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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is Effective Alkali?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

2. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Percent ISO.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

3. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Calcium carbonate.
High yield - low cost - simple.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

4. When and where was paper invented?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
China - 105 AD
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Conduction.

5. What is freeness?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

6. What is common filler?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Calcium carbonate.

7. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
25%
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

8. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
High yield - low cost - simple.
Liberation of Fibers.

9. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Springwood.
Unbleached Kraft
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

10. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Unbleached Kraft
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Summerwood.

11. What does SGW mean?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Stone ground wood.
Conduction.

12. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Springwood.
To improve brightness.
33% - 55% - and 8%

13. What does ECF stand for?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Stone ground wood.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
75%

14. What do retention aids do?
China - 105 AD
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Help retain fines and fillers.
57%

15. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Calcium carbonate.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

16. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Unbleached Kraft
85 million metric tons

17. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
37%
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
batch and continuous.

18. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
85 million metric tons

19. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
75%
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
25%
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

20. What is black liquor?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
batch and continuous.

21. What does the Kappa number indicate?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
33% - 55% - and 8%
6 to 7 times.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

22. Define refining.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
365 million metric tons
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

23. What is world production per year of paper/board?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
365 million metric tons
Stone ground wood.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

24. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
75%
Summerwood.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

25. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

26. What is formation?
Springwood.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Thermomechanical pulping
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

27. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Summerwood.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
25%
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

28. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Growth.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Unbleached Kraft

29. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Grinding and refining.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Printing and writing.

30. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Protection.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

31. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Corrugating Medium alone.

32. What is Sulfidity?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Liberation of Fibers.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

33. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
25%
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

34. What does CTMP mean?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Kymene.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

35. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Thermomechanical pulping
batch and continuous.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

36. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Growth.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

37. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Printing and writing.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

38. Define Paper.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Conduction.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

39. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

40. What is brownstock?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
57%
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
To improve brightness.

41. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Unbleached Kraft
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
365 million metric tons

42. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

43. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

44. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

45. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
High yield - low cost - simple.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Grinding and refining.
37%

46. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Calcium carbonate.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
6 to 7 times.
75%

47. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
57%

48. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

49. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Protection.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

50. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
To deliver stock on to the wire.