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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is black liquor?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

2. What are some sizing additives?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Help retain fines and fillers.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Percent ISO.

3. Advantages of recycled pulping?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
33% - 55% - and 8%

4. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
655 and 98 lbs/year
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

5. What is Sulfidity?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Thermomechanical pulping
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

6. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
365 million metric tons
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

7. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

8. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

9. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

10. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
High yield - low cost - simple.
33% - 55% - and 8%

11. What does TMP mean?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Thermomechanical pulping

12. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Printing and writing.
Protection.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Liberation of Fibers.

13. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Stone ground wood.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

14. Define refining.
25%
85 million metric tons
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
polyacrylamide.

15. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

16. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Pressurized ground wood.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

17. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Grinding and refining.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Protection.

18. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
75%
Liberation of Fibers.

19. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
365 million metric tons
655 and 98 lbs/year
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

20. What does ECF stand for?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Conduction.

21. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
57%
Unbleached Kraft
655 and 98 lbs/year

22. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
polyacrylamide.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
To improve brightness.

23. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
33% - 55% - and 8%
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

24. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
57%
High yield - low cost - simple.
75%
Corrugating Medium alone.

25. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Conduction.
85 million metric tons
Grinding and refining.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

26. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Starch.
High yield - low cost - simple.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

27. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Unbleached Kraft
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
25%

28. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
33% - 55% - and 8%
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

29. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
75%
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

30. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

31. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Growth.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

32. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Printing and writing.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Totally Chlorine Free.

33. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

34. What is a retention additive often used?
polyacrylamide.
Springwood.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

35. What does TCF stand for?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Totally Chlorine Free.

36. What happens during refining?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Stone ground wood.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
To improve brightness.

37. Define Paper.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
85 million metric tons
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

38. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

39. What are some roles of the headbox?
Percent ISO.
75%
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Stone ground wood.

40. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
25%

41. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
85 million metric tons
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

42. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Pressurized ground wood.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

43. What is Effective Alkali?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

44. When and where was paper invented?
China - 105 AD
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

45. How is brightness measured?
Liberation of Fibers.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Starch.
Percent ISO.

46. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
85 million metric tons
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

47. What is freeness?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Printing and writing.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

48. Light rings in wood are known as what?
batch and continuous.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Springwood.

49. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

50. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.