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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Calcium carbonate.
Springwood.
Protection.

2. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
57%
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Protection.

3. What is common filler?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Calcium carbonate.
Printing and writing.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

4. What does PGW mean?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Pressurized ground wood.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Growth.

5. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Printing and writing.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

6. What does CTMP mean?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Kymene.

7. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
25%

8. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

9. What is freeness?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Conduction.

10. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Summerwood.
85 million metric tons

11. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

12. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
batch and continuous.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
25%
25%

13. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
High yield - low cost - simple.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Help retain fines and fillers.

14. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Springwood.
Liberation of Fibers.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

15. What does TMP mean?
85 million metric tons
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Thermomechanical pulping
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

16. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Springwood.
75%
365 million metric tons
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

17. What is Active Alkali?
Growth.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

18. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Liberation of Fibers.
Help retain fines and fillers.

19. What is brownstock?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

20. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

21. What is Sulfidity?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Pressurized ground wood.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

22. What does SGW mean?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
batch and continuous.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Stone ground wood.

23. Define Fluff Pulp.
Protection.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
High yield - low cost - simple.

24. What is formation?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
25%
Corrugating Medium alone.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

25. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Help retain fines and fillers.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
batch and continuous.

26. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Printing and writing.
Liberation of Fibers.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

27. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
25%
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

28. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Conduction.
85 million metric tons

29. What is the function of the Cambium?
Printing and writing.
Percent ISO.
Thermomechanical pulping
Growth.

30. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Totally Chlorine Free.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

31. What is Effective Alkali?
batch and continuous.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
China - 105 AD
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

32. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
365 million metric tons
Stone ground wood.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

33. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
Starch.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
655 and 98 lbs/year

34. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Corrugating Medium alone.
China - 105 AD
Protection.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

35. How is brightness measured?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Percent ISO.

36. Define Market Pulp.
Calcium carbonate.
Summerwood.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

37. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Liberation of Fibers.
China - 105 AD

38. What is black liquor?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
To deliver stock on to the wire.

39. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

40. What do retention aids do?
365 million metric tons
Help retain fines and fillers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

41. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Stone ground wood.
Liberation of Fibers.

42. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

43. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
To improve brightness.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Summerwood.
365 million metric tons

44. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

45. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
polyacrylamide.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Calcium carbonate.

46. What do fillers do?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Thermomechanical pulping
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

47. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Liberation of Fibers.
Conduction.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

48. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

49. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

50. Define Paper.
Springwood.
polyacrylamide.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.