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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How is brightness measured?
batch and continuous.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Percent ISO.

2. What does ECF stand for?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
polyacrylamide.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

3. What does CTMP mean?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

4. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
57%
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

5. What does PGW mean?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
365 million metric tons
Pressurized ground wood.
Corrugating Medium alone.

6. What is formation?
Liberation of Fibers.
polyacrylamide.
Percent ISO.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

7. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
25%
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

8. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Stone ground wood.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
57%

9. What is common filler?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
365 million metric tons
Calcium carbonate.

10. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
37%
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
85 million metric tons

11. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
25%
Springwood.
6 to 7 times.
Printing and writing.

12. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
To improve brightness.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

13. What do fillers do?
Conduction.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Starch.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

14. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
To improve brightness.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

15. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
High yield - low cost - simple.
25%
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

16. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

17. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
37%
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
365 million metric tons

18. What is world production per year of paper/board?
China - 105 AD
365 million metric tons
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

19. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
37%
655 and 98 lbs/year
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

20. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Percent ISO.
Conduction.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

21. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
57%
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

22. Define Market Pulp.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
57%
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

23. What does SGW mean?
Stone ground wood.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

24. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Protection.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

25. What is black liquor?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Grinding and refining.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

26. What is a retention additive often used?
365 million metric tons
polyacrylamide.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Grinding and refining.

27. What is a common wet strength aid?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Corrugating Medium alone.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Kymene.

28. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
China - 105 AD
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

29. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Printing and writing.

30. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

31. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
To improve brightness.
High yield - low cost - simple.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

32. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
25%
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Starch.
Printing and writing.

33. What is Active Alkali?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
25%

34. What is brownstock?
57%
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Pressurized ground wood.

35. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

36. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
6 to 7 times.
57%
Summerwood.
85 million metric tons

37. What does TMP mean?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Summerwood.
Thermomechanical pulping
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

38. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
batch and continuous.
Summerwood.

39. What is Effective Alkali?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

40. What do retention aids do?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Help retain fines and fillers.

41. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
365 million metric tons
37%
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

42. What are some sizing additives?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
75%
China - 105 AD

43. Define Paper.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

44. Define Fluff Pulp.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
365 million metric tons
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

45. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
85 million metric tons
Springwood.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

46. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

47. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

48. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

49. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Percent ISO.
Pressurized ground wood.
Unbleached Kraft
Conduction.

50. Define refining.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Totally Chlorine Free.
China - 105 AD
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.