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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Starch.
batch and continuous.
75%
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

2. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
25%
Stone ground wood.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Grinding and refining.

3. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

4. What does PGW mean?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Pressurized ground wood.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

5. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Help retain fines and fillers.
25%
85 million metric tons

6. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

7. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Calcium carbonate.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Protection.

8. What is common filler?
Calcium carbonate.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
To improve brightness.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

9. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
33% - 55% - and 8%

10. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Springwood.
37%
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

11. What is the function of Bark?
Starch.
Protection.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

12. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
To improve brightness.
37%
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

13. When and where was paper invented?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Conduction.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
China - 105 AD

14. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Pressurized ground wood.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

15. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

16. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

17. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
75%
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

18. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
57%
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

19. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Grinding and refining.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

20. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Kymene.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

21. What does CTMP mean?
High yield - low cost - simple.
365 million metric tons
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

22. What are some roles of the headbox?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

23. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
57%
batch and continuous.
Springwood.

24. Define refining.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

25. What happens during refining?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Unbleached Kraft
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

26. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Unbleached Kraft
Liberation of Fibers.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

27. What does ECF stand for?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Summerwood.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

28. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
37%
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

29. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Starch.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

30. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Growth.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

31. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
6 to 7 times.
85 million metric tons
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

32. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

33. What is the function of the Cambium?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Growth.
75%

34. What is Active Alkali?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Starch.

35. What do the stages in DEDED do?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

36. What do retention aids do?
Percent ISO.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
365 million metric tons

37. What is a retention additive often used?
Kymene.
Stone ground wood.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
polyacrylamide.

38. What does TMP mean?
Liberation of Fibers.
Thermomechanical pulping
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
85 million metric tons

39. What do fillers do?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
75%

40. What is freeness?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
25%
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

41. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

42. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Calcium carbonate.
Growth.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

43. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
6 to 7 times.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
655 and 98 lbs/year

44. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
75%
Printing and writing.
High yield - low cost - simple.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

45. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Kymene.
polyacrylamide.

46. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Corrugating Medium alone.

47. What is Effective Alkali?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

48. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

49. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

50. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Totally Chlorine Free.