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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Protection.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Corrugating Medium alone.

2. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
Stone ground wood.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Grinding and refining.
33% - 55% - and 8%

3. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
33% - 55% - and 8%
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

4. What is freeness?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Conduction.
Kymene.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

5. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Kymene.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Printing and writing.

6. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
To improve brightness.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

7. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Percent ISO.
Starch.

8. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

9. What does the Kappa number indicate?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
25%
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Totally Chlorine Free.

10. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Grinding and refining.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

11. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Calcium carbonate.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
25%

12. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Printing and writing.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
To improve brightness.
Unbleached Kraft

13. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Unbleached Kraft
Liberation of Fibers.

14. What does ECF stand for?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

15. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
25%
Protection.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Calcium carbonate.

16. What is a retention additive often used?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
polyacrylamide.
Springwood.

17. What is Effective Alkali?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Pressurized ground wood.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

18. Define Paper.
Printing and writing.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

19. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Thermomechanical pulping

20. What do the stages in DEDED do?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

21. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Unbleached Kraft
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

22. What does SGW mean?
Stone ground wood.
Calcium carbonate.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

23. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Stone ground wood.
57%
85 million metric tons
6 to 7 times.

24. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
China - 105 AD
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Corrugating Medium alone.

25. What is Active Alkali?
37%
Stone ground wood.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

26. What is the function of the Cambium?
Starch.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Growth.

27. What does TCF stand for?
Totally Chlorine Free.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

28. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
batch and continuous.

29. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Pressurized ground wood.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

30. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
85 million metric tons
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Pressurized ground wood.

31. What are some roles of the headbox?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Pressurized ground wood.
85 million metric tons

32. What is formation?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Kymene.
37%
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

33. What do retention aids do?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Growth.

34. What is brownstock?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

35. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

36. What do fillers do?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

37. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
57%
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

38. What is a common wet strength aid?
Kymene.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

39. What does TMP mean?
Growth.
Thermomechanical pulping
37%
Printing and writing.

40. What are some strength additives?
25%
Starch.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Calcium carbonate.

41. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

42. List the 3 types of headboxes.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Conduction.
Kymene.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

43. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
75%
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

44. Define refining.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
85 million metric tons
Help retain fines and fillers.

45. Define Fluff Pulp.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
655 and 98 lbs/year
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

46. What are some sizing additives?
25%
Kymene.
Stone ground wood.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

47. When and where was paper invented?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
China - 105 AD
Growth.

48. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
25%

49. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Kymene.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

50. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Grinding and refining.
655 and 98 lbs/year
High yield - low cost - simple.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.