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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Printing and writing.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

2. List the 3 types of headboxes.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
To deliver stock on to the wire.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
batch and continuous.

3. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Conduction.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

4. What is formation?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

5. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Calcium carbonate.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

6. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Liberation of Fibers.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
655 and 98 lbs/year

7. What is freeness?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

8. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Summerwood.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

9. What do fillers do?
Stone ground wood.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Thermomechanical pulping
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

10. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
75%
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
57%

11. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Conduction.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
365 million metric tons

12. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

13. What does TCF stand for?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Stone ground wood.
Totally Chlorine Free.
25%

14. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
To improve brightness.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

15. What is brownstock?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Thermomechanical pulping
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
33% - 55% - and 8%

16. What does SGW mean?
25%
Stone ground wood.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Calcium carbonate.

17. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
37%
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

18. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
25%
Pressurized ground wood.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
33% - 55% - and 8%

19. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
batch and continuous.
Springwood.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

20. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
6 to 7 times.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

21. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Unbleached Kraft

22. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Summerwood.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

23. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

24. What is a retention additive often used?
polyacrylamide.
Conduction.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Printing and writing.

25. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
6 to 7 times.
Pressurized ground wood.
Protection.
37%

26. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
6 to 7 times.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

27. What is black liquor?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Conduction.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

28. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Grinding and refining.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

29. What is Active Alkali?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

30. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

31. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
batch and continuous.
Thermomechanical pulping
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

32. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
75%
85 million metric tons
Printing and writing.

33. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
To improve brightness.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
High yield - low cost - simple.
Totally Chlorine Free.

34. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Springwood.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

35. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
37%
Unbleached Kraft

36. Define refining.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Grinding and refining.
Totally Chlorine Free.
57%

37. What does PGW mean?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Pressurized ground wood.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

38. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Corrugating Medium alone.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

39. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Liberation of Fibers.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

40. What does TMP mean?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Help retain fines and fillers.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Thermomechanical pulping

41. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
85 million metric tons
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Pressurized ground wood.

42. Define Market Pulp.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

43. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

44. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Grinding and refining.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
75%

45. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
China - 105 AD
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Starch.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

46. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Grinding and refining.
Unbleached Kraft
6 to 7 times.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

47. What are some roles of the headbox?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
polyacrylamide.
Summerwood.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

48. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

49. Define Paper.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

50. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former