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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

2. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

3. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
batch and continuous.
Pressurized ground wood.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

4. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Conduction.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
25%

5. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
365 million metric tons
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Corrugating Medium alone.

6. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Conduction.

7. What are some strength additives?
75%
Starch.
Protection.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

8. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Printing and writing.

9. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

10. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
China - 105 AD
85 million metric tons
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

11. What happens during refining?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
batch and continuous.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
To improve brightness.

12. What are some roles of the headbox?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
85 million metric tons
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Corrugating Medium alone.

13. How is brightness measured?
Percent ISO.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

14. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Protection.
Starch.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

15. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Stone ground wood.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

16. What does ECF stand for?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Totally Chlorine Free.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

17. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
37%

18. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
57%
Printing and writing.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Kymene.

19. What is formation?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Grinding and refining.

20. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Kymene.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
75%

21. Define Market Pulp.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Pressurized ground wood.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Protection.

22. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
655 and 98 lbs/year
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Thermomechanical pulping
Summerwood.

23. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Stone ground wood.

24. What is brownstock?
85 million metric tons
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Growth.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

25. What is freeness?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

26. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
batch and continuous.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Totally Chlorine Free.

27. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Grinding and refining.

28. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
37%
Grinding and refining.
Unbleached Kraft
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

29. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Percent ISO.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
365 million metric tons
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

30. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
25%
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
33% - 55% - and 8%

31. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

32. Define Paper.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

33. What is the function of Bark?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Protection.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

34. What is Active Alkali?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

35. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Kymene.
Liberation of Fibers.

36. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
polyacrylamide.
Printing and writing.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Liberation of Fibers.

37. What does PGW mean?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Totally Chlorine Free.
Pressurized ground wood.
75%

38. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
25%
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

39. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Grinding and refining.
Growth.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

40. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
25%
Kymene.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Growth.

41. Define Fluff Pulp.
25%
Unbleached Kraft
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

42. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
25%
Grinding and refining.
57%
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

43. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Printing and writing.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
China - 105 AD

44. What do fillers do?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Conduction.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

45. What is Effective Alkali?
Printing and writing.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Growth.

46. What do retention aids do?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Help retain fines and fillers.

47. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Help retain fines and fillers.
85 million metric tons
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
57%

48. What is Sulfidity?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Calcium carbonate.
365 million metric tons

49. What is a retention additive often used?
polyacrylamide.
57%
Grinding and refining.
Summerwood.

50. What is the function of the Cambium?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Growth.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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