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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What do the stages in DEDED do?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Grinding and refining.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
China - 105 AD

2. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
25%
85 million metric tons

3. What is a common wet strength aid?
33% - 55% - and 8%
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Kymene.

4. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Unbleached Kraft
57%

5. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

6. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
polyacrylamide.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Protection.
Pressurized ground wood.

7. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Thermomechanical pulping
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

8. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Totally Chlorine Free.
25%
655 and 98 lbs/year
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

9. What are some roles of the headbox?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
37%
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

10. What are some strength additives?
Thermomechanical pulping
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Starch.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

11. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Totally Chlorine Free.
37%
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

12. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

13. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

14. What are some sizing additives?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

15. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
China - 105 AD
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Calcium carbonate.
25%

16. What is Effective Alkali?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
655 and 98 lbs/year
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Starch.

17. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

18. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Springwood.

19. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
China - 105 AD
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
batch and continuous.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

20. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

21. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
33% - 55% - and 8%

22. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
85 million metric tons
High yield - low cost - simple.
Kymene.

23. What is Active Alkali?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

24. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
75%

25. What is black liquor?
25%
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

26. What do fillers do?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Thermomechanical pulping
China - 105 AD

27. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
75%
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

28. What is freeness?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
To improve brightness.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

29. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
To improve brightness.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Pressurized ground wood.

30. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
25%

31. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
85 million metric tons
Liberation of Fibers.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

32. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

33. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Grinding and refining.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

34. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
25%
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Protection.

35. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

36. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Conduction.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
China - 105 AD

37. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Kymene.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Printing and writing.

38. What is brownstock?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Printing and writing.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

39. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
37%
Corrugating Medium alone.

40. What is a retention additive often used?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
polyacrylamide.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

41. What is the function of the Cambium?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Growth.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

42. What does ECF stand for?
57%
Kymene.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Starch.

43. What does CTMP mean?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Calcium carbonate.

44. What happens during refining?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
57%
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

45. What does TCF stand for?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Grinding and refining.
Growth.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

46. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Liberation of Fibers.
75%
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

47. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

48. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
25%
To deliver stock on to the wire.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Protection.

49. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

50. What is world production per year of paper/board?
25%
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Pressurized ground wood.
365 million metric tons