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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is Sulfidity?
57%
Calcium carbonate.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
75%

2. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
High yield - low cost - simple.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

3. What does SGW mean?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
China - 105 AD
polyacrylamide.
Stone ground wood.

4. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Stone ground wood.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Conduction.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

5. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
6 to 7 times.

6. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
365 million metric tons
57%
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

7. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
6 to 7 times.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

8. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Summerwood.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
To deliver stock on to the wire.

9. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

10. What are some roles of the headbox?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Growth.

11. What is freeness?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Growth.

12. Light rings in wood are known as what?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Springwood.
Summerwood.

13. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

14. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Springwood.
25%

15. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Springwood.

16. Define refining.
57%
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Protection.
High yield - low cost - simple.

17. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Springwood.
Percent ISO.

18. What does PGW mean?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Percent ISO.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Pressurized ground wood.

19. What is the function of the Cambium?
365 million metric tons
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Growth.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

20. How is brightness measured?
Kymene.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Percent ISO.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

21. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
25%
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
75%
Grinding and refining.

22. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Stone ground wood.
Liberation of Fibers.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Percent ISO.

23. Advantages of recycled pulping?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Thermomechanical pulping
Grinding and refining.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

24. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Growth.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

25. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
25%
37%
Liberation of Fibers.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

26. Define Fluff Pulp.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Calcium carbonate.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

27. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Liberation of Fibers.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

28. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

29. What are some strength additives?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Starch.
Summerwood.

30. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

31. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Corrugating Medium alone.

32. What is common filler?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Help retain fines and fillers.
Calcium carbonate.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

33. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
6 to 7 times.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
37%

34. What is brownstock?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Pressurized ground wood.
Calcium carbonate.

35. What is a common wet strength aid?
Printing and writing.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Kymene.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

36. What is a retention additive often used?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
polyacrylamide.
Springwood.
365 million metric tons

37. What is formation?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
25%

38. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Pressurized ground wood.
Percent ISO.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

39. When and where was paper invented?
China - 105 AD
Starch.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
6 to 7 times.

40. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
57%
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
25%

41. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Pressurized ground wood.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
25%

42. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

43. What does TCF stand for?
365 million metric tons
Calcium carbonate.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

44. Define Market Pulp.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Corrugating Medium alone.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

45. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Printing and writing.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

46. What does ECF stand for?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
85 million metric tons

47. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

48. Define Paper.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Kymene.

49. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
batch and continuous.

50. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
365 million metric tons
655 and 98 lbs/year