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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
25%
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
batch and continuous.

2. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Conduction.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Grinding and refining.

3. What is brownstock?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Starch.
Printing and writing.

4. What is a common wet strength aid?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Kymene.
365 million metric tons
Growth.

5. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Conduction.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

6. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
6 to 7 times.
85 million metric tons
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Liberation of Fibers.

7. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Unbleached Kraft
365 million metric tons
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Summerwood.

8. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
37%
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

9. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
batch and continuous.
365 million metric tons
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

10. What are some roles of the headbox?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Starch.
25%
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

11. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

12. What is black liquor?
Stone ground wood.
Percent ISO.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

13. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Kymene.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

14. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Springwood.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Totally Chlorine Free.
37%

15. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

16. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

17. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
57%

18. What do fillers do?
37%
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

19. What is world production per year of paper/board?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Percent ISO.
365 million metric tons

20. What is the function of the Cambium?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Calcium carbonate.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Growth.

21. What does TCF stand for?
Totally Chlorine Free.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Corrugating Medium alone.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

22. Define Paper.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

23. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

24. Define Fluff Pulp.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

25. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
To improve brightness.
Liberation of Fibers.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

26. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Summerwood.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

27. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Grinding and refining.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

28. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
85 million metric tons
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Growth.

29. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Unbleached Kraft

30. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Starch.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

31. What are some sizing additives?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

32. What is the function of Bark?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
85 million metric tons
Protection.
batch and continuous.

33. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

34. What are some strength additives?
Calcium carbonate.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
6 to 7 times.
Starch.

35. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
33% - 55% - and 8%

36. What is freeness?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
To improve brightness.

37. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
To improve brightness.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

38. Define refining.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

39. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Growth.
Printing and writing.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

40. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Thermomechanical pulping
Percent ISO.
Corrugating Medium alone.

41. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Starch.
25%
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Percent ISO.

42. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Corrugating Medium alone.
batch and continuous.
Summerwood.

43. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
High yield - low cost - simple.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Percent ISO.

44. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Conduction.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
37%

45. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Percent ISO.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Springwood.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

46. What do retention aids do?
Summerwood.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Help retain fines and fillers.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

47. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
85 million metric tons
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

48. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
To improve brightness.
25%

49. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Printing and writing.

50. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Corrugating Medium alone.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.