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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are some sizing additives?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

2. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Springwood.
Protection.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

3. Define refining.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
655 and 98 lbs/year
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
33% - 55% - and 8%

4. What are some strength additives?
Starch.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Springwood.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

5. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
China - 105 AD
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

6. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
China - 105 AD
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

7. What does TMP mean?
Thermomechanical pulping
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Liberation of Fibers.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

8. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Conduction.

9. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Unbleached Kraft
Summerwood.

10. How is brightness measured?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Percent ISO.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

11. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
57%

12. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Springwood.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Help retain fines and fillers.

13. What are some roles of the headbox?
6 to 7 times.
Corrugating Medium alone.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

14. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
6 to 7 times.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

15. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
China - 105 AD
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
25%
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

16. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Summerwood.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

17. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Liberation of Fibers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

18. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
57%
High yield - low cost - simple.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

19. What is Active Alkali?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
batch and continuous.

20. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Printing and writing.
batch and continuous.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

21. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Percent ISO.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

22. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Kymene.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

23. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
25%
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

24. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

25. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Percent ISO.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

26. What is Sulfidity?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
25%

27. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Conduction.
High yield - low cost - simple.

28. What is brownstock?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
37%
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

29. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
25%

30. What does CTMP mean?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
75%
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

31. What is a common wet strength aid?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Kymene.
655 and 98 lbs/year
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

32. Advantages of recycled pulping?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

33. What do the stages in DEDED do?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Pressurized ground wood.
polyacrylamide.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

34. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
To improve brightness.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
57%
Unbleached Kraft

35. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Unbleached Kraft
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
25%
High yield - low cost - simple.

36. What does SGW mean?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Stone ground wood.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

37. What is formation?
Percent ISO.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

38. What does ECF stand for?
Springwood.
polyacrylamide.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

39. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Conduction.
Corrugating Medium alone.

40. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
37%
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

41. Define Paper.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Growth.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

42. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

43. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
6 to 7 times.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

44. What is freeness?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
25%
37%
China - 105 AD

45. What happens during refining?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
25%

46. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Growth.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Unbleached Kraft

47. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Help retain fines and fillers.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

48. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Grinding and refining.
85 million metric tons
High yield - low cost - simple.

49. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Growth.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Thermomechanical pulping
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

50. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
25%
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.