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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
25%
Springwood.
57%

2. Define Market Pulp.
Calcium carbonate.
75%
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

3. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
25%

4. When and where was paper invented?
China - 105 AD
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
57%
Corrugating Medium alone.

5. What is Effective Alkali?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

6. What are some roles of the headbox?
25%
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Growth.
Pressurized ground wood.

7. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

8. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
25%
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

9. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

10. What does TMP mean?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Thermomechanical pulping
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Protection.

11. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Corrugating Medium alone.
China - 105 AD
25%
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

12. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
85 million metric tons
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

13. What is the function of Bark?
Protection.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Totally Chlorine Free.

14. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
25%
Liberation of Fibers.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

15. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Thermomechanical pulping
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

16. What is brownstock?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Growth.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

17. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

18. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Springwood.

19. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
To improve brightness.
6 to 7 times.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

20. What does the Kappa number indicate?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
polyacrylamide.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

21. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Thermomechanical pulping
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Grinding and refining.

22. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Protection.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Printing and writing.

23. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
25%
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
655 and 98 lbs/year
Totally Chlorine Free.

24. What is common filler?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Calcium carbonate.
Unbleached Kraft
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

25. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Stone ground wood.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

26. What is world production per year of paper/board?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Springwood.
Thermomechanical pulping
365 million metric tons

27. What does CTMP mean?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

28. Define Fluff Pulp.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
polyacrylamide.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

29. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Summerwood.

30. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

31. What is a common wet strength aid?
Kymene.
batch and continuous.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
China - 105 AD

32. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Protection.

33. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
25%
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

34. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Growth.

35. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Growth.
Thermomechanical pulping
Grinding and refining.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

36. What is black liquor?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Growth.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

37. List the 3 types of headboxes.
57%
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Kymene.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

38. Define refining.
25%
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

39. What is Sulfidity?
Protection.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Conduction.
Percent ISO.

40. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
75%
57%
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

41. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

42. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Help retain fines and fillers.

43. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
85 million metric tons
25%
Grinding and refining.

44. What is formation?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
6 to 7 times.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Printing and writing.

45. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
batch and continuous.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

46. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Kymene.
365 million metric tons
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

47. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Calcium carbonate.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

48. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Kymene.
China - 105 AD

49. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Totally Chlorine Free.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

50. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Springwood.
Printing and writing.
6 to 7 times.