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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
85 million metric tons
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
To improve brightness.
Calcium carbonate.

2. What is the function of the Cambium?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Growth.
365 million metric tons

3. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

4. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Springwood.
Pressurized ground wood.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

5. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

6. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
China - 105 AD
Corrugating Medium alone.

7. What are some sizing additives?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Conduction.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

8. What is freeness?
Summerwood.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
25%

9. What are some roles of the headbox?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Totally Chlorine Free.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

10. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

11. What is Active Alkali?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

12. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Liberation of Fibers.
To improve brightness.
Thermomechanical pulping

13. What are some strength additives?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Starch.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

14. What do fillers do?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Grinding and refining.

15. What happens during refining?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
High yield - low cost - simple.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

16. Advantages of recycled pulping?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
365 million metric tons

17. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
33% - 55% - and 8%
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
57%

18. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

19. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
33% - 55% - and 8%
25%
Growth.

20. What does TCF stand for?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Protection.
Conduction.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

21. What is the function of Bark?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Protection.

22. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Summerwood.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

23. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
To improve brightness.

24. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

25. What does CTMP mean?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

26. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
polyacrylamide.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
batch and continuous.
75%

27. What is a retention additive often used?
polyacrylamide.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

28. What is black liquor?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

29. How is brightness measured?
Grinding and refining.
Percent ISO.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

30. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
75%
Pressurized ground wood.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

31. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Totally Chlorine Free.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

32. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

33. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
To improve brightness.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

34. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
85 million metric tons
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

35. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Summerwood.
Help retain fines and fillers.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
75%

36. What does PGW mean?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Pressurized ground wood.

37. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Stone ground wood.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
365 million metric tons

38. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
To improve brightness.
Summerwood.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

39. What is formation?
85 million metric tons
Starch.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

40. What does TMP mean?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
75%
polyacrylamide.
Thermomechanical pulping

41. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

42. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

43. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
Protection.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
85 million metric tons
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

44. What is brownstock?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

45. List the 3 types of headboxes.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
57%
Stone ground wood.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

46. Define Market Pulp.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Unbleached Kraft
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

47. What does SGW mean?
Stone ground wood.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
25%

48. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Calcium carbonate.

49. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

50. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Protection.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Conduction.