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Nutrition Diagnosis

Subjects : health-sciences, nursing, health-fitness-nutrition

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Excessive carbohydrate intake
Encourage patient to think/talk about food before meals - Can help stimulate flow of saliva - Aids in formation of bolus - Chewing and swallowing process - Tart or sour foods - Stimulate saliva production - Have patient lick jelly from the lips - puc
Abnormal liver enzymes - Fatty liver - Weight gain/loss - Edema
Diet hx of aberrant CHO intake - Steroids - DM - Inborn errors
Low cholesterol - Weight loss - Poor dentition - Self-feeding problems - Inadequate nutrition support

2. How long should Nutritional screenings be done to residents being admitted?
Serum and urine creatinine and BUN (somatic muscle protein) -ELEVATED if muscle is broken down Normal Values: -Serum Creatinine: 0.5-1.2mg/100ml -BUN: 10-20 mg/ml
Technical complications - Pneumothorax - Septic complications - Local or systemic - Metabolic complications - Most common complication - Most common is hyperglycemia
14 days of admission
Reports or observations of energy intake more than needs - Lower physical activity - Planned change in mobility/physical activity - Meds increasing appetite - Knowledge deficit

3. Inadequate mineral intake
Reports or observations of energy intake more than needs - Lower physical activity - Planned change in mobility/physical activity - Meds increasing appetite - Knowledge deficit
Low serum mineral levels - Physical signs of deficiency - Diet hx of low intake - Celiac disease - SBS - IBD
High liver enzymes - Constipation - Diarrhea - CV changes - High intake of supplements/plant foods
Poor nutrition prevents or delays recovery from injury.

4. Inappropriate intake of types of carbohydrates
High/low BGL - Meds (steroids) - Diet hx
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO
Food items that minimize elimination patterns by reducing fecal volume - Restricted - High fiber foods - Milk and milk products - Fried foods - Pepper - Alcohol - Heavy seasonings
Allows body to heal -To prepare diagnostic test -To prepare Surgical Procedure

5. Predicted Suboptimal Nutrient Intake
Provides essential nutrients in blenderized form - Clients who are unable to chew or swallow - Can be used long-term
Biochemical parameters indicating suboptimal nutrient intake - Estimated intake less than needs - Cultural or religious practices - Knowledge deficit - Meds affecting appetite
Kcal count -24 hr recall -Food records
Foods liquid at room or body temperature - Clear liquid plus milk - pudding - ice cream - soups - yogurt - Used to provide oral nourishment for patients - Difficulty chewing and swallowing solid foods - Commercial nutritional supplements often used

6. What are Dysphagia 'warning signs'?
IV lipid emulsions - Used as a concentrated energy source and to prevent the development of essential fatty acid deficiency - Kcal density of lipid solutions is useful when volume restriction is necessary
Collecting food in the mouth - Spitting out food - Inability to control tongue - Coughing before or after swallowing - Choking - Excessive drooling - Regurgitation of food or liquid through nose - mouth or trach tube - Increased time required to eat
Potential to become malnourished
Weight Loss - dx: AIDS - TB - AN

7. What is Enteral Nutrition? Why preferred over Parenteral Nutrition?
Ketone breath - Diet hx low CHO - Dx: liver - pancreas - celiac's disease
Potential to become malnourished
Used when patient has functioning GI tract - Used when patients unable to orally consume adequate nutrients and kcal - Preferred over parenteral nutrition - Physiologically beneficial in maintaining the integrity and function of the gut - Short-term
Abnormal liver function tests - Abnormal levels of nutrient - Weight gain or weight loss - Edema - Nausea - Intolerance

8. Excessive intake
Individualized diets based on swallowing ability and food preference - Evaluate ability to swallow solids and liquids: often done by speech therapist who can also aid in teaching the patient swallowing techniques - Features of food to consider and mo
Low cholesterol - Low Ca - High PTT - Low Cu/Zn/Fe - Weight loss - Dehydration
Serum and urine creatinine and BUN (somatic muscle protein) -ELEVATED if muscle is broken down Normal Values: -Serum Creatinine: 0.5-1.2mg/100ml -BUN: 10-20 mg/ml
High liver enzymes - Constipation - Diarrhea - CV changes - High intake of supplements/plant foods

9. What is Regular/General Diet?
Technical complications - Pneumothorax - Septic complications - Local or systemic - Metabolic complications - Most common complication - Most common is hyperglycemia
Underweight-bmi<18.5 normal- 18.5-24.9 overweight-25.0-29.9 obese- bmi>30
Diet hx of high intake - Diarrhea - Constipation - GI distress
Designed to attain or maintain optimal nutritional status in those who do not require modified or therapeutic diets - Used to promote health and reduce risks for developing chronic diet-related diseases

10. Decreased nutrient needs
High AST/GGT - Blood ETOH - diet hx of > 2 drinks/day - liver dx
Underweight-bmi<18.5 normal- 18.5-24.9 overweight-25.0-29.9 obese- bmi>30
Abnormal liver function tests - Abnormal levels of nutrient - Weight gain or weight loss - Edema - Nausea - Intolerance
High chol - PO4 - GFR <90 - High BUN - Edema - Dx: kidney/liver

11. What are the assessments for Enteral Feedings?
High BUN - Low GFR - Poor growth - Deranged AA ratios - diet hx high PRO or AA supplement
Assessment - Residuals - Weight - Lung sounds - Edema - I & O - Blood glucose monitoring - Blood chemistry
High chol - amylase/lipase - liver function tests - Diet hx high fat
Encourage patient to think/talk about food before meals - Can help stimulate flow of saliva - Aids in formation of bolus - Chewing and swallowing process - Tart or sour foods - Stimulate saliva production - Have patient lick jelly from the lips - puc

12. Malnutrition - Symptoms
Diet hx of low fiber intake - Constipation/low stool volume
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO
IV lipid emulsions - Used as a concentrated energy source and to prevent the development of essential fatty acid deficiency - Kcal density of lipid solutions is useful when volume restriction is necessary
Low serum mineral levels - Physical signs of deficiency - Diet hx of low intake - Celiac disease - SBS - IBD

13. Excessive fluid intake
Inadequate Intake
Low serum osmolality - Weight gain - Edema - Excess salt intake
Indirect calorimetry measurement - Vitamin/mineral abnormalities in lab values - Inadequate weight gain - or unintentional weight loss Clinical evidence of vitamin/mineral deficiency
Allows body to heal -To prepare diagnostic test -To prepare Surgical Procedure

14. Increased nutrient needs

15. What is the assessment of nutritional risk approach? (abcd)
Regular diet with attention to texture - Consistency of food can be varied according to the patient's ability to chew and swallow - Foods chopped - ground - mashed - or pureed - Patient's needs should be evaluated - Modifying consistency according to
Low chol - alb - prealb - elytes/minerals - vitamins - Weight loss - Low BMI - Diet hx of low intake - fever - dx: Crohn's - AIDS - burns
High chol - amylase/lipase - liver function tests - Diet hx high fat
A- Anthropometric approach B- Biochemical Tests C- Clinical Observations D- Diet Evaluations (Kcal - 24 hr recall etc)

16. Why is it important to know primary/secondary nutritional risk?
Prealbumin- (visceral protein status) Normal Value: 16-40 g/dl Compromised Protein status: 10-15 g/dl Possible protein malnutrition: <10 g/dl
Poor nutrition prevents or delays recovery from injury.
High BUN - High serum osmolality - High Na - Weight loss - Thirst
Regular diet with attention to texture - Consistency of food can be varied according to the patient's ability to chew and swallow - Foods chopped - ground - mashed - or pureed - Patient's needs should be evaluated - Modifying consistency according to

17. Excessive mineral intake
High/low BGL - Meds - Insulin use -
Low HDL - High TSH - High Mg - High PO4 - Diet hx of xs intake - Liver damage - GI distress
Kcal count -24 hr recall -Food records
High chol - PO4 - GFR <90 - High BUN - Edema - Dx: kidney/liver

18. How long does TJC require resident screenings to be done during admission?
Diet hx of xs fiber intake - GI distress
TJC requires screenings within 48hrs
Kcal count -24 hr recall -Food records
Foods liquid at room or body temperature - Clear liquid plus milk - pudding - ice cream - soups - yogurt - Used to provide oral nourishment for patients - Difficulty chewing and swallowing solid foods - Commercial nutritional supplements often used

19. Excessive oral food/beverage intake
High liver enzymes - Constipation - Diarrhea - CV changes - High intake of supplements/plant foods
High BGL - Weight gain - High Hgb A1C - diet hx of energy dense food intake - Excess eating away from home
Patients who have difficulty chewing or swallowing food - Goal is to provide a diet that meets nutritional needs and prevents aspiration - Causes of dysphagia - Acute: CVA - seizure - trauma - surgery - anoxia - Progressive: dementia - Parkinson's -
Inadequate Intake

20. What are some swallowing aids?
Encourage patient to think/talk about food before meals - Can help stimulate flow of saliva - Aids in formation of bolus - Chewing and swallowing process - Tart or sour foods - Stimulate saliva production - Have patient lick jelly from the lips - puc
Based on - Patient's digestive and absorptive capabilities - Metabolic requirements - Need for fluid restriction - Done in conjunction with dietician who will calculate patients individual nutritional need and develop plan to initiate feedings
GI problems - Diarrhea - Nausea and vomiting - Cramping - Distention - Constipation - Mechanical complications - Tube displacement - Tube obstruction - Pulmonary aspiration - Mucosal damage
Assessment - Residuals - Weight - Lung sounds - Edema - I & O - Blood glucose monitoring - Blood chemistry

21. What is Pureed Diet?
Allows body to heal -To prepare diagnostic test -To prepare Surgical Procedure
Food allergy diet - Common: nuts - eggs - cow's milk - shellfish - wheat - Gluten-restricted diet - Celiac disease (malabsorption syndrome) - Omits wheat - rye - barley - oats - buckwheat - malt - Allows rice and corn - Lactose-restricted - Primary i
Provides essential nutrients in blenderized form - Clients who are unable to chew or swallow - Can be used long-term
Management of malabsorption - chronic pancreatitis - gallbladder disease - Medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) utilized with high intake of CHO and protein - Easy to digest - Restricts - High fat - additional fat in cooking - Enzyme replacement may be

22. What are the Carb and Protein Parenteral Nutrition Solutions?
Socioeconomic status -comorbid disease states -Age adults: =< 75 children<5 PHYSICAL -stress and trauma- metabolic demands -mechanical ventilation-unable to eat -therapeutic bowel rest
Carbohydrate - Dextrose solutions - Available in initial concentrations of 5% to 70% - Mixed with amino acids and other nutrients to form the final solution - Protein - Mixture of essential and nonessential crystalline amino acids - Available wi
Prealbumin- (visceral protein status) Normal Value: 16-40 g/dl Compromised Protein status: 10-15 g/dl Possible protein malnutrition: <10 g/dl
Encourage patient to think/talk about food before meals - Can help stimulate flow of saliva - Aids in formation of bolus - Chewing and swallowing process - Tart or sour foods - Stimulate saliva production - Have patient lick jelly from the lips - puc

23. What is the long-term nutritional biochemical analysis? What are the values?
Anthropometric data -Clinical data -Dietary intake assessment
Foods liquid at room or body temperature - Clear liquid plus milk - pudding - ice cream - soups - yogurt - Used to provide oral nourishment for patients - Difficulty chewing and swallowing solid foods - Commercial nutritional supplements often used
Elevated BUN:creatinine ratio - Hyperglycemia - Hypercapnia - Elevated liver enzymes - Weight gain - Edema - Meds that reduce energy requirements or impair metabolism
Serum Albumin- (visceral protein status) Normal Value: 3.5-5 g/dl 2.8-3.5- compromised protein status <2.4- possible protein malnutrition

24. What are the Anthropometric measures?
Before Putting anything in - Radiography - pH of aspirated fluids - Air injection and ausculation - Visual assessment of aspiration
Low serum vitamin levels - Physical signs of deficiency - Diet hx of low intake
Dry skin - Weight loss - diet hx of low intake - dx: AIDS - TB - AN - sepsis - infection - xs ETOH
Height/length -Weight -BMI -Body Measures (skin fold thickness)

25. Excessive vitamin intake
Method of feeding clients who do not have a functioning GI tract - Clinical disease (malabsorption) - surgical intervention - trauma/stress - malignancies - Energy and nutrients provided intravenously - Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) - Infused into
High serum vit. A -D -K - B6 - niacin - Physical signs of excess - Diet hx
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO
Food allergy diet - Common: nuts - eggs - cow's milk - shellfish - wheat - Gluten-restricted diet - Celiac disease (malabsorption syndrome) - Omits wheat - rye - barley - oats - buckwheat - malt - Allows rice and corn - Lactose-restricted - Primary i

26. Excessive fiber intake
Low serum vitamin levels - Physical signs of deficiency - Diet hx of low intake
Diet hx of xs fiber intake - GI distress
High BUN - High serum osmolality - High Na - Weight loss - Thirst
A- Anthropometric approach B- Biochemical Tests C- Clinical Observations D- Diet Evaluations (Kcal - 24 hr recall etc)

27. Inadequate protein-energy intake
Low cholesterol - Weight loss - Poor dentition - Self-feeding problems - Inadequate nutrition support
A- Anthropometric approach B- Biochemical Tests C- Clinical Observations D- Diet Evaluations (Kcal - 24 hr recall etc)
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO
Designed to attain or maintain optimal nutritional status in those who do not require modified or therapeutic diets - Used to promote health and reduce risks for developing chronic diet-related diseases

28. What is the clinical assessments?
Low chol - alb - prealb - elytes/minerals - vitamins - Weight loss - Low BMI - Diet hx of low intake - fever - dx: Crohn's - AIDS - burns
Socioeconomic status -comorbid disease states -Age adults: =< 75 children<5 PHYSICAL -stress and trauma- metabolic demands -mechanical ventilation-unable to eat -therapeutic bowel rest
High BUN - High BGL - High liver enzymes - Weight gain - Edema
IV lipid emulsions - Used as a concentrated energy source and to prevent the development of essential fatty acid deficiency - Kcal density of lipid solutions is useful when volume restriction is necessary

29. Less than optimal parenteral infusion
Pureed - Mechanically altered - Advanced
TJC requires screenings within 48hrs
Elevated BUN:creatinine ratio - Hyperglycemia - Hypercapnia - Elevated liver enzymes - Weight gain - Edema - Meds that reduce energy requirements or impair metabolism
Abnormal liver function tests - Abnormal levels of nutrient - Weight gain or weight loss - Edema - Nausea - Intolerance

30. What is Clear Liquid Diet?
Elevated BUN:creatinine ratio - Hyperglycemia - Hypercapnia - Elevated liver enzymes - Weight gain - Edema - Meds that reduce energy requirements or impair metabolism
GI problems - Diarrhea - Nausea and vomiting - Cramping - Distention - Constipation - Mechanical complications - Tube displacement - Tube obstruction - Pulmonary aspiration - Mucosal damage
Serum and urine creatinine and BUN (somatic muscle protein) -ELEVATED if muscle is broken down Normal Values: -Serum Creatinine: 0.5-1.2mg/100ml -BUN: 10-20 mg/ml
Foods clear and liquid at room/body temperature - :Used to help prevent dehydration and keep colon contents to a minimum - -Good source of fluids and water - Inadequate in: - Protein - Fat - Energy - Fiber - Recommended for short-term use (3-5 days

31. Excessive parenteral nutrition infusion
Elevated BUN:creatinine ratio - Hyperglycemia - Hypercapnia - Elevated liver enzymes - Weight gain - Edema - Meds that reduce energy requirements or impair metabolism
Weight gain - Diet hx of energy dense food intake
Foods liquid at room or body temperature - Clear liquid plus milk - pudding - ice cream - soups - yogurt - Used to provide oral nourishment for patients - Difficulty chewing and swallowing solid foods - Commercial nutritional supplements often used
Common for this diet to be ordered postoperatively - Permits patient's preferences and situations to be taken into consideration - Also allows for postoperative diet progression at the patient's tolerance

32. Excessive or inappropriate protein intake
High BGL - Weight gain - High Hgb A1C - diet hx of energy dense food intake - Excess eating away from home
Weight Loss - dx: AIDS - TB - AN
Provides essential nutrients in blenderized form - Clients who are unable to chew or swallow - Can be used long-term
High BUN - Low GFR - Poor growth - Deranged AA ratios - diet hx high PRO or AA supplement

33. What is Secondary Nutrition Risk?
Diet hx of low fiber intake - Constipation/low stool volume
Diet hx of low plant food intake
Assessment - Residuals - Weight - Lung sounds - Edema - I & O - Blood glucose monitoring - Blood chemistry
Caused by disease

34. What are the confirmations of tube placement?
Low serum vitamin levels - Physical signs of deficiency - Diet hx of low intake
Before Putting anything in - Radiography - pH of aspirated fluids - Air injection and ausculation - Visual assessment of aspiration
Foods that are easy to chew - digest - and absorb - Used during transition from liquid diets to regular or general diets - Foods low in fiber - Only lightly seasoned - Not appropriate for patients requiring mechanical soft diets
Diet hx of low intake

35. What is Nutritional risk?
Potential to become malnourished
Biochemical parameters indicating suboptimal nutrient intake - Estimated intake less than needs - Cultural or religious practices - Knowledge deficit - Meds affecting appetite
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO
Weight status and trends - BUN - creatinine - serum chemistries - proteins - Fluid status - intake and output

36. Inconsistent carbohydrate intake
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO
Underweight-bmi<18.5 normal- 18.5-24.9 overweight-25.0-29.9 obese- bmi>30
Weight Loss - dx: AIDS - TB - AN
High/low BGL - Meds - Insulin use -

37. Predicted suboptimal energy intake
Weight gain - Diet hx of energy dense food intake
Reports or observations of energy intake less than needs - Projected change in ability to procure or consume adequate energy - Knowledge deficit - Projected increase in physical activity
Low serum osmolality - Weight gain - Edema - Excess salt intake
A- Anthropometric approach B- Biochemical Tests C- Clinical Observations D- Diet Evaluations (Kcal - 24 hr recall etc)

38. Less than optimal enteral nutrition
Abnormal liver enzymes - Fatty liver - Weight gain/loss - Edema
Before Putting anything in - Radiography - pH of aspirated fluids - Air injection and ausculation - Visual assessment of aspiration
Abnormal liver function tests - Abnormal levels of nutrient - Weight gain or weight loss - Edema - Nausea - Intolerance
High/low BGL - Meds (steroids) - Diet hx

39. What are the feeding modalities?
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO
High/low BGL - Meds (steroids) - Diet hx
>Moderate nutritional risk: transition from restrictive therapeutic to regular dietary intake >High Nutritional Risk: -Parenteral feeding -Tube Feeding -NPO -Clear liquids for more than 3 days
Based on - Patient's digestive and absorptive capabilities - Metabolic requirements - Need for fluid restriction - Done in conjunction with dietician who will calculate patients individual nutritional need and develop plan to initiate feedings

40. Inadequate enteral nutrition infusion
Designed to attain or maintain optimal nutritional status in those who do not require modified or therapeutic diets - Used to promote health and reduce risks for developing chronic diet-related diseases
Common for this diet to be ordered postoperatively - Permits patient's preferences and situations to be taken into consideration - Also allows for postoperative diet progression at the patient's tolerance
Low cholesterol - Low Ca - High PTT - Low Cu/Zn/Fe - Weight loss - Dehydration
Low chol - alb - prealb - elytes/minerals - vitamins - Weight loss - Low BMI - Diet hx of low intake - fever - dx: Crohn's - AIDS - burns

41. Inadequate protein intake
High chol - amylase/lipase - liver function tests - Diet hx high fat
Diet hx of low intake
High BGL - Weight gain - High Hgb A1C - diet hx of energy dense food intake - Excess eating away from home
High/low BGL - Meds - Insulin use -

42. Inadequate fat intake
Diet hx of xs fiber intake - GI distress
Common for this diet to be ordered postoperatively - Permits patient's preferences and situations to be taken into consideration - Also allows for postoperative diet progression at the patient's tolerance
Prealbumin- (visceral protein status) Normal Value: 16-40 g/dl Compromised Protein status: 10-15 g/dl Possible protein malnutrition: <10 g/dl
Weight Loss - dx: AIDS - TB - AN

43. What is 'Diet as Tolerated'?

44. What is Dysphagia? What are some of the acute/progressive causes?

45. Inadequate parenteral nutrition infusion
Foods clear and liquid at room/body temperature - :Used to help prevent dehydration and keep colon contents to a minimum - -Good source of fluids and water - Inadequate in: - Protein - Fat - Energy - Fiber - Recommended for short-term use (3-5 days
High/low BGL - Meds - Insulin use -
Food allergy diet - Common: nuts - eggs - cow's milk - shellfish - wheat - Gluten-restricted diet - Celiac disease (malabsorption syndrome) - Omits wheat - rye - barley - oats - buckwheat - malt - Allows rice and corn - Lactose-restricted - Primary i
Indirect calorimetry measurement - Vitamin/mineral abnormalities in lab values - Inadequate weight gain - or unintentional weight loss Clinical evidence of vitamin/mineral deficiency

46. What is Full-Liquid Diet?
Anthropometric data -Clinical data -Dietary intake assessment
Socioeconomic status -comorbid disease states -Age adults: =< 75 children<5 PHYSICAL -stress and trauma- metabolic demands -mechanical ventilation-unable to eat -therapeutic bowel rest
Low HDL - High TSH - High Mg - High PO4 - Diet hx of xs intake - Liver damage - GI distress
Foods liquid at room or body temperature - Clear liquid plus milk - pudding - ice cream - soups - yogurt - Used to provide oral nourishment for patients - Difficulty chewing and swallowing solid foods - Commercial nutritional supplements often used

47. What are the complications of Parenteral Nutrition?
Diet hx of low fiber intake - Constipation/low stool volume
A- Anthropometric approach B- Biochemical Tests C- Clinical Observations D- Diet Evaluations (Kcal - 24 hr recall etc)
High chol - amylase/lipase - liver function tests - Diet hx high fat
Technical complications - Pneumothorax - Septic complications - Local or systemic - Metabolic complications - Most common complication - Most common is hyperglycemia

48. What are the 3 levels of Dysphagia?
Indirect calorimetry measurement - Vitamin/mineral abnormalities in lab values - Inadequate weight gain - or unintentional weight loss Clinical evidence of vitamin/mineral deficiency
Biochemical parameters indicating suboptimal nutrient intake - Estimated intake less than needs - Cultural or religious practices - Knowledge deficit - Meds affecting appetite
Collecting food in the mouth - Spitting out food - Inability to control tongue - Coughing before or after swallowing - Choking - Excessive drooling - Regurgitation of food or liquid through nose - mouth or trach tube - Increased time required to eat
Pureed - Mechanically altered - Advanced

49. Excessive enteral nutrition infusion
Food items that minimize elimination patterns by reducing fecal volume - Restricted - High fiber foods - Milk and milk products - Fried foods - Pepper - Alcohol - Heavy seasonings
High BUN - High BGL - High liver enzymes - Weight gain - Edema
Foods liquid at room or body temperature - Clear liquid plus milk - pudding - ice cream - soups - yogurt - Used to provide oral nourishment for patients - Difficulty chewing and swallowing solid foods - Commercial nutritional supplements often used
CHO 55-60% - protein 10-20% - lipid <30% - fiber 20-35 grams - Evaluate glucose levels - serum lipids - kcalories - diet - insulin/medication

50. How do you monitor response for enteral treatment?
Diet hx of high intake - Diarrhea - Constipation - GI distress
Food allergy diet - Common: nuts - eggs - cow's milk - shellfish - wheat - Gluten-restricted diet - Celiac disease (malabsorption syndrome) - Omits wheat - rye - barley - oats - buckwheat - malt - Allows rice and corn - Lactose-restricted - Primary i
Prevents aspiration - Thickener added to liquids to created required thickness - Nectar/Syrup thick - Consistency of heavy syrup in canned fruit - Least restrictive - Cream based soups and most nutritional supplements - Honey thick - Consistency of h
Weight status and trends - BUN - creatinine - serum chemistries - proteins - Fluid status - intake and output