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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Percent ISO.
655 and 98 lbs/year
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

2. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Calcium carbonate.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

3. What do retention aids do?
25%
Help retain fines and fillers.
6 to 7 times.
To improve brightness.

4. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
6 to 7 times.
Grinding and refining.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

5. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

6. What is Active Alkali?
batch and continuous.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

7. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
batch and continuous.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

8. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Printing and writing.

9. What is common filler?
Calcium carbonate.
Starch.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

10. What are some sizing additives?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

11. What does PGW mean?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Pressurized ground wood.
batch and continuous.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

12. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

13. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Calcium carbonate.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Protection.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

14. What does SGW mean?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Stone ground wood.

15. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

16. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Corrugating Medium alone.
To improve brightness.

17. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

18. What is formation?
polyacrylamide.
6 to 7 times.
Unbleached Kraft
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

19. What does TMP mean?
Thermomechanical pulping
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
6 to 7 times.
Kymene.

20. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Corrugating Medium alone.
57%

21. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

22. What is black liquor?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
57%

23. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
China - 105 AD
Pressurized ground wood.

24. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
batch and continuous.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
High yield - low cost - simple.
To improve brightness.

25. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Conduction.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
37%
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

26. Define Fluff Pulp.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Thermomechanical pulping
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

27. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

28. What is a common wet strength aid?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Kymene.
To improve brightness.

29. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Springwood.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

30. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
75%
Liberation of Fibers.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Conduction.

31. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
polyacrylamide.
Pressurized ground wood.
Liberation of Fibers.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

32. Define Market Pulp.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Growth.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

33. What happens during refining?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Liberation of Fibers.
Calcium carbonate.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

34. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

35. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Summerwood.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

36. What is the function of the Cambium?
batch and continuous.
Growth.
Summerwood.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

37. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Totally Chlorine Free.

38. Define refining.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

39. Define Paper.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Percent ISO.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

40. What is Sulfidity?
Pressurized ground wood.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

41. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
85 million metric tons
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

42. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

43. What do fillers do?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

44. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

45. What is the function of Bark?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Calcium carbonate.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Protection.

46. List the 3 types of headboxes.
37%
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
655 and 98 lbs/year
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

47. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
To improve brightness.
37%
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

48. What does TCF stand for?
Totally Chlorine Free.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

49. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
batch and continuous.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
57%

50. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Grinding and refining.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
25%
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.