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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
25%
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
6 to 7 times.

2. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Liberation of Fibers.
Conduction.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

3. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Growth.
37%

4. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
365 million metric tons
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Thermomechanical pulping

5. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Grinding and refining.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

6. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Printing and writing.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

7. What does SGW mean?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Stone ground wood.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

8. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Protection.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

9. What are some strength additives?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Starch.
Kymene.
Calcium carbonate.

10. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
6 to 7 times.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Thermomechanical pulping

11. What are some roles of the headbox?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

12. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
China - 105 AD
To deliver stock on to the wire.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

13. What is formation?
Calcium carbonate.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

14. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
6 to 7 times.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
57%

15. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
25%

16. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Printing and writing.
To improve brightness.
Summerwood.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

17. What does ECF stand for?
25%
Stone ground wood.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

18. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
57%
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

19. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
85 million metric tons
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Help retain fines and fillers.

20. Advantages of recycled pulping?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Percent ISO.

21. What is the function of the Cambium?
Growth.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

22. What is Active Alkali?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
37%
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

23. What does the Kappa number indicate?
High yield - low cost - simple.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

24. Define Paper.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
33% - 55% - and 8%
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

25. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
25%
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
75%

26. Define refining.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
batch and continuous.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Springwood.

27. What is freeness?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Unbleached Kraft
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

28. What is black liquor?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
75%
batch and continuous.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

29. Define Fluff Pulp.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
To improve brightness.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

30. What is a common wet strength aid?
Springwood.
Kymene.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Starch.

31. What is Sulfidity?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Unbleached Kraft
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

32. Define Market Pulp.
Percent ISO.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

33. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

34. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Summerwood.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

35. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Corrugating Medium alone.
57%
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

36. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Corrugating Medium alone.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

37. What does TCF stand for?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
37%
Totally Chlorine Free.

38. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Printing and writing.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

39. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Totally Chlorine Free.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

40. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
China - 105 AD
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

41. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
25%
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

42. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

43. What is Effective Alkali?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
polyacrylamide.

44. What does PGW mean?
Pressurized ground wood.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
To improve brightness.

45. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Kymene.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Unbleached Kraft

46. List the 3 types of headboxes.
25%
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

47. What is brownstock?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Springwood.
75%

48. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
China - 105 AD
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Unbleached Kraft

49. What is common filler?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Calcium carbonate.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

50. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
75%
57%
Growth.