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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Summerwood.
To improve brightness.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

2. What does TCF stand for?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Conduction.
Totally Chlorine Free.

3. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
Calcium carbonate.
6 to 7 times.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Liberation of Fibers.

4. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Springwood.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
57%
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

5. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
6 to 7 times.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
85 million metric tons
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

6. What does SGW mean?
655 and 98 lbs/year
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Stone ground wood.

7. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

8. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
batch and continuous.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
High yield - low cost - simple.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

9. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

10. What is formation?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

11. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Protection.

12. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Liberation of Fibers.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

13. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Stone ground wood.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

14. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Corrugating Medium alone.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Growth.

15. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
25%
25%

16. What are some roles of the headbox?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Percent ISO.
25%
25%

17. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
365 million metric tons
Summerwood.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

18. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
To improve brightness.
Conduction.
Kymene.

19. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Liberation of Fibers.
High yield - low cost - simple.
33% - 55% - and 8%
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

20. What happens during refining?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
37%

21. What are some sizing additives?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

22. Define refining.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

23. What is freeness?
Stone ground wood.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

24. What is brownstock?
Growth.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

25. What does CTMP mean?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Printing and writing.

26. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
75%
Help retain fines and fillers.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

27. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

28. What do the stages in DEDED do?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
25%

29. What is a common wet strength aid?
Kymene.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Protection.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

30. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
85 million metric tons
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

31. What does PGW mean?
China - 105 AD
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Pressurized ground wood.

32. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
China - 105 AD
25%
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

33. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Grinding and refining.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

34. What is Active Alkali?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

35. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
batch and continuous.

36. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Protection.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
37%

37. What does TMP mean?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Thermomechanical pulping
Starch.
China - 105 AD

38. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
Protection.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Conduction.

39. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
37%

40. Define Paper.
Help retain fines and fillers.
85 million metric tons
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

41. How is brightness measured?
Percent ISO.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Growth.

42. What do retention aids do?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

43. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Kymene.

44. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Corrugating Medium alone.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

45. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Printing and writing.
37%
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
655 and 98 lbs/year

46. What is Effective Alkali?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
To deliver stock on to the wire.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Liberation of Fibers.

47. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
China - 105 AD
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

48. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Protection.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

49. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Corrugating Medium alone.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

50. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Grinding and refining.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.