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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
Growth.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
365 million metric tons
Totally Chlorine Free.

2. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
365 million metric tons

3. Define Fluff Pulp.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Starch.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Summerwood.

4. List the 3 types of headboxes.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
batch and continuous.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
37%

5. What is freeness?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
75%
Grinding and refining.

6. Define refining.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
365 million metric tons

7. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

8. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

9. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

10. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Calcium carbonate.
Springwood.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

11. What is Effective Alkali?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
655 and 98 lbs/year
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

12. What is brownstock?
37%
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
6 to 7 times.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

13. What is common filler?
Calcium carbonate.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

14. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
655 and 98 lbs/year

15. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Conduction.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Growth.

16. What does PGW mean?
Pressurized ground wood.
Corrugating Medium alone.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

17. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

18. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
25%
Starch.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

19. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
75%
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

20. Advantages of recycled pulping?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Stone ground wood.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

21. How is brightness measured?
Percent ISO.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

22. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
China - 105 AD
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
25%

23. What is a retention additive often used?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
polyacrylamide.

24. What are some roles of the headbox?
57%
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

25. Define Paper.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Protection.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

26. What is Active Alkali?
Thermomechanical pulping
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

27. What are some strength additives?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Starch.

28. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Grinding and refining.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

29. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
6 to 7 times.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

30. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

31. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
25%

32. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
37%
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
33% - 55% - and 8%

33. What is world production per year of paper/board?
365 million metric tons
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
33% - 55% - and 8%

34. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
655 and 98 lbs/year
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

35. What does SGW mean?
Totally Chlorine Free.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Stone ground wood.

36. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
75%
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
6 to 7 times.

37. What is the function of the Cambium?
Growth.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Starch.

38. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
batch and continuous.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

39. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Starch.
Conduction.

40. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
To improve brightness.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Unbleached Kraft

41. What is the function of Bark?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
365 million metric tons
57%
Protection.

42. What are some sizing additives?
85 million metric tons
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Calcium carbonate.

43. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
57%
Starch.

44. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Conduction.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Summerwood.

45. What is black liquor?
57%
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

46. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
batch and continuous.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Percent ISO.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

47. What does CTMP mean?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Springwood.

48. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
batch and continuous.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

49. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
6 to 7 times.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

50. What do retention aids do?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Help retain fines and fillers.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Starch.