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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

2. What does SGW mean?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Stone ground wood.
Summerwood.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

3. What do fillers do?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Percent ISO.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

4. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
365 million metric tons
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

5. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
To improve brightness.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

6. What does CTMP mean?
Printing and writing.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Pressurized ground wood.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

7. How is brightness measured?
Percent ISO.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

8. What is black liquor?
6 to 7 times.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Pressurized ground wood.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

9. What does TMP mean?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Thermomechanical pulping
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
6 to 7 times.

10. Define Market Pulp.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

11. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

12. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
37%
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Starch.
Calcium carbonate.

13. What happens during refining?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Unbleached Kraft

14. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
365 million metric tons

15. What are some roles of the headbox?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

16. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
75%
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

17. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Starch.
Liberation of Fibers.

18. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Stone ground wood.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Conduction.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

19. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Unbleached Kraft

20. What are some strength additives?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Percent ISO.
Starch.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

21. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Percent ISO.
Corrugating Medium alone.

22. What do retention aids do?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Help retain fines and fillers.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
polyacrylamide.

23. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Springwood.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

24. What are some sizing additives?
655 and 98 lbs/year
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
365 million metric tons
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

25. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
655 and 98 lbs/year
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Grinding and refining.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

26. Light rings in wood are known as what?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
75%
Springwood.

27. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
57%
365 million metric tons
polyacrylamide.

28. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Springwood.
Liberation of Fibers.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
25%

29. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Grinding and refining.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Protection.

30. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Starch.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

31. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
365 million metric tons
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Unbleached Kraft

32. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
batch and continuous.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

33. What does ECF stand for?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

34. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
To improve brightness.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

35. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
polyacrylamide.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

36. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

37. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Summerwood.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

38. What does PGW mean?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Pressurized ground wood.

39. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Protection.
37%
Growth.
25%

40. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Printing and writing.

41. Define Paper.
Summerwood.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Calcium carbonate.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

42. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Protection.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Printing and writing.
Thermomechanical pulping

43. What is Sulfidity?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Corrugating Medium alone.
75%
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

44. What is a common wet strength aid?
Kymene.
365 million metric tons
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

45. Define Fluff Pulp.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
polyacrylamide.

46. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Stone ground wood.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

47. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
75%

48. What is brownstock?
polyacrylamide.
Protection.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

49. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

50. What is Active Alkali?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
85 million metric tons
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.