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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
6 to 7 times.

2. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Thermomechanical pulping
China - 105 AD
655 and 98 lbs/year

3. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Stone ground wood.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Unbleached Kraft

4. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
6 to 7 times.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

5. What is black liquor?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Percent ISO.

6. Define Fluff Pulp.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

7. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
batch and continuous.
Unbleached Kraft
Protection.

8. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Conduction.
To improve brightness.

9. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Liberation of Fibers.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

10. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Conduction.
Kymene.

11. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
To improve brightness.
Kymene.
Printing and writing.
85 million metric tons

12. What are some strength additives?
Springwood.
Starch.
China - 105 AD
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

13. What is a common wet strength aid?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Kymene.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

14. What is formation?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Totally Chlorine Free.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

15. What does CTMP mean?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
655 and 98 lbs/year
China - 105 AD

16. What does TCF stand for?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Totally Chlorine Free.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

17. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

18. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
75%

19. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Unbleached Kraft
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

20. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
25%
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

21. Advantages of recycled pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

22. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Calcium carbonate.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
25%
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

23. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Unbleached Kraft
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

24. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
37%
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

25. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

26. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
6 to 7 times.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Starch.
Grinding and refining.

27. Define refining.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

28. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
85 million metric tons
Printing and writing.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

29. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
China - 105 AD
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

30. What is brownstock?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
polyacrylamide.
Springwood.
Calcium carbonate.

31. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
To deliver stock on to the wire.
25%

32. What is world production per year of paper/board?
365 million metric tons
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

33. What is Effective Alkali?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

34. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
85 million metric tons
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

35. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Corrugating Medium alone.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

36. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Springwood.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Totally Chlorine Free.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

37. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
6 to 7 times.
Grinding and refining.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

38. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
To deliver stock on to the wire.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

39. What does TMP mean?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Thermomechanical pulping
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

40. What is the function of the Cambium?
polyacrylamide.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Growth.
Pressurized ground wood.

41. What are some roles of the headbox?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
To improve brightness.
75%

42. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Summerwood.
batch and continuous.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

43. Define Paper.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Printing and writing.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

44. What do retention aids do?
57%
75%
Help retain fines and fillers.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

45. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Springwood.
Percent ISO.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
China - 105 AD

46. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Corrugating Medium alone.
High yield - low cost - simple.

47. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

48. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
Calcium carbonate.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
25%
33% - 55% - and 8%

49. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
33% - 55% - and 8%
365 million metric tons

50. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
To improve brightness.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.