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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
85 million metric tons
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

2. What does TMP mean?
Thermomechanical pulping
Stone ground wood.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Protection.

3. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Conduction.

4. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
batch and continuous.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
33% - 55% - and 8%
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

5. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
To improve brightness.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

6. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Printing and writing.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

7. Define Fluff Pulp.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

8. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Kymene.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

9. When and where was paper invented?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Stone ground wood.
China - 105 AD

10. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
37%

11. What does TCF stand for?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Totally Chlorine Free.

12. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Protection.
Conduction.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

13. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
85 million metric tons
Springwood.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

14. What is Effective Alkali?
Growth.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
polyacrylamide.

15. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
25%
Liberation of Fibers.

16. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
37%
Stone ground wood.
Summerwood.

17. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
To improve brightness.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

18. What does SGW mean?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Kymene.
Stone ground wood.
Totally Chlorine Free.

19. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Corrugating Medium alone.
Springwood.

20. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Grinding and refining.
33% - 55% - and 8%

21. How is brightness measured?
Calcium carbonate.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Percent ISO.

22. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
25%
Starch.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

23. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
polyacrylamide.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Totally Chlorine Free.

24. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Calcium carbonate.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

25. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Calcium carbonate.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
75%

26. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
6 to 7 times.
Growth.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

27. What do the stages in DEDED do?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

28. Advantages of recycled pulping?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Grinding and refining.
365 million metric tons
Starch.

29. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
batch and continuous.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Conduction.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

30. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
655 and 98 lbs/year
6 to 7 times.

31. What is world production per year of paper/board?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
365 million metric tons
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

32. What are some sizing additives?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

33. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Printing and writing.
Springwood.

34. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Calcium carbonate.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

35. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

36. What are some roles of the headbox?
Pressurized ground wood.
365 million metric tons
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

37. What is the function of the Cambium?
57%
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Growth.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

38. What is Active Alkali?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
655 and 98 lbs/year
365 million metric tons

39. What does ECF stand for?
High yield - low cost - simple.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

40. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
25%
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

41. What is Sulfidity?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

42. Define Market Pulp.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
75%
High yield - low cost - simple.

43. What happens during refining?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

44. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Stone ground wood.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

45. Define Paper.
Percent ISO.
Growth.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

46. What does PGW mean?
Pressurized ground wood.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
33% - 55% - and 8%

47. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Corrugating Medium alone.
High yield - low cost - simple.

48. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

49. What is formation?
Printing and writing.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
85 million metric tons
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

50. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Stone ground wood.

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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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