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Test your basic knowledge |
Praxis Essentials Of Scientific Method
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
praxis
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 48 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A measure of internal consistency of a test. It is determined by showing that the responses to items on the first half of a test are correlated with responses given on the second half. It generally overestimates reliability because it does not measur
test - retest - reliability
split - half reliability
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
2. A systematic body of information concerning a phenomenon - describing an event - explaining why the event occurs - and specifying how the theory can be verified causable variables; a theory states that X causes Y
theory
quantitative data
sample
correlational coefficient
3. States that 2 variables are not related
control group
experiment
null hypothesis
ex post facto research
4. Refers to consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same people twice. When the two sets of scores are positively correlated - the stability of the scores over time is assumed
ex post facto research
independent variable
test - retest - reliability
null hypothesis
5. Is the variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. In treatment research - all disorders are dependent variables (disorder or particular skill) they must be defined good so that they are measurable
validity
AB design
dependent variable or effect
Content validity
6. Is the degree to which test scores are CONSISTENT with the theoretical constructs or concepts
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
construct validity
control group
7. Is what scientists do as they practice science. It is the process of asking and answering questions ; it includes steps scientists take as they search for uniformity and order in nature. it is methodological. It is basically science in action!
research
null hypothesis
only one group
independent variable
8. They may not allow extension of the study's results t the individual clients.
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
Science
predictive validity/criterion validity
mulitple baseline deisngs
9. Contains participants who do not receive treatment. The goal of having these tow groups is to demonstrate that the experimental participants improved and the control participants did not - thus showing the efficacy of the treatment
The ABAB design
test - retest - reliability
null hypothesis
control group
10. 1. describe natural events or phenomena 2. understand and explain natural phenomena; especially in terms of cause - effect relationships 3. predict occurrences of events; and 4. control natural phenomena by understanding the causes of events and pred
Science
Content validity
multigroup pretest - posttest design
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
11. Events do not happen randomly or haphazardly; they are caused by other events.
empiricism
validity
theory
determinism
12. Is directly manipulated by the experimenter. The manipulation causes changes in the dependent variable. All treatments are independent variables
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
independent variable
determinism
empiricism
13. Is the accuracy with which a test predicts future performance on a related task. ex. a graduate student's score on a comprehensive exam might predict whether or not he or she will be a competent clinician
mulitple baseline deisngs
predictive validity/criterion validity
single subject designs
Content validity
14. Are the result of systematic observation and in many cases experimentation
experimental will consist of
data
theory
multigroup pretest - posttest design
15. Are numerical description of attributes of events
Science
single subject designs
quantitative data
surveys
16. Is the degree to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure
validity
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
17. Concerned with more specific prediction stemming from a theory. it is a proposed answer to a specific question. They are testable propositions derived from a theory.
hypothesis
inductive method
Content validity
The researcher's hopes
18. Observations and measurement
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
alternative hypothesis state
only one group
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
19. Is based on the consistency of measures when two parallel forms of the same tests are administered tot he same people.
multigroup pretest - posttest design
Science
correlational coefficient
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
20. An experiment first - and - explain later approach - A scientist would experiment first and then propose a theory based upon the results of the experiment
Science
ex post facto research
predictive validity/criterion validity
inductive method
21. A single subject design that aids the disadvantage of treatment withdrawal. the effects of treatment are demonstrated by showing that untreated skills did not change and only the treated skills did. . it is across subjects - setting - and across beha
validity
mulitple baseline deisngs
reliability
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
22. The philosophical position that statements must be supported by experimental or observational evidence
predictive validity/criterion validity
dependent variable or effect
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
empiricism
23. Considered a form of criterion - related validity - ist he degree to which a new test correlates with an established test of known validity
test - retest - reliability
concurrent validity
reliability
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
24. It evaluates the relative effects of two or more treatments. A question of relative effects asks: Which treatment is more effective? An investigator randomly selects a sample from a population and randomly assigns them to one of the three groups. the
multigroup pretest - posttest design
AB design
ex post facto research
experimental will consist of
25. Are verbal description of attributes of events
single subject designs
hypothesis
qualitative data
ex post facto research
26. Are playing an increasing role in establishing efficacy of treatment procedures used in speech. These designs help distinguish cause - effect relations based on individual performances under different conditions of experiment.
single subject designs
quantitative data
AB design
predictive validity/criterion validity
27. Refers to the extent to which two or more observers agree in measuring an event. Ex. if 3 judges independently rate the fluency of a subject - there is high interjudge reliability if there is good agreement between he judges.
Content validity
only one group
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
28. Refers to the consistency with which the same event is measure repeatedly. most are expressed in terms of correlational coefficient
experimental will consist of
mulitple baseline deisngs
determinism
reliability
29. It is not always possible to randomly draw participants from specific clinical populations.
determinism
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
surveys
experiment
30. There are two groups; an experimental group and a control group. This design is to evaluate the effects of a single treatment
experiment
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
surveys
pretest - posttest control group design
31. There is no relationship between two measures
null hypothesis
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
AB design
surveys
32. That the 2 variables are indeed related; perhaps one is the cause of the other
only one group
alternative hypothesis state
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
surveys
33. A) the treatment is offered B) and the progress is summarized is the case study
split - half reliability
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
AB design
theory
34. A measure of test validity based on a systematic examination of all test items to determine if they adequately sample the full range of the skill being tested and if they are relevant to measuring what the test purports to measure.
surveys
split - half reliability
sample
Content validity
35. Is a number or index that indicates the relationship between two or more independent measures. usually expressed through Pearson Product moment r
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
empiricism
correlational coefficient
deductive method
36. Reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis because the research often believes in the alternative hypothesis
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37. A) condition refers to baseline B) treatment A) condition refers to treatment withdrawal B) reinstatement of the treatment
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
multigroup pretest - posttest design
The ABAB design
pretest - posttest control group design
38. Means of establishing cause - effect relationships. test if - then relationships
experimental will consist of
split - half reliability
experiment
Science
39. 1.00 and -1.00
data
independent variable
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
correlational coefficient
40. Is after the fact research. the investigator begins with the effect of independent variables that have occurred in the past. Thus the investigator is making a retrospective search for causes of events (Hegde - 2003)
ex post facto research
control group
experimental will consist of
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
41. A philosophy of events and nature that values evidence more than opinions. It is conceptual and philosophical
Science
null hypothesis
sample
multigroup pretest - posttest design
42. Assess some characteristics of group of people or a particular society. they attempt to discover how variables such as attitudes - opinion - or certain social practices are distributed in a population
surveys
deductive method
AB design
The researcher's hopes
43. Non - experimental will consist of
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
empiricism
only one group
alternative hypothesis state
44. Two or more groups. It contains participants who receive treatment and thus show changes in behaviors treated
ex post facto research
dependent variable or effect
split - half reliability
experimental will consist of
45. Refers to the extend to which the same observer repeatedly measures the same event consistently. Ex. if the same clinician rate a child's intelligibility over several sessions - those ratings would be consistent if there is good intraobserver reliabi
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
validity
alternative hypothesis state
control group
46. Validity and reliability they are critical aspects of scientific measurement
alternative hypothesis state
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
data
scientific data should meet these two criteria
47. Explain - first - and - verify - later approach - A scientist will propose a theory first and then verify it.
deductive method
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
surveys
single subject designs
48. A small number of participants needed for the study form the population
sample
inductive method
research
pretest - posttest control group design