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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Kymene.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

2. What is freeness?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

3. What are some sizing additives?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

4. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

5. How is brightness measured?
To improve brightness.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Percent ISO.
Thermomechanical pulping

6. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
6 to 7 times.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

7. What is black liquor?
Help retain fines and fillers.
85 million metric tons
75%
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

8. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
25%
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
polyacrylamide.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

9. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
25%
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

10. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
25%
Thermomechanical pulping
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

11. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Springwood.
High yield - low cost - simple.

12. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
Conduction.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

13. What does CTMP mean?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Kymene.
25%
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

14. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
polyacrylamide.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Starch.

15. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
batch and continuous.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Corrugating Medium alone.

16. What does TMP mean?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Thermomechanical pulping

17. What is common filler?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Calcium carbonate.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

18. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

19. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
China - 105 AD
To improve brightness.

20. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

21. What does SGW mean?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Stone ground wood.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

22. What are some strength additives?
Starch.
75%
Stone ground wood.
85 million metric tons

23. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

24. What is formation?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
To improve brightness.
Help retain fines and fillers.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

25. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
batch and continuous.
365 million metric tons
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

26. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
85 million metric tons

27. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
57%
6 to 7 times.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

28. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Starch.
Unbleached Kraft
Corrugating Medium alone.

29. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
85 million metric tons

30. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Printing and writing.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

31. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
25%
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

32. List the 3 types of headboxes.
25%
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
polyacrylamide.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

33. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

34. What is world production per year of paper/board?
Thermomechanical pulping
37%
365 million metric tons
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

35. What is Sulfidity?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
To deliver stock on to the wire.
365 million metric tons

36. What is Effective Alkali?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
25%
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

37. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
57%
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

38. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Calcium carbonate.
Grinding and refining.

39. What is the function of the Cambium?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
75%
Starch.
Growth.

40. What do the stages in DEDED do?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

41. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Grinding and refining.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

42. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
85 million metric tons
Liberation of Fibers.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Starch.

43. What does PGW mean?
Pressurized ground wood.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
China - 105 AD
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

44. Define Market Pulp.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Springwood.
Stone ground wood.

45. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

46. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Conduction.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

47. Define refining.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

48. What is Active Alkali?
37%
Protection.
Starch.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

49. When and where was paper invented?
polyacrylamide.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
China - 105 AD
57%

50. What is the function of Bark?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Protection.

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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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