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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

2. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
75%
Liberation of Fibers.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

3. What is the function of Bark?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
6 to 7 times.
Protection.
Unbleached Kraft

4. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Kymene.

5. What happens during refining?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Printing and writing.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

6. List the 3 types of headboxes.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
33% - 55% - and 8%
Summerwood.

7. What are some sizing additives?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

8. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

9. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
57%
Printing and writing.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Stone ground wood.

10. What does ECF stand for?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Stone ground wood.
Starch.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

11. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
365 million metric tons
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

12. What does CTMP mean?
Stone ground wood.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Summerwood.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

13. What is world production per year of paper/board?
365 million metric tons
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
37%
57%

14. Define Paper.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
75%

15. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

16. What does PGW mean?
Pressurized ground wood.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
33% - 55% - and 8%

17. What is freeness?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Stone ground wood.
Percent ISO.
Grinding and refining.

18. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Summerwood.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

19. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Springwood.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
57%

20. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Summerwood.
25%
Liberation of Fibers.

21. What is Effective Alkali?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

22. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Thermomechanical pulping
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

23. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

24. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
75%
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Printing and writing.

25. What is a retention additive often used?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
25%
polyacrylamide.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

26. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
6 to 7 times.
Thermomechanical pulping
Growth.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

27. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Thermomechanical pulping
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Kymene.

28. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
57%
Unbleached Kraft
Help retain fines and fillers.

29. What is brownstock?
365 million metric tons
Percent ISO.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

30. Define Fluff Pulp.
33% - 55% - and 8%
polyacrylamide.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

31. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Thermomechanical pulping
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

32. What do retention aids do?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

33. What does SGW mean?
75%
Printing and writing.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Stone ground wood.

34. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Springwood.
Summerwood.
25%

35. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
37%
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

36. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
365 million metric tons
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Grinding and refining.
Protection.

37. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
85 million metric tons
Totally Chlorine Free.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

38. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Growth.
85 million metric tons
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
655 and 98 lbs/year

39. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Liberation of Fibers.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Growth.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

40. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
polyacrylamide.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

41. Define Market Pulp.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
25%
Liberation of Fibers.

42. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
25%
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

43. What is the function of the Cambium?
Growth.
Pressurized ground wood.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

44. What are some roles of the headbox?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

45. When and where was paper invented?
China - 105 AD
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

46. How is brightness measured?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Percent ISO.
High yield - low cost - simple.
6 to 7 times.

47. What is common filler?
57%
Printing and writing.
Starch.
Calcium carbonate.

48. What is a common wet strength aid?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
365 million metric tons
Kymene.

49. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

50. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
polyacrylamide.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.