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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are some sizing additives?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
37%
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

2. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Pressurized ground wood.
Conduction.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

3. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Grinding and refining.
batch and continuous.
Protection.

4. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
batch and continuous.
33% - 55% - and 8%

5. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

6. List the 3 types of headboxes.
China - 105 AD
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Percent ISO.
Stone ground wood.

7. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

8. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

9. What is a common wet strength aid?
Kymene.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

10. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
655 and 98 lbs/year

11. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
China - 105 AD
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

12. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
57%
25%
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

13. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Starch.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
37%
Protection.

14. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
25%

15. What does PGW mean?
polyacrylamide.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Pressurized ground wood.
365 million metric tons

16. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
25%
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
85 million metric tons
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

17. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
Totally Chlorine Free.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
365 million metric tons
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

18. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Thermomechanical pulping
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Summerwood.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

19. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Starch.

20. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Liberation of Fibers.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

21. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Kymene.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

22. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

23. What is common filler?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
batch and continuous.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Calcium carbonate.

24. What is world production per year of paper/board?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Calcium carbonate.
Percent ISO.
365 million metric tons

25. What do the stages in DEDED do?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Summerwood.
655 and 98 lbs/year

26. What is the function of Bark?
Protection.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
To deliver stock on to the wire.
High yield - low cost - simple.

27. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

28. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Protection.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
25%

29. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Printing and writing.
Springwood.

30. What does TCF stand for?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Totally Chlorine Free.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

31. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Growth.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

32. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

33. Define Fluff Pulp.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Calcium carbonate.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
655 and 98 lbs/year

34. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
6 to 7 times.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
75%
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

35. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
75%
Totally Chlorine Free.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

36. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Liberation of Fibers.

37. Define refining.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Growth.

38. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

39. What is Active Alkali?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Stone ground wood.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Springwood.

40. What is the function of the Cambium?
Growth.
Conduction.
Protection.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

41. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
25%
polyacrylamide.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

42. How is brightness measured?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
batch and continuous.
Percent ISO.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

43. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Percent ISO.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

44. Define Market Pulp.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Starch.

45. What does TMP mean?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Starch.
Thermomechanical pulping

46. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
25%
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

47. What does SGW mean?
37%
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Stone ground wood.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

48. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

49. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
To improve brightness.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

50. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Unbleached Kraft