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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Protection.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Conduction.
Stone ground wood.

2. What is the function of Bark?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
57%
Protection.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

3. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
China - 105 AD
33% - 55% - and 8%
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

4. What happens during refining?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

5. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Pressurized ground wood.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Grinding and refining.

6. What is Sulfidity?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Totally Chlorine Free.
Printing and writing.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

7. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

8. What does SGW mean?
Stone ground wood.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Printing and writing.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

9. Define Paper.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Summerwood.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

10. What are some sizing additives?
Grinding and refining.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Thermomechanical pulping
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

11. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Printing and writing.
polyacrylamide.
Percent ISO.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

12. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Unbleached Kraft
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

13. How is brightness measured?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
6 to 7 times.
Percent ISO.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

14. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Thermomechanical pulping
Calcium carbonate.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

15. What does TMP mean?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Thermomechanical pulping
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Pressurized ground wood.

16. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Conduction.

17. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Thermomechanical pulping
25%
Unbleached Kraft
Summerwood.

18. What is brownstock?
China - 105 AD
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

19. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Printing and writing.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Springwood.
Summerwood.

20. What is Active Alkali?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
85 million metric tons
Totally Chlorine Free.

21. What do the stages in DEDED do?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
25%
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

22. Define Fluff Pulp.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
25%
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

23. When and where was paper invented?
China - 105 AD
Thermomechanical pulping
Starch.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

24. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

25. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Printing and writing.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

26. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

27. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
33% - 55% - and 8%
6 to 7 times.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

28. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

29. What is a common wet strength aid?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Kymene.

30. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
6 to 7 times.

31. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Help retain fines and fillers.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

32. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Stone ground wood.

33. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
57%
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
25%

34. What do fillers do?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
High yield - low cost - simple.

35. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
batch and continuous.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
655 and 98 lbs/year
Protection.

36. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Liberation of Fibers.
High yield - low cost - simple.

37. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Unbleached Kraft
High yield - low cost - simple.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
To improve brightness.

38. What is formation?
Liberation of Fibers.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
57%
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

39. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
33% - 55% - and 8%
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

40. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Help retain fines and fillers.
Percent ISO.
37%

41. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

42. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Liberation of Fibers.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

43. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Protection.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

44. What are some roles of the headbox?
Conduction.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

45. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Conduction.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

46. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Printing and writing.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Springwood.

47. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Grinding and refining.
37%
Summerwood.

48. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
25%
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

49. What does CTMP mean?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
365 million metric tons
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

50. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
75%
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.