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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
365 million metric tons
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

2. What is brownstock?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Conduction.

3. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

4. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
37%
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Summerwood.

5. What are some roles of the headbox?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
85 million metric tons

6. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

7. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

8. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
75%
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Totally Chlorine Free.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

9. What is Sulfidity?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

10. What is the function of Bark?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Protection.
85 million metric tons
25%

11. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

12. How is brightness measured?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Springwood.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Percent ISO.

13. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
655 and 98 lbs/year
polyacrylamide.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Stone ground wood.

14. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Summerwood.
Pressurized ground wood.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

15. What are some strength additives?
Calcium carbonate.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Starch.

16. What is common filler?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Calcium carbonate.
655 and 98 lbs/year

17. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

18. What does TCF stand for?
25%
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Summerwood.
Totally Chlorine Free.

19. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

20. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Liberation of Fibers.
Springwood.
Grinding and refining.
57%

21. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
75%
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Unbleached Kraft

22. What does the Kappa number indicate?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

23. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Corrugating Medium alone.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

24. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

25. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
polyacrylamide.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
To improve brightness.
Help retain fines and fillers.

26. What is the function of the Cambium?
25%
85 million metric tons
Growth.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

27. What does SGW mean?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Kymene.
Stone ground wood.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

28. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
China - 105 AD

29. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Thermomechanical pulping
Summerwood.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

30. What is freeness?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

31. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
75%
Calcium carbonate.
Springwood.

32. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Liberation of Fibers.
Calcium carbonate.

33. Define Market Pulp.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
655 and 98 lbs/year

34. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
57%
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
655 and 98 lbs/year
33% - 55% - and 8%

35. What is Active Alkali?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

36. Define Paper.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
25%
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
25%

37. List the 3 types of headboxes.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
75%

38. Define Fluff Pulp.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
High yield - low cost - simple.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

39. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
655 and 98 lbs/year
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

40. What is Effective Alkali?
57%
365 million metric tons
Calcium carbonate.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

41. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
6 to 7 times.
Starch.
85 million metric tons
Summerwood.

42. What are some sizing additives?
High yield - low cost - simple.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
75%

43. What does PGW mean?
365 million metric tons
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Pressurized ground wood.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

44. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
25%
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
37%

45. When and where was paper invented?
China - 105 AD
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Percent ISO.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

46. Advantages of recycled pulping?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

47. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Protection.
Stone ground wood.
High yield - low cost - simple.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

48. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

49. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
25%
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

50. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
57%
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.