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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Thermomechanical pulping
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

2. What is world production per year of paper/board?
365 million metric tons
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Liberation of Fibers.

3. What is formation?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Unbleached Kraft
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Corrugating Medium alone.

4. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
85 million metric tons
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Unbleached Kraft

5. What does ECF stand for?
Stone ground wood.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

6. Advantages of recycled pulping?
85 million metric tons
75%
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

7. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
batch and continuous.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

8. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
High yield - low cost - simple.

9. What is Sulfidity?
6 to 7 times.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Percent ISO.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

10. What is Effective Alkali?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

11. What is Active Alkali?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

12. What does PGW mean?
Pressurized ground wood.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Grinding and refining.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

13. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
6 to 7 times.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

14. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

15. What is brownstock?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

16. What is the function of the Cambium?
Growth.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Starch.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

17. What is freeness?
Totally Chlorine Free.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Kymene.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

18. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
6 to 7 times.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

19. Define Market Pulp.
57%
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Kymene.

20. What are some strength additives?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Starch.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

21. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Grinding and refining.

22. What are some roles of the headbox?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Pressurized ground wood.

23. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

24. What do the stages in DEDED do?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

25. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

26. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Springwood.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Kymene.

27. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

28. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Grinding and refining.
57%
polyacrylamide.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

29. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Conduction.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

30. What does TMP mean?
Thermomechanical pulping
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
25%
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

31. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
6 to 7 times.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

32. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Stone ground wood.
25%

33. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
To improve brightness.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

34. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Corrugating Medium alone.

35. What is black liquor?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

36. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Totally Chlorine Free.
Liberation of Fibers.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

37. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

38. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
365 million metric tons
6 to 7 times.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

39. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
6 to 7 times.
25%

40. What is a common wet strength aid?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Kymene.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

41. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Unbleached Kraft
25%
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

42. What does CTMP mean?
High yield - low cost - simple.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
365 million metric tons
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

43. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Growth.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

44. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
85 million metric tons
Starch.

45. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
655 and 98 lbs/year
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Springwood.

46. Define refining.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Springwood.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

47. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Calcium carbonate.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Printing and writing.
37%

48. When and where was paper invented?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
China - 105 AD

49. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

50. What happens during refining?
Kymene.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.