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Nutrition Diagnosis

Subjects : health-sciences, nursing, health-fitness-nutrition

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the 3 levels of Dysphagia?
Anthropometric data -Clinical data -Dietary intake assessment
Height/length -Weight -BMI -Body Measures (skin fold thickness)
Pureed - Mechanically altered - Advanced
Inadequate Intake

2. How long does TJC require resident screenings to be done during admission?
Low chol - alb - prealb - elytes/minerals - vitamins - Weight loss - Low BMI - Diet hx of low intake - fever - dx: Crohn's - AIDS - burns
Foods that are easy to chew - digest - and absorb - Used during transition from liquid diets to regular or general diets - Foods low in fiber - Only lightly seasoned - Not appropriate for patients requiring mechanical soft diets
TJC requires screenings within 48hrs
Diet hx of xs fiber intake - GI distress

3. Inadequate carbohydrate intake

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4. What is Pureed Diet?
Provides essential nutrients in blenderized form - Clients who are unable to chew or swallow - Can be used long-term
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO
Inadequate Intake
Underweight-bmi<18.5 normal- 18.5-24.9 overweight-25.0-29.9 obese- bmi>30

5. What are the Carb and Protein Parenteral Nutrition Solutions?
>Moderate nutritional risk: transition from restrictive therapeutic to regular dietary intake >High Nutritional Risk: -Parenteral feeding -Tube Feeding -NPO -Clear liquids for more than 3 days
High BUN - Low GFR - Poor growth - Deranged AA ratios - diet hx high PRO or AA supplement
Carbohydrate - Dextrose solutions - Available in initial concentrations of 5% to 70% - Mixed with amino acids and other nutrients to form the final solution - Protein - Mixture of essential and nonessential crystalline amino acids - Available wi
Pudding Thick - Consistency of applesauce or smooth mashed potatoes - Most restrictive - Used with severe levels of dysphagia in which oral intake is still allowed - May require IV hydration - Necessary to closely monitor fluid intake to prevent dehy

6. Excessive oral food/beverage intake
High BGL - Weight gain - High Hgb A1C - diet hx of energy dense food intake - Excess eating away from home
TJC requires screenings within 48hrs
Ketone breath - Diet hx low CHO - Dx: liver - pancreas - celiac's disease
High BUN - Low GFR - Poor growth - Deranged AA ratios - diet hx high PRO or AA supplement

7. What is Carb-controlled Diet?
CHO 55-60% - protein 10-20% - lipid <30% - fiber 20-35 grams - Evaluate glucose levels - serum lipids - kcalories - diet - insulin/medication
Food items that minimize elimination patterns by reducing fecal volume - Restricted - High fiber foods - Milk and milk products - Fried foods - Pepper - Alcohol - Heavy seasonings
Reports or observations of energy intake more than needs - Lower physical activity - Planned change in mobility/physical activity - Meds increasing appetite - Knowledge deficit
Common for this diet to be ordered postoperatively - Permits patient's preferences and situations to be taken into consideration - Also allows for postoperative diet progression at the patient's tolerance

8. What is Full-Liquid Diet?
Foods clear and liquid at room/body temperature - :Used to help prevent dehydration and keep colon contents to a minimum - -Good source of fluids and water - Inadequate in: - Protein - Fat - Energy - Fiber - Recommended for short-term use (3-5 days
High BGL - Weight gain - High Hgb A1C - diet hx of energy dense food intake - Excess eating away from home
Foods liquid at room or body temperature - Clear liquid plus milk - pudding - ice cream - soups - yogurt - Used to provide oral nourishment for patients - Difficulty chewing and swallowing solid foods - Commercial nutritional supplements often used
Potential to become malnourished

9. Inadequate protein-energy intake
Weight gain - Diet hx of energy dense food intake
Foods that are easy to chew - digest - and absorb - Used during transition from liquid diets to regular or general diets - Foods low in fiber - Only lightly seasoned - Not appropriate for patients requiring mechanical soft diets
Management of malabsorption - chronic pancreatitis - gallbladder disease - Medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) utilized with high intake of CHO and protein - Easy to digest - Restricts - High fat - additional fat in cooking - Enzyme replacement may be
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO

10. Excessive parenteral nutrition infusion
Elevated BUN:creatinine ratio - Hyperglycemia - Hypercapnia - Elevated liver enzymes - Weight gain - Edema - Meds that reduce energy requirements or impair metabolism
Low cholesterol - Low Ca - High PTT - Low Cu/Zn/Fe - Weight loss - Dehydration
Based on - Patient's digestive and absorptive capabilities - Metabolic requirements - Need for fluid restriction - Done in conjunction with dietician who will calculate patients individual nutritional need and develop plan to initiate feedings
Used when patient has functioning GI tract - Used when patients unable to orally consume adequate nutrients and kcal - Preferred over parenteral nutrition - Physiologically beneficial in maintaining the integrity and function of the gut - Short-term

11. What are the Dietary Evaluations?
Height/length -Weight -BMI -Body Measures (skin fold thickness)
CHO 55-60% - protein 10-20% - lipid <30% - fiber 20-35 grams - Evaluate glucose levels - serum lipids - kcalories - diet - insulin/medication
Kcal count -24 hr recall -Food records
Low serum mineral levels - Physical signs of deficiency - Diet hx of low intake - Celiac disease - SBS - IBD

12. What is the assessment of nutritional risk approach? (abcd)
A- Anthropometric approach B- Biochemical Tests C- Clinical Observations D- Diet Evaluations (Kcal - 24 hr recall etc)
Poor nutrition prevents or delays recovery from injury.
Designed to attain or maintain optimal nutritional status in those who do not require modified or therapeutic diets - Used to promote health and reduce risks for developing chronic diet-related diseases
Diet hx of low plant food intake

13. Less than optimal parenteral infusion
Abnormal liver function tests - Abnormal levels of nutrient - Weight gain or weight loss - Edema - Nausea - Intolerance
High/low BGL - Meds - Insulin use -
Used when patient has functioning GI tract - Used when patients unable to orally consume adequate nutrients and kcal - Preferred over parenteral nutrition - Physiologically beneficial in maintaining the integrity and function of the gut - Short-term
Foods liquid at room or body temperature - Clear liquid plus milk - pudding - ice cream - soups - yogurt - Used to provide oral nourishment for patients - Difficulty chewing and swallowing solid foods - Commercial nutritional supplements often used

14. Inadequate intake
Serum and urine creatinine and BUN (somatic muscle protein) -ELEVATED if muscle is broken down Normal Values: -Serum Creatinine: 0.5-1.2mg/100ml -BUN: 10-20 mg/ml
High BUN - High serum osmolality - High Na - Weight loss - Thirst
Diet hx of low plant food intake
Socioeconomic status -comorbid disease states -Age adults: =< 75 children<5 PHYSICAL -stress and trauma- metabolic demands -mechanical ventilation-unable to eat -therapeutic bowel rest

15. What is the other biochemical analysis and values?
High BGL - Weight gain - High Hgb A1C - diet hx of energy dense food intake - Excess eating away from home
Caused by disease
14 days of admission
Serum and urine creatinine and BUN (somatic muscle protein) -ELEVATED if muscle is broken down Normal Values: -Serum Creatinine: 0.5-1.2mg/100ml -BUN: 10-20 mg/ml

16. What are the complications of Parenteral Nutrition?
Carbohydrate - Dextrose solutions - Available in initial concentrations of 5% to 70% - Mixed with amino acids and other nutrients to form the final solution - Protein - Mixture of essential and nonessential crystalline amino acids - Available wi
Socioeconomic status -comorbid disease states -Age adults: =< 75 children<5 PHYSICAL -stress and trauma- metabolic demands -mechanical ventilation-unable to eat -therapeutic bowel rest
Ketone breath - Diet hx low CHO - Dx: liver - pancreas - celiac's disease
Technical complications - Pneumothorax - Septic complications - Local or systemic - Metabolic complications - Most common complication - Most common is hyperglycemia

17. What are the thickened liquids?
Indirect calorimetry measurement - Vitamin/mineral abnormalities in lab values - Inadequate weight gain - or unintentional weight loss Clinical evidence of vitamin/mineral deficiency
14 days of admission
Prevents aspiration - Thickener added to liquids to created required thickness - Nectar/Syrup thick - Consistency of heavy syrup in canned fruit - Least restrictive - Cream based soups and most nutritional supplements - Honey thick - Consistency of h
Used when patient has functioning GI tract - Used when patients unable to orally consume adequate nutrients and kcal - Preferred over parenteral nutrition - Physiologically beneficial in maintaining the integrity and function of the gut - Short-term

18. What is the Parenteral Nutrition?
Method of feeding clients who do not have a functioning GI tract - Clinical disease (malabsorption) - surgical intervention - trauma/stress - malignancies - Energy and nutrients provided intravenously - Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) - Infused into
Diet hx of high intake - Diarrhea - Constipation - GI distress
Socioeconomic status -comorbid disease states -Age adults: =< 75 children<5 PHYSICAL -stress and trauma- metabolic demands -mechanical ventilation-unable to eat -therapeutic bowel rest
Foods liquid at room or body temperature - Clear liquid plus milk - pudding - ice cream - soups - yogurt - Used to provide oral nourishment for patients - Difficulty chewing and swallowing solid foods - Commercial nutritional supplements often used

19. Inappropriate intake of types of carbohydrates
Diet hx of low intake
Prevents aspiration - Thickener added to liquids to created required thickness - Nectar/Syrup thick - Consistency of heavy syrup in canned fruit - Least restrictive - Cream based soups and most nutritional supplements - Honey thick - Consistency of h
High chol - amylase/lipase - liver function tests - Diet hx high fat
High/low BGL - Meds (steroids) - Diet hx

20. How do you feed patients with Dysphagia?
Diet hx of aberrant CHO intake - Steroids - DM - Inborn errors
High BUN - High serum osmolality - High Na - Weight loss - Thirst
Pudding Thick - Consistency of applesauce or smooth mashed potatoes - Most restrictive - Used with severe levels of dysphagia in which oral intake is still allowed - May require IV hydration - Necessary to closely monitor fluid intake to prevent dehy
Foods liquid at room or body temperature - Clear liquid plus milk - pudding - ice cream - soups - yogurt - Used to provide oral nourishment for patients - Difficulty chewing and swallowing solid foods - Commercial nutritional supplements often used

21. Excessive carbohydrate intake
Diet hx of aberrant CHO intake - Steroids - DM - Inborn errors
Patients who have difficulty chewing or swallowing food - Goal is to provide a diet that meets nutritional needs and prevents aspiration - Causes of dysphagia - Acute: CVA - seizure - trauma - surgery - anoxia - Progressive: dementia - Parkinson's -
Prevents aspiration - Thickener added to liquids to created required thickness - Nectar/Syrup thick - Consistency of heavy syrup in canned fruit - Least restrictive - Cream based soups and most nutritional supplements - Honey thick - Consistency of h
High chol - amylase/lipase - liver function tests - Diet hx high fat

22. What is the short-term nutritional biochemical analysis? What are the values?
High chol - amylase/lipase - liver function tests - Diet hx high fat
Prealbumin- (visceral protein status) Normal Value: 16-40 g/dl Compromised Protein status: 10-15 g/dl Possible protein malnutrition: <10 g/dl
Reports or observations of energy intake less than needs - Projected change in ability to procure or consume adequate energy - Knowledge deficit - Projected increase in physical activity
Weight loss (5% in 1 month; 10% in 6 months) - Increased activity - dx: Parkinsons - cerebral palsy - dementia

23. What is Secondary Nutrition Risk?
Caused by disease
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO
Low cholesterol - Low Ca - High PTT - Low Cu/Zn/Fe - Weight loss - Dehydration
Diet hx of xs fiber intake - GI distress

24. Why are dietary adjustments sometimes necessary?
Caused by disease
High/low BGL - Meds (steroids) - Diet hx
Allows body to heal -To prepare diagnostic test -To prepare Surgical Procedure
Method of feeding clients who do not have a functioning GI tract - Clinical disease (malabsorption) - surgical intervention - trauma/stress - malignancies - Energy and nutrients provided intravenously - Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) - Infused into

25. What are some other Restricted Diets?

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26. Inadequate vitamin intake
High BUN - High BGL - High liver enzymes - Weight gain - Edema
Low serum vitamin levels - Physical signs of deficiency - Diet hx of low intake
Diet hx of low intake
TJC requires screenings within 48hrs

27. Imbalance of nutrients
Diet hx of high intake - Diarrhea - Constipation - GI distress
High chol - amylase/lipase - liver function tests - Diet hx high fat
Prealbumin- (visceral protein status) Normal Value: 16-40 g/dl Compromised Protein status: 10-15 g/dl Possible protein malnutrition: <10 g/dl
A- Anthropometric approach B- Biochemical Tests C- Clinical Observations D- Diet Evaluations (Kcal - 24 hr recall etc)

28. Excessive fiber intake
Encourage patient to think/talk about food before meals - Can help stimulate flow of saliva - Aids in formation of bolus - Chewing and swallowing process - Tart or sour foods - Stimulate saliva production - Have patient lick jelly from the lips - puc
Diet hx of xs fiber intake - GI distress
Regular diet with attention to texture - Consistency of food can be varied according to the patient's ability to chew and swallow - Foods chopped - ground - mashed - or pureed - Patient's needs should be evaluated - Modifying consistency according to
Elevated BUN:creatinine ratio - Hyperglycemia - Hypercapnia - Elevated liver enzymes - Weight gain - Edema - Meds that reduce energy requirements or impair metabolism

29. What is Enteral Nutrition? Why preferred over Parenteral Nutrition?
Inadequate Intake
Biochemical parameters indicating suboptimal nutrient intake - Estimated intake less than needs - Cultural or religious practices - Knowledge deficit - Meds affecting appetite
Socioeconomic status -comorbid disease states -Age adults: =< 75 children<5 PHYSICAL -stress and trauma- metabolic demands -mechanical ventilation-unable to eat -therapeutic bowel rest
Used when patient has functioning GI tract - Used when patients unable to orally consume adequate nutrients and kcal - Preferred over parenteral nutrition - Physiologically beneficial in maintaining the integrity and function of the gut - Short-term

30. What is the clinical assessments?
Diet hx of high intake - Diarrhea - Constipation - GI distress
Carbohydrate - Dextrose solutions - Available in initial concentrations of 5% to 70% - Mixed with amino acids and other nutrients to form the final solution - Protein - Mixture of essential and nonessential crystalline amino acids - Available wi
Indirect calorimetry measurement - Vitamin/mineral abnormalities in lab values - Inadequate weight gain - or unintentional weight loss Clinical evidence of vitamin/mineral deficiency
Socioeconomic status -comorbid disease states -Age adults: =< 75 children<5 PHYSICAL -stress and trauma- metabolic demands -mechanical ventilation-unable to eat -therapeutic bowel rest

31. What is Protein-Controlled Diet?
Foods clear and liquid at room/body temperature - :Used to help prevent dehydration and keep colon contents to a minimum - -Good source of fluids and water - Inadequate in: - Protein - Fat - Energy - Fiber - Recommended for short-term use (3-5 days
Renal disease or liver disease - Limit protein - Limit potassium - phosphorus - Sodium and Fluid restrictions - Emphasizes high biologic value - Minimum level of CHOs needed to spare protein
Based on - Patient's digestive and absorptive capabilities - Metabolic requirements - Need for fluid restriction - Done in conjunction with dietician who will calculate patients individual nutritional need and develop plan to initiate feedings
Prealbumin- (visceral protein status) Normal Value: 16-40 g/dl Compromised Protein status: 10-15 g/dl Possible protein malnutrition: <10 g/dl

32. Excessive mineral intake
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO
Diet hx of low fiber intake - Constipation/low stool volume
Low HDL - High TSH - High Mg - High PO4 - Diet hx of xs intake - Liver damage - GI distress
Designed to attain or maintain optimal nutritional status in those who do not require modified or therapeutic diets - Used to promote health and reduce risks for developing chronic diet-related diseases

33. Inadequate fat intake
Weight Loss - dx: AIDS - TB - AN
Encourage patient to think/talk about food before meals - Can help stimulate flow of saliva - Aids in formation of bolus - Chewing and swallowing process - Tart or sour foods - Stimulate saliva production - Have patient lick jelly from the lips - puc
Height/length -Weight -BMI -Body Measures (skin fold thickness)
Low serum mineral levels - Physical signs of deficiency - Diet hx of low intake - Celiac disease - SBS - IBD

34. Excessive fluid intake
Diet hx of xs fiber intake - GI distress
Regular diet with attention to texture - Consistency of food can be varied according to the patient's ability to chew and swallow - Foods chopped - ground - mashed - or pureed - Patient's needs should be evaluated - Modifying consistency according to
Abnormal liver function tests - Abnormal levels of nutrient - Weight gain or weight loss - Edema - Nausea - Intolerance
Low serum osmolality - Weight gain - Edema - Excess salt intake

35. Excessive energy intake
IV lipid emulsions - Used as a concentrated energy source and to prevent the development of essential fatty acid deficiency - Kcal density of lipid solutions is useful when volume restriction is necessary
Foods clear and liquid at room/body temperature - :Used to help prevent dehydration and keep colon contents to a minimum - -Good source of fluids and water - Inadequate in: - Protein - Fat - Energy - Fiber - Recommended for short-term use (3-5 days
Weight gain - Diet hx of energy dense food intake
Serum Albumin- (visceral protein status) Normal Value: 3.5-5 g/dl 2.8-3.5- compromised protein status <2.4- possible protein malnutrition

36. How do you monitor response for enteral treatment?
Used when patient has functioning GI tract - Used when patients unable to orally consume adequate nutrients and kcal - Preferred over parenteral nutrition - Physiologically beneficial in maintaining the integrity and function of the gut - Short-term
Individualized diets based on swallowing ability and food preference - Evaluate ability to swallow solids and liquids: often done by speech therapist who can also aid in teaching the patient swallowing techniques - Features of food to consider and mo
Weight status and trends - BUN - creatinine - serum chemistries - proteins - Fluid status - intake and output
High BUN - High serum osmolality - High Na - Weight loss - Thirst

37. What else do you check with biochemical tests?
Used when patient has functioning GI tract - Used when patients unable to orally consume adequate nutrients and kcal - Preferred over parenteral nutrition - Physiologically beneficial in maintaining the integrity and function of the gut - Short-term
TJC requires screenings within 48hrs
Anthropometric data -Clinical data -Dietary intake assessment
Caused by disease

38. What are some tube-feeding complications?
Reports or observations of energy intake less than needs - Projected change in ability to procure or consume adequate energy - Knowledge deficit - Projected increase in physical activity
GI problems - Diarrhea - Nausea and vomiting - Cramping - Distention - Constipation - Mechanical complications - Tube displacement - Tube obstruction - Pulmonary aspiration - Mucosal damage
Foods that are easy to chew - digest - and absorb - Used during transition from liquid diets to regular or general diets - Foods low in fiber - Only lightly seasoned - Not appropriate for patients requiring mechanical soft diets
Diet hx of low fiber intake - Constipation/low stool volume

39. What are the assessments for Enteral Feedings?
High BUN - High serum osmolality - High Na - Weight loss - Thirst
Assessment - Residuals - Weight - Lung sounds - Edema - I & O - Blood glucose monitoring - Blood chemistry
Management of malabsorption - chronic pancreatitis - gallbladder disease - Medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) utilized with high intake of CHO and protein - Easy to digest - Restricts - High fat - additional fat in cooking - Enzyme replacement may be
High/low BGL - Meds (steroids) - Diet hx

40. What is Regular/General Diet?
Designed to attain or maintain optimal nutritional status in those who do not require modified or therapeutic diets - Used to promote health and reduce risks for developing chronic diet-related diseases
Food allergy diet - Common: nuts - eggs - cow's milk - shellfish - wheat - Gluten-restricted diet - Celiac disease (malabsorption syndrome) - Omits wheat - rye - barley - oats - buckwheat - malt - Allows rice and corn - Lactose-restricted - Primary i
Low cholesterol - Low Ca - High PTT - Low Cu/Zn/Fe - Weight loss - Dehydration
Allows body to heal -To prepare diagnostic test -To prepare Surgical Procedure

41. Predicted Excessive Nutrient Intake
Based on - Patient's digestive and absorptive capabilities - Metabolic requirements - Need for fluid restriction - Done in conjunction with dietician who will calculate patients individual nutritional need and develop plan to initiate feedings
Low cholesterol - Weight loss - Poor dentition - Self-feeding problems - Inadequate nutrition support
Biochemical parameters indicating excessive nutrient intake - Knowledge deficit - Meds affecting appetite - Nutrition in Patient Care
Food allergy diet - Common: nuts - eggs - cow's milk - shellfish - wheat - Gluten-restricted diet - Celiac disease (malabsorption syndrome) - Omits wheat - rye - barley - oats - buckwheat - malt - Allows rice and corn - Lactose-restricted - Primary i

42. What are the IV lipid emulsions for Parenteral Nutriton Solution?
Foods that are easy to chew - digest - and absorb - Used during transition from liquid diets to regular or general diets - Foods low in fiber - Only lightly seasoned - Not appropriate for patients requiring mechanical soft diets
IV lipid emulsions - Used as a concentrated energy source and to prevent the development of essential fatty acid deficiency - Kcal density of lipid solutions is useful when volume restriction is necessary
Height/length -Weight -BMI -Body Measures (skin fold thickness)
Socioeconomic status -comorbid disease states -Age adults: =< 75 children<5 PHYSICAL -stress and trauma- metabolic demands -mechanical ventilation-unable to eat -therapeutic bowel rest

43. What is Dysphagia? What are some of the acute/progressive causes?

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44. Inconsistent carbohydrate intake
Weight status and trends - BUN - creatinine - serum chemistries - proteins - Fluid status - intake and output
Food items that minimize elimination patterns by reducing fecal volume - Restricted - High fiber foods - Milk and milk products - Fried foods - Pepper - Alcohol - Heavy seasonings
Diet hx of aberrant CHO intake - Steroids - DM - Inborn errors
High/low BGL - Meds - Insulin use -

45. Predicted Suboptimal Nutrient Intake
Underweight-bmi<18.5 normal- 18.5-24.9 overweight-25.0-29.9 obese- bmi>30
Serum and urine creatinine and BUN (somatic muscle protein) -ELEVATED if muscle is broken down Normal Values: -Serum Creatinine: 0.5-1.2mg/100ml -BUN: 10-20 mg/ml
Biochemical parameters indicating suboptimal nutrient intake - Estimated intake less than needs - Cultural or religious practices - Knowledge deficit - Meds affecting appetite
High serum vit. A -D -K - B6 - niacin - Physical signs of excess - Diet hx

46. What is Primary Nutrition Risk?
Inadequate Intake
Low serum vitamin levels - Physical signs of deficiency - Diet hx of low intake
Low alb - Low BMI - Weight loss - Poor growth rate - Diet hx low PRO
Anthropometric data -Clinical data -Dietary intake assessment

47. What is Fat-Controlled Diet?
High BUN - Low GFR - Poor growth - Deranged AA ratios - diet hx high PRO or AA supplement
Management of malabsorption - chronic pancreatitis - gallbladder disease - Medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) utilized with high intake of CHO and protein - Easy to digest - Restricts - High fat - additional fat in cooking - Enzyme replacement may be
High chol - PO4 - GFR <90 - High BUN - Edema - Dx: kidney/liver
Weight loss (5% in 1 month; 10% in 6 months) - Increased activity - dx: Parkinsons - cerebral palsy - dementia

48. Excessive vitamin intake
Weight status and trends - BUN - creatinine - serum chemistries - proteins - Fluid status - intake and output
High serum vit. A -D -K - B6 - niacin - Physical signs of excess - Diet hx
Technical complications - Pneumothorax - Septic complications - Local or systemic - Metabolic complications - Most common complication - Most common is hyperglycemia
Indirect calorimetry measurement - Vitamin/mineral abnormalities in lab values - Inadequate weight gain - or unintentional weight loss Clinical evidence of vitamin/mineral deficiency

49. Increased nutrient needs

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50. What are some swallowing aids?
High BUN - High BGL - High liver enzymes - Weight gain - Edema
High chol - amylase/lipase - liver function tests - Diet hx high fat
Encourage patient to think/talk about food before meals - Can help stimulate flow of saliva - Aids in formation of bolus - Chewing and swallowing process - Tart or sour foods - Stimulate saliva production - Have patient lick jelly from the lips - puc
Socioeconomic status -comorbid disease states -Age adults: =< 75 children<5 PHYSICAL -stress and trauma- metabolic demands -mechanical ventilation-unable to eat -therapeutic bowel rest