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Pulmonology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Respiration involves
There is an inverse relationship between pressure and volume
Ventilation - Diffusion - Perfusion
'scooped out' or bowl-shaped
Decreased pressure

2. The normal FEV1 /FVC ratio is...
70%
Continuous lung sound - lower-pitched - snoring sounds - may have a gurgling quality
Lowered carbon dioxide level - results from hyperventilation
The atmospheric pressure

3. Flow-Volume Curve: On a normal graph - the flow-volume curve is...
The gas in the conducting airways does not participate in alveolar exchange
35 to 45 mmHg
An area of higher concentration to that of a lower concentration passively - with no expenditure of energy
Shaped like a sail - rising rapidly to a sharp peak - then descending in a straight line at about a 45˚ angle

4. Spirometry is useful in distinguishing
10 to 11 cm long and about 2 cm in diameter
release of O2 from Hb
Sternocleidomastoid - Scalene Muscles
Obstructive lung disease from restrictive lung disease

5. expiratory reserve
A series of tiny explosions when small airways - deflated during expiration - pop open during inspiration
The amount of air that can be exhaled after expiration
While ascultating remote from the bronchi & larynx - the examiner can hear the speaking pts laryngeal (bronchial) sounds - while not being able to distinguish the words
500 to 800 mL

6. Bohr Effect of pH: left shift
Wheezes - high-pitched - musical sounds - distinct whistling quality
Increased Hb-O2 affinity
Perfusion
Spirometry

7. office-based spirometry is recommended for patients as young as
Altering the respiratory rate and/or the tidal volume
5 years - to detect obstruction and determine its reversibility
Obstructive lung disease from restrictive lung disease
Internal Intercostals - Internal and External Obliques - Transversus Abdominis

8. What may prevent cyanosis from appearing?
Observing the pattern of breathing
Inspiration
Anemia - since the oxygen saturation at which cyanosis becomes clinically apparent is a function of hemoglobin concentration
A pulsatile blood flow - therefore it may be inaccurate in situations that result in peripheral vasoconstriction

9. At rest - the use of accessory muscles is a sign of...
Keep the body adequately supplied with oxygen and protected from excess accumulation of carbon dioxide
Increased rate of breathing and is commonly associated with a decrease in tidal volume
Significant pulmonary impairment
The amount of air that can be inhaled after normal inspiration

10. forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)
Altering the respiratory rate and/or the tidal volume
Narrowed nearly to the point of closure
Louder - lower-pitched - and slightly longer in duration
The volume of air that is forcefully expired during the first second after a deep breath - or the portion of the FVC exhaled in one second

11. During inspiration the diaphragm
Pulse oximetry
No
Terminal - and ultimately into respiratory bronchioles so small that each is associated with one acinus
Contracts

12. Factors that influence the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin
Alveolar and interstitial processes such as edema - fibrosis - and infection; large - space-occupying lesions; atelectasis; pleural effusion; and pneumothorax
To assess response to treatment
Cough
Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) - Bohr effect of pH - Temperature

13. residual volume
Saturated with oxygen or unsaturated
Lung volumes - but no difficulty or delay in exhaling what volume they do have
Contracts
The volume of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration that cannot be exhaled due to the limit of elasticity - or because of the trapping of air in disease states

14. high CO2 = high acidity =
Air bubbles flowing through secretions or slightly closed airways during respiration
release of O2 from Hb
Bronchospasm - mucosal edema - or excessive secretions
Lowered carbon dioxide level - results from hyperventilation

15. Which lung has an oblique fissure?
70% occlusion of the airway
Louder - lower-pitched - and slightly longer in duration
Increased work of breathing
right & left

16. With restrictive disease - the flow-volume curve is...
A good effort
The gas in the conducting airways does not participate in alveolar exchange
reduced in size - compared with a normal curve - due to lower lung volume
A series of tiny explosions when small airways - deflated during expiration - pop open during inspiration

17. total lung capacity (TLC)
Heard over the periphery of the lung - are soft - low-pitched sounds - heard throughout inspiration - continue without pause through expiration - fade away about one third of the way through expiration
Immediate oxygenation with or without intubation
Blue or bluish-gray discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes
The total amount of air in the lungs at the end of a maximal inhalation

18. A means of measuring the movement of air into and out of the lungs during various breathing maneuvers
Binding of O2 to Hb
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
Pneumonia - obstructive lung disease - and late pulmonary edema
Spirometry

19. Airway resistance refers to...
Insufficient oxygenation of hemoglobin in the lungs
Pressure required to drive air through the airways
The amount of air that can be inhaled after normal inspiration
Soft - high-pitched and crisp

20. 20.95% Atmospheric Composition
Pressure required to drive air through the airways
Saturated with oxygen or unsaturated
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli
Oxygen (O2)

21. A normal volume-time curve rises
quickly - usually reaching a plateau within 6.0 seconds
The total amount of air in the lungs at the end of a maximal inhalation
Contracts
Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)

22. PAO2
right & left
Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli
Terminal - and ultimately into respiratory bronchioles so small that each is associated with one acinus
Inflammation of the adjacent parietal pleura

23. The volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of normal expiration is called the...
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
No respiration for > 20 seconds
The amount of air that can be inhaled after normal inspiration
Immediate oxygenation with or without intubation

24. Continuous lung sounds occur when air flows rapidly through bronchi that are...
Narrowed nearly to the point of closure
PaCO2
Heard over the periphery of the lung - are soft - low-pitched sounds - heard throughout inspiration - continue without pause through expiration - fade away about one third of the way through expiration
results in a lower than normal FEV1%

25. Spirometry normal range
While ascultating remote from the bronchi & larynx - the examiner can hear the speaking pts laryngeal (bronchial) sounds - while not being able to distinguish the words
Either inspiration or expiration
80 to 120% of predicted value
Increased minute volume ventilation - which results in a lowered carbon dioxide level

26. Patients with obstructive disease have normal
Bicarbonate
Pneumonia - obstructive lung disease - and late pulmonary edema
Lung volumes - but find it difficult to exhale rapidly
A percentage of predicted values - which are derived from normal individuals grouped by gender - age - and height

27. hypocapnia
The amount of air that can be exhaled after expiration
respiration
Lowered carbon dioxide level - results from hyperventilation
Diffusion

28. Cyanosis is caused by
Increased amounts of unsaturated hemoglobin in capillary blood
70% occlusion of the airway
No
PaCO2

29. Does lung tissue have pain fibers?
70%
No
A tracing of the lung volume against time in seconds
To assess response to treatment

30. the process by which gases in the alveoli and the blood exchange by way of the alveolar-capillary membrane
Shaped like a sail - rising rapidly to a sharp peak - then descending in a straight line at about a 45˚ angle
Diffusion
Increase the intrathoracic space
A site of obstruction above the vocal cords (supraglottic or glottic obstruction)

31. PaO2
Vesicular breath sounds - Bronchiovesicular breath sounds - Bronchial breath sounds
A series of tiny explosions when small airways - deflated during expiration - pop open during inspiration
Partial pressure of O2 in the arterial blood
The rib above it

32. Auscultation of the chest depends on...
Inspiration
A reliable and consistent classification of auditory findings
Diffusion
Carboxyhemoglobin

33. The external intercostal muscles increase the antero-posterior chest diameter during
Inspiration
Heard over the periphery of the lung - are soft - low-pitched sounds - heard throughout inspiration - continue without pause through expiration - fade away about one third of the way through expiration
Inflammation of the adjacent parietal pleura
Right

34. the lingula is analogous to...
The total amount of air that can be exhaled following a maximal inhalation
The right middle lobe
80 to 120% of predicted value
reduced in size - compared with a normal curve - due to lower lung volume

35. The best indicator of adequate ventilation is the...
Pulse oximetry
PaCO2
Ventilation - Diffusion - Perfusion
Sternocleidomastoid - Scalene Muscles

36. Tachypnea is an
Brief - discrete - non-musical sounds with a popping quality
The rib above it
80 to 120% of predicted value
Increased rate of breathing and is commonly associated with a decrease in tidal volume

37. increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity by flattening the diaphragm and elevating the ribs
release of O2 from Hb
release of O2 from Hb - as heat is a by-product of metabolism.
Brief - discrete - non-musical sounds with a popping quality
Inspiration

38. vital capacity (VC)
Saturated with oxygen or unsaturated
The total amount of air that can be exhaled following a maximal inhalation
require supplemental oxygenation and possibly ABG analysis
Fraction (%age) of inspired oxygen

39. Coarse crackles are heard in
Decreased pressure
Pneumonia - obstructive lung disease - and late pulmonary edema
Fraction (%age) of inspired oxygen
A pulsatile blood flow - therefore it may be inaccurate in situations that result in peripheral vasoconstriction

40. Continuous lung sounds
A percentage of predicted values - which are derived from normal individuals grouped by gender - age - and height
Wheezes - high-pitched - musical sounds - distinct whistling quality
Expiratory volume - and there is a prolonged expiratory time
Inspiration

41. pain in lung conditions usually arises from
Fraction (%age) of inspired oxygen
Inflammation of the adjacent parietal pleura
Dyspnea that awakens the patient several hours after going to sleep
Decreased Hb-O2 affinity

42. The main bronchi are divided into smaller branches that begin to subdivide into
A reliable and consistent classification of auditory findings
Expiration
Portable antero-posterior (AP) view
Terminal - and ultimately into respiratory bronchioles so small that each is associated with one acinus

43. Abnormal lung sounds are classified as
Immediate oxygenation with or without intubation
Either continuous or discontinuous
Increased minute volume ventilation - which results in a lowered carbon dioxide level
Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

44. terminal respiratory unit
70%
Acinus
There is an inverse relationship between pressure and volume
respiration

45. 78.08% Atmospheric Composition
A series of tiny explosions when small airways - deflated during expiration - pop open during inspiration
Nitrogen
Cough
Ventilation

46. Continuous lung sounds occur in the setting of...
80%
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli
Bronchospasm - mucosal edema - or excessive secretions
T4 or T5 - and just below the manubrio-sternal joint

47. normal adult tidal volume
Wheezes - high-pitched - musical sounds - distinct whistling quality
500 to 800 mL
35 to 45 mmHg
Perfusion

48. Restrictive disease refers to...
Spirometry in the diagnosis - severity staging - and monitoring of these conditions
Speed of airflow - the higher the flow - the greater the resistance
Bronchospasm - mucosal edema - or excessive secretions
A reduction in lung capacity - secondary to scarring or extraneous material

49. Oxygen moves from the...
Portable antero-posterior (AP) view
Excessive secretions and abnormal airway collapsibility
The ratio of the FEV1 to the forced vital capacity - and it is expressed as a percentage (FEV1%)
Alveoli to the blood

50. Coarse crackles result from
Bicarbonate
Air bubbles flowing through secretions or slightly closed airways during respiration
results in a lower than normal FEV1%
respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - and alveoli