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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is black liquor?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
57%
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Growth.

2. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Unbleached Kraft
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

3. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
25%
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

4. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
China - 105 AD
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
25%

5. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Liberation of Fibers.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
China - 105 AD
25%

6. What is freeness?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Summerwood.

7. List the 3 types of headboxes.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

8. Define Market Pulp.
Corrugating Medium alone.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

9. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
75%
Totally Chlorine Free.
33% - 55% - and 8%
China - 105 AD

10. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Stone ground wood.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
25%
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

11. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

12. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
37%
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Printing and writing.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

13. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
6 to 7 times.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

14. What is brownstock?
High yield - low cost - simple.
57%
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

15. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
6 to 7 times.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

16. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
6 to 7 times.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

17. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Stone ground wood.
6 to 7 times.
25%

18. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
57%
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Stone ground wood.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

19. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

20. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Summerwood.
High yield - low cost - simple.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Growth.

21. What is a retention additive often used?
polyacrylamide.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
25%
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

22. What is Sulfidity?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Printing and writing.

23. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Liberation of Fibers.
Springwood.
Protection.

24. What are some roles of the headbox?
57%
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

25. What is a common wet strength aid?
75%
Kymene.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

26. What is world production per year of paper/board?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
365 million metric tons
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

27. What does TMP mean?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
China - 105 AD
Help retain fines and fillers.
Thermomechanical pulping

28. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
High yield - low cost - simple.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

29. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

30. What does ECF stand for?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Help retain fines and fillers.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

31. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
33% - 55% - and 8%
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Help retain fines and fillers.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

32. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Summerwood.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Pressurized ground wood.

33. What does SGW mean?
Stone ground wood.
batch and continuous.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

34. When and where was paper invented?
China - 105 AD
57%
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

35. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
25%
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

36. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Protection.
Percent ISO.

37. What do fillers do?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

38. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
25%
Grinding and refining.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

39. What do retention aids do?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Kymene.
Help retain fines and fillers.

40. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
batch and continuous.
37%

41. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Stone ground wood.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Calcium carbonate.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

42. Define Fluff Pulp.
Growth.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

43. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Stone ground wood.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

44. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
To improve brightness.
Summerwood.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

45. Define Paper.
Liberation of Fibers.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

46. What is Active Alkali?
Help retain fines and fillers.
6 to 7 times.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

47. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
6 to 7 times.

48. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
85 million metric tons
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

49. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
batch and continuous.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

50. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
37%
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.