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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a retention additive often used?
365 million metric tons
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
polyacrylamide.

2. What is the function of Bark?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Protection.
Printing and writing.

3. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Growth.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

4. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
To improve brightness.
polyacrylamide.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
25%

5. Light rings in wood are known as what?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
25%
Springwood.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

6. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Unbleached Kraft
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

7. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
25%
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Totally Chlorine Free.

8. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Liberation of Fibers.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

9. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
To improve brightness.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
57%

10. What is brownstock?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
655 and 98 lbs/year
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
batch and continuous.

11. What is Effective Alkali?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Unbleached Kraft
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

12. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

13. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
batch and continuous.

14. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
batch and continuous.
Unbleached Kraft
Protection.
Summerwood.

15. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Liberation of Fibers.
Protection.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
To deliver stock on to the wire.

16. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Protection.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

17. What does TCF stand for?
Kymene.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Conduction.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

18. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

19. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Protection.

20. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
365 million metric tons
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

21. What does TMP mean?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Thermomechanical pulping
Printing and writing.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

22. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
25%
High yield - low cost - simple.

23. Define Market Pulp.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

24. Define Fluff Pulp.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Grinding and refining.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Summerwood.

25. What happens during refining?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

26. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
25%

27. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
batch and continuous.
Percent ISO.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Printing and writing.

28. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Unbleached Kraft

29. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
85 million metric tons
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
33% - 55% - and 8%
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

30. What do fillers do?
Liberation of Fibers.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

31. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Calcium carbonate.
polyacrylamide.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

32. Define refining.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
High yield - low cost - simple.
33% - 55% - and 8%

33. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Springwood.

34. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
25%
33% - 55% - and 8%
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

35. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
25%
Corrugating Medium alone.
To improve brightness.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

36. What is the function of the Cambium?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Growth.

37. What is formation?
Liberation of Fibers.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

38. What does ECF stand for?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

39. What is common filler?
Conduction.
Calcium carbonate.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

40. What are some roles of the headbox?
Stone ground wood.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

41. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
655 and 98 lbs/year
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Summerwood.

42. What are some sizing additives?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Corrugating Medium alone.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

43. What are some strength additives?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Starch.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Pressurized ground wood.

44. What is freeness?
33% - 55% - and 8%
655 and 98 lbs/year
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Summerwood.

45. What is a common wet strength aid?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Kymene.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

46. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Unbleached Kraft
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

47. Define Paper.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

48. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

49. What is Active Alkali?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

50. What does SGW mean?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Printing and writing.
Stone ground wood.
Pressurized ground wood.