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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define refining.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
365 million metric tons
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

2. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

3. Define Market Pulp.
Stone ground wood.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

4. What is the function of the Cambium?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Growth.

5. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
85 million metric tons
Kymene.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

6. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
75%
37%
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

7. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

8. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Liberation of Fibers.
25%
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

9. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Liberation of Fibers.
Corrugating Medium alone.

10. What is a common wet strength aid?
Kymene.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
6 to 7 times.

11. What does TCF stand for?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Protection.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

12. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Kymene.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Protection.

13. What is Sulfidity?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Grinding and refining.
57%

14. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
365 million metric tons
Summerwood.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

15. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
25%
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
85 million metric tons

16. What is common filler?
Calcium carbonate.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Conduction.

17. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
To improve brightness.
Pressurized ground wood.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
33% - 55% - and 8%

18. What is world production per year of paper/board?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
365 million metric tons
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

19. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

20. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
polyacrylamide.

21. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
6 to 7 times.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

22. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Unbleached Kraft
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

23. What are some strength additives?
Percent ISO.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Starch.

24. What is brownstock?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
polyacrylamide.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
33% - 55% - and 8%

25. Advantages of recycled pulping?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Growth.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
To improve brightness.

26. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Springwood.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Summerwood.
Protection.

27. What is Active Alkali?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Calcium carbonate.

28. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Grinding and refining.

29. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
To improve brightness.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

30. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Summerwood.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Kymene.

31. Define Paper.
Springwood.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
25%
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

32. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Printing and writing.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Unbleached Kraft
33% - 55% - and 8%

33. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
High yield - low cost - simple.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

34. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Help retain fines and fillers.
batch and continuous.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Liberation of Fibers.

35. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Unbleached Kraft
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
batch and continuous.

36. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Grinding and refining.
Pressurized ground wood.
High yield - low cost - simple.

37. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Percent ISO.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

38. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
25%
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Grinding and refining.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

39. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
China - 105 AD
batch and continuous.
Protection.

40. What is a retention additive often used?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
polyacrylamide.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

41. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
57%
Totally Chlorine Free.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

42. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
33% - 55% - and 8%

43. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

44. What does SGW mean?
Stone ground wood.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

45. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Percent ISO.
Springwood.

46. What is the function of Bark?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Protection.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

47. What is freeness?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

48. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Kymene.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
365 million metric tons

49. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Totally Chlorine Free.
25%
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

50. When and where was paper invented?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
China - 105 AD