteral feeding -Tube Feeding -NPO -Clear liquids for more than 3 days

31. Excessive alcohol intake
Biochemical parameters indicating suboptimal nutrient intake - Estimated intake less than needs - Cultural or religious practices - Knowledge deficit - Meds affecting appetite
Prevents aspiration - Thickener added to liquids to created required thickness - Nectar/Syrup thick - Consistency of heavy syrup in canned fruit - Least restrictive - Cream based soups and most nutritional supplements - Honey thick - Consistency of h
Low chol - alb - prealb - elytes/minerals - vitamins - Weight loss - Low BMI - Diet hx of low intake - fever - dx: Crohn's - AIDS - burns
High AST/GGT - Blood ETOH - diet hx of > 2 drinks/day - liver dx

32. Decreased nutrient needs
Foods liquid at room or body temperature - Clear liquid plus milk - pudding - ice cream - soups - yogurt - Used to provide oral nourishment for patients - Difficulty chewing and swallowing solid foods - Commercial nutritional supplements often used
Weight gain - Diet hx of energy dense food intake
High chol - PO4 - GFR <90 - High BUN - Edema - Dx: kidney/liver
Foods clear and liquid at room/body temperature - :Used to help prevent dehydration and keep colon contents to a minimum - -Good source of fluids and water - Inadequate in: - Protein - Fat - Energy - Fiber - Recommended for short-term use (3-5 days

33. What are the Anthropometric measures?
Height/length -Weight -BMI -Body Measures (skin fold thickness)
Diet hx of low intake
High/low BGL - Meds (steroids) - Diet hx
Patients who have difficulty chewing or swallowing food - Goal is to provide a diet that meets nutritional needs and prevents aspiration - Causes of dysphagia - Acute: CVA - seizure - trauma - surgery - anoxia - Progressive: dementia - Parkinson's -

34. Excessive energy intake
Weight loss (5% in 1 month; 10% in 6 months) - Increased activity - dx: Parkinsons - cerebral palsy - dementia
High BUN - High BGL - High liver enzymes - Weight gain - Edema
High liver enzymes - Constipation - Diarrhea - CV changes - High intake of supplements/plant foods
Weight gain - Diet hx of energy dense food intake

35. What are the Carb and Protein Parenteral Nutrition Solutions?
Carbohydrate - Dextrose solutions - Available in initial concentrations of 5% to 70% - Mixed with amino acids and other nutrients to form the final solution - Protein - Mixture of essential and nonessential crystalline amino acids - Available wi
Low serum osmolality - Weight gain - Edema - Excess salt intake
High chol - PO4 - GFR <90 - High BUN - Edema - Dx: kidney/liver
Low HDL - High TSH - High Mg - High PO4 - Diet hx of xs intake - Liver damage - GI distress

36. Excessive mineral intake
Technical complications - Pneumothorax - Septic complications - Local or systemic - Metabolic complications - Most common complication - Most common is hyperglycemia
>Moderate nutritional risk: transition from restrictive therapeutic to regular dietary intake >High Nutritional Risk: -Parenteral feeding -Tube Feeding -NPO -Clear liquids for more than 3 days
Low HDL - High TSH - High Mg - High PO4 - Diet hx of xs intake - Liver damage - GI distress
Provides essential nutrients in blenderized form - Clients who are unable to chew or swallow - Can be used long-term

37. Predicted Excessive Nutrient Intake
Abnormal liver function tests - Abnormal levels of nutrient - Weight gain or weight loss - Edema - Nausea - Intolerance
Carbohydrate - Dextrose solutions - Available in initial concentrations of 5% to 70% - Mixed with amino acids and other nutrients to form the final solution - Protein - Mixture of essential and nonessential crystalline amino acids - Available wi
Biochemical parameters indicating excessive nutrient intake - Knowledge deficit - Meds affecting appetite - Nutrition in Patient Care
Foods clear and liquid at room/body temperature - :Used to help prevent dehydration and keep colon contents to a minimum - -Good source of fluids and water - Inadequate in: - Protein - Fat - Energy - Fiber - Recommended for short-term use (3-5 days

38. Why are dietary adjustments sometimes necessary?
High chol - amylase/lipase - liver function tests - Diet hx high fat
Serum Albumin- (visceral protein status) Normal Value: 3.5-5 g/dl 2.8-3.5- compromised protein status <2.4- possible protein malnutrition
Weight loss (5% in 1 month; 10% in 6 months) - Increased activity - dx: Parkinsons - cerebral palsy - dementia
Allows body to heal -To prepare diagnostic test -To prepare Surgical Procedure

39. Inadequate protein intake
Abnormal liver function tests - Abnormal levels of nutrient - Weight gain or weight loss - Edema - Nausea - Intolerance
Provides essential nutrients in blenderized form - Clients who are unable to chew or swallow - Can be used long-term
Prealbumin- (visceral protein status) Normal Value: 16-40 g/dl Compromised Protein status: 10-15 g/dl Possible protein malnutrition: <10 g/dl
Diet hx of low intake

40. What is Carb-controlled Diet?
Diet hx of low plant food intake
Low cholesterol - Weight loss - Poor dentition - Self-feeding problems - Inadequate nutrition support
CHO 55-60% - protein 10-20% - lipid <30% - fiber 20-35 grams - Evaluate glucose levels - serum lipids - kcalories - diet - insulin/medication
Potential to become malnourished

41. Inappropriate intake of types of carbohydrates
Weight loss (5% in 1 month; 10% in 6 months) - Increased activity - dx: Parkinsons - cerebral palsy - dementia
High/low BGL - Meds (steroids) - Diet hx
Prevents aspiration - Thickener added to liquids to created required thickness - Nectar/Syrup thick - Consistency of heavy syrup in canned fruit - Least restrictive - Cream based soups and most nutritional supplements - Honey thick - Consistency of h
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO

42. Predicted excessive energy intake
Used when patient has functioning GI tract - Used when patients unable to orally consume adequate nutrients and kcal - Preferred over parenteral nutrition - Physiologically beneficial in maintaining the integrity and function of the gut - Short-term
High BUN - High serum osmolality - High Na - Weight loss - Thirst
Reports or observations of energy intake more than needs - Lower physical activity - Planned change in mobility/physical activity - Meds increasing appetite - Knowledge deficit
Indirect calorimetry measurement - Vitamin/mineral abnormalities in lab values - Inadequate weight gain - or unintentional weight loss Clinical evidence of vitamin/mineral deficiency

43. What is Low-Residue Diet?
Food items that minimize elimination patterns by reducing fecal volume - Restricted - High fiber foods - Milk and milk products - Fried foods - Pepper - Alcohol - Heavy seasonings
Anthropometric data -Clinical data -Dietary intake assessment
A- Anthropometric approach B- Biochemical Tests C- Clinical Observations D- Diet Evaluations (Kcal - 24 hr recall etc)
Pudding Thick - Consistency of applesauce or smooth mashed potatoes - Most restrictive - Used with severe levels of dysphagia in which oral intake is still allowed - May require IV hydration - Necessary to closely monitor fluid intake to prevent dehy

44. What is the other biochemical analysis and values?
Serum and urine creatinine and BUN (somatic muscle protein) -ELEVATED if muscle is broken down Normal Values: -Serum Creatinine: 0.5-1.2mg/100ml -BUN: 10-20 mg/ml
TJC requires screenings within 48hrs
Low chol - alb - prealb - elytes/minerals - vitamins - Weight loss - Low BMI - Diet hx of low intake - fever - dx: Crohn's - AIDS - burns
Reports or observations of energy intake more than needs - Lower physical activity - Planned change in mobility/physical activity - Meds increasing appetite - Knowledge deficit

45. What is Full-Liquid Diet?
Designed to attain or maintain optimal nutritional status in those who do not require modified or therapeutic diets - Used to promote health and reduce risks for developing chronic diet-related diseases
14 days of admission
Height/length -Weight -BMI -Body Measures (skin fold thickness)
Foods liquid at room or body temperature - Clear liquid plus milk - pudding - ice cream - soups - yogurt - Used to provide oral nourishment for patients - Difficulty chewing and swallowing solid foods - Commercial nutritional supplements often used

46. Excessive vitamin intake
Renal disease or liver disease - Limit protein - Limit potassium - phosphorus - Sodium and Fluid restrictions - Emphasizes high biologic value - Minimum level of CHOs needed to spare protein
High serum vit. A -D -K - B6 - niacin - Physical signs of excess - Diet hx
Provides essential nutrients in blenderized form - Clients who are unable to chew or swallow - Can be used long-term
Pudding Thick - Consistency of applesauce or smooth mashed potatoes - Most restrictive - Used with severe levels of dysphagia in which oral intake is still allowed - May require IV hydration - Necessary to closely monitor fluid intake to prevent dehy

47. What is Mechanically Altered Diet?

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48. Excessive carbohydrate intake
Weight loss (5% in 1 month; 10% in 6 months) - Increased activity - dx: Parkinsons - cerebral palsy - dementia
Technical complications - Pneumothorax - Septic complications - Local or systemic - Metabolic complications - Most common complication - Most common is hyperglycemia
Diet hx of aberrant CHO intake - Steroids - DM - Inborn errors
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO

49. What is Primary Nutrition Risk?
Ketone breath - Diet hx low CHO - Dx: liver - pancreas - celiac's disease
Inadequate Intake
GI problems - Diarrhea - Nausea and vomiting - Cramping - Distention - Constipation - Mechanical complications - Tube displacement - Tube obstruction - Pulmonary aspiration - Mucosal damage
Dry skin - Weight loss - diet hx of low intake - dx: AIDS - TB - AN - sepsis - infection - xs ETOH

50. Malnutrition - Symptoms
Serum and urine creatinine and BUN (somatic muscle protein) -ELEVATED if muscle is broken down Normal Values: -Serum Creatinine: 0.5-1.2mg/100ml -BUN: 10-20 mg/ml
Patients who have difficulty chewing or swallowing food - Goal is to provide a diet that meets nutritional needs and prevents aspiration - Causes of dysphagia - Acute: CVA - seizure - trauma - surgery - anoxia - Progressive: dementia - Parkinson's -
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO
Potential to become malnourished