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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does TMP mean?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Conduction.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Thermomechanical pulping

2. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
75%
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
6 to 7 times.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

3. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

4. What do retention aids do?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Help retain fines and fillers.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
To improve brightness.

5. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Summerwood.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

6. What is brownstock?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

7. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

8. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Pressurized ground wood.
Conduction.
High yield - low cost - simple.

9. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Liberation of Fibers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

10. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
25%

11. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Springwood.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

12. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Pressurized ground wood.
Liberation of Fibers.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

13. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Grinding and refining.
polyacrylamide.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

14. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

15. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Springwood.
25%
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

16. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
37%

17. Define Fluff Pulp.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

18. How is brightness measured?
Percent ISO.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

19. What is world production per year of paper/board?
Summerwood.
25%
365 million metric tons
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

20. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
6 to 7 times.
Conduction.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

21. What is Active Alkali?
Unbleached Kraft
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

22. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Stone ground wood.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

23. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
Pressurized ground wood.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Totally Chlorine Free.

24. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Stone ground wood.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Springwood.
57%

25. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
6 to 7 times.

26. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
25%

27. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
China - 105 AD
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Help retain fines and fillers.

28. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
25%
Liberation of Fibers.

29. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Conduction.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Totally Chlorine Free.

30. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
25%
Stone ground wood.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Growth.

31. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Springwood.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

32. What does SGW mean?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Stone ground wood.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Printing and writing.

33. What is common filler?
Calcium carbonate.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

34. Define Paper.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Starch.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
25%

35. When and where was paper invented?
365 million metric tons
China - 105 AD
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

36. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
85 million metric tons
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Unbleached Kraft
batch and continuous.

37. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
High yield - low cost - simple.

38. What are some roles of the headbox?
Calcium carbonate.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

39. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

40. What does TCF stand for?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Totally Chlorine Free.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

41. What is freeness?
655 and 98 lbs/year
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
25%

42. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Grinding and refining.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

43. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Help retain fines and fillers.

44. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Summerwood.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

45. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

46. What does the Kappa number indicate?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

47. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

48. What does CTMP mean?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

49. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Summerwood.
Growth.

50. What is a common wet strength aid?
Pressurized ground wood.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Kymene.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3