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Test your basic knowledge |
Praxis Essentials Of Scientific Method
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
praxis
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 48 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Are numerical description of attributes of events
sample
The researcher's hopes
reliability
quantitative data
2. Refers to the extent to which two or more observers agree in measuring an event. Ex. if 3 judges independently rate the fluency of a subject - there is high interjudge reliability if there is good agreement between he judges.
The ABAB design
quantitative data
research
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
3. A single subject design that aids the disadvantage of treatment withdrawal. the effects of treatment are demonstrated by showing that untreated skills did not change and only the treated skills did. . it is across subjects - setting - and across beha
null hypothesis
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
mulitple baseline deisngs
surveys
4. Is directly manipulated by the experimenter. The manipulation causes changes in the dependent variable. All treatments are independent variables
independent variable
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
qualitative data
research
5. 1. describe natural events or phenomena 2. understand and explain natural phenomena; especially in terms of cause - effect relationships 3. predict occurrences of events; and 4. control natural phenomena by understanding the causes of events and pred
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
dependent variable or effect
Science
The ABAB design
6. Events do not happen randomly or haphazardly; they are caused by other events.
research
determinism
test - retest - reliability
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
7. It is not always possible to randomly draw participants from specific clinical populations.
multigroup pretest - posttest design
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
alternative hypothesis state
pretest - posttest control group design
8. Are verbal description of attributes of events
surveys
test - retest - reliability
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
qualitative data
9. Is based on the consistency of measures when two parallel forms of the same tests are administered tot he same people.
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
research
only one group
10. An experiment first - and - explain later approach - A scientist would experiment first and then propose a theory based upon the results of the experiment
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
ex post facto research
inductive method
empiricism
11. They may not allow extension of the study's results t the individual clients.
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
single subject designs
theory
concurrent validity
12. Are the result of systematic observation and in many cases experimentation
data
alternative hypothesis state
experimental will consist of
single subject designs
13. 1.00 and -1.00
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
sample
correlational coefficient
construct validity
14. States that 2 variables are not related
inductive method
concurrent validity
null hypothesis
quantitative data
15. There are two groups; an experimental group and a control group. This design is to evaluate the effects of a single treatment
ex post facto research
qualitative data
pretest - posttest control group design
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
16. Is the degree to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure
control group
validity
quantitative data
alternative hypothesis state
17. Assess some characteristics of group of people or a particular society. they attempt to discover how variables such as attitudes - opinion - or certain social practices are distributed in a population
validity
experimental will consist of
surveys
ex post facto research
18. The philosophical position that statements must be supported by experimental or observational evidence
empiricism
experimental will consist of
reliability
mulitple baseline deisngs
19. A systematic body of information concerning a phenomenon - describing an event - explaining why the event occurs - and specifying how the theory can be verified causable variables; a theory states that X causes Y
experimental will consist of
correlational coefficient
hypothesis
theory
20. Is the accuracy with which a test predicts future performance on a related task. ex. a graduate student's score on a comprehensive exam might predict whether or not he or she will be a competent clinician
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
predictive validity/criterion validity
surveys
control group
21. A philosophy of events and nature that values evidence more than opinions. It is conceptual and philosophical
mulitple baseline deisngs
multigroup pretest - posttest design
Science
theory
22. There is no relationship between two measures
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
Science
deductive method
sample
23. Non - experimental will consist of
reliability
only one group
Science
deductive method
24. A measure of internal consistency of a test. It is determined by showing that the responses to items on the first half of a test are correlated with responses given on the second half. It generally overestimates reliability because it does not measur
theory
dependent variable or effect
split - half reliability
The researcher's hopes
25. A measure of test validity based on a systematic examination of all test items to determine if they adequately sample the full range of the skill being tested and if they are relevant to measuring what the test purports to measure.
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
surveys
split - half reliability
Content validity
26. Refers to the extend to which the same observer repeatedly measures the same event consistently. Ex. if the same clinician rate a child's intelligibility over several sessions - those ratings would be consistent if there is good intraobserver reliabi
surveys
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
test - retest - reliability
27. Explain - first - and - verify - later approach - A scientist will propose a theory first and then verify it.
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
correlational coefficient
quantitative data
deductive method
28. Reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis because the research often believes in the alternative hypothesis
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29. Validity and reliability they are critical aspects of scientific measurement
validity
scientific data should meet these two criteria
split - half reliability
empiricism
30. Refers to the consistency with which the same event is measure repeatedly. most are expressed in terms of correlational coefficient
reliability
predictive validity/criterion validity
construct validity
Science
31. Is after the fact research. the investigator begins with the effect of independent variables that have occurred in the past. Thus the investigator is making a retrospective search for causes of events (Hegde - 2003)
Science
ex post facto research
empiricism
validity
32. That the 2 variables are indeed related; perhaps one is the cause of the other
validity
alternative hypothesis state
AB design
independent variable
33. Is the degree to which test scores are CONSISTENT with the theoretical constructs or concepts
scientific data should meet these two criteria
construct validity
The ABAB design
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
34. Two or more groups. It contains participants who receive treatment and thus show changes in behaviors treated
only one group
experimental will consist of
theory
experiment
35. Is a number or index that indicates the relationship between two or more independent measures. usually expressed through Pearson Product moment r
AB design
test - retest - reliability
correlational coefficient
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
36. Are playing an increasing role in establishing efficacy of treatment procedures used in speech. These designs help distinguish cause - effect relations based on individual performances under different conditions of experiment.
concurrent validity
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
single subject designs
37. Means of establishing cause - effect relationships. test if - then relationships
only one group
test - retest - reliability
split - half reliability
experiment
38. Refers to consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same people twice. When the two sets of scores are positively correlated - the stability of the scores over time is assumed
concurrent validity
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
test - retest - reliability
inductive method
39. It evaluates the relative effects of two or more treatments. A question of relative effects asks: Which treatment is more effective? An investigator randomly selects a sample from a population and randomly assigns them to one of the three groups. the
multigroup pretest - posttest design
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
empiricism
quantitative data
40. Observations and measurement
reliability
theory
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
qualitative data
41. A) condition refers to baseline B) treatment A) condition refers to treatment withdrawal B) reinstatement of the treatment
The ABAB design
sample
dependent variable or effect
deductive method
42. Concerned with more specific prediction stemming from a theory. it is a proposed answer to a specific question. They are testable propositions derived from a theory.
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
hypothesis
data
AB design
43. A small number of participants needed for the study form the population
The ABAB design
hypothesis
sample
construct validity
44. Is what scientists do as they practice science. It is the process of asking and answering questions ; it includes steps scientists take as they search for uniformity and order in nature. it is methodological. It is basically science in action!
control group
Content validity
experimental will consist of
research
45. Is the variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. In treatment research - all disorders are dependent variables (disorder or particular skill) they must be defined good so that they are measurable
multigroup pretest - posttest design
dependent variable or effect
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
theory
46. Considered a form of criterion - related validity - ist he degree to which a new test correlates with an established test of known validity
concurrent validity
construct validity
The ABAB design
only one group
47. Contains participants who do not receive treatment. The goal of having these tow groups is to demonstrate that the experimental participants improved and the control participants did not - thus showing the efficacy of the treatment
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
dependent variable or effect
determinism
control group
48. A) the treatment is offered B) and the progress is summarized is the case study
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
AB design
test - retest - reliability