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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

2. What does PGW mean?
Pressurized ground wood.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Summerwood.
Help retain fines and fillers.

3. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Grinding and refining.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Stone ground wood.

4. What does ECF stand for?
25%
57%
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Protection.

5. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
polyacrylamide.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Grinding and refining.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

6. How is brightness measured?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Percent ISO.
Stone ground wood.

7. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
High yield - low cost - simple.

8. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
6 to 7 times.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

9. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
85 million metric tons
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

10. What is brownstock?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Stone ground wood.

11. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
batch and continuous.
Help retain fines and fillers.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

12. What are some roles of the headbox?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

13. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
China - 105 AD
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
6 to 7 times.
Liberation of Fibers.

14. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
85 million metric tons
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

15. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
Help retain fines and fillers.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Springwood.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

16. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
polyacrylamide.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
High yield - low cost - simple.

17. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Corrugating Medium alone.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Kymene.

18. What is Effective Alkali?
Totally Chlorine Free.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

19. What do retention aids do?
365 million metric tons
Help retain fines and fillers.
To improve brightness.
85 million metric tons

20. What does CTMP mean?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
25%
85 million metric tons

21. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

22. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
25%
Protection.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

23. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

24. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Unbleached Kraft
37%
batch and continuous.
33% - 55% - and 8%

25. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
655 and 98 lbs/year

26. What do fillers do?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Corrugating Medium alone.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

27. Define Market Pulp.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
polyacrylamide.

28. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Calcium carbonate.
Help retain fines and fillers.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

29. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
batch and continuous.
China - 105 AD
Unbleached Kraft

30. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

31. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Conduction.
Unbleached Kraft

32. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Liberation of Fibers.
Growth.
365 million metric tons

33. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

34. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Corrugating Medium alone.
25%
Help retain fines and fillers.

35. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
batch and continuous.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Printing and writing.

36. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

37. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

38. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
33% - 55% - and 8%

39. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
6 to 7 times.
Summerwood.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

40. What is Sulfidity?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Stone ground wood.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

41. When and where was paper invented?
China - 105 AD
Liberation of Fibers.
Corrugating Medium alone.
6 to 7 times.

42. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

43. Define Paper.
Protection.
85 million metric tons
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

44. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Calcium carbonate.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
365 million metric tons
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

45. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Conduction.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

46. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
polyacrylamide.

47. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
batch and continuous.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

48. What is common filler?
polyacrylamide.
Liberation of Fibers.
Calcium carbonate.
Pressurized ground wood.

49. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
33% - 55% - and 8%
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
57%

50. What are some sizing additives?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Conduction.

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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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