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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Pressurized ground wood.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Growth.

2. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
Kymene.
Starch.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
33% - 55% - and 8%

3. What are some roles of the headbox?
Percent ISO.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
batch and continuous.

4. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Printing and writing.
33% - 55% - and 8%
25%
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

5. What is Effective Alkali?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

6. What do fillers do?
Unbleached Kraft
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

7. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
25%
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

8. Define Fluff Pulp.
Stone ground wood.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
High yield - low cost - simple.

9. What is black liquor?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Pressurized ground wood.
25%
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

10. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Conduction.
Springwood.
365 million metric tons

11. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Kymene.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

12. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Stone ground wood.
Protection.
85 million metric tons

13. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Starch.
25%
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

14. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
25%
Grinding and refining.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.

15. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Starch.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

16. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Percent ISO.
6 to 7 times.
57%

17. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
33% - 55% - and 8%
To improve brightness.

18. What are some strength additives?
Starch.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

19. Define Paper.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
655 and 98 lbs/year

20. Advantages of recycled pulping?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Pressurized ground wood.

21. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
6 to 7 times.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

22. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Stone ground wood.
75%
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

23. What is Active Alkali?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
57%
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

24. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
batch and continuous.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

25. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
25%
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
batch and continuous.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

26. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Summerwood.
85 million metric tons
polyacrylamide.
Unbleached Kraft

27. What does PGW mean?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Pressurized ground wood.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

28. What does ECF stand for?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

29. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
To improve brightness.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

30. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Liberation of Fibers.
Protection.
Corrugating Medium alone.

31. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
365 million metric tons
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
655 and 98 lbs/year

32. Define Market Pulp.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Calcium carbonate.

33. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
High yield - low cost - simple.

34. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Pressurized ground wood.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

35. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Pressurized ground wood.
37%
Calcium carbonate.
Growth.

36. What is a common wet strength aid?
China - 105 AD
Kymene.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

37. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
To improve brightness.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

38. Define refining.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Corrugating Medium alone.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

39. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

40. What does SGW mean?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Stone ground wood.
Pressurized ground wood.
Conduction.

41. What is Sulfidity?
Corrugating Medium alone.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

42. What is the function of Bark?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Protection.
Starch.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

43. What is brownstock?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Brown pulp that is unbleached.

44. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Liberation of Fibers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
6 to 7 times.

45. What are some sizing additives?
Unbleached Kraft
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Stone ground wood.

46. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

47. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
25%
Calcium carbonate.
365 million metric tons
To deliver stock on to the wire.

48. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
25%
polyacrylamide.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

49. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

50. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Percent ISO.
85 million metric tons
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic