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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Conduction.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Protection.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

2. What is formation?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

3. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

4. What does SGW mean?
China - 105 AD
655 and 98 lbs/year
Summerwood.
Stone ground wood.

5. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
polyacrylamide.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

6. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
365 million metric tons

7. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

8. What is Effective Alkali?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

9. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Grinding and refining.

10. What do fillers do?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Unbleached Kraft
Grinding and refining.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

11. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Growth.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

12. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

13. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
75%
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

14. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

15. What is a retention additive often used?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
polyacrylamide.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Thermomechanical pulping

16. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
75%

17. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
37%
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

18. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Pressurized ground wood.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

19. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

20. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
33% - 55% - and 8%
37%
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

21. Define Market Pulp.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Calcium carbonate.

22. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

23. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Grinding and refining.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Unbleached Kraft

24. Define refining.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Unbleached Kraft
Conduction.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

25. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Conduction.
batch and continuous.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

26. What does CTMP mean?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

27. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Conduction.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

28. What does TCF stand for?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Springwood.
Percent ISO.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

29. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Stone ground wood.
Liberation of Fibers.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

30. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Pressurized ground wood.
365 million metric tons
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

31. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
To improve brightness.
37%
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
85 million metric tons

32. What is freeness?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Growth.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Liberation of Fibers.

33. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
37%
655 and 98 lbs/year
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

34. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
polyacrylamide.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

35. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
25%
Growth.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

36. Define Fluff Pulp.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

37. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

38. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
polyacrylamide.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Starch.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

39. What does TMP mean?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Thermomechanical pulping
Liberation of Fibers.
Corrugating Medium alone.

40. What do retention aids do?
Printing and writing.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Help retain fines and fillers.

41. How is brightness measured?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Liberation of Fibers.
Percent ISO.
6 to 7 times.

42. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Stone ground wood.
batch and continuous.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

43. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
To improve brightness.

44. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Grinding and refining.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

45. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

46. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
China - 105 AD
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
High yield - low cost - simple.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

47. What does the Kappa number indicate?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
batch and continuous.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
33% - 55% - and 8%

48. What does PGW mean?
Percent ISO.
Protection.
Pressurized ground wood.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

49. What is Active Alkali?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

50. What does ECF stand for?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO