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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
China - 105 AD
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

2. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
25%
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

3. What is formation?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Conduction.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Calcium carbonate.

4. What is brownstock?
Conduction.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
6 to 7 times.

5. Define Market Pulp.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

6. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
To improve brightness.
batch and continuous.
Thermomechanical pulping

7. What is Sulfidity?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
85 million metric tons
Liberation of Fibers.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

8. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Totally Chlorine Free.
China - 105 AD

9. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
High yield - low cost - simple.
25%
Unbleached Kraft

10. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
75%
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

11. What is Effective Alkali?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Corrugating Medium alone.
Grinding and refining.

12. What are some roles of the headbox?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

13. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

14. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Liberation of Fibers.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

15. What do fillers do?
Thermomechanical pulping
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

16. What does the Kappa number indicate?
37%
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

17. What is a retention additive often used?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
polyacrylamide.
Calcium carbonate.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

18. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Stone ground wood.

19. What does ECF stand for?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

20. What is a common wet strength aid?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Kymene.
Thermomechanical pulping
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

21. When and where was paper invented?
China - 105 AD
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Conduction.

22. What does PGW mean?
China - 105 AD
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Pressurized ground wood.
33% - 55% - and 8%

23. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Liberation of Fibers.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

24. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
37%
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

25. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
85 million metric tons
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Pressurized ground wood.

26. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
To improve brightness.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
25%

27. How is brightness measured?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Percent ISO.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

28. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

29. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
75%
High yield - low cost - simple.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Kymene.

30. Define Paper.
6 to 7 times.
75%
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Unbleached Kraft

31. What is freeness?
Kymene.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
batch and continuous.
85 million metric tons

32. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Calcium carbonate.
25%
57%

33. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Conduction.
Totally Chlorine Free.
batch and continuous.

34. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
37%
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

35. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Springwood.

36. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Totally Chlorine Free.
25%

37. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
655 and 98 lbs/year
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

38. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
75%
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
To improve brightness.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

39. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

40. What does CTMP mean?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
polyacrylamide.
Liberation of Fibers.

41. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

42. What are some strength additives?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Springwood.
Starch.
batch and continuous.

43. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

44. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Calcium carbonate.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

45. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
37%
Pressurized ground wood.

46. What does SGW mean?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Stone ground wood.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

47. What do retention aids do?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Percent ISO.
Help retain fines and fillers.

48. What is Active Alkali?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
655 and 98 lbs/year

49. What is common filler?
Springwood.
Pressurized ground wood.
Calcium carbonate.
High yield - low cost - simple.

50. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
China - 105 AD
365 million metric tons
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.