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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

2. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

3. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Unbleached Kraft
Conduction.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
batch and continuous.

4. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Unbleached Kraft

5. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

6. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Growth.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

7. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Pressurized ground wood.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

8. What happens during refining?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
To improve brightness.
25%
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

9. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Printing and writing.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

10. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

11. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Summerwood.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

12. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
High yield - low cost - simple.
25%
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Totally Chlorine Free.

13. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Kymene.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
High yield - low cost - simple.

14. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Conduction.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
365 million metric tons

15. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

16. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Corrugating Medium alone.
To improve brightness.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

17. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

18. What does TMP mean?
Thermomechanical pulping
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Pressurized ground wood.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

19. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
655 and 98 lbs/year

20. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Springwood.

21. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
China - 105 AD

22. What is formation?
Protection.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
33% - 55% - and 8%

23. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Stone ground wood.
37%
Unbleached Kraft

24. What does ECF stand for?
85 million metric tons
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

25. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Unbleached Kraft
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

26. What is world production per year of paper/board?
Summerwood.
365 million metric tons
33% - 55% - and 8%
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

27. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Stone ground wood.

28. Define Fluff Pulp.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
37%
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

29. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
25%
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

30. What is freeness?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

31. What do retention aids do?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Help retain fines and fillers.
6 to 7 times.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

32. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Conduction.
Calcium carbonate.
Liberation of Fibers.

33. What is the function of Bark?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Kymene.
Protection.
85 million metric tons

34. What does SGW mean?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Percent ISO.
Stone ground wood.
polyacrylamide.

35. What is Sulfidity?
Grinding and refining.
37%
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Calcium carbonate.

36. What is a retention additive often used?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
polyacrylamide.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

37. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

38. What does PGW mean?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Pressurized ground wood.
To improve brightness.
Printing and writing.

39. What are some strength additives?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Starch.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

40. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
85 million metric tons
75%
Grinding and refining.
China - 105 AD

41. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

42. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
High yield - low cost - simple.

43. What is black liquor?
75%
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Percent ISO.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

44. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Kymene.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
China - 105 AD
To improve brightness.

45. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
25%
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

46. List the 3 types of headboxes.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
85 million metric tons
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

47. What are some sizing additives?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

48. What does the Kappa number indicate?
25%
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

49. When and where was paper invented?
Conduction.
Protection.
Unbleached Kraft
China - 105 AD

50. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
polyacrylamide.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
25%

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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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