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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Thermomechanical pulping
25%
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

2. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Summerwood.
85 million metric tons
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

3. What are some sizing additives?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
37%
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

4. What does TMP mean?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Thermomechanical pulping
33% - 55% - and 8%

5. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
China - 105 AD
Conduction.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
To improve brightness.

6. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Unbleached Kraft

7. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

8. What does SGW mean?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
China - 105 AD
Stone ground wood.

9. What is world production per year of paper/board?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
365 million metric tons

10. What is freeness?
High yield - low cost - simple.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Growth.
25%

11. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Unbleached Kraft
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

12. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
batch and continuous.
Calcium carbonate.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

13. What does CTMP mean?
To improve brightness.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Conduction.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

14. What is the function of the Cambium?
Growth.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

15. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Springwood.

16. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

17. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Protection.

18. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
75%
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

19. What are some strength additives?
Printing and writing.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Starch.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

20. Define Market Pulp.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Corrugating Medium alone.
365 million metric tons
Thermomechanical pulping

21. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Calcium carbonate.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

22. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Unbleached Kraft
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

23. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
High yield - low cost - simple.
China - 105 AD
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

24. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Kymene.
365 million metric tons
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

25. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
batch and continuous.
Calcium carbonate.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

26. What is common filler?
Conduction.
Calcium carbonate.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

27. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
57%

28. What is Active Alkali?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
655 and 98 lbs/year

29. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

30. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Printing and writing.
polyacrylamide.
Liberation of Fibers.

31. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
57%
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

32. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Printing and writing.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Grinding and refining.

33. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

34. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Calcium carbonate.
57%
batch and continuous.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

35. What does the Kappa number indicate?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
China - 105 AD

36. How is brightness measured?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Percent ISO.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

37. What do the stages in DEDED do?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
57%
polyacrylamide.
To improve brightness.

38. What are some roles of the headbox?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
6 to 7 times.

39. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

40. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

41. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

42. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

43. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

44. What does ECF stand for?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
75%

45. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Stone ground wood.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
655 and 98 lbs/year

46. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

47. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Protection.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

48. What is Effective Alkali?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Conduction.

49. What do fillers do?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

50. Define refining.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down