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Test your basic knowledge |
Praxis Essentials Of Scientific Method
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
praxis
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 48 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A measure of internal consistency of a test. It is determined by showing that the responses to items on the first half of a test are correlated with responses given on the second half. It generally overestimates reliability because it does not measur
control group
scientific data should meet these two criteria
single subject designs
split - half reliability
2. Refers to the extend to which the same observer repeatedly measures the same event consistently. Ex. if the same clinician rate a child's intelligibility over several sessions - those ratings would be consistent if there is good intraobserver reliabi
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
data
pretest - posttest control group design
qualitative data
3. Is after the fact research. the investigator begins with the effect of independent variables that have occurred in the past. Thus the investigator is making a retrospective search for causes of events (Hegde - 2003)
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
ex post facto research
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
split - half reliability
4. An experiment first - and - explain later approach - A scientist would experiment first and then propose a theory based upon the results of the experiment
inductive method
empiricism
surveys
split - half reliability
5. Events do not happen randomly or haphazardly; they are caused by other events.
surveys
correlational coefficient
test - retest - reliability
determinism
6. A single subject design that aids the disadvantage of treatment withdrawal. the effects of treatment are demonstrated by showing that untreated skills did not change and only the treated skills did. . it is across subjects - setting - and across beha
mulitple baseline deisngs
multigroup pretest - posttest design
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
experiment
7. Validity and reliability they are critical aspects of scientific measurement
deductive method
mulitple baseline deisngs
scientific data should meet these two criteria
experimental will consist of
8. A) condition refers to baseline B) treatment A) condition refers to treatment withdrawal B) reinstatement of the treatment
correlational coefficient
mulitple baseline deisngs
split - half reliability
The ABAB design
9. A small number of participants needed for the study form the population
sample
experimental will consist of
qualitative data
dependent variable or effect
10. A) the treatment is offered B) and the progress is summarized is the case study
AB design
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
data
single subject designs
11. Refers to the extent to which two or more observers agree in measuring an event. Ex. if 3 judges independently rate the fluency of a subject - there is high interjudge reliability if there is good agreement between he judges.
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
multigroup pretest - posttest design
experimental will consist of
determinism
12. Two or more groups. It contains participants who receive treatment and thus show changes in behaviors treated
empiricism
deductive method
data
experimental will consist of
13. Are playing an increasing role in establishing efficacy of treatment procedures used in speech. These designs help distinguish cause - effect relations based on individual performances under different conditions of experiment.
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
single subject designs
14. A philosophy of events and nature that values evidence more than opinions. It is conceptual and philosophical
predictive validity/criterion validity
Science
surveys
reliability
15. Is directly manipulated by the experimenter. The manipulation causes changes in the dependent variable. All treatments are independent variables
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
independent variable
Content validity
sample
16. A systematic body of information concerning a phenomenon - describing an event - explaining why the event occurs - and specifying how the theory can be verified causable variables; a theory states that X causes Y
sample
theory
The ABAB design
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
17. 1.00 and -1.00
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
determinism
validity
18. Explain - first - and - verify - later approach - A scientist will propose a theory first and then verify it.
experiment
The researcher's hopes
deductive method
correlational coefficient
19. They may not allow extension of the study's results t the individual clients.
Content validity
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
The researcher's hopes
construct validity
20. Considered a form of criterion - related validity - ist he degree to which a new test correlates with an established test of known validity
concurrent validity
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
deductive method
21. Contains participants who do not receive treatment. The goal of having these tow groups is to demonstrate that the experimental participants improved and the control participants did not - thus showing the efficacy of the treatment
hypothesis
theory
control group
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
22. Are verbal description of attributes of events
pretest - posttest control group design
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
control group
qualitative data
23. Is the degree to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
validity
test - retest - reliability
quantitative data
24. Means of establishing cause - effect relationships. test if - then relationships
experimental will consist of
The researcher's hopes
mulitple baseline deisngs
experiment
25. Are the result of systematic observation and in many cases experimentation
qualitative data
data
Science
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
26. It is not always possible to randomly draw participants from specific clinical populations.
alternative hypothesis state
experimental will consist of
correlational coefficient
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
27. Is a number or index that indicates the relationship between two or more independent measures. usually expressed through Pearson Product moment r
correlational coefficient
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
theory
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
28. Concerned with more specific prediction stemming from a theory. it is a proposed answer to a specific question. They are testable propositions derived from a theory.
determinism
hypothesis
null hypothesis
single subject designs
29. Refers to the consistency with which the same event is measure repeatedly. most are expressed in terms of correlational coefficient
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
reliability
only one group
qualitative data
30. Refers to consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same people twice. When the two sets of scores are positively correlated - the stability of the scores over time is assumed
experimental will consist of
inductive method
concurrent validity
test - retest - reliability
31. Non - experimental will consist of
predictive validity/criterion validity
null hypothesis
only one group
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
32. There are two groups; an experimental group and a control group. This design is to evaluate the effects of a single treatment
pretest - posttest control group design
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
deductive method
experimental will consist of
33. 1. describe natural events or phenomena 2. understand and explain natural phenomena; especially in terms of cause - effect relationships 3. predict occurrences of events; and 4. control natural phenomena by understanding the causes of events and pred
experimental will consist of
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
quantitative data
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
34. States that 2 variables are not related
null hypothesis
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
test - retest - reliability
Content validity
35. It evaluates the relative effects of two or more treatments. A question of relative effects asks: Which treatment is more effective? An investigator randomly selects a sample from a population and randomly assigns them to one of the three groups. the
alternative hypothesis state
Content validity
determinism
multigroup pretest - posttest design
36. Are numerical description of attributes of events
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
Science
quantitative data
37. A measure of test validity based on a systematic examination of all test items to determine if they adequately sample the full range of the skill being tested and if they are relevant to measuring what the test purports to measure.
multigroup pretest - posttest design
test - retest - reliability
Content validity
experimental will consist of
38. Is what scientists do as they practice science. It is the process of asking and answering questions ; it includes steps scientists take as they search for uniformity and order in nature. it is methodological. It is basically science in action!
quantitative data
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
research
construct validity
39. That the 2 variables are indeed related; perhaps one is the cause of the other
alternative hypothesis state
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
research
split - half reliability
40. The philosophical position that statements must be supported by experimental or observational evidence
empiricism
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
control group
hypothesis
41. Is the variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. In treatment research - all disorders are dependent variables (disorder or particular skill) they must be defined good so that they are measurable
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
pretest - posttest control group design
dependent variable or effect
experimental will consist of
42. Observations and measurement
mulitple baseline deisngs
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
null hypothesis
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
43. Is the accuracy with which a test predicts future performance on a related task. ex. a graduate student's score on a comprehensive exam might predict whether or not he or she will be a competent clinician
predictive validity/criterion validity
mulitple baseline deisngs
construct validity
multigroup pretest - posttest design
44. Is based on the consistency of measures when two parallel forms of the same tests are administered tot he same people.
multigroup pretest - posttest design
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
construct validity
45. Is the degree to which test scores are CONSISTENT with the theoretical constructs or concepts
sample
surveys
concurrent validity
construct validity
46. Assess some characteristics of group of people or a particular society. they attempt to discover how variables such as attitudes - opinion - or certain social practices are distributed in a population
research
construct validity
surveys
experiment
47. There is no relationship between two measures
multigroup pretest - posttest design
null hypothesis
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
validity
48. Reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis because the research often believes in the alternative hypothesis
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