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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

2. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

3. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Summerwood.

4. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
75%

5. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
85 million metric tons
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
polyacrylamide.

6. What do fillers do?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Growth.
Summerwood.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

7. What is formation?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

8. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Conduction.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
655 and 98 lbs/year

9. What is Effective Alkali?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

10. When and where was paper invented?
China - 105 AD
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Conduction.

11. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Liberation of Fibers.

12. Define Fluff Pulp.
polyacrylamide.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Totally Chlorine Free.

13. What is common filler?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Calcium carbonate.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

14. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Conduction.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

15. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
6 to 7 times.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Grinding and refining.
Conduction.

16. What is brownstock?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

17. What is black liquor?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
China - 105 AD
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

18. What is a retention additive often used?
polyacrylamide.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

19. What is Active Alkali?
Starch.
Unbleached Kraft
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Totally Chlorine Free.

20. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Springwood.
6 to 7 times.
To improve brightness.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

21. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Kymene.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Corrugating Medium alone.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

22. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
25%
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

23. How is brightness measured?
batch and continuous.
Grinding and refining.
Percent ISO.
33% - 55% - and 8%

24. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Thermomechanical pulping
Calcium carbonate.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

25. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
High yield - low cost - simple.
57%

26. What does the Kappa number indicate?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Kymene.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

27. What is the function of the Cambium?
Unbleached Kraft
Growth.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

28. What are some sizing additives?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
To improve brightness.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

29. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Unbleached Kraft
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

30. What does PGW mean?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Pressurized ground wood.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

31. What does TMP mean?
Summerwood.
Thermomechanical pulping
To improve brightness.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

32. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Corrugating Medium alone.

33. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Liberation of Fibers.
Thermomechanical pulping
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

34. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Grinding and refining.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

35. What is freeness?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
57%
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

36. What does TCF stand for?
Kymene.
Totally Chlorine Free.
37%
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

37. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Printing and writing.
Calcium carbonate.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

38. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

39. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Liberation of Fibers.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

40. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Summerwood.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

41. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
57%
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

42. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Springwood.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

43. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

44. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Help retain fines and fillers.
37%
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Springwood.

45. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Percent ISO.

46. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
365 million metric tons

47. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Unbleached Kraft

48. What do retention aids do?
Starch.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

49. Define Market Pulp.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
polyacrylamide.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

50. What is the function of Bark?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Protection.
To improve brightness.