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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
57%
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

2. What is the PRIMARY goal of pulping processes?
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Liberation of Fibers.

3. Disadvantages of Mechanical Pulping?
China - 105 AD
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Help retain fines and fillers.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

4. What do the stages in DEDED do?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.

5. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
batch and continuous.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Springwood.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.

6. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
Springwood.
Conduction.
Totally Chlorine Free.

7. What does the Kappa number indicate?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

8. What do fillers do?
Protection.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

9. What are the steps of Mechanical Pulping?
Grinding and refining.
365 million metric tons
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
polyacrylamide.

10. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
57%
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

11. What is the primary goal of bleaching?
Summerwood.
To improve brightness.
Unbleached Kraft
Springwood.

12. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
655 and 98 lbs/year

13. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Printing and writing.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

14. What percent of World production does the US contribute to Paper/Board?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
25%
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

15. When and where was paper invented?
57%
China - 105 AD
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.

16. What is a retention additive often used?
57%
polyacrylamide.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

17. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
Printing and writing.
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs

18. What is brownstock?
Kymene.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
57%

19. What is the function of the Cambium?
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
batch and continuous.
Growth.

20. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Calcium carbonate.

21. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
33% - 55% - and 8%

22. What is freeness?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
High yield - low cost - simple.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.

23. What is Effective Alkali?
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

24. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

25. What are some sizing additives?
Thermomechanical pulping
batch and continuous.
655 and 98 lbs/year
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

26. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
85 million metric tons
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.

27. What sets Semi-Chemical pulping apart from Chemical Pulping?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Corrugating Medium alone.
25%

28. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Unbleached Kraft
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

29. What is the function of Heartwood and Sapwood?
Conduction.
Lumen - S3 Wall - S2 Wall - S1 Wall - P Wall - and middle lamela.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.

30. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
China - 105 AD
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
6 to 7 times.

31. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
Printing and writing.
6 to 7 times.
75%

32. What is formation?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Kymene.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

33. What does SGW mean?
75%
Stone ground wood.
25%
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.

34. What is the function of Bark?
Protection.
Pressurized ground wood.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

35. Define Paper.
Linerboard - Printing and writing paper - Food board - dissolving pulp.
85 million metric tons
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

36. Name the primary purpose of the headbox.
57%
Liberation of Fibers.
High yield - low cost - simple.
To deliver stock on to the wire.

37. What percentage of US production do P&W - Board - and Tissue compose?
Totally Chlorine Free.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
33% - 55% - and 8%

38. What does TCF stand for?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
Calcium carbonate.
Totally Chlorine Free.

39. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Springwood.

40. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
Water - dissolved cellulose - hemicellulose - and lignin - and chemicals.
Growth.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Totally Chlorine Free.

41. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
85 million metric tons
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

42. What are the 3 main components of wood and what percentage of wood do they make up?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
37%

43. What does TMP mean?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Totally Chlorine Free.
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Thermomechanical pulping

44. What do retention aids do?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Help retain fines and fillers.

45. The set up of Evaporators and how it saves steam economy.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Starch.
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

46. What are the steps to recycled pulping?
China - 105 AD
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.
25%

47. Define Market Pulp.
25%
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.
Stone ground wood.

48. What is world production per year of paper/board?
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
365 million metric tons
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.

49. What does PGW mean?
Liberation of Fibers.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Pressurized ground wood.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.

50. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
37%
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
57%