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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is Sulfidity?
Pressurized ground wood.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

2. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
33% - 55% - and 8%
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Summerwood.

3. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
batch and continuous.
Pressurized ground wood.

4. What is common filler?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
365 million metric tons
37%
Calcium carbonate.

5. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
85 million metric tons
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

6. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Summerwood.
Protection.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

7. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Starch.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

8. What does the Kappa number indicate?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Printing and writing.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

9. Define refining.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
57%
Liberation of Fibers.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

10. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Protection.
6 to 7 times.
85 million metric tons
Help retain fines and fillers.

11. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Springwood.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
25%
6 to 7 times.

12. What are some strength additives?
Starch.
Help retain fines and fillers.
To improve brightness.
Percent ISO.

13. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

14. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
85 million metric tons
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
25%

15. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
To improve brightness.
Starch.
Unbleached Kraft
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

16. What does TCF stand for?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
6 to 7 times.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Thermomechanical pulping

17. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Growth.
57%
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Unbleached Kraft

18. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Printing and writing.
Starch.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

19. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Help retain fines and fillers.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

20. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

21. What is brownstock?
polyacrylamide.
Conduction.
Growth.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

22. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Growth.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

23. What is formation?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Protection.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Springwood.

24. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
High yield - low cost - simple.

25. What is black liquor?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Growth.

26. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Conduction.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
75%
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

27. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Summerwood.
Percent ISO.
365 million metric tons

28. Define Fluff Pulp.
Springwood.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
6 to 7 times.

29. How is brightness measured?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
6 to 7 times.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Percent ISO.

30. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Starch.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

31. When and where was paper invented?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Help retain fines and fillers.
China - 105 AD
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

32. What happens during refining?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

33. Define Market Pulp.
To improve brightness.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
75%

34. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Stone ground wood.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

35. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
655 and 98 lbs/year

36. What do retention aids do?
Help retain fines and fillers.
High yield - low cost - simple.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Grinding and refining.

37. Define Paper.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

38. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
57%
Liberation of Fibers.

39. What does TMP mean?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Thermomechanical pulping
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
High yield - low cost - simple.

40. What does PGW mean?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Pressurized ground wood.

41. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

42. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Corrugating Medium alone.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

43. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

44. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Printing and writing.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

45. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Help retain fines and fillers.
365 million metric tons

46. What is the function of the Cambium?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Growth.
Springwood.
57%

47. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Summerwood.
Pressurized ground wood.

48. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Conduction.
37%
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

49. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

50. What is Effective Alkali?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Stone ground wood.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.