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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define refining.
75%
655 and 98 lbs/year
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

2. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Totally Chlorine Free.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Conduction.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

3. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

4. Define Market Pulp.
Starch.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

5. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Summerwood.

6. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Grinding and refining.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

7. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

8. What do the stages in DEDED do?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
polyacrylamide.
57%

9. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

10. What are some roles of the headbox?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
China - 105 AD
25%

11. What is formation?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

12. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

13. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Springwood.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

14. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
85 million metric tons
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
25%
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

15. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Calcium carbonate.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

16. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
75%
25%
China - 105 AD

17. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

18. What do retention aids do?
25%
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Help retain fines and fillers.

19. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
57%
365 million metric tons
polyacrylamide.

20. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Corrugating Medium alone.
85 million metric tons
Grinding and refining.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

21. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
To improve brightness.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Springwood.

22. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Stone ground wood.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Summerwood.
Grinding and refining.

23. Define Fluff Pulp.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Liberation of Fibers.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

24. What is Active Alkali?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Conduction.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

25. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
To improve brightness.
33% - 55% - and 8%
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
37%

26. What is brownstock?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Summerwood.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

27. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

28. What is Effective Alkali?
75%
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

29. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
37%

30. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Unbleached Kraft
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

31. List the 3 types of headboxes.
25%
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Kymene.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

32. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Summerwood.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

33. How is brightness measured?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
25%
Springwood.
Percent ISO.

34. What is black liquor?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Stone ground wood.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

35. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Printing and writing.
33% - 55% - and 8%
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

36. When and where was paper invented?
25%
33% - 55% - and 8%
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
China - 105 AD

37. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
25%
33% - 55% - and 8%
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

38. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
655 and 98 lbs/year
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Protection.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

39. What is freeness?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

40. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

41. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
37%
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Pressurized ground wood.

42. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Totally Chlorine Free.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

43. What does TMP mean?
6 to 7 times.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Thermomechanical pulping
Kymene.

44. What is the function of the Cambium?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Growth.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

45. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Corrugating Medium alone.
polyacrylamide.
Printing and writing.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

46. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
655 and 98 lbs/year

47. What happens during refining?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

48. What is common filler?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Calcium carbonate.
Kymene.
Unbleached Kraft

49. What is a common wet strength aid?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Thermomechanical pulping
Kymene.

50. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.