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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
85 million metric tons

2. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Springwood.
Printing and writing.

3. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

4. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
polyacrylamide.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
High yield - low cost - simple.
33% - 55% - and 8%

5. What do retention aids do?
365 million metric tons
Help retain fines and fillers.
China - 105 AD
75%

6. What do the stages in DEDED do?
China - 105 AD
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Springwood.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

7. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

8. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
To improve brightness.
Growth.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

9. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Unbleached Kraft
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

10. What does SGW mean?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Conduction.
Stone ground wood.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

11. What does TMP mean?
Thermomechanical pulping
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

12. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Growth.
33% - 55% - and 8%
57%
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

13. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

14. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Starch.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

15. What does CTMP mean?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
37%
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

16. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Liberation of Fibers.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

17. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
85 million metric tons
Thermomechanical pulping
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Printing and writing.

18. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Conduction.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

19. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Printing and writing.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Grinding and refining.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

20. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Unbleached Kraft

21. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Summerwood.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

22. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Stone ground wood.

23. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Conduction.
Grinding and refining.
33% - 55% - and 8%
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

24. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
37%
33% - 55% - and 8%
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

25. What is Sulfidity?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

26. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
57%
37%

27. What is freeness?
655 and 98 lbs/year
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

28. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Springwood.
33% - 55% - and 8%
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

29. What are some sizing additives?
Grinding and refining.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Springwood.

30. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Grinding and refining.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

31. What happens during refining?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

32. What is a common wet strength aid?
Protection.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Kymene.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

33. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
6 to 7 times.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
25%
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

34. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

35. How is brightness measured?
Percent ISO.
Summerwood.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Calcium carbonate.

36. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

37. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

38. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Printing and writing.

39. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Liberation of Fibers.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

40. What does ECF stand for?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Help retain fines and fillers.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

41. What is Active Alkali?
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

42. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

43. When and where was paper invented?
6 to 7 times.
China - 105 AD
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

44. What does PGW mean?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Pressurized ground wood.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Starch.

45. What is a retention additive often used?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
polyacrylamide.
batch and continuous.
Percent ISO.

46. What is world production per year of paper/board?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
365 million metric tons
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

47. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
polyacrylamide.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

48. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
57%
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

49. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
polyacrylamide.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
To improve brightness.

50. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Liberation of Fibers.