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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Springwood.
85 million metric tons
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

2. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
33% - 55% - and 8%
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

3. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Protection.
6 to 7 times.
365 million metric tons
batch and continuous.

4. What is Effective Alkali?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Thermomechanical pulping

5. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Thermomechanical pulping
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
365 million metric tons

6. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

7. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Unbleached Kraft
Calcium carbonate.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

8. What does PGW mean?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Pressurized ground wood.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

9. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Printing and writing.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).

10. Define Market Pulp.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Stone ground wood.
57%
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

11. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Totally Chlorine Free.
37%
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

12. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Thermomechanical pulping

13. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Conduction.
57%
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
25%

14. What is formation?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Percent ISO.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

15. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Springwood.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Stone ground wood.
Summerwood.

16. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Liberation of Fibers.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

17. What do retention aids do?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Help retain fines and fillers.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

18. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
25%

19. How is brightness measured?
365 million metric tons
Percent ISO.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

20. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
85 million metric tons
Totally Chlorine Free.
Unbleached Kraft
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

21. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Springwood.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

22. What is brownstock?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Springwood.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

23. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Grinding and refining.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
To improve brightness.
655 and 98 lbs/year

24. What do the stages in DEDED do?
85 million metric tons
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Protection.
Help retain fines and fillers.

25. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
37%
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

26. What is world production per year of paper/board?
365 million metric tons
Summerwood.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

27. What is Sulfidity?
polyacrylamide.
To improve brightness.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

28. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Pressurized ground wood.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

29. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Corrugating Medium alone.

30. Define Fluff Pulp.
Conduction.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
37%
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

31. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
75%
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

32. What is black liquor?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
85 million metric tons

33. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Grinding and refining.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

34. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

35. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

36. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
25%
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
85 million metric tons
Conduction.

37. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
33% - 55% - and 8%

38. What does TMP mean?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Summerwood.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Thermomechanical pulping

39. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

40. What does TCF stand for?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Pressurized ground wood.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
To improve brightness.

41. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
25%
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

42. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Printing and writing.
Summerwood.
Springwood.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

43. What does SGW mean?
Stone ground wood.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Corrugating Medium alone.

44. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Percent ISO.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Protection.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

45. What is common filler?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Calcium carbonate.
China - 105 AD
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

46. What is a common wet strength aid?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Kymene.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

47. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Thermomechanical pulping
To improve brightness.

48. What does the Kappa number indicate?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
365 million metric tons
Summerwood.
25%

49. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Growth.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
China - 105 AD
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

50. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Corrugating Medium alone.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.