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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
polyacrylamide.
37%
batch and continuous.

2. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Springwood.
Pressurized ground wood.
To improve brightness.

3. What does PGW mean?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Pressurized ground wood.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

4. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
batch and continuous.
Thermomechanical pulping
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

5. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

6. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
365 million metric tons
37%
655 and 98 lbs/year

7. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

8. What does TCF stand for?
Totally Chlorine Free.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
57%
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

9. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
High yield - low cost - simple.
75%
365 million metric tons

10. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Percent ISO.

11. What is a retention additive often used?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
polyacrylamide.
6 to 7 times.
57%

12. What happens during refining?
Totally Chlorine Free.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
75%
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

13. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
25%
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

14. Light rings in wood are known as what?
85 million metric tons
Growth.
Springwood.
25%

15. What does TMP mean?
Calcium carbonate.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Thermomechanical pulping

16. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
85 million metric tons
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

17. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Conduction.

18. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Calcium carbonate.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

19. Define refining.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

20. Define Fluff Pulp.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Help retain fines and fillers.
batch and continuous.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

21. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

22. When and where was paper invented?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
China - 105 AD
polyacrylamide.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

23. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Liberation of Fibers.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

24. How is brightness measured?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Percent ISO.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

25. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Calcium carbonate.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Printing and writing.

26. What are some roles of the headbox?
655 and 98 lbs/year
High yield - low cost - simple.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

27. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
polyacrylamide.

28. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
33% - 55% - and 8%
Calcium carbonate.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

29. Define Market Pulp.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

30. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Thermomechanical pulping

31. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Totally Chlorine Free.

32. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Thermomechanical pulping
85 million metric tons

33. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
25%

34. What do fillers do?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Stone ground wood.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

35. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Pressurized ground wood.
batch and continuous.
75%
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

36. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Growth.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

37. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Pressurized ground wood.

38. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
polyacrylamide.

39. What is Sulfidity?
Printing and writing.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

40. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
25%
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

41. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
Calcium carbonate.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Protection.

42. What do retention aids do?
75%
Help retain fines and fillers.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
57%

43. What does CTMP mean?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

44. What is the function of the Cambium?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Growth.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Stone ground wood.

45. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Stone ground wood.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Summerwood.

46. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

47. What is a common wet strength aid?
Percent ISO.
China - 105 AD
polyacrylamide.
Kymene.

48. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Help retain fines and fillers.
57%
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

49. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Printing and writing.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

50. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.