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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Printing and writing.
Growth.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
batch and continuous.

2. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Stone ground wood.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

3. What are some roles of the headbox?
365 million metric tons
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
75%
85 million metric tons

4. What are some sizing additives?
Springwood.
Thermomechanical pulping
Totally Chlorine Free.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

5. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Conduction.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

6. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Calcium carbonate.
Totally Chlorine Free.

7. What does TCF stand for?
Totally Chlorine Free.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

8. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Totally Chlorine Free.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

9. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
25%
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Totally Chlorine Free.

10. What happens during refining?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Help retain fines and fillers.

11. What does SGW mean?
Stone ground wood.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Thermomechanical pulping

12. What are some strength additives?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Starch.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

13. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

14. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
6 to 7 times.
Unbleached Kraft
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

15. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Liberation of Fibers.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

16. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Kymene.

17. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

18. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Protection.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
To improve brightness.
57%

19. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Pressurized ground wood.
365 million metric tons
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

20. Define Fluff Pulp.
Pressurized ground wood.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

21. Advantages of recycled pulping?
China - 105 AD
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
25%
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

22. What is the function of the Cambium?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Growth.

23. What do retention aids do?
37%
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Help retain fines and fillers.

24. What is common filler?
Calcium carbonate.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
57%
China - 105 AD

25. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
85 million metric tons
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

26. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Corrugating Medium alone.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

27. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Pressurized ground wood.
Conduction.
Springwood.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

28. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Protection.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

29. Define Paper.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

30. What is the function of Bark?
Protection.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

31. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

32. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
37%
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

33. What does CTMP mean?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

34. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
655 and 98 lbs/year

35. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Protection.

36. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Pressurized ground wood.

37. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
To improve brightness.
High yield - low cost - simple.

38. What is Sulfidity?
6 to 7 times.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
85 million metric tons
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

39. What does PGW mean?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Summerwood.
Pressurized ground wood.

40. How is brightness measured?
Percent ISO.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Stone ground wood.

41. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Conduction.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Stone ground wood.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

42. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Conduction.
China - 105 AD
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

43. What is formation?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
37%
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

44. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
37%
Percent ISO.

45. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Conduction.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
25%
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

46. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Calcium carbonate.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Help retain fines and fillers.

47. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
6 to 7 times.

48. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Percent ISO.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

49. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
37%
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Summerwood.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

50. What is a common wet strength aid?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Kymene.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Corrugating Medium alone.