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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does PGW mean?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Pressurized ground wood.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

2. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Growth.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

3. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Printing and writing.
batch and continuous.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Grinding and refining.

4. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

5. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Percent ISO.
57%

6. What is Effective Alkali?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

7. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
33% - 55% - and 8%
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
To improve brightness.
655 and 98 lbs/year

8. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
batch and continuous.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

9. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Summerwood.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

10. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

11. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Printing and writing.
Grinding and refining.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
batch and continuous.

12. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Kymene.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

13. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Printing and writing.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
China - 105 AD

14. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Springwood.
Summerwood.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Calcium carbonate.

15. What do fillers do?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

16. What is common filler?
Calcium carbonate.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
33% - 55% - and 8%

17. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
57%
Springwood.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Corrugating Medium alone.

18. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
655 and 98 lbs/year
365 million metric tons
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

19. What is brownstock?
25%
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

20. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
75%
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

21. When and where was paper invented?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
China - 105 AD
batch and continuous.

22. How is brightness measured?
Percent ISO.
Springwood.
Printing and writing.
Stone ground wood.

23. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Unbleached Kraft
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Stone ground wood.

24. What is a common wet strength aid?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Kymene.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

25. Define refining.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

26. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Conduction.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

27. Define Fluff Pulp.
Printing and writing.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

28. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
To improve brightness.
China - 105 AD
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

29. What is black liquor?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Protection.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

30. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Summerwood.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Grinding and refining.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

31. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
6 to 7 times.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

32. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
25%
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Liberation of Fibers.

33. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Protection.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

34. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Unbleached Kraft
Conduction.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

35. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Springwood.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

36. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Liberation of Fibers.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
655 and 98 lbs/year

37. What are some sizing additives?
Unbleached Kraft
Growth.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

38. What does ECF stand for?
Kymene.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Unbleached Kraft
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

39. What is world production per year of paper/board?
365 million metric tons
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

40. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Starch.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

41. What is formation?
365 million metric tons
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Pressurized ground wood.

42. What is Active Alkali?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

43. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Summerwood.
37%
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

44. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Growth.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

45. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Corrugating Medium alone.
37%

46. What is freeness?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Liberation of Fibers.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

47. Define Market Pulp.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Unbleached Kraft
6 to 7 times.

48. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Springwood.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

49. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
25%
polyacrylamide.

50. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Conduction.
25%