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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are some roles of the headbox?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Corrugating Medium alone.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

2. What is black liquor?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

3. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
25%

4. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Kymene.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

5. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Help retain fines and fillers.
Printing and writing.
Grinding and refining.

6. What does TMP mean?
Thermomechanical pulping
Printing and writing.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

7. What is brownstock?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Thermomechanical pulping
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Springwood.

8. What are some sizing additives?
polyacrylamide.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
37%
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

9. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

10. What does ECF stand for?
Springwood.
Summerwood.
Conduction.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

11. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Stone ground wood.
To improve brightness.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

12. What is freeness?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
25%
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

13. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Stone ground wood.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
25%

14. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
75%
batch and continuous.
655 and 98 lbs/year
57%

15. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Growth.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

16. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

17. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

18. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Conduction.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
To improve brightness.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

19. What do retention aids do?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

20. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
365 million metric tons
Summerwood.
Pressurized ground wood.

21. What does TCF stand for?
batch and continuous.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

22. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
Totally Chlorine Free.
85 million metric tons
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Starch.

23. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Grinding and refining.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
365 million metric tons

24. What is the function of Bark?
Unbleached Kraft
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Protection.

25. What does SGW mean?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Stone ground wood.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

26. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Growth.

27. What is Active Alkali?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Summerwood.
Protection.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

28. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Liberation of Fibers.

29. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
25%
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

30. Define Fluff Pulp.
37%
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
China - 105 AD
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

31. What is Effective Alkali?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Pressurized ground wood.

32. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Growth.
Help retain fines and fillers.
75%
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

33. What is the function of the Cambium?
Growth.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Thermomechanical pulping

34. What does the Kappa number indicate?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
To improve brightness.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

35. What are some strength additives?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Starch.

36. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Printing and writing.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Summerwood.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

37. What happens during refining?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

38. What is common filler?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Calcium carbonate.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

39. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

40. What does CTMP mean?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

41. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
33% - 55% - and 8%
batch and continuous.

42. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

43. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Summerwood.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Growth.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

44. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
57%
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Unbleached Kraft
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

45. List the 3 types of headboxes.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

46. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Conduction.
To improve brightness.
75%
37%

47. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
High yield - low cost - simple.

48. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
655 and 98 lbs/year

49. When and where was paper invented?
6 to 7 times.
China - 105 AD
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
57%

50. Define Market Pulp.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.