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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Percent ISO.
85 million metric tons
75%

2. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
57%
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

3. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Growth.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
655 and 98 lbs/year

4. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
655 and 98 lbs/year
57%
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

5. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Starch.

6. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
25%

7. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
To improve brightness.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

8. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

9. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Starch.
37%
57%
batch and continuous.

10. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Liberation of Fibers.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

11. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Kymene.

12. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
China - 105 AD
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Pressurized ground wood.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

13. What is world production per year of paper/board?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
365 million metric tons
Protection.
33% - 55% - and 8%

14. What is formation?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
655 and 98 lbs/year

15. What does TMP mean?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Summerwood.
Thermomechanical pulping
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

16. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Liberation of Fibers.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Unbleached Kraft

17. What are some roles of the headbox?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
China - 105 AD
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

18. What is a retention additive often used?
33% - 55% - and 8%
China - 105 AD
polyacrylamide.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

19. What does ECF stand for?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

20. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

21. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

22. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
25%

23. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Unbleached Kraft
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Conduction.

24. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Starch.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

25. What does PGW mean?
Pressurized ground wood.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Thermomechanical pulping
Summerwood.

26. When and where was paper invented?
655 and 98 lbs/year
China - 105 AD
Unbleached Kraft
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

27. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

28. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

29. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
China - 105 AD
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Summerwood.

30. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Starch.
Percent ISO.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

31. What do retention aids do?
Summerwood.
Help retain fines and fillers.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

32. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
6 to 7 times.
Pressurized ground wood.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Conduction.

33. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
Unbleached Kraft
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

34. What are some strength additives?
Starch.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
33% - 55% - and 8%
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

35. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
25%
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Protection.

36. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Stone ground wood.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
High yield - low cost - simple.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

37. What does TCF stand for?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
37%
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Totally Chlorine Free.

38. Define Market Pulp.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Help retain fines and fillers.

39. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
75%

40. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
batch and continuous.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
75%

41. What is Effective Alkali?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
China - 105 AD
polyacrylamide.

42. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

43. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Springwood.
Protection.
25%

44. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
25%
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

45. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
365 million metric tons
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

46. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Grinding and refining.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

47. What do fillers do?
655 and 98 lbs/year
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

48. What are some sizing additives?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Corrugating Medium alone.

49. What is Active Alkali?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Stone ground wood.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
To improve brightness.

50. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Pressurized ground wood.