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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What do retention aids do?
Summerwood.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Thermomechanical pulping

2. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
High yield - low cost - simple.
polyacrylamide.
Conduction.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

3. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
High yield - low cost - simple.
57%
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

4. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
365 million metric tons
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

5. What happens during refining?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
China - 105 AD
Growth.

6. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Summerwood.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
High yield - low cost - simple.

7. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Thermomechanical pulping

8. What are some strength additives?
Starch.
37%
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
25%

9. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
25%
Percent ISO.
Conduction.
China - 105 AD

10. What is world production per year of paper/board?
365 million metric tons
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

11. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
6 to 7 times.
Growth.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

12. What is Sulfidity?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
High yield - low cost - simple.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

13. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Conduction.
Summerwood.
Springwood.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

14. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
57%
To improve brightness.

15. What is a common wet strength aid?
Growth.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Kymene.

16. What is common filler?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Calcium carbonate.

17. What is formation?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
batch and continuous.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

18. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

19. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Calcium carbonate.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Totally Chlorine Free.

20. What is freeness?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

21. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
57%
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Summerwood.

22. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Thermomechanical pulping
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
polyacrylamide.

23. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
655 and 98 lbs/year
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
85 million metric tons
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

24. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Growth.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

25. What does TMP mean?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Thermomechanical pulping
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

26. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

27. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
25%
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

28. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

29. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Grinding and refining.
batch and continuous.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

30. Define Fluff Pulp.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
To improve brightness.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

31. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
6 to 7 times.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Corrugating Medium alone.

32. Define Market Pulp.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

33. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
85 million metric tons

34. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

35. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
To improve brightness.

36. What are some roles of the headbox?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
365 million metric tons
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

37. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
batch and continuous.
75%

38. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Kymene.
High yield - low cost - simple.
85 million metric tons

39. What do the stages in DEDED do?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

40. What is brownstock?
6 to 7 times.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Growth.

41. What does CTMP mean?
25%
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

42. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Protection.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

43. How is brightness measured?
365 million metric tons
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Percent ISO.

44. What is the function of the Cambium?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Growth.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

45. What is Active Alkali?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Starch.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

46. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Summerwood.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

47. What does TCF stand for?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
57%
Totally Chlorine Free.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

48. Light rings in wood are known as what?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Springwood.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Starch.

49. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
batch and continuous.
Starch.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

50. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Conduction.
Summerwood.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.