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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
85 million metric tons
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Liberation of Fibers.

2. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Grinding and refining.
37%
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Conduction.

3. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
batch and continuous.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

4. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
polyacrylamide.
Summerwood.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

5. Define Market Pulp.
57%
33% - 55% - and 8%
Growth.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

6. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Grinding and refining.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

7. What is common filler?
Calcium carbonate.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
25%

8. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
25%

9. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Help retain fines and fillers.

10. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Summerwood.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

11. What does the Kappa number indicate?
25%
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Liberation of Fibers.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

12. What is world production per year of paper/board?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
365 million metric tons
Printing and writing.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

13. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Corrugating Medium alone.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

14. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Percent ISO.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

15. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Thermomechanical pulping
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
6 to 7 times.

16. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
25%
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

17. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Pressurized ground wood.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Growth.
Printing and writing.

18. What do retention aids do?
batch and continuous.
Help retain fines and fillers.
6 to 7 times.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

19. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Pressurized ground wood.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

20. What are some roles of the headbox?
Thermomechanical pulping
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

21. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
25%
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

22. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

23. What is a retention additive often used?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Pressurized ground wood.
polyacrylamide.

24. What does CTMP mean?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
6 to 7 times.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
37%

25. When and where was paper invented?
Growth.
China - 105 AD
Corrugating Medium alone.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

26. What are some strength additives?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Help retain fines and fillers.
Starch.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

27. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Liberation of Fibers.
Kymene.

28. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Starch.

29. What is Active Alkali?
Springwood.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

30. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

31. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Liberation of Fibers.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

32. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

33. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
75%
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

34. What does TCF stand for?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Totally Chlorine Free.
85 million metric tons

35. What is Effective Alkali?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Kymene.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

36. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Pressurized ground wood.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

37. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Springwood.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

38. What are some sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

39. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
To improve brightness.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
25%
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

40. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Pressurized ground wood.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Conduction.
Liberation of Fibers.

41. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
6 to 7 times.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

42. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Printing and writing.
Protection.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
25%

43. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

44. Define Fluff Pulp.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Unbleached Kraft
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

45. What is the function of the Cambium?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Growth.
85 million metric tons
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

46. What is brownstock?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

47. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
57%
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

48. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Summerwood.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

49. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Percent ISO.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

50. What does PGW mean?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Protection.
Pressurized ground wood.