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Pulmonology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. increased volume results in
Immediate oxygenation with or without intubation
Decreased pressure
Nitrogen
Dyspnea upon assuming a recumbent position

2. PAO2
Air-filled - fluid-filled - or solid
Increased work of breathing
Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli
2 - each wavelength is partially absorbed by hemoglobin

3. Chest Radiography: The most common chest X-ray series is the...
Graphic representations of the patient's efforts in the form of a flow-volume curve and a volume-time curve
Postero-anterior (PA) and lateral view series
To assess response to treatment
The amount of air that can be exhaled after expiration

4. Fine crackles are heard in
Air to move from the upper airway to the farthest alveolar reaches
500 to 800 mL
80 to 120% of predicted value
Interstitial diseases or early pulmonary edema

5. dead space ventilation
Lung volumes - but no difficulty or delay in exhaling what volume they do have
Increased Hb-O2 affinity
The maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs following a maximal inspiration - performed as rapidly and forcefully as possible
The gas in the conducting airways does not participate in alveolar exchange

6. 78.08% Atmospheric Composition
A reliable and consistent classification of auditory findings
PaCO2
Nitrogen
Pleural space

7. Simple - objective - noninvasive diagnostic test can be performed with relative ease on patients who present with respiratory-related symptoms
70%
A pulsatile blood flow - therefore it may be inaccurate in situations that result in peripheral vasoconstriction
Hypoventilation or modest changes in the PaO2
Spirometry

8. Oxygen moves from the...
Portable antero-posterior (AP) view
Inspiration
Oxygen (O2)
Alveoli to the blood

9. Cyanosis
Blue or bluish-gray discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes
Outer surface of each lung
Lung volumes - but no difficulty or delay in exhaling what volume they do have
Expiratory volume - and there is a prolonged expiratory time

10. Discontinuous lung sounds are...
80%
Brief - discrete - non-musical sounds with a popping quality
Decreased Hb-O2 affinity
Dyspnea upon assuming a recumbent position

11. Factors that influence the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin
No respiration for > 20 seconds
Nitrogen
The sternal angle of Louis anteriorly - and the T4 spinous process posteriorly
Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) - Bohr effect of pH - Temperature

12. The parietal pleura lines the...
Perfusion
The sternal angle of Louis anteriorly - and the T4 spinous process posteriorly
Inside of the thoracic cavity wall and the upper surface of the diaphragm
Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

13. Inspiratory stridor becomes evident at about
Air-filled - fluid-filled - or solid
Bicarbonate
Alveolar and interstitial processes such as edema - fibrosis - and infection; large - space-occupying lesions; atelectasis; pleural effusion; and pneumothorax
70% occlusion of the airway

14. Spirometry is useful in distinguishing
A pulsatile blood flow - therefore it may be inaccurate in situations that result in peripheral vasoconstriction
Obstructive lung disease from restrictive lung disease
respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - and alveoli
To assess response to treatment

15. Bohr Effect of pH is graphed as
An area of higher concentration to that of a lower concentration passively - with no expenditure of energy
respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - and alveoli
Wheezes - high-pitched - musical sounds - distinct whistling quality
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

16. Which bronchus is wider - shorter - and more vertically placed?
Right
No respiration for > 20 seconds
Dyspnea that awakens the patient several hours after going to sleep
The maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs following a maximal inspiration - performed as rapidly and forcefully as possible

17. Peripheral cyanosis results from
From insufficient cardiac output - obstruction of blood flow - or vasoconstriction due to cold temperature
The right middle lobe
Expiration
A tracing of the lung volume against time in seconds

18. The normal FEV1 /FVC ratio is...
70%
Normal to increased FEV1%
Oxygen (O2)
Right

19. During expiration - thoracic cavity volume decreases - and the intrapulmonary pressure becomes greater than
Altering the respiratory rate and/or the tidal volume
The atmospheric pressure
Inspiration
Portable antero-posterior (AP) view

20. Normal range of PaCO2
Postero-anterior (PA) and lateral view series
A reliable and consistent classification of auditory findings
Fraction (%age) of inspired oxygen
35 to 45 mmHg

21. Coarse crackles result from
Cough
Binding of O2 to Hb
Overcome some of the problems associated with low blood flow to the probe site
Air bubbles flowing through secretions or slightly closed airways during respiration

22. Fine crackles are...
Air bubbles flowing through secretions or slightly closed airways during respiration
Partial pressure of CO2 in the arterial blood
Cough
Soft - high-pitched and crisp

23. Spirometry: The result is stated as
A percentage of predicted values - which are derived from normal individuals grouped by gender - age - and height
Lung volumes - but no difficulty or delay in exhaling what volume they do have
Obstructive lung disease from restrictive lung disease
Expiration

24. The trachea bifurcates into its mainstem bronchi at the level of...
Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
The sternal angle of Louis anteriorly - and the T4 spinous process posteriorly
The total amount of air that can be exhaled following a maximal inhalation
Expiration

25. Tachypnea is an
There is an inverse relationship between pressure and volume
Saturated with oxygen or unsaturated
Increased rate of breathing and is commonly associated with a decrease in tidal volume
2 - each wavelength is partially absorbed by hemoglobin

26. inspiratory reserve
Perfusion
The amount of air that can be inhaled after normal inspiration
Portable antero-posterior (AP) view
Oxygen (O2)

27. Rhonchi occur during
T4 or T5 - and just below the manubrio-sternal joint
Bronchospasm - mucosal edema - or excessive secretions
Heard over the periphery of the lung - are soft - low-pitched sounds - heard throughout inspiration - continue without pause through expiration - fade away about one third of the way through expiration
Either inspiration or expiration

28. The accessory muscles are the...
Air-filled - fluid-filled - or solid
Fraction (%age) of inspired oxygen
Sternocleidomastoid - Scalene Muscles
release of O2 from Hb - as heat is a by-product of metabolism.

29. The lungs are paired - cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity separated By what space?
Mediastinum
Partial pressure of CO2 in the arterial blood
From insufficient cardiac output - obstruction of blood flow - or vasoconstriction due to cold temperature
No

30. PaCO2
Partial pressure of CO2 in the arterial blood
Alveolar and interstitial processes such as edema - fibrosis - and infection; large - space-occupying lesions; atelectasis; pleural effusion; and pneumothorax
The volume of air that is forcefully expired during the first second after a deep breath - or the portion of the FVC exhaled in one second
Tongue

31. Continuous lung sounds occur in the setting of...
Expiratory volume - and there is a prolonged expiratory time
Diffusion
Carboxyhemoglobin
Bronchospasm - mucosal edema - or excessive secretions

32. most important factor that influences the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin
Pleural space
Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)
Dullness replaces resonance
The rib above it

33. Inspiratory stridor indicates
A site of obstruction above the vocal cords (supraglottic or glottic obstruction)
70% occlusion of the airway
'adventitious' breath sounds
Increased Hb-O2 affinity

34. What chest radiography is used for unstable patients or those unable to stand during the X-ray?
2 - each wavelength is partially absorbed by hemoglobin
Normal to increased FEV1%
Portable antero-posterior (AP) view
Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)

35. The muscles of expiration are the...
Internal Intercostals - Internal and External Obliques - Transversus Abdominis
Diaphragm and the intercostal muscles
'crackles' or 'rales'
Left upper lobe

36. The acini consist of the...
Air bubbles flowing through secretions or slightly closed airways during respiration
70% occlusion of the airway
respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - and alveoli
Blood to the alveoli

37. Examples of restrictive disease
No respiration for > 20 seconds
Observing the pattern of breathing
Alveolar and interstitial processes such as edema - fibrosis - and infection; large - space-occupying lesions; atelectasis; pleural effusion; and pneumothorax
Increased work of breathing

38. Pulse oximetry limitations: what may be misinterpreted as oxygenated hemoglobin?
Carboxyhemoglobin
The sternal angle of Louis anteriorly - and the T4 spinous process posteriorly
35 to 45 mmHg
Louder and higher in pitch - with a short silence between inspiratory and expiratory sounds - the expiratory phase lasting longer than inspiratory phase

39. Coarse crackles are heard in
right & left
Pneumonia - obstructive lung disease - and late pulmonary edema
release of O2 from Hb - as heat is a by-product of metabolism.
respiratory rate and rhythm - the depth of breathing - and the relative amount of time spent in inspiration and expiration

40. Auscultation of the chest depends on...
Vesicular breath sounds - Bronchiovesicular breath sounds - Bronchial breath sounds
Decreased pressure
A reliable and consistent classification of auditory findings
70% occlusion of the airway

41. The upper airway accounts For what % of airway resistance?
Upper respiratory obstruction - usually in the trachea or larynx
Binding of O2 to Hb
50%
respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - and alveoli

42. Nitroglycerin applied to the probe area has been reported to...
Portable antero-posterior (AP) view
Overcome some of the problems associated with low blood flow to the probe site
Brief - discrete - non-musical sounds with a popping quality
results in a lower than normal FEV1%

43. The tracheo-bronchial tree is a tubular system that provides a pathway for
Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)
Obstruction below the vocal cords (subglottic or tracheal obstruction)
5 years - to detect obstruction and determine its reversibility
Air to move from the upper airway to the farthest alveolar reaches

44. office-based spirometry is recommended for patients as young as
The sternal angle of Louis anteriorly - and the T4 spinous process posteriorly
5 years - to detect obstruction and determine its reversibility
Saturated with oxygen or unsaturated
Expiratory volume - and there is a prolonged expiratory time

45. The most reliable site for detecting central cyanosis is the...
Tongue
The sternal angle of Louis anteriorly - and the T4 spinous process posteriorly
A tracing of the lung volume against time in seconds
Air bubbles flowing through secretions or slightly closed airways during respiration

46. Rhonchi frequently clear after
The amount of air that can be inhaled after normal inspiration
Cough
respiratory rate and rhythm - the depth of breathing - and the relative amount of time spent in inspiration and expiration
require supplemental oxygenation and possibly ABG analysis

47. Abnormal lung sounds are classified as
Either continuous or discontinuous
reduced in size - compared with a normal curve - due to lower lung volume
An area of higher concentration to that of a lower concentration passively - with no expenditure of energy
Keep the body adequately supplied with oxygen and protected from excess accumulation of carbon dioxide

48. The use of accessory muscles (contraction of the sternocleidomastoid or supraclavicular muscles during inspiration) indicates
T4 or T5 - and just below the manubrio-sternal joint
The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each resting breath during normal - quiet breathing
Increased work of breathing
A reduction in lung capacity - secondary to scarring or extraneous material

49. Which lung has a horizontal fissure?
'crackles' or 'rales'
Interstitial diseases or early pulmonary edema
Portable antero-posterior (AP) view
right

50. Cyanosis is caused by
Increased amounts of unsaturated hemoglobin in capillary blood
Louder and higher in pitch - with a short silence between inspiratory and expiratory sounds - the expiratory phase lasting longer than inspiratory phase
The maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs following a maximal inspiration - performed as rapidly and forcefully as possible
Hypoventilation or modest changes in the PaO2