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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the function of the Cambium?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Growth.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

2. What does ECF stand for?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

3. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

4. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
High yield - low cost - simple.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

5. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Corrugating Medium alone.
57%
25%

6. What do the stages in DEDED do?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
batch and continuous.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

7. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Calcium carbonate.

8. Define Paper.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

9. What is Sulfidity?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
To improve brightness.
High yield - low cost - simple.

10. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Totally Chlorine Free.

11. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
6 to 7 times.
Calcium carbonate.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

12. What is a common wet strength aid?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Growth.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Kymene.

13. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

14. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
China - 105 AD
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Printing and writing.

15. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Growth.
batch and continuous.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

16. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
37%
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

17. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
To improve brightness.
57%

18. What does TCF stand for?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
To improve brightness.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Totally Chlorine Free.

19. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
33% - 55% - and 8%

20. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Unbleached Kraft
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Percent ISO.
25%

21. What do retention aids do?
Conduction.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Percent ISO.
Help retain fines and fillers.

22. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Springwood.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Totally Chlorine Free.

23. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Protection.
6 to 7 times.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

24. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

25. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
37%
Starch.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

26. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Liberation of Fibers.
To improve brightness.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

27. When and where was paper invented?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
China - 105 AD
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

28. What is formation?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Liberation of Fibers.

29. What does SGW mean?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Stone ground wood.
655 and 98 lbs/year
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

30. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Conduction.
Grinding and refining.

31. What is black liquor?
25%
Grinding and refining.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
37%

32. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

33. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Starch.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

34. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
37%
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
batch and continuous.

35. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
polyacrylamide.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

36. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
85 million metric tons
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
75%
Thermomechanical pulping

37. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

38. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Stone ground wood.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

39. What is the function of Bark?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Protection.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
25%

40. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Calcium carbonate.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
High yield - low cost - simple.

41. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

42. What do fillers do?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Stone ground wood.

43. Define Market Pulp.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

44. What is brownstock?
6 to 7 times.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

45. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Springwood.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
25%

46. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Help retain fines and fillers.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

47. What happens during refining?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Summerwood.
57%

48. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Conduction.

49. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
polyacrylamide.
57%
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

50. What does PGW mean?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
6 to 7 times.
Pressurized ground wood.