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Test your basic knowledge |
Praxis Essentials Of Scientific Method
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
praxis
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 48 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Are verbal description of attributes of events
qualitative data
data
surveys
validity
2. Events do not happen randomly or haphazardly; they are caused by other events.
determinism
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
mulitple baseline deisngs
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
3. Are the result of systematic observation and in many cases experimentation
single subject designs
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
data
scientific data should meet these two criteria
4. A measure of internal consistency of a test. It is determined by showing that the responses to items on the first half of a test are correlated with responses given on the second half. It generally overestimates reliability because it does not measur
split - half reliability
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
Content validity
sample
5. States that 2 variables are not related
data
test - retest - reliability
ex post facto research
null hypothesis
6. It evaluates the relative effects of two or more treatments. A question of relative effects asks: Which treatment is more effective? An investigator randomly selects a sample from a population and randomly assigns them to one of the three groups. the
hypothesis
multigroup pretest - posttest design
The researcher's hopes
reliability
7. Observations and measurement
test - retest - reliability
The researcher's hopes
The ABAB design
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
8. Is what scientists do as they practice science. It is the process of asking and answering questions ; it includes steps scientists take as they search for uniformity and order in nature. it is methodological. It is basically science in action!
quantitative data
reliability
scientific data should meet these two criteria
research
9. Is after the fact research. the investigator begins with the effect of independent variables that have occurred in the past. Thus the investigator is making a retrospective search for causes of events (Hegde - 2003)
ex post facto research
sample
Science
experimental will consist of
10. Concerned with more specific prediction stemming from a theory. it is a proposed answer to a specific question. They are testable propositions derived from a theory.
hypothesis
research
predictive validity/criterion validity
The ABAB design
11. A measure of test validity based on a systematic examination of all test items to determine if they adequately sample the full range of the skill being tested and if they are relevant to measuring what the test purports to measure.
alternative hypothesis state
AB design
The ABAB design
Content validity
12. Is directly manipulated by the experimenter. The manipulation causes changes in the dependent variable. All treatments are independent variables
independent variable
scientific data should meet these two criteria
multigroup pretest - posttest design
concurrent validity
13. Refers to the consistency with which the same event is measure repeatedly. most are expressed in terms of correlational coefficient
quantitative data
multigroup pretest - posttest design
inductive method
reliability
14. A philosophy of events and nature that values evidence more than opinions. It is conceptual and philosophical
Science
theory
null hypothesis
hypothesis
15. They may not allow extension of the study's results t the individual clients.
pretest - posttest control group design
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
independent variable
16. 1.00 and -1.00
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
dependent variable or effect
null hypothesis
17. Considered a form of criterion - related validity - ist he degree to which a new test correlates with an established test of known validity
ex post facto research
scientific data should meet these two criteria
Science
concurrent validity
18. Two or more groups. It contains participants who receive treatment and thus show changes in behaviors treated
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
concurrent validity
reliability
experimental will consist of
19. A single subject design that aids the disadvantage of treatment withdrawal. the effects of treatment are demonstrated by showing that untreated skills did not change and only the treated skills did. . it is across subjects - setting - and across beha
mulitple baseline deisngs
correlational coefficient
single subject designs
construct validity
20. Reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis because the research often believes in the alternative hypothesis
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21. There are two groups; an experimental group and a control group. This design is to evaluate the effects of a single treatment
pretest - posttest control group design
The ABAB design
only one group
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
22. A) the treatment is offered B) and the progress is summarized is the case study
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
test - retest - reliability
AB design
alternative hypothesis state
23. Refers to consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same people twice. When the two sets of scores are positively correlated - the stability of the scores over time is assumed
reliability
AB design
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
test - retest - reliability
24. Is based on the consistency of measures when two parallel forms of the same tests are administered tot he same people.
correlational coefficient
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
qualitative data
ex post facto research
25. Means of establishing cause - effect relationships. test if - then relationships
reliability
null hypothesis
quantitative data
experiment
26. A) condition refers to baseline B) treatment A) condition refers to treatment withdrawal B) reinstatement of the treatment
independent variable
The ABAB design
null hypothesis
The researcher's hopes
27. Is the degree to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure
validity
scientific data should meet these two criteria
ex post facto research
surveys
28. It is not always possible to randomly draw participants from specific clinical populations.
concurrent validity
reliability
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
pretest - posttest control group design
29. 1. describe natural events or phenomena 2. understand and explain natural phenomena; especially in terms of cause - effect relationships 3. predict occurrences of events; and 4. control natural phenomena by understanding the causes of events and pred
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
The researcher's hopes
quantitative data
inductive method
30. A systematic body of information concerning a phenomenon - describing an event - explaining why the event occurs - and specifying how the theory can be verified causable variables; a theory states that X causes Y
AB design
single subject designs
inductive method
theory
31. A small number of participants needed for the study form the population
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
null hypothesis
sample
concurrent validity
32. Is the degree to which test scores are CONSISTENT with the theoretical constructs or concepts
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
construct validity
scientific data should meet these two criteria
research
33. Explain - first - and - verify - later approach - A scientist will propose a theory first and then verify it.
deductive method
sample
single subject designs
surveys
34. There is no relationship between two measures
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
The ABAB design
35. Is a number or index that indicates the relationship between two or more independent measures. usually expressed through Pearson Product moment r
single subject designs
correlational coefficient
split - half reliability
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
36. Is the variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. In treatment research - all disorders are dependent variables (disorder or particular skill) they must be defined good so that they are measurable
dependent variable or effect
experiment
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
quantitative data
37. Refers to the extend to which the same observer repeatedly measures the same event consistently. Ex. if the same clinician rate a child's intelligibility over several sessions - those ratings would be consistent if there is good intraobserver reliabi
The researcher's hopes
qualitative data
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
only one group
38. Refers to the extent to which two or more observers agree in measuring an event. Ex. if 3 judges independently rate the fluency of a subject - there is high interjudge reliability if there is good agreement between he judges.
deductive method
validity
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
sample
39. Are playing an increasing role in establishing efficacy of treatment procedures used in speech. These designs help distinguish cause - effect relations based on individual performances under different conditions of experiment.
inductive method
single subject designs
dependent variable or effect
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
40. An experiment first - and - explain later approach - A scientist would experiment first and then propose a theory based upon the results of the experiment
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
Content validity
inductive method
The ABAB design
41. Validity and reliability they are critical aspects of scientific measurement
scientific data should meet these two criteria
determinism
correlational coefficient
data
42. Assess some characteristics of group of people or a particular society. they attempt to discover how variables such as attitudes - opinion - or certain social practices are distributed in a population
hypothesis
surveys
pretest - posttest control group design
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
43. Non - experimental will consist of
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
hypothesis
only one group
experimental will consist of
44. Contains participants who do not receive treatment. The goal of having these tow groups is to demonstrate that the experimental participants improved and the control participants did not - thus showing the efficacy of the treatment
The ABAB design
control group
split - half reliability
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
45. The philosophical position that statements must be supported by experimental or observational evidence
deductive method
concurrent validity
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
empiricism
46. That the 2 variables are indeed related; perhaps one is the cause of the other
only one group
concurrent validity
alternative hypothesis state
scientific data should meet these two criteria
47. Is the accuracy with which a test predicts future performance on a related task. ex. a graduate student's score on a comprehensive exam might predict whether or not he or she will be a competent clinician
correlational coefficient
predictive validity/criterion validity
deductive method
theory
48. Are numerical description of attributes of events
null hypothesis
quantitative data
multigroup pretest - posttest design
construct validity