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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
655 and 98 lbs/year
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

2. Define Paper.
6 to 7 times.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

3. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
85 million metric tons
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Starch.

4. What is black liquor?
Conduction.
57%
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

5. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Thermomechanical pulping

6. What does SGW mean?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Springwood.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Stone ground wood.

7. Define Fluff Pulp.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Kymene.

8. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
China - 105 AD
365 million metric tons

9. What is formation?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
75%

10. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
33% - 55% - and 8%

11. How is brightness measured?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Percent ISO.
Kymene.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

12. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
To improve brightness.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Starch.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

13. What does ECF stand for?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Percent ISO.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

14. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Springwood.
Starch.
Unbleached Kraft
Printing and writing.

15. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Summerwood.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

16. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Springwood.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

17. Define Market Pulp.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

18. What are some roles of the headbox?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

19. What is Sulfidity?
85 million metric tons
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

20. What happens during refining?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Grinding and refining.
365 million metric tons

21. Define refining.
85 million metric tons
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

22. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
37%
polyacrylamide.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

23. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
polyacrylamide.
Printing and writing.
Pressurized ground wood.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

24. What is the function of the Cambium?
Growth.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
365 million metric tons

25. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

26. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Springwood.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

27. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
25%
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

28. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

29. What is freeness?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Percent ISO.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

30. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
57%
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Starch.

31. What is world production per year of paper/board?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
365 million metric tons
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Summerwood.

32. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
33% - 55% - and 8%
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Growth.

33. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Conduction.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Unbleached Kraft
25%

34. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
57%
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

35. What do retention aids do?
Growth.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
China - 105 AD
Help retain fines and fillers.

36. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Liberation of Fibers.
Starch.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

37. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Springwood.

38. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Unbleached Kraft
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

39. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

40. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Conduction.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
6 to 7 times.
655 and 98 lbs/year

41. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

42. What does TMP mean?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
To improve brightness.
Thermomechanical pulping

43. List the 3 types of headboxes.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

44. What is the function of Bark?
25%
Protection.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

45. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Growth.
37%
To improve brightness.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

46. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Summerwood.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

47. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
High yield - low cost - simple.

48. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
365 million metric tons
655 and 98 lbs/year
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

49. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Stone ground wood.
365 million metric tons
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

50. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.