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Praxis Essentials Of Scientific Method

Subjects : praxis, science
Instructions:
  • Answer 48 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is after the fact research. the investigator begins with the effect of independent variables that have occurred in the past. Thus the investigator is making a retrospective search for causes of events (Hegde - 2003)






2. Means of establishing cause - effect relationships. test if - then relationships






3. Is the degree to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure






4. There are two groups; an experimental group and a control group. This design is to evaluate the effects of a single treatment






5. Assess some characteristics of group of people or a particular society. they attempt to discover how variables such as attitudes - opinion - or certain social practices are distributed in a population






6. They may not allow extension of the study's results t the individual clients.






7. An experiment first - and - explain later approach - A scientist would experiment first and then propose a theory based upon the results of the experiment






8. Considered a form of criterion - related validity - ist he degree to which a new test correlates with an established test of known validity






9. A) condition refers to baseline B) treatment A) condition refers to treatment withdrawal B) reinstatement of the treatment






10. Are playing an increasing role in establishing efficacy of treatment procedures used in speech. These designs help distinguish cause - effect relations based on individual performances under different conditions of experiment.






11. Observations and measurement






12. Is the degree to which test scores are CONSISTENT with the theoretical constructs or concepts






13. Is a number or index that indicates the relationship between two or more independent measures. usually expressed through Pearson Product moment r






14. 1. describe natural events or phenomena 2. understand and explain natural phenomena; especially in terms of cause - effect relationships 3. predict occurrences of events; and 4. control natural phenomena by understanding the causes of events and pred






15. A small number of participants needed for the study form the population






16. Are the result of systematic observation and in many cases experimentation






17. Is based on the consistency of measures when two parallel forms of the same tests are administered tot he same people.






18. A) the treatment is offered B) and the progress is summarized is the case study






19. Concerned with more specific prediction stemming from a theory. it is a proposed answer to a specific question. They are testable propositions derived from a theory.






20. A measure of test validity based on a systematic examination of all test items to determine if they adequately sample the full range of the skill being tested and if they are relevant to measuring what the test purports to measure.






21. That the 2 variables are indeed related; perhaps one is the cause of the other






22. There is no relationship between two measures






23. A systematic body of information concerning a phenomenon - describing an event - explaining why the event occurs - and specifying how the theory can be verified causable variables; a theory states that X causes Y






24. Is the accuracy with which a test predicts future performance on a related task. ex. a graduate student's score on a comprehensive exam might predict whether or not he or she will be a competent clinician






25. Refers to the consistency with which the same event is measure repeatedly. most are expressed in terms of correlational coefficient






26. Reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis because the research often believes in the alternative hypothesis


27. States that 2 variables are not related






28. Refers to the extend to which the same observer repeatedly measures the same event consistently. Ex. if the same clinician rate a child's intelligibility over several sessions - those ratings would be consistent if there is good intraobserver reliabi






29. The philosophical position that statements must be supported by experimental or observational evidence






30. It evaluates the relative effects of two or more treatments. A question of relative effects asks: Which treatment is more effective? An investigator randomly selects a sample from a population and randomly assigns them to one of the three groups. the






31. Is directly manipulated by the experimenter. The manipulation causes changes in the dependent variable. All treatments are independent variables






32. Validity and reliability they are critical aspects of scientific measurement






33. 1.00 and -1.00






34. Are numerical description of attributes of events






35. A single subject design that aids the disadvantage of treatment withdrawal. the effects of treatment are demonstrated by showing that untreated skills did not change and only the treated skills did. . it is across subjects - setting - and across beha






36. A philosophy of events and nature that values evidence more than opinions. It is conceptual and philosophical






37. Non - experimental will consist of






38. Contains participants who do not receive treatment. The goal of having these tow groups is to demonstrate that the experimental participants improved and the control participants did not - thus showing the efficacy of the treatment






39. Two or more groups. It contains participants who receive treatment and thus show changes in behaviors treated






40. It is not always possible to randomly draw participants from specific clinical populations.






41. Refers to consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same people twice. When the two sets of scores are positively correlated - the stability of the scores over time is assumed






42. Refers to the extent to which two or more observers agree in measuring an event. Ex. if 3 judges independently rate the fluency of a subject - there is high interjudge reliability if there is good agreement between he judges.






43. Are verbal description of attributes of events






44. Is the variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. In treatment research - all disorders are dependent variables (disorder or particular skill) they must be defined good so that they are measurable






45. Events do not happen randomly or haphazardly; they are caused by other events.






46. Is what scientists do as they practice science. It is the process of asking and answering questions ; it includes steps scientists take as they search for uniformity and order in nature. it is methodological. It is basically science in action!






47. Explain - first - and - verify - later approach - A scientist will propose a theory first and then verify it.






48. A measure of internal consistency of a test. It is determined by showing that the responses to items on the first half of a test are correlated with responses given on the second half. It generally overestimates reliability because it does not measur