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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

2. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

3. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

4. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Corrugating Medium alone.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

5. What is a retention additive often used?
polyacrylamide.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Liberation of Fibers.

6. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
China - 105 AD
Percent ISO.
85 million metric tons
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

7. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Percent ISO.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

8. What is the function of the Cambium?
Summerwood.
Help retain fines and fillers.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Growth.

9. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Kymene.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

10. What is brownstock?
polyacrylamide.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
85 million metric tons

11. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
To improve brightness.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
High yield - low cost - simple.

12. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
6 to 7 times.
25%
Springwood.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

13. Define refining.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

14. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Unbleached Kraft

15. What is Effective Alkali?
Printing and writing.
polyacrylamide.
Starch.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

16. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Totally Chlorine Free.
6 to 7 times.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Printing and writing.

17. What do fillers do?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

18. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Corrugating Medium alone.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

19. What are some sizing additives?
Summerwood.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

20. What is common filler?
25%
Calcium carbonate.
polyacrylamide.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

21. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
China - 105 AD
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Unbleached Kraft

22. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Unbleached Kraft
Liberation of Fibers.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

23. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

24. Light rings in wood are known as what?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Conduction.
Springwood.
Thermomechanical pulping

25. When and where was paper invented?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
China - 105 AD
33% - 55% - and 8%

26. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

27. What are some strength additives?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Starch.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

28. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
polyacrylamide.
25%
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

29. What is Sulfidity?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
75%
Percent ISO.

30. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Stone ground wood.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Growth.

31. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Corrugating Medium alone.

32. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Kymene.
Thermomechanical pulping

33. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
polyacrylamide.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

34. Define Paper.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
33% - 55% - and 8%
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

35. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Totally Chlorine Free.

36. What is a common wet strength aid?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Corrugating Medium alone.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Kymene.

37. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
365 million metric tons
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
33% - 55% - and 8%

38. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
Grinding and refining.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Liberation of Fibers.
To improve brightness.

39. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

40. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Totally Chlorine Free.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
85 million metric tons
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

41. What is formation?
6 to 7 times.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

42. What is world production per year of paper/board?
Percent ISO.
365 million metric tons
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

43. What is freeness?
Summerwood.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
6 to 7 times.

44. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Pressurized ground wood.
75%
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

45. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
365 million metric tons
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

46. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Printing and writing.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
365 million metric tons

47. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
To improve brightness.

48. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Corrugating Medium alone.
batch and continuous.

49. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Summerwood.
25%
33% - 55% - and 8%

50. What does CTMP mean?
Liberation of Fibers.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Thermomechanical pulping
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O