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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define Paper.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

2. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

3. What happens during refining?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Help retain fines and fillers.

4. What is freeness?
Corrugating Medium alone.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Thermomechanical pulping
Summerwood.

5. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
To improve brightness.

6. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
25%
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

7. Define refining.
Percent ISO.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

8. Define Fluff Pulp.
Stone ground wood.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

9. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Conduction.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

10. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
High yield - low cost - simple.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

11. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
75%
To improve brightness.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

12. What is black liquor?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Summerwood.
polyacrylamide.

13. What is brownstock?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
China - 105 AD
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

14. What does ECF stand for?
33% - 55% - and 8%
batch and continuous.
37%
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

15. When and where was paper invented?
Corrugating Medium alone.
China - 105 AD
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

16. Define Market Pulp.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Grinding and refining.

17. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Thermomechanical pulping
6 to 7 times.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

18. What are some strength additives?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Starch.

19. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Unbleached Kraft
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

20. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

21. What are some sizing additives?
25%
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
High yield - low cost - simple.

22. How is brightness measured?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Stone ground wood.
Percent ISO.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

23. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Help retain fines and fillers.
polyacrylamide.

24. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Pressurized ground wood.
Stone ground wood.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

25. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
655 and 98 lbs/year

26. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

27. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Summerwood.
6 to 7 times.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

28. What is common filler?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Calcium carbonate.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

29. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Calcium carbonate.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Percent ISO.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

30. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Protection.
Grinding and refining.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Springwood.

31. What are some roles of the headbox?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Liberation of Fibers.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

32. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
25%
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Stone ground wood.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

33. What does TCF stand for?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Protection.
Totally Chlorine Free.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

34. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Summerwood.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

35. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

36. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
57%
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
To improve brightness.

37. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
25%
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
85 million metric tons

38. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Printing and writing.

39. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
37%
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

40. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Pressurized ground wood.

41. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Thermomechanical pulping
75%
Liberation of Fibers.

42. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Stone ground wood.

43. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
365 million metric tons
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Stone ground wood.

44. What do fillers do?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Stone ground wood.
Growth.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

45. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
25%
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Grinding and refining.

46. What does the Kappa number indicate?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

47. What is a retention additive often used?
To improve brightness.
polyacrylamide.
Stone ground wood.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

48. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Conduction.

49. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Growth.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

50. What does SGW mean?
Stone ground wood.
Printing and writing.
Growth.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs