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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Conduction.
57%

2. What does SGW mean?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Stone ground wood.

3. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

4. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
655 and 98 lbs/year
To improve brightness.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

5. When and where was paper invented?
China - 105 AD
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Pressurized ground wood.

6. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Printing and writing.
Percent ISO.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

7. What do fillers do?
Pressurized ground wood.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

8. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

9. What do the stages in DEDED do?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

10. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Liberation of Fibers.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
655 and 98 lbs/year

11. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
polyacrylamide.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

12. What is brownstock?
57%
Kymene.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

13. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Calcium carbonate.
Printing and writing.
Growth.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

14. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

15. What is Sulfidity?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Pressurized ground wood.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

16. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

17. What are some strength additives?
China - 105 AD
37%
Starch.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

18. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

19. What is black liquor?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

20. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Liberation of Fibers.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Unbleached Kraft
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

21. What is a retention additive often used?
polyacrylamide.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
batch and continuous.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

22. What is a common wet strength aid?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Printing and writing.
Summerwood.
Kymene.

23. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Springwood.
6 to 7 times.
China - 105 AD
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

24. What is freeness?
Grinding and refining.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
33% - 55% - and 8%
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

25. What is formation?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Unbleached Kraft
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

26. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

27. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Summerwood.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
batch and continuous.

28. What does TMP mean?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Thermomechanical pulping

29. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
655 and 98 lbs/year
33% - 55% - and 8%
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
57%

30. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

31. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
High yield - low cost - simple.
25%
Summerwood.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

32. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Grinding and refining.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Thermomechanical pulping
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

33. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Unbleached Kraft

34. Define Market Pulp.
25%
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Thermomechanical pulping

35. What is the function of Bark?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Protection.

36. What are some sizing additives?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Help retain fines and fillers.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

37. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
6 to 7 times.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

38. What do retention aids do?
Help retain fines and fillers.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Liberation of Fibers.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

39. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Printing and writing.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
To improve brightness.

40. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
batch and continuous.
Thermomechanical pulping
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

41. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
25%

42. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Growth.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

43. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Growth.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

44. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

45. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

46. List the 3 types of headboxes.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Protection.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

47. What is world production per year of paper/board?
365 million metric tons
polyacrylamide.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

48. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Grinding and refining.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

49. What is common filler?
High yield - low cost - simple.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Calcium carbonate.

50. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Conduction.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
25%
Brown pulp that is unbleached.