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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

2. What is world production per year of paper/board?
365 million metric tons
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Springwood.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

3. Define Paper.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
batch and continuous.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Stone ground wood.

4. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
China - 105 AD

5. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
polyacrylamide.
Summerwood.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

6. What are some strength additives?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Starch.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

7. What does PGW mean?
Percent ISO.
Pressurized ground wood.
Kymene.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

8. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
365 million metric tons

9. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Totally Chlorine Free.

10. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
China - 105 AD
Percent ISO.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

11. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
To improve brightness.
China - 105 AD
Help retain fines and fillers.
High yield - low cost - simple.

12. What is brownstock?
Protection.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

13. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
batch and continuous.
Summerwood.

14. What is black liquor?
Growth.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

15. What is Active Alkali?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

16. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Printing and writing.

17. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
China - 105 AD
655 and 98 lbs/year
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

18. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

19. What do retention aids do?
25%
Help retain fines and fillers.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

20. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
25%
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Liberation of Fibers.
Corrugating Medium alone.

21. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Conduction.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

22. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

23. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
25%
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Kymene.
Conduction.

24. What are some sizing additives?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
To improve brightness.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
365 million metric tons

25. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
batch and continuous.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

26. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
25%
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

27. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Summerwood.

28. What are some roles of the headbox?
Grinding and refining.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

29. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
37%
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
33% - 55% - and 8%
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

30. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Percent ISO.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

31. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

32. What does CTMP mean?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Summerwood.

33. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Starch.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
85 million metric tons
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

34. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Kymene.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

35. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
365 million metric tons
57%
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
25%

36. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
33% - 55% - and 8%

37. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
57%
Summerwood.
batch and continuous.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

38. What is the function of Bark?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Liberation of Fibers.
Protection.

39. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Starch.

40. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
polyacrylamide.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
To deliver stock on to the wire.

41. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

42. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

43. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Stone ground wood.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Summerwood.

44. Define Market Pulp.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

45. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
25%
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

46. What do the stages in DEDED do?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

47. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
6 to 7 times.
85 million metric tons
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Help retain fines and fillers.

48. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Help retain fines and fillers.

49. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

50. What is freeness?
Springwood.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

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