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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. Define Market Pulp.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Summerwood.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

2. What is Sulfidity?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

3. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
655 and 98 lbs/year
To improve brightness.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

4. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
25%

5. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Calcium carbonate.
57%
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

6. What do retention aids do?
Help retain fines and fillers.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

7. What is brownstock?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
75%
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

8. Advantages of recycled pulping?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
polyacrylamide.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

9. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Springwood.
25%

10. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

11. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Corrugating Medium alone.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Summerwood.

12. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Grinding and refining.
Help retain fines and fillers.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Printing and writing.

13. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
25%
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

14. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

15. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Corrugating Medium alone.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

16. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
655 and 98 lbs/year

17. What does CTMP mean?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Thermomechanical pulping
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

18. What does TCF stand for?
Stone ground wood.
Totally Chlorine Free.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
365 million metric tons

19. What does TMP mean?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Thermomechanical pulping
Springwood.

20. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
To improve brightness.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Unbleached Kraft

21. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
6 to 7 times.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

22. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Printing and writing.

23. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Pressurized ground wood.

24. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
85 million metric tons
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

25. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Calcium carbonate.
655 and 98 lbs/year

26. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
365 million metric tons
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

27. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
75%

28. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
25%
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

29. What does PGW mean?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Pressurized ground wood.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

30. What is the function of the Cambium?
Growth.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Protection.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

31. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

32. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Springwood.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

33. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Thermomechanical pulping
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

34. What are some sizing additives?
Starch.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

35. What is formation?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
To improve brightness.
Calcium carbonate.

36. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
37%
Grinding and refining.

37. What do fillers do?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Springwood.
Conduction.

38. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
batch and continuous.
365 million metric tons
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

39. What is Active Alkali?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Totally Chlorine Free.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

40. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Grinding and refining.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

41. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

42. When and where was paper invented?
655 and 98 lbs/year
China - 105 AD
Liberation of Fibers.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

43. What happens during refining?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
365 million metric tons

44. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Starch.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
57%
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

45. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Unbleached Kraft
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

46. Define Fluff Pulp.
75%
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

47. What is common filler?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Calcium carbonate.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

48. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Conduction.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

49. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Springwood.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
25%

50. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
57%
High yield - low cost - simple.

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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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