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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does CTMP mean?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
batch and continuous.
Grinding and refining.

2. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Liberation of Fibers.
25%
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

3. What does TCF stand for?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Unbleached Kraft
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

4. Define Fluff Pulp.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Growth.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

5. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
655 and 98 lbs/year

6. What does TMP mean?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Protection.
Thermomechanical pulping
Help retain fines and fillers.

7. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Conduction.
75%
Kymene.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

8. Define Paper.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

9. What does PGW mean?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
85 million metric tons
Pressurized ground wood.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

10. What is Effective Alkali?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
365 million metric tons

11. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
37%
Starch.
Unbleached Kraft

12. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
polyacrylamide.

13. Define Market Pulp.
Percent ISO.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
57%
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

14. What is the function of Bark?
Summerwood.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Protection.
Printing and writing.

15. How is brightness measured?
Percent ISO.
Springwood.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

16. What do retention aids do?
Conduction.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Help retain fines and fillers.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

17. What is the function of the Cambium?
Growth.
Springwood.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

18. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
85 million metric tons
Calcium carbonate.
Grinding and refining.

19. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Springwood.
Unbleached Kraft
To deliver stock on to the wire.
365 million metric tons

20. What is common filler?
Calcium carbonate.
Help retain fines and fillers.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

21. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
polyacrylamide.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
China - 105 AD
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

22. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Printing and writing.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

23. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
365 million metric tons
Kymene.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

24. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
25%
Totally Chlorine Free.
85 million metric tons
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

25. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Grinding and refining.
Growth.
Summerwood.

26. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Printing and writing.
Stone ground wood.

27. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
37%
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

28. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Kymene.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

29. What is formation?
Protection.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

30. What is black liquor?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
75%
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

31. What are some sizing additives?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

32. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
33% - 55% - and 8%

33. What does ECF stand for?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
China - 105 AD
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

34. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

35. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Kymene.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

36. What are some roles of the headbox?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Starch.
Stone ground wood.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

37. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

38. What is world production per year of paper/board?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
365 million metric tons
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
batch and continuous.

39. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

40. What is brownstock?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Grinding and refining.

41. What does SGW mean?
China - 105 AD
Stone ground wood.
Printing and writing.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

42. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
25%

43. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Calcium carbonate.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
57%

44. What is freeness?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Pressurized ground wood.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

45. What is Active Alkali?
57%
Printing and writing.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
China - 105 AD

46. What are some strength additives?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
85 million metric tons
Starch.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

47. What do fillers do?
Summerwood.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

48. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Growth.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

49. Define refining.
Conduction.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

50. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Liberation of Fibers.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3