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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is Effective Alkali?
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

2. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
25%
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Kymene.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

3. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
33% - 55% - and 8%

4. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
37%
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Growth.
6 to 7 times.

5. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Corrugating Medium alone.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

6. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
365 million metric tons

7. What is Sulfidity?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

8. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
6 to 7 times.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Unbleached Kraft

9. What is the function of the Cambium?
Stone ground wood.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Growth.
To improve brightness.

10. Define Market Pulp.
Percent ISO.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

11. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
655 and 98 lbs/year
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
75%

12. What does ECF stand for?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness

13. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
57%
Corrugating Medium alone.
Grinding and refining.

14. What is a retention additive often used?
Stone ground wood.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
37%
polyacrylamide.

15. What are the layers of wood fiber - listed from innermost to outermost?
Unbleached Kraft
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
25%
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

16. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Printing and writing.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Grinding and refining.

17. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Percent ISO.
655 and 98 lbs/year
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former

18. What do retention aids do?
37%
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Calcium carbonate.
Help retain fines and fillers.

19. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Corrugating Medium alone.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Help retain fines and fillers.

20. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Grinding and refining.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

21. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
25%
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Unbleached Kraft
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

22. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

23. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
57%
85 million metric tons
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Totally Chlorine Free.

24. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Conduction.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

25. Advantages of recycled pulping?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
85 million metric tons
Springwood.

26. Define Paper.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Springwood.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

27. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Conduction.

28. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Kymene.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Help retain fines and fillers.
37%

29. What does PGW mean?
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Thermomechanical pulping
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Pressurized ground wood.

30. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Unbleached Kraft

31. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Calcium carbonate.
57%
Starch.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

32. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Stone ground wood.
6 to 7 times.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

33. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
85 million metric tons
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Printing and writing.

34. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Unbleached Kraft
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

35. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

36. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
To improve brightness.
37%

37. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Kymene.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

38. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

39. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

40. What happens during refining?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

41. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
25%
Starch.
Springwood.

42. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Summerwood.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
75%

43. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

44. What are some strength additives?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Starch.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

45. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Summerwood.
Starch.

46. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
33% - 55% - and 8%
6 to 7 times.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

47. What is formation?
37%
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

48. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
batch and continuous.
polyacrylamide.
37%

49. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Corrugating Medium alone.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
25%
57%

50. What are some sizing additives?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
365 million metric tons
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.