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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
China - 105 AD
Printing and writing.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

2. Define Fluff Pulp.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
6 to 7 times.

3. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
37%
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Conduction.

4. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Springwood.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
High yield - low cost - simple.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

5. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Printing and writing.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

6. What is a retention additive often used?
Starch.
Calcium carbonate.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
polyacrylamide.

7. What does ECF stand for?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Liberation of Fibers.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

8. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Growth.
Liberation of Fibers.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

9. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

10. What does the Kappa number indicate?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Protection.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

11. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Starch.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Pressurized ground wood.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

12. Define Paper.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
37%
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

13. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Starch.
Protection.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Grinding and refining.

14. Define refining.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Grinding and refining.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

15. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Pressurized ground wood.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
57%

16. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
85 million metric tons
Unbleached Kraft
33% - 55% - and 8%

17. What is world production per year of paper/board?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
365 million metric tons
Corrugating Medium alone.

18. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

19. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Growth.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

20. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
85 million metric tons
25%
Printing and writing.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

21. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Stone ground wood.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

22. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
batch and continuous.

23. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

24. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Growth.
25%
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
batch and continuous.

25. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
25%
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Summerwood.

26. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Calcium carbonate.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

27. What are some sizing additives?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

28. What does PGW mean?
6 to 7 times.
Pressurized ground wood.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
85 million metric tons

29. What is formation?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

30. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Starch.

31. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Starch.

32. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

33. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Growth.

34. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Conduction.
To improve brightness.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Stone ground wood.

35. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
High yield - low cost - simple.
Corrugating Medium alone.

36. What does CTMP mean?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

37. What is black liquor?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Conduction.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

38. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
75%
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

39. What is the function of Bark?
Calcium carbonate.
Protection.
85 million metric tons
6 to 7 times.

40. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

41. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

42. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
57%

43. What is common filler?
Starch.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Calcium carbonate.

44. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
To improve brightness.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

45. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

46. What does SGW mean?
57%
85 million metric tons
Calcium carbonate.
Stone ground wood.

47. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

48. What do retention aids do?
Percent ISO.
75%
Help retain fines and fillers.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

49. What is Sulfidity?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Springwood.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

50. What are some strength additives?
Unbleached Kraft
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Starch.