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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is brownstock?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Starch.

2. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
365 million metric tons
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

3. What is the function of Bark?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Protection.
polyacrylamide.

4. Define Paper.
Protection.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

5. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Calcium carbonate.
Summerwood.

6. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

7. When and where was paper invented?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
China - 105 AD
Percent ISO.

8. What is formation?
57%
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

9. What does ECF stand for?
Protection.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Help retain fines and fillers.

10. Define Fluff Pulp.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

11. What is a common wet strength aid?
85 million metric tons
Kymene.
365 million metric tons
Stone ground wood.

12. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
57%
Protection.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Liberation of Fibers.

13. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Printing and writing.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

14. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
75%
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

15. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Summerwood.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

16. What is freeness?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
To improve brightness.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

17. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
To improve brightness.
75%
polyacrylamide.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

18. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
batch and continuous.

19. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Conduction.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
37%
25%

20. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
25%
Springwood.
6 to 7 times.
High yield - low cost - simple.

21. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Thermomechanical pulping

22. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
37%
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

23. What is world production per year of paper/board?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Thermomechanical pulping
365 million metric tons
To improve brightness.

24. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Starch.
Printing and writing.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

25. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Protection.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
33% - 55% - and 8%

26. What is black liquor?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

27. What does the Kappa number indicate?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

28. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Growth.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

29. What is Sulfidity?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
37%

30. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
85 million metric tons
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

31. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
China - 105 AD
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Growth.

32. Light rings in wood are known as what?
6 to 7 times.
25%
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Springwood.

33. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Springwood.
Stone ground wood.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Kymene.

34. What are some roles of the headbox?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Summerwood.
batch and continuous.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

35. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

36. What does TMP mean?
Thermomechanical pulping
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

37. What is common filler?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Kymene.
Calcium carbonate.
85 million metric tons

38. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
25%
57%
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

39. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
33% - 55% - and 8%
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

40. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

41. What does PGW mean?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Pressurized ground wood.

42. What is Effective Alkali?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

43. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

44. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
33% - 55% - and 8%
75%
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

45. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Liberation of Fibers.
Printing and writing.

46. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

47. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Growth.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Conduction.
6 to 7 times.

48. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
365 million metric tons
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

49. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
To improve brightness.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

50. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Corrugating Medium alone.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
polyacrylamide.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down