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Test your basic knowledge |
Praxis Essentials Of Scientific Method
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
praxis
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 48 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. It evaluates the relative effects of two or more treatments. A question of relative effects asks: Which treatment is more effective? An investigator randomly selects a sample from a population and randomly assigns them to one of the three groups. the
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
The ABAB design
validity
multigroup pretest - posttest design
2. They may not allow extension of the study's results t the individual clients.
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
experiment
hypothesis
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
3. Refers to consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same people twice. When the two sets of scores are positively correlated - the stability of the scores over time is assumed
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
control group
null hypothesis
test - retest - reliability
4. There is no relationship between two measures
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
predictive validity/criterion validity
split - half reliability
scientific data should meet these two criteria
5. States that 2 variables are not related
AB design
null hypothesis
only one group
concurrent validity
6. That the 2 variables are indeed related; perhaps one is the cause of the other
experiment
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
alternative hypothesis state
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
7. Is the variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. In treatment research - all disorders are dependent variables (disorder or particular skill) they must be defined good so that they are measurable
The researcher's hopes
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
dependent variable or effect
surveys
8. Is what scientists do as they practice science. It is the process of asking and answering questions ; it includes steps scientists take as they search for uniformity and order in nature. it is methodological. It is basically science in action!
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
Content validity
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
research
9. Is a number or index that indicates the relationship between two or more independent measures. usually expressed through Pearson Product moment r
scientific data should meet these two criteria
test - retest - reliability
correlational coefficient
AB design
10. It is not always possible to randomly draw participants from specific clinical populations.
quantitative data
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
The ABAB design
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
11. Are verbal description of attributes of events
qualitative data
deductive method
split - half reliability
empiricism
12. Are the result of systematic observation and in many cases experimentation
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
qualitative data
data
validity
13. A measure of internal consistency of a test. It is determined by showing that the responses to items on the first half of a test are correlated with responses given on the second half. It generally overestimates reliability because it does not measur
construct validity
split - half reliability
data
quantitative data
14. A systematic body of information concerning a phenomenon - describing an event - explaining why the event occurs - and specifying how the theory can be verified causable variables; a theory states that X causes Y
split - half reliability
experiment
ex post facto research
theory
15. Contains participants who do not receive treatment. The goal of having these tow groups is to demonstrate that the experimental participants improved and the control participants did not - thus showing the efficacy of the treatment
split - half reliability
research
control group
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
16. Reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis because the research often believes in the alternative hypothesis
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17. Is after the fact research. the investigator begins with the effect of independent variables that have occurred in the past. Thus the investigator is making a retrospective search for causes of events (Hegde - 2003)
empiricism
construct validity
experiment
ex post facto research
18. Refers to the extent to which two or more observers agree in measuring an event. Ex. if 3 judges independently rate the fluency of a subject - there is high interjudge reliability if there is good agreement between he judges.
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
reliability
hypothesis
pretest - posttest control group design
19. A single subject design that aids the disadvantage of treatment withdrawal. the effects of treatment are demonstrated by showing that untreated skills did not change and only the treated skills did. . it is across subjects - setting - and across beha
test - retest - reliability
Science
mulitple baseline deisngs
data
20. Validity and reliability they are critical aspects of scientific measurement
pretest - posttest control group design
scientific data should meet these two criteria
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
control group
21. Are numerical description of attributes of events
quantitative data
ex post facto research
experimental will consist of
theory
22. Is directly manipulated by the experimenter. The manipulation causes changes in the dependent variable. All treatments are independent variables
independent variable
research
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
23. Non - experimental will consist of
null hypothesis
data
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
only one group
24. The philosophical position that statements must be supported by experimental or observational evidence
quantitative data
empiricism
deductive method
The researcher's hopes
25. A measure of test validity based on a systematic examination of all test items to determine if they adequately sample the full range of the skill being tested and if they are relevant to measuring what the test purports to measure.
Content validity
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
mulitple baseline deisngs
The researcher's hopes
26. Explain - first - and - verify - later approach - A scientist will propose a theory first and then verify it.
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
multigroup pretest - posttest design
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
deductive method
27. Assess some characteristics of group of people or a particular society. they attempt to discover how variables such as attitudes - opinion - or certain social practices are distributed in a population
surveys
Science
data
qualitative data
28. Is the degree to which test scores are CONSISTENT with the theoretical constructs or concepts
The ABAB design
split - half reliability
construct validity
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
29. Are playing an increasing role in establishing efficacy of treatment procedures used in speech. These designs help distinguish cause - effect relations based on individual performances under different conditions of experiment.
alternative hypothesis state
Science
null hypothesis
single subject designs
30. There are two groups; an experimental group and a control group. This design is to evaluate the effects of a single treatment
reliability
AB design
pretest - posttest control group design
research
31. Means of establishing cause - effect relationships. test if - then relationships
quantitative data
experiment
concurrent validity
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
32. Is based on the consistency of measures when two parallel forms of the same tests are administered tot he same people.
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
AB design
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
inductive method
33. A small number of participants needed for the study form the population
sample
mulitple baseline deisngs
AB design
experiment
34. Concerned with more specific prediction stemming from a theory. it is a proposed answer to a specific question. They are testable propositions derived from a theory.
research
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
hypothesis
35. Is the degree to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure
validity
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
Science
inductive method
36. A philosophy of events and nature that values evidence more than opinions. It is conceptual and philosophical
inductive method
hypothesis
Science
concurrent validity
37. Considered a form of criterion - related validity - ist he degree to which a new test correlates with an established test of known validity
research
concurrent validity
test - retest - reliability
correlational coefficient
38. A) condition refers to baseline B) treatment A) condition refers to treatment withdrawal B) reinstatement of the treatment
experiment
determinism
The ABAB design
qualitative data
39. Is the accuracy with which a test predicts future performance on a related task. ex. a graduate student's score on a comprehensive exam might predict whether or not he or she will be a competent clinician
predictive validity/criterion validity
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
experiment
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
40. An experiment first - and - explain later approach - A scientist would experiment first and then propose a theory based upon the results of the experiment
Science
inductive method
concurrent validity
reliability
41. 1.00 and -1.00
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
inductive method
ex post facto research
validity
42. Observations and measurement
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
deductive method
inductive method
43. Events do not happen randomly or haphazardly; they are caused by other events.
determinism
experimental will consist of
reliability
The researcher's hopes
44. 1. describe natural events or phenomena 2. understand and explain natural phenomena; especially in terms of cause - effect relationships 3. predict occurrences of events; and 4. control natural phenomena by understanding the causes of events and pred
research
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
validity
only one group
45. A) the treatment is offered B) and the progress is summarized is the case study
hypothesis
multigroup pretest - posttest design
AB design
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
46. Refers to the extend to which the same observer repeatedly measures the same event consistently. Ex. if the same clinician rate a child's intelligibility over several sessions - those ratings would be consistent if there is good intraobserver reliabi
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
surveys
split - half reliability
theory
47. Two or more groups. It contains participants who receive treatment and thus show changes in behaviors treated
control group
pretest - posttest control group design
experimental will consist of
sample
48. Refers to the consistency with which the same event is measure repeatedly. most are expressed in terms of correlational coefficient
reliability
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
multigroup pretest - posttest design