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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

2. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Starch.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Calcium carbonate.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

3. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Corrugating Medium alone.

4. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

5. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Protection.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
batch and continuous.

6. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Totally Chlorine Free.
To improve brightness.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

7. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Corrugating Medium alone.

8. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
57%
High yield - low cost - simple.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Summerwood.

9. What are some roles of the headbox?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

10. What does ECF stand for?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Pressurized ground wood.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

11. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Percent ISO.

12. When and where was paper invented?
37%
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
China - 105 AD
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

13. What is brownstock?
Unbleached Kraft
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

14. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
6 to 7 times.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

15. What do retention aids do?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Springwood.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

16. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
To improve brightness.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

17. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Unbleached Kraft
Corrugating Medium alone.
Growth.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

18. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
batch and continuous.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Summerwood.
Printing and writing.

19. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

20. What is formation?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

21. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
33% - 55% - and 8%

22. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
To improve brightness.
batch and continuous.
655 and 98 lbs/year

23. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
To deliver stock on to the wire.

24. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

25. What is Effective Alkali?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

26. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Printing and writing.
37%
Unbleached Kraft

27. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
75%
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

28. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

29. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Pressurized ground wood.
57%
Grinding and refining.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

30. What does SGW mean?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Stone ground wood.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

31. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Stone ground wood.

32. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Summerwood.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Pressurized ground wood.

33. What is the function of Bark?
Protection.
To improve brightness.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

34. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Conduction.
Kymene.
China - 105 AD
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

35. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
37%
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

36. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

37. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Springwood.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

38. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
37%
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

39. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
655 and 98 lbs/year
6 to 7 times.

40. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Protection.

41. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Liberation of Fibers.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

42. What is the function of the Cambium?
Growth.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Protection.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

43. What do fillers do?
China - 105 AD
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

44. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
37%
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

45. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
Protection.
Unbleached Kraft
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
85 million metric tons

46. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Springwood.
57%
High yield - low cost - simple.

47. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
To improve brightness.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

48. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
33% - 55% - and 8%
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Stone ground wood.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

49. What is Sulfidity?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

50. What is common filler?
Calcium carbonate.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
High yield - low cost - simple.
75%

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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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