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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

2. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Stone ground wood.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

3. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Liberation of Fibers.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

4. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Conduction.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

5. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
37%
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

6. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Grinding and refining.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
37%

7. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Percent ISO.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Starch.

8. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
batch and continuous.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

9. When and where was paper invented?
China - 105 AD
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Calcium carbonate.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

10. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
batch and continuous.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

11. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Pressurized ground wood.

12. What do retention aids do?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Thermomechanical pulping
Grinding and refining.

13. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
25%
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

14. What are some sizing additives?
25%
To improve brightness.
85 million metric tons
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

15. What is freeness?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Starch.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

16. How is brightness measured?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Percent ISO.
25%
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

17. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
To improve brightness.

18. What is common filler?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
85 million metric tons
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Calcium carbonate.

19. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

20. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Thermomechanical pulping
85 million metric tons

21. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

22. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

23. What are some roles of the headbox?
Percent ISO.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
China - 105 AD

24. What are some strength additives?
Starch.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
365 million metric tons

25. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Stone ground wood.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

26. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
polyacrylamide.

27. What does SGW mean?
To improve brightness.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Stone ground wood.

28. What is a common wet strength aid?
75%
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Kymene.

29. What does TCF stand for?
365 million metric tons
Totally Chlorine Free.
To improve brightness.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

30. What is world production per year of paper/board?
Printing and writing.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
365 million metric tons
batch and continuous.

31. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Springwood.
Thermomechanical pulping
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

32. What does PGW mean?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Pressurized ground wood.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

33. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

34. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
655 and 98 lbs/year
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

35. What is brownstock?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
25%
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
To improve brightness.

36. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
25%
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

37. Define Market Pulp.
85 million metric tons
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Corrugating Medium alone.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

38. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
6 to 7 times.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
batch and continuous.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

39. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
37%
Kymene.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

40. What is formation?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Thermomechanical pulping

41. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
85 million metric tons
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Thermomechanical pulping
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

42. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

43. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Stone ground wood.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

44. What is the function of the Cambium?
Pressurized ground wood.
Growth.
6 to 7 times.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

45. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
33% - 55% - and 8%
85 million metric tons
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Protection.

46. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
365 million metric tons
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Pressurized ground wood.

47. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
33% - 55% - and 8%
High yield - low cost - simple.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

48. Define refining.
6 to 7 times.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Percent ISO.

49. What happens during refining?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Liberation of Fibers.
Conduction.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

50. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
25%
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.