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Test your basic knowledge |
Praxis Essentials Of Scientific Method
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
praxis
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 48 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is the variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. In treatment research - all disorders are dependent variables (disorder or particular skill) they must be defined good so that they are measurable
dependent variable or effect
empiricism
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
split - half reliability
2. Are numerical description of attributes of events
qualitative data
sample
single subject designs
quantitative data
3. It evaluates the relative effects of two or more treatments. A question of relative effects asks: Which treatment is more effective? An investigator randomly selects a sample from a population and randomly assigns them to one of the three groups. the
multigroup pretest - posttest design
quantitative data
The ABAB design
test - retest - reliability
4. There are two groups; an experimental group and a control group. This design is to evaluate the effects of a single treatment
hypothesis
pretest - posttest control group design
concurrent validity
correlational coefficient
5. Are verbal description of attributes of events
control group
experimental will consist of
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
qualitative data
6. A small number of participants needed for the study form the population
sample
hypothesis
AB design
null hypothesis
7. Is based on the consistency of measures when two parallel forms of the same tests are administered tot he same people.
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
construct validity
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
deductive method
8. They may not allow extension of the study's results t the individual clients.
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
inductive method
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
9. Are the result of systematic observation and in many cases experimentation
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
predictive validity/criterion validity
data
single subject designs
10. Is the degree to which test scores are CONSISTENT with the theoretical constructs or concepts
construct validity
deductive method
experimental will consist of
hypothesis
11. A measure of internal consistency of a test. It is determined by showing that the responses to items on the first half of a test are correlated with responses given on the second half. It generally overestimates reliability because it does not measur
split - half reliability
theory
research
sample
12. Are playing an increasing role in establishing efficacy of treatment procedures used in speech. These designs help distinguish cause - effect relations based on individual performances under different conditions of experiment.
Content validity
single subject designs
control group
scientific data should meet these two criteria
13. Non - experimental will consist of
construct validity
quantitative data
empiricism
only one group
14. A systematic body of information concerning a phenomenon - describing an event - explaining why the event occurs - and specifying how the theory can be verified causable variables; a theory states that X causes Y
null hypothesis
qualitative data
determinism
theory
15. The philosophical position that statements must be supported by experimental or observational evidence
empiricism
correlational coefficient
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
only one group
16. Is after the fact research. the investigator begins with the effect of independent variables that have occurred in the past. Thus the investigator is making a retrospective search for causes of events (Hegde - 2003)
dependent variable or effect
ex post facto research
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
split - half reliability
17. Explain - first - and - verify - later approach - A scientist will propose a theory first and then verify it.
qualitative data
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
deductive method
predictive validity/criterion validity
18. Is the accuracy with which a test predicts future performance on a related task. ex. a graduate student's score on a comprehensive exam might predict whether or not he or she will be a competent clinician
theory
ex post facto research
predictive validity/criterion validity
deductive method
19. Events do not happen randomly or haphazardly; they are caused by other events.
test - retest - reliability
split - half reliability
determinism
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
20. Two or more groups. It contains participants who receive treatment and thus show changes in behaviors treated
reliability
experimental will consist of
only one group
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
21. A philosophy of events and nature that values evidence more than opinions. It is conceptual and philosophical
experiment
pretest - posttest control group design
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
Science
22. Refers to consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same people twice. When the two sets of scores are positively correlated - the stability of the scores over time is assumed
hypothesis
Content validity
test - retest - reliability
empiricism
23. Observations and measurement
only one group
Science
validity
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
24. Contains participants who do not receive treatment. The goal of having these tow groups is to demonstrate that the experimental participants improved and the control participants did not - thus showing the efficacy of the treatment
alternative hypothesis state
surveys
control group
research
25. Is the degree to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure
reliability
validity
ex post facto research
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
26. An experiment first - and - explain later approach - A scientist would experiment first and then propose a theory based upon the results of the experiment
alternative hypothesis state
construct validity
single subject designs
inductive method
27. Concerned with more specific prediction stemming from a theory. it is a proposed answer to a specific question. They are testable propositions derived from a theory.
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
ex post facto research
hypothesis
predictive validity/criterion validity
28. Reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis because the research often believes in the alternative hypothesis
29. Refers to the consistency with which the same event is measure repeatedly. most are expressed in terms of correlational coefficient
independent variable
reliability
determinism
ex post facto research
30. A single subject design that aids the disadvantage of treatment withdrawal. the effects of treatment are demonstrated by showing that untreated skills did not change and only the treated skills did. . it is across subjects - setting - and across beha
mulitple baseline deisngs
reliability
inductive method
deductive method
31. Refers to the extent to which two or more observers agree in measuring an event. Ex. if 3 judges independently rate the fluency of a subject - there is high interjudge reliability if there is good agreement between he judges.
The researcher's hopes
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
multigroup pretest - posttest design
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
32. Considered a form of criterion - related validity - ist he degree to which a new test correlates with an established test of known validity
predictive validity/criterion validity
concurrent validity
construct validity
independent variable
33. Validity and reliability they are critical aspects of scientific measurement
empiricism
null hypothesis
scientific data should meet these two criteria
construct validity
34. States that 2 variables are not related
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
validity
null hypothesis
quantitative data
35. A) the treatment is offered B) and the progress is summarized is the case study
construct validity
research
AB design
The ABAB design
36. Is a number or index that indicates the relationship between two or more independent measures. usually expressed through Pearson Product moment r
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
correlational coefficient
The researcher's hopes
37. Is what scientists do as they practice science. It is the process of asking and answering questions ; it includes steps scientists take as they search for uniformity and order in nature. it is methodological. It is basically science in action!
research
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
experiment
ex post facto research
38. Refers to the extend to which the same observer repeatedly measures the same event consistently. Ex. if the same clinician rate a child's intelligibility over several sessions - those ratings would be consistent if there is good intraobserver reliabi
ex post facto research
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
alternative hypothesis state
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
39. 1.00 and -1.00
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
null hypothesis
test - retest - reliability
qualitative data
40. 1. describe natural events or phenomena 2. understand and explain natural phenomena; especially in terms of cause - effect relationships 3. predict occurrences of events; and 4. control natural phenomena by understanding the causes of events and pred
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
correlational coefficient
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
41. There is no relationship between two measures
experiment
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
theory
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
42. It is not always possible to randomly draw participants from specific clinical populations.
The ABAB design
single subject designs
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
alternative hypothesis state
43. A measure of test validity based on a systematic examination of all test items to determine if they adequately sample the full range of the skill being tested and if they are relevant to measuring what the test purports to measure.
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
only one group
quantitative data
Content validity
44. Means of establishing cause - effect relationships. test if - then relationships
experiment
concurrent validity
multigroup pretest - posttest design
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
45. Is directly manipulated by the experimenter. The manipulation causes changes in the dependent variable. All treatments are independent variables
surveys
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
experimental will consist of
independent variable
46. Assess some characteristics of group of people or a particular society. they attempt to discover how variables such as attitudes - opinion - or certain social practices are distributed in a population
Content validity
surveys
research
Science
47. That the 2 variables are indeed related; perhaps one is the cause of the other
mulitple baseline deisngs
ex post facto research
quantitative data
alternative hypothesis state
48. A) condition refers to baseline B) treatment A) condition refers to treatment withdrawal B) reinstatement of the treatment
The ABAB design
test - retest - reliability
scientific data should meet these two criteria
multigroup pretest - posttest design