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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
batch and continuous.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

2. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Growth.

3. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
37%
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

4. How is brightness measured?
85 million metric tons
Percent ISO.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Stone ground wood.

5. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
polyacrylamide.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

6. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
37%
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Grinding and refining.

7. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
57%
Corrugating Medium alone.
Stone ground wood.

8. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
37%
Grinding and refining.

9. What is Effective Alkali?
Conduction.
25%
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
365 million metric tons

10. What is Active Alkali?
Percent ISO.
Help retain fines and fillers.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
High yield - low cost - simple.

11. What does TCF stand for?
Totally Chlorine Free.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
6 to 7 times.

12. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

13. What do fillers do?
Conduction.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Protection.

14. What is Sulfidity?
Thermomechanical pulping
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

15. What does TMP mean?
Thermomechanical pulping
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
polyacrylamide.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

16. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Springwood.
Corrugating Medium alone.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

17. What does ECF stand for?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Starch.

18. When and where was paper invented?
China - 105 AD
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Springwood.

19. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Kymene.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

20. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Percent ISO.
37%
To deliver stock on to the wire.

21. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Unbleached Kraft
655 and 98 lbs/year
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

22. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
batch and continuous.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

23. What is freeness?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
57%
Grinding and refining.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

24. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Conduction.
Totally Chlorine Free.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Pressurized ground wood.

25. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Starch.
Stone ground wood.
25%
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

26. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
China - 105 AD
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

27. What does PGW mean?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Pressurized ground wood.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Stone ground wood.

28. What is a common wet strength aid?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Kymene.
Printing and writing.

29. What is brownstock?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
batch and continuous.
Protection.
Help retain fines and fillers.

30. What is common filler?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
75%
Calcium carbonate.

31. What is the function of Bark?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Protection.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

32. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
85 million metric tons
To deliver stock on to the wire.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

33. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Summerwood.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

34. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
High yield - low cost - simple.
57%
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

35. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

36. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

37. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Grinding and refining.
37%

38. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
batch and continuous.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

39. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Calcium carbonate.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

40. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Liberation of Fibers.
85 million metric tons

41. What is black liquor?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

42. Define Market Pulp.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Calcium carbonate.

43. What is the function of the Cambium?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Growth.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

44. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
57%
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Summerwood.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

45. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Starch.
Springwood.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

46. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
75%

47. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
batch and continuous.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

48. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Grinding and refining.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Springwood.

49. What do retention aids do?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Springwood.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Stone ground wood.

50. Define refining.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
57%
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
655 and 98 lbs/year