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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
75%
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Corrugating Medium alone.

2. What does PGW mean?
Percent ISO.
Corrugating Medium alone.
batch and continuous.
Pressurized ground wood.

3. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

4. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Softwood?
To improve brightness.
Starch.
25%
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).

5. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
75%
Totally Chlorine Free.

6. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
365 million metric tons
batch and continuous.
655 and 98 lbs/year

7. Light rings in wood are known as what?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Liberation of Fibers.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Springwood.

8. What do fillers do?
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
37%

9. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Grinding and refining.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

10. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

11. What does SGW mean?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Stone ground wood.
6 to 7 times.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

12. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
To improve brightness.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

13. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Printing and writing.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Unbleached Kraft

14. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
Liberation of Fibers.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
75%
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

15. Define Market Pulp.
Unbleached Kraft
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
57%
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

16. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Totally Chlorine Free.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

17. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Thermomechanical pulping
Corrugating Medium alone.
Springwood.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

18. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Liberation of Fibers.
Stone ground wood.

19. What does CTMP mean?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
To improve brightness.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

20. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Summerwood.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.

21. Advantages of recycled pulping?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
365 million metric tons

22. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
Growth.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

23. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Totally Chlorine Free.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.

24. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Printing and writing.
37%
To improve brightness.

25. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
China - 105 AD
Growth.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
To improve brightness.

26. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

27. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

28. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
365 million metric tons
Protection.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

29. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
25%
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

30. When and where was paper invented?
Pressurized ground wood.
China - 105 AD
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

31. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

32. What is the purpose of sizing additives?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Springwood.
Protection.

33. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
High yield - low cost - simple.
Corrugating Medium alone.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

34. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
655 and 98 lbs/year
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

35. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
33% - 55% - and 8%
Corrugating Medium alone.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

36. What are some strength additives?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
Starch.
57%

37. What is a retention additive often used?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Protection.
polyacrylamide.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.

38. What is Active Alkali?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Help retain fines and fillers.

39. What is black liquor?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
Conduction.

40. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

41. How is brightness measured?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Percent ISO.
Conduction.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

42. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
High yield - low cost - simple.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Growth.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

43. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Starch.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Pressurized ground wood.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

44. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
batch and continuous.
75%

45. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Growth.
25%
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

46. Define refining.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

47. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Printing and writing.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

48. What is freeness?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

49. What does ECF stand for?
Pressurized ground wood.
Kymene.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

50. What is brownstock?
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Percent ISO.
Kymene.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.