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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is Effective Alkali?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
China - 105 AD

2. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

3. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
batch and continuous.
Pressurized ground wood.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

4. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Kymene.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Springwood.

5. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
6 to 7 times.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

6. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Printing and writing.
75%

7. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
37%
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

8. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Calcium carbonate.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Conduction.

9. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Printing and writing.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

10. What do retention aids do?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Printing and writing.
Help retain fines and fillers.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

11. What do fillers do?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
75%
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

12. What does SGW mean?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Stone ground wood.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Corrugating Medium alone.

13. Define Paper.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Growth.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

14. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Growth.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
655 and 98 lbs/year
Unbleached Kraft

15. What is the function of Bark?
Conduction.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
batch and continuous.
Protection.

16. What is Sulfidity?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
85 million metric tons
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
High yield - low cost - simple.

17. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
655 and 98 lbs/year

18. What is brownstock?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

19. What is Active Alkali?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
batch and continuous.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

20. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
75%
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
25%
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

21. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Springwood.

22. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
25%
Grinding and refining.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
75%

23. What is common filler?
Calcium carbonate.
25%
365 million metric tons
85 million metric tons

24. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Grinding and refining.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Pressurized ground wood.

25. Define refining.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

26. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

27. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
To improve brightness.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

28. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Printing and writing.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Liberation of Fibers.

29. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
High yield - low cost - simple.
37%
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

30. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
57%
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

31. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Conduction.
polyacrylamide.

32. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Totally Chlorine Free.

33. What does TMP mean?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Thermomechanical pulping
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

34. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
polyacrylamide.
Summerwood.
655 and 98 lbs/year

35. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
China - 105 AD
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
85 million metric tons
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

36. What does TCF stand for?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Totally Chlorine Free.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

37. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Thermomechanical pulping
Springwood.
Summerwood.
25%

38. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
6 to 7 times.

39. What are some roles of the headbox?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Pressurized ground wood.

40. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
6 to 7 times.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Percent ISO.

41. What is a retention additive often used?
polyacrylamide.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

42. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Growth.
polyacrylamide.
Protection.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

43. What is black liquor?
Help retain fines and fillers.
365 million metric tons
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

44. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

45. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
6 to 7 times.
Conduction.

46. What is formation?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

47. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Printing and writing.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

48. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Growth.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Printing and writing.

49. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Thermomechanical pulping
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

50. What do the stages in DEDED do?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Unbleached Kraft