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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What does TCF stand for?
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down
Totally Chlorine Free.

2. List the 3 forces of wet end water removal.
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
(NaOH + Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
33% - 55% - and 8%

3. What are the products of Mechanical Pulping?
Springwood.
365 million metric tons
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.

4. How many times can a fiber be recycled before it is completely destroyed typically?
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
Kymene.
6 to 7 times.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.

5. What percentage of the average P&W sheet is Hardwood?
37%
75%
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
1) Gravity 2) Vacuum 3) Press

6. What do fillers do?
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.
China - 105 AD
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.

7. What are the steps in Chemical pulping?
37%
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
To deliver stock on to the wire.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

8. What is freeness?
Cellulose (50%) - Hemicellulose (25%) - and Lignin (25%).
High yield - low cost - simple.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

9. What are the three big steps to Chemical recovery?
China - 105 AD
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.

10. What are the three types of chemical pulping?
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
Growth.

11. What part of wood largely goes into paper?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Growth.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
batch and continuous.

12. Dark rings in wood are known as what?
Summerwood.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
Steam is saved by exposing the strongest - thickest - black liquor to the hottest steam first - in order to evaporate the most water efficiently.

13. What are the steps in Semi-Chemical Pulping?
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
China - 105 AD
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O

14. What two ways is kraft pulping performed?
China - 105 AD
85 million metric tons
batch and continuous.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.

15. What does the Kappa number indicate?
To deliver stock on to the wire.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
The amount of residual lignin in pulp after cooking.
57%

16. What is formation?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
33% - 55% - and 8%
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

17. What is the function of the Cambium?
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Growth.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic
Stone ground wood.

18. What is the largest paper grade in the US by weight?
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Printing and writing.
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.

19. What does SGW mean?
Stone ground wood.
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
365 million metric tons
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.

20. Where is black liquor produced and how is it seperated from the pulp?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining
655 and 98 lbs/year

21. What is brownstock?
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Brown pulp that is unbleached.
655 and 98 lbs/year
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.

22. What are the 3 major grades of paper?
Pressurized ground wood.
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

23. What are some advantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
Stone ground wood.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

24. What is the H- factor? What does it tell us?
Printing and writing.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

25. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is PRODUCED from RECYCLING?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
37%
Liberation of Fibers.
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.

26. Advantages of recycled pulping?
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
33% - 55% - and 8%
Even stock spread - Level out cross currents and consistency variations level out MD velocity gradients - even flow - disperse flocs
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

27. Advantages of Mechanical Pulping?
Unbleached Kraft
To enable paper to RESIST liquid penetration.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
China - 105 AD

28. What do retention aids do?
57%
Help retain fines and fillers.
Conduction.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.

29. What two types of paperboard are in a typical box?
25%
655 and 98 lbs/year
Linerboard and Corrugating medium.
6 to 7 times.

30. What are some sizing additives?
polyacrylamide.
batch and continuous.
ASA and AKD for Alkaline paper or Rosin and Alum for Acid Linerboard.
Kymene.

31. Disadvantages of recycled pulping?
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
D1: attack lignin E1: solubilize attacked lignin D2: break up lignin - start brightening E2: dissolve more lignin D3: attack chromophores - achieve final brightness
To improve brightness.
Costly - weak product - mechanical damage to fibers - hornification.

32. What percent of Paper and Board in the US is RECOVERED each year?
655 and 98 lbs/year
57%
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.

33. What is a retention additive often used?
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
polyacrylamide.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
Liberation of Fibers.

34. What are some advantages of Chemical pulping?
Help retain fines and fillers.
Protection.
Environmentally Chlorine Free.
Creates a strong - high quality - sheet that sells for a high price.

35. What are some products of Recycled Pulping?
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Corrugating medium - newsprint - some printing and writing grades.
57%
Kymene.

36. What are some disadvantages of Chemical pulping?
Produced in digester - separated with blow tank.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Mechanical action to improve paper characteristics - such as strength.

37. Define Market Pulp.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Paper pulp sold on the open market for repulping.
1) Evaptoration of Black Liquor 2) Incineration 3) Causticizing and Calcining

38. What are the advantages of Kraft pulping?
High quality - adaptable - and simple.
Newsprint - some Printing and writing - and coated publications.
Improve optical and physical properties of the sheet.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.

39. What happens during refining?
25%
Na2S/(NaOH + Na2S) expressed as a percent NaO
Poor bonding - yellow coloration - high energy costs.
Collapse of ribbons in fibers - Fibrillization of outer surface - Production of fines - reduction of freeness value - Shorter - flexible - fibers are achieved - Burst and tensile strength improve - tear strength goes down

40. How much Paper/Board is produced in the US a year?
batch and continuous.
85 million metric tons
Calcium carbonate.
25%

41. What is the per capita paper consumption for the US and China - respectively?
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.
Soda (NaOH) - Sulfite (SO2) - and Kraft (NaOH + Na2S).
The goal is to remove some lignin between the cell walls - but maintain stiffness.
655 and 98 lbs/year

42. Define Paper.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.
To improve brightness.
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
A web of cellulose fibers deposited from water suspension to form Hydrogen bonds.

43. Define Fluff Pulp.
High yield - low cost - simple.
Pulp sold to manufacturers of absorbent products - such as diapers.
1) Fourdriner 2) Top-Wire former 3) Gap former
37%

44. Light rings in wood are known as what?
Even distribution of fibers; little flocs - blobs or clumps; no barring or streaking in either the MD or CD.
Hydrapulping - remove debris - maintain fibers.
Springwood.
simple - no pulping required other than hyrdapulper.

45. What are the four broad categories of pulping?
The measure of how freely water drains; aka the Drainage rate. Usually measured as Canadian Standard Freeness.
Pressurized ground wood.
Chemical - Semi- chemical - Mechanical - and Recycled.
1) Open 2) Pressurized 3) Hydraulic

46. What are some disadvantages of Semi- chemical pulping?
33% - 55% - and 8%
Costly chemical recovery - only used for corrugating medium production.
Low yield - high chemical dosage required - high capital cost - requirement of recovery system - and darkens pulp.
Treat chips with chemical dosage - heat to high temperature - and wash the chips of black liquor and remaining lignin.

47. What is the largest paperboard grade in the US by weight?
Pressurized ground wood.
Unbleached Kraft
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
The Xylem - or trachea fibers.

48. What is the single product of Semi- chemical pulping?
Springwood.
Mild chemical charge with chips - disk refine.
High yield - simple - wood colored pulp - easy bleach - no chemical recovery.
Corrugating Medium alone.

49. What is Effective Alkali?
Printing and Writing - Board - and Tissue.
(NaOH + half of Na2S)/OD fiber expressed as Na2O
Corrugating Medium alone.
Relation of rate to time - also involving temperature. Tells how long to cook chips.

50. What does CTMP mean?
Protection.
Chemi- thermo- mechanical pulping.
25%
Burn strong black liquor - Convert heat to steam - Turn chemicals into smelt - Recover inorganics as Na2S and Na2CO3

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Paper Science Engineering Core Concepts

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