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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
High yield - low cost - simple.
655 and 98 lbs/year
To improve brightness.

2. What happens during refining?
25%
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

3. What is the function of Bark?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Protection.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

4. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
75%
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

5. What is world production per year of paper/board?
365 million metric tons
Thermomechanical pulping
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Pressurized ground wood.

6. What does ECF stand for?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Starch.

7. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Printing and writing.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

8. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
25%
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

9. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
To improve brightness.
batch and continuous.
37%
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

10. What does TCF stand for?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Totally Chlorine Free.

11. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Conduction.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Stone ground wood.

12. What is common filler?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Grinding and refining.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Calcium carbonate.

13. Define Fluff Pulp.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

14. How is brightness measured?
Stone ground wood.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Percent ISO.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

15. What does PGW mean?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Totally Chlorine Free.
Pressurized ground wood.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

16. What are some strength additives?
Starch.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
37%
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

17. Define refining.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

18. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
85 million metric tons

19. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Grinding and refining.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Liberation of Fibers.

20. List the 3 types of headboxes.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
85 million metric tons
Stone ground wood.

21. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Thermomechanical pulping
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
batch and continuous.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

22. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Kymene.

23. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Unbleached Kraft
Starch.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

24. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Liberation of Fibers.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
75%
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

25. What does SGW mean?
Kymene.
Stone ground wood.
6 to 7 times.
25%

26. What is the function of the Cambium?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Growth.

27. Define Paper.
85 million metric tons
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
batch and continuous.

28. Define Market Pulp.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
655 and 98 lbs/year

29. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

30. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
polyacrylamide.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

31. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
To improve brightness.

32. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
85 million metric tons
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
6 to 7 times.
Summerwood.

33. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
655 and 98 lbs/year
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

34. What are some sizing additives?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Kymene.
Protection.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

35. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Springwood.
Stone ground wood.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

36. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
25%
85 million metric tons

37. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Totally Chlorine Free.
25%

38. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Growth.

39. What is formation?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
85 million metric tons
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Liberation of Fibers.

40. What is Sulfidity?
Protection.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Stone ground wood.

41. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Unbleached Kraft
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Corrugating Medium alone.

42. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

43. What is a common wet strength aid?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Kymene.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

44. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Summerwood.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

45. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
25%

46. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
To improve brightness.

47. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

48. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
33% - 55% - and 8%
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

49. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
China - 105 AD
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
6 to 7 times.

50. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
To improve brightness.