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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

2. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
To improve brightness.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

3. What is world production per year of paper/board?
High yield - low cost - simple.
365 million metric tons
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

4. What does SGW mean?
Stone ground wood.
6 to 7 times.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

5. What is common filler?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Calcium carbonate.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

6. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
57%
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
To improve brightness.
75%

7. What does TMP mean?
Liberation of Fibers.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
6 to 7 times.
Thermomechanical pulping

8. Define Market Pulp.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

9. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Unbleached Kraft
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

10. What is brownstock?
Grinding and refining.
75%
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

11. What do fillers do?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Summerwood.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

12. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

13. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
25%
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

14. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Help retain fines and fillers.

15. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

16. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
25%
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

17. What is freeness?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

18. What does the Kappa number indicate?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

19. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
6 to 7 times.
Conduction.
Springwood.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

20. What happens during refining?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
batch and continuous.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

21. Define Fluff Pulp.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

22. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Corrugating Medium alone.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

23. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
85 million metric tons
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Calcium carbonate.

24. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Growth.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

25. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Liberation of Fibers.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

26. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

27. What is black liquor?
Help retain fines and fillers.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

28. What is formation?
Kymene.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
33% - 55% - and 8%

29. What is the function of Bark?
Liberation of Fibers.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Protection.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

30. Define refining.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

31. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

32. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Unbleached Kraft
Conduction.
Corrugating Medium alone.

33. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Percent ISO.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

34. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Conduction.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

35. What are some sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
To improve brightness.
33% - 55% - and 8%
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

36. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Liberation of Fibers.

37. What do retention aids do?
To improve brightness.
Help retain fines and fillers.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

38. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
57%
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Grinding and refining.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

39. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Help retain fines and fillers.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

40. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
85 million metric tons

41. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
To improve brightness.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

42. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
75%
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
365 million metric tons

43. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
25%
To deliver stock on to the wire.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Summerwood.

44. What are some strength additives?
Kymene.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
75%
Starch.

45. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

46. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
polyacrylamide.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Conduction.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

47. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
High yield - low cost - simple.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

48. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Thermomechanical pulping
Summerwood.

49. What is the function of the Cambium?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Growth.
Starch.

50. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
China - 105 AD
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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