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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is brownstock?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

2. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
37%
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

3. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Unbleached Kraft
Growth.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Conduction.

4. What do fillers do?
Percent ISO.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Stone ground wood.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

5. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
365 million metric tons
Pressurized ground wood.
75%
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

6. What is a common wet strength aid?
Printing and writing.
batch and continuous.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Kymene.

7. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

8. What is black liquor?
25%
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Springwood.

9. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Unbleached Kraft
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

10. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
37%
655 and 98 lbs/year

11. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Conduction.

12. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Stone ground wood.

13. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Kymene.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

14. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Liberation of Fibers.
Corrugating Medium alone.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

15. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
Unbleached Kraft
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Conduction.
Percent ISO.

16. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Stone ground wood.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

17. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
25%

18. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Conduction.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

19. What is freeness?
655 and 98 lbs/year
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

20. What happens during refining?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Stone ground wood.
polyacrylamide.

21. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
33% - 55% - and 8%
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

22. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

23. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Growth.
To improve brightness.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

24. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
25%

25. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

26. What is Sulfidity?
Starch.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

27. What does TCF stand for?
85 million metric tons
Totally Chlorine Free.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

28. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

29. Define refining.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
365 million metric tons

30. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Grinding and refining.
25%
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

31. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
85 million metric tons
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

32. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
25%
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

33. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Corrugating Medium alone.
Starch.
Percent ISO.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

34. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
High yield - low cost - simple.
365 million metric tons
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

35. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Thermomechanical pulping

36. What is formation?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
To improve brightness.

37. Advantages of recycled pulping?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

38. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
57%
75%

39. What does SGW mean?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Stone ground wood.
Grinding and refining.

40. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
batch and continuous.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

41. What are some strength additives?
Starch.
Liberation of Fibers.
Growth.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

42. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Kymene.
Starch.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Conduction.

43. List the 3 types of headboxes.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

44. Define Fluff Pulp.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Summerwood.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

45. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Printing and writing.
China - 105 AD
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Help retain fines and fillers.

46. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Springwood.

47. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Unbleached Kraft
Protection.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

48. What do retention aids do?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Printing and writing.

49. How is brightness measured?
Growth.
High yield - low cost - simple.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Percent ISO.

50. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Conduction.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.