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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
655 and 98 lbs/year
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

2. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Conduction.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

3. Define Paper.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

4. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Conduction.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

5. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
polyacrylamide.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Unbleached Kraft

6. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Printing and writing.
Thermomechanical pulping
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Unbleached Kraft

7. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Liberation of Fibers.
Totally Chlorine Free.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

8. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

9. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
37%
batch and continuous.

10. What happens during refining?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
655 and 98 lbs/year
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Springwood.

11. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
33% - 55% - and 8%
To improve brightness.
Starch.
Grinding and refining.

12. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
57%
655 and 98 lbs/year

13. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
polyacrylamide.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

14. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Help retain fines and fillers.
25%
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

15. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Calcium carbonate.
85 million metric tons
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Stone ground wood.

16. What do retention aids do?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

17. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

18. What does SGW mean?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Stone ground wood.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

19. Define Market Pulp.
Liberation of Fibers.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Printing and writing.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

20. What is a common wet strength aid?
Starch.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Kymene.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

21. What is a retention additive often used?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
polyacrylamide.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

22. What are some sizing additives?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Growth.

23. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

24. What does TMP mean?
Conduction.
To improve brightness.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Thermomechanical pulping

25. What is formation?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Starch.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
25%

26. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Corrugating Medium alone.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Thermomechanical pulping

27. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
365 million metric tons
batch and continuous.

28. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Unbleached Kraft
Starch.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

29. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Summerwood.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Printing and writing.
High yield - low cost - simple.

30. What is black liquor?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

31. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

32. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
57%
Starch.

33. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
batch and continuous.
25%

34. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Corrugating Medium alone.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
6 to 7 times.

35. What is the function of Bark?
Protection.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

36. What do fillers do?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Growth.

37. What does ECF stand for?
China - 105 AD
Grinding and refining.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

38. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Kymene.
To improve brightness.
Grinding and refining.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

39. What does the Kappa number indicate?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

40. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
57%
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

41. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
37%
batch and continuous.

42. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Starch.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
25%

43. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

44. What is Effective Alkali?
655 and 98 lbs/year
25%
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

45. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Corrugating Medium alone.

46. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Pressurized ground wood.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

47. What does CTMP mean?
37%
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Corrugating Medium alone.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

48. Define refining.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
57%
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
365 million metric tons

49. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
75%
batch and continuous.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

50. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Unbleached Kraft
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former