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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define Fluff Pulp.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Thermomechanical pulping
batch and continuous.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

2. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Printing and writing.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

3. What does SGW mean?
Stone ground wood.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

4. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
57%
75%
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

5. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Liberation of Fibers.
Conduction.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

6. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Unbleached Kraft
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
655 and 98 lbs/year

7. What is Effective Alkali?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Printing and writing.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

8. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
655 and 98 lbs/year
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

9. What is world production per year of paper/board?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
365 million metric tons
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

10. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Starch.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

11. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
To improve brightness.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Percent ISO.

12. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
85 million metric tons
6 to 7 times.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

13. What do fillers do?
25%
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

14. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
25%
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

15. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Conduction.

16. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
To improve brightness.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Springwood.
Percent ISO.

17. What do retention aids do?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Help retain fines and fillers.

18. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Liberation of Fibers.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Unbleached Kraft
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

19. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
6 to 7 times.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

20. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Liberation of Fibers.
Printing and writing.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Summerwood.

21. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Starch.

22. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
75%
Corrugating Medium alone.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

23. What is freeness?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Printing and writing.
Help retain fines and fillers.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

24. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
25%
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
57%

25. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Growth.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

26. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

27. What is Sulfidity?
37%
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

28. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Liberation of Fibers.
Unbleached Kraft
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

29. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Springwood.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Grinding and refining.

30. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Growth.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

31. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
57%
85 million metric tons

32. What is a retention additive often used?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
polyacrylamide.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

33. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Unbleached Kraft
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

34. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
85 million metric tons
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

35. What is black liquor?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Calcium carbonate.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Conduction.

36. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

37. What happens during refining?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

38. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

39. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Springwood.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

40. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Stone ground wood.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
57%
25%

41. What is common filler?
6 to 7 times.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Calcium carbonate.
Summerwood.

42. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
365 million metric tons
Printing and writing.

43. What is brownstock?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
75%
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

44. What are some sizing additives?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
57%

45. What does CTMP mean?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Percent ISO.

46. Define Paper.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Percent ISO.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

47. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
Printing and writing.
Conduction.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

48. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

49. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
365 million metric tons
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Starch.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

50. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Protection.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
25%