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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Conduction.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
57%

2. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
batch and continuous.
33% - 55% - and 8%
37%

3. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
To improve brightness.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Protection.
Pressurized ground wood.

4. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
To improve brightness.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
57%
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

5. What is Sulfidity?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

6. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
85 million metric tons
High yield - low cost - simple.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
polyacrylamide.

7. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

8. What does PGW mean?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Pressurized ground wood.
Percent ISO.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

9. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
37%
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

10. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Protection.

11. What is the function of the Cambium?
85 million metric tons
Help retain fines and fillers.
25%
Growth.

12. Define Paper.
Growth.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Totally Chlorine Free.

13. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Springwood.
China - 105 AD

14. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
25%

15. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Kymene.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

16. What is a retention additive often used?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
polyacrylamide.
25%
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

17. What is a common wet strength aid?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Totally Chlorine Free.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Kymene.

18. When and where was paper invented?
China - 105 AD
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Calcium carbonate.

19. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

20. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Unbleached Kraft

21. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
China - 105 AD
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
33% - 55% - and 8%

22. How is brightness measured?
25%
Percent ISO.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

23. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
37%
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Corrugating Medium alone.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

24. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

25. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
6 to 7 times.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

26. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
China - 105 AD

27. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Stone ground wood.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Printing and writing.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

28. What is black liquor?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

29. What does ECF stand for?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Grinding and refining.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
655 and 98 lbs/year

30. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Calcium carbonate.

31. What is Active Alkali?
33% - 55% - and 8%
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

32. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Kymene.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

33. What does TMP mean?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Thermomechanical pulping
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

34. What is common filler?
Calcium carbonate.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

35. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

36. What are some sizing additives?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

37. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Liberation of Fibers.
Unbleached Kraft
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

38. What is world production per year of paper/board?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
365 million metric tons
25%
Protection.

39. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
25%
Starch.

40. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
batch and continuous.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
6 to 7 times.
85 million metric tons

41. What do fillers do?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Protection.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

42. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Thermomechanical pulping

43. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
75%
Springwood.
365 million metric tons
Pressurized ground wood.

44. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
655 and 98 lbs/year

45. What are some roles of the headbox?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Printing and writing.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

46. List the 3 types of headboxes.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
25%

47. Define refining.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

48. What does TCF stand for?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Totally Chlorine Free.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Growth.

49. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Printing and writing.
Starch.
37%
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

50. What does SGW mean?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Stone ground wood.
batch and continuous.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.