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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is freeness?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Help retain fines and fillers.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
batch and continuous.

2. What does TMP mean?
Grinding and refining.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Thermomechanical pulping
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

3. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

4. What is black liquor?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Thermomechanical pulping
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

5. What happens during refining?
25%
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
655 and 98 lbs/year

6. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
85 million metric tons
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

7. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
37%
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
25%

8. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
Growth.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

9. What is Sulfidity?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
85 million metric tons
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO

10. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Help retain fines and fillers.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
25%

11. What are the jobs of the Recovery Boiler?
Grinding and refining.
China - 105 AD
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Conduction.

12. What are some sizing additives?
To improve brightness.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

13. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Summerwood.
6 to 7 times.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

14. What does PGW mean?
Pressurized ground wood.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
655 and 98 lbs/year
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

15. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

16. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Pressurized ground wood.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

17. What do the stages in DEDED do?
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Unbleached Kraft
365 million metric tons

18. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
57%
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
37%
33% - 55% - and 8%

19. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

20. What does SGW mean?
365 million metric tons
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Stone ground wood.

21. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
Printing and writing.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
57%
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

22. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Conduction.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Liberation of Fibers.

23. What is a common wet strength aid?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Liberation of Fibers.
Kymene.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

24. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Summerwood.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

25. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Percent ISO.

26. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
85 million metric tons
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Liberation of Fibers.

27. What is the function of the Cambium?
Printing and writing.
Growth.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
To improve brightness.

28. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Summerwood.
6 to 7 times.

29. When and where was paper invented?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Grinding and refining.
China - 105 AD

30. What is world production per year of paper/board?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
365 million metric tons
25%

31. What is a retention additive often used?
polyacrylamide.
To improve brightness.
Liberation of Fibers.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

32. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Grinding and refining.
655 and 98 lbs/year
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

33. What is common filler?
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Calcium carbonate.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

34. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
China - 105 AD
655 and 98 lbs/year

35. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
Protection.

36. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
57%

37. Define Paper.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
polyacrylamide.

38. Define refining.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Kymene.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

39. What is Active Alkali?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

40. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Kymene.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Summerwood.
Percent ISO.

41. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Stone ground wood.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Unbleached Kraft
365 million metric tons

42. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Printing and writing.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
To improve brightness.

43. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Corrugating Medium alone.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

44. Define Market Pulp.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Starch.
25%

45. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Growth.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

46. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

47. List the 3 types of headboxes.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Summerwood.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

48. What does ECF stand for?
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

49. What are some products of Chemical pulping?
33% - 55% - and 8%
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.

50. List the 3 types of Wet end machines.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.

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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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