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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
85 million metric tons
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Kymene.

2. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Starch.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

3. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Liberation of Fibers.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Printing and writing.
batch and continuous.

4. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
655 and 98 lbs/year
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

5. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
75%
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

6. What is Effective Alkali?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Printing and writing.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

7. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

8. What does TCF stand for?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

9. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
37%
Conduction.
Pressurized ground wood.

10. How is brightness measured?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Percent ISO.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

11. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Calcium carbonate.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Printing and writing.
Liberation of Fibers.

12. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Unbleached Kraft
Grinding and refining.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

13. What is a common wet strength aid?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Kymene.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

14. Define Paper.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

15. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
37%
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

16. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Percent ISO.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
655 and 98 lbs/year
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

17. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
25%
Kymene.
6 to 7 times.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

18. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Grinding and refining.
Unbleached Kraft
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

19. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Stone ground wood.
25%
Conduction.
Kymene.

20. What happens during refining?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

21. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

22. What do retention aids do?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Conduction.
Thermomechanical pulping
High yield - low cost - simple.

23. What is world production per year of paper/board?
25%
365 million metric tons
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

24. Define Market Pulp.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Conduction.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

25. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Conduction.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
China - 105 AD
Growth.

26. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

27. Define refining.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

28. What is Sulfidity?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Kymene.

29. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Stone ground wood.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

30. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

31. List the 3 types of headboxes.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
25%
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

32. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Springwood.

33. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

34. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
To improve brightness.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

35. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Calcium carbonate.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

36. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
High yield - low cost - simple.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

37. Define Fluff Pulp.
China - 105 AD
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

38. What is common filler?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Starch.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Calcium carbonate.

39. What does ECF stand for?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Stone ground wood.
To improve brightness.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

40. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Kymene.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Pressurized ground wood.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

41. What does PGW mean?
Grinding and refining.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Pressurized ground wood.

42. When and where was paper invented?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
37%
365 million metric tons
China - 105 AD

43. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

44. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Conduction.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

45. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
25%
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Printing and writing.

46. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Liberation of Fibers.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

47. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Summerwood.
Printing and writing.
6 to 7 times.

48. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

49. What is Active Alkali?
Help retain fines and fillers.
China - 105 AD
Thermomechanical pulping
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

50. What does TMP mean?
Corrugating Medium alone.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Thermomechanical pulping