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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Help retain fines and fillers.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

2. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

3. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
6 to 7 times.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Help retain fines and fillers.

4. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
To deliver stock on to the wire.

5. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Starch.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

6. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
57%

7. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
25%

8. What are some sizing additives?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

9. What is the function of Bark?
Grinding and refining.
25%
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Protection.

10. What happens during refining?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
37%
Kymene.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

11. What is a retention additive often used?
polyacrylamide.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
75%

12. Define refining.
Conduction.
Kymene.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

13. What is formation?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

14. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Summerwood.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

15. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

16. What is freeness?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

17. Define Paper.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Protection.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

18. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
batch and continuous.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

19. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
75%
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
655 and 98 lbs/year

20. Define Market Pulp.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Protection.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Thermomechanical pulping

21. What is Active Alkali?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

22. What is world production per year of paper/board?
Growth.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
365 million metric tons
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

23. What is the function of the Cambium?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Growth.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

24. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
75%
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

25. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Kymene.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

26. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
33% - 55% - and 8%
365 million metric tons
Kymene.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

27. What does SGW mean?
Stone ground wood.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
High yield - low cost - simple.
Protection.

28. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
25%
To deliver stock on to the wire.

29. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Totally Chlorine Free.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Thermomechanical pulping
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

30. How is brightness measured?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Kymene.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Percent ISO.

31. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Springwood.
Stone ground wood.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Protection.

32. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
To improve brightness.

33. What does TMP mean?
Starch.
Calcium carbonate.
Thermomechanical pulping
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

34. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
25%
Corrugating Medium alone.
Conduction.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

35. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Grinding and refining.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

36. List the 3 types of headboxes.
batch and continuous.
Calcium carbonate.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

37. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Unbleached Kraft

38. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Unbleached Kraft
High yield - low cost - simple.
Starch.
Percent ISO.

39. What does PGW mean?
Pressurized ground wood.
batch and continuous.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

40. When and where was paper invented?
China - 105 AD
Corrugating Medium alone.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

41. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Liberation of Fibers.
85 million metric tons
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

42. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
High yield - low cost - simple.
To improve brightness.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

43. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Kymene.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

44. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
polyacrylamide.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

45. What do fillers do?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

46. What are some strength additives?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Starch.

47. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

48. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
High yield - low cost - simple.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

49. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
37%

50. What is brownstock?
Protection.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Totally Chlorine Free.