Test your basic knowledge |

Pulmonology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Continuous lung sounds occur in the setting of...
Bronchospasm - mucosal edema - or excessive secretions
The total amount of air in the lungs at the end of a maximal inhalation
Dullness replaces resonance
5 years - to detect obstruction and determine its reversibility

2. The primary muscles of respiration are the...
Ventilation - Diffusion - Perfusion
The gas in the conducting airways does not participate in alveolar exchange
Diaphragm and the intercostal muscles
Soft - high-pitched and crisp

3. Carbon dioxide moves from the...
Blood to the alveoli
Either inspiration or expiration
Partial pressure of CO2 in the arterial blood
Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

4. The external intercostal muscles increase the antero-posterior chest diameter during
Terminal - and ultimately into respiratory bronchioles so small that each is associated with one acinus
Inside of the thoracic cavity wall and the upper surface of the diaphragm
Inspiration
Dyspnea that awakens the patient several hours after going to sleep

5. Cyanosis is caused by
Either continuous or discontinuous
Increased amounts of unsaturated hemoglobin in capillary blood
The negative logarithm of hydrogen ions in the blood
A reliable and consistent classification of auditory findings

6. At rest - the use of accessory muscles is a sign of...
Sternocleidomastoid - Scalene Muscles
Significant pulmonary impairment
Pleural space
While ascultating remote from the bronchi & larynx - the examiner can hear the speaking pts laryngeal (bronchial) sounds - while not being able to distinguish the words

7. a visible and palpable angulation of the sternum - and the point at which the second rib articulates with the sternum
right
Manubrio-sternal junction (angle of Louis)
Blue or bluish-gray discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes
A sensor placed over a translucent area of arterial pulsation

8. Spirometry plots
require supplemental oxygenation and possibly ABG analysis
A tracing of the lung volume against time in seconds
There is an inverse relationship between pressure and volume
Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)

9. Oximetry readings of < 94%
2 - each wavelength is partially absorbed by hemoglobin
Louder - lower-pitched - and slightly longer in duration
require supplemental oxygenation and possibly ABG analysis
Binding of O2 to Hb

10. Rhonchi occur during
Expiration
Either inspiration or expiration
Oxygen (O2)
Internal Intercostals - Internal and External Obliques - Transversus Abdominis

11. Percussion helps you establish whether the underlying tissues are...
The spoken sound 'ee' as in 'bee' is heard by the ascultator as the 'a' in 'bay'
release of O2 from Hb
respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - and alveoli
Air-filled - fluid-filled - or solid

12. Chest Radiography: The most common chest X-ray series is the...
Narrowed nearly to the point of closure
Postero-anterior (PA) and lateral view series
Dullness replaces resonance
Continuous lung sound - lower-pitched - snoring sounds - may have a gurgling quality

13. Cyanosis
right and left mainstem bronchi
Oxygen (O2)
Blue or bluish-gray discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes
The volume of air that is forcefully expired during the first second after a deep breath - or the portion of the FVC exhaled in one second

14. the lingula is analogous to...
Number of pillows the patient uses for sleeping - or by the fact that the patient needs to sleep sitting up
The right middle lobe
Upper respiratory obstruction - usually in the trachea or larynx
reduced in size - compared with a normal curve - due to lower lung volume

15. pain in lung conditions usually arises from
Expiration
Inflammation of the adjacent parietal pleura
No respiration for > 20 seconds
Left upper lobe

16. Which bronchus is wider - shorter - and more vertically placed?
Right
There is an inverse relationship between pressure and volume
Observing the pattern of breathing
70% occlusion of the airway

17. Hyperventilation is defined as
Air to move from the upper airway to the farthest alveolar reaches
Insufficient oxygenation of hemoglobin in the lungs
Either inspiration or expiration
Increased minute volume ventilation - which results in a lowered carbon dioxide level

18. The trachea is how long/wide?
10 to 11 cm long and about 2 cm in diameter
Oxygen (O2)
Inflammation of the adjacent parietal pleura
Shaped like a sail - rising rapidly to a sharp peak - then descending in a straight line at about a 45˚ angle

19. The trachea bifurcates into its mainstem bronchi at the level of...
respiration
Acinus
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
The sternal angle of Louis anteriorly - and the T4 spinous process posteriorly

20. The circulatory system transport of oxygen to - and carbon dioxide from - the peripheral tissues
Acinus
Perfusion
Sternocleidomastoid - Scalene Muscles
The ratio of the FEV1 to the forced vital capacity - and it is expressed as a percentage (FEV1%)

21. The internal intercostals decrease the transverse diameter of the chest during
Graphic representations of the patient's efforts in the form of a flow-volume curve and a volume-time curve
Immediate oxygenation with or without intubation
Expiration
Postero-anterior (PA) and lateral view series

22. Normal range of PaCO2
35 to 45 mmHg
Expiration
Cough
50%

23. Spirometry normal range
Increase the intrathoracic space
A good effort
A site of obstruction above the vocal cords (supraglottic or glottic obstruction)
80 to 120% of predicted value

24. The upper airway accounts For what % of airway resistance?
50%
Normal to increased FEV1%
Binding of O2 to Hb
Upper respiratory obstruction - usually in the trachea or larynx

25. tidal volume (Vt)
Increased amounts of unsaturated hemoglobin in capillary blood
The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each resting breath during normal - quiet breathing
While ascultating remote from the bronchi & larynx - the examiner can hear the speaking pts laryngeal (bronchial) sounds - while not being able to distinguish the words
Internal Intercostals - Internal and External Obliques - Transversus Abdominis

26. the process by which gases in the alveoli and the blood exchange by way of the alveolar-capillary membrane
Pulse oximetry
Diffusion
'scooped out' or bowl-shaped
Partial pressure of CO2 in the arterial blood

27. What occurs passively as muscles relax?
respiration
Postero-anterior (PA) and lateral view series
Expiration
Blood to the alveoli

28. The acini consist of the...
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - and alveoli
Either inspiration or expiration
Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) - Bohr effect of pH - Temperature

29. Bohr Effect of pH: right shift
Binding of O2 to Hb
Speed of airflow - the higher the flow - the greater the resistance
Decreased Hb-O2 affinity
Increased rate of breathing and is commonly associated with a decrease in tidal volume

30. Discontinuous lung sounds are...
The atmospheric pressure
Dyspnea that awakens the patient several hours after going to sleep
Outer surface of each lung
Brief - discrete - non-musical sounds with a popping quality

31. FEV1% in obstructive disease
Inside of the thoracic cavity wall and the upper surface of the diaphragm
Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli
PaCO2
results in a lower than normal FEV1%

32. PaCO2
Partial pressure of CO2 in the arterial blood
Louder - lower-pitched - and slightly longer in duration
Binding of O2 to Hb
Alveoli to the blood

33. The purpose of respiration is to...
Nitrogen
Keep the body adequately supplied with oxygen and protected from excess accumulation of carbon dioxide
Elasticity of the lung - reflects a measure of the ease of its distension - or the volume change resulting from the application of a pressure differential
Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

34. hypocapnia
Lowered carbon dioxide level - results from hyperventilation
50%
PaO2 is less than 40 mm Hg - and the unsaturated hemoglobin is 5 grams/dL
Manubrio-sternal junction (angle of Louis)

35. What change occurs when fluid or solid tissue replaces air-containing lung or occupies the pleural space beneath your percussing fingers?
Dyspnea that awakens the patient several hours after going to sleep
The spoken sound 'ee' as in 'bee' is heard by the ascultator as the 'a' in 'bay'
Dullness replaces resonance
The right middle lobe

36. A normal volume-time curve rises
respiratory rate and rhythm - the depth of breathing - and the relative amount of time spent in inspiration and expiration
respiration
quickly - usually reaching a plateau within 6.0 seconds
Diffusion

37. Expiratory stridor indicates
Obstruction below the vocal cords (subglottic or tracheal obstruction)
35 to 45 mmHg
Dyspnea that awakens the patient several hours after going to sleep
Lowered carbon dioxide level - results from hyperventilation

38. office-based spirometry is recommended for patients as young as
5 years - to detect obstruction and determine its reversibility
Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli
Larger airways
Obstructive lung disease from restrictive lung disease

39. Fine crackles are heard in
release of O2 from Hb - as heat is a by-product of metabolism.
50%
Interstitial diseases or early pulmonary edema
Increased rate of breathing and is commonly associated with a decrease in tidal volume

40. Continuous lung sounds often audible at the...
The examiner can clearly distinguish the word that the pt speak or whispers
Inspiratory and expiratory sounds - about equal in length - sometimes separated by a silent interval
70% occlusion of the airway
Mouth as well as through the chest wall

41. Examples of restrictive disease
The total amount of air that can be exhaled following a maximal inhalation
Alveolar and interstitial processes such as edema - fibrosis - and infection; large - space-occupying lesions; atelectasis; pleural effusion; and pneumothorax
Pneumonia - obstructive lung disease - and late pulmonary edema
Diffusion

42. The interspace between two ribs (intercostal space) is numbered by
The rib above it
Air bubbles flowing through secretions or slightly closed airways during respiration
A good effort
Right

43. normal subjects expel approximately how much of the FVC in the 1st second?
While ascultating remote from the bronchi & larynx - the examiner can hear the speaking pts laryngeal (bronchial) sounds - while not being able to distinguish the words
80%
The right middle lobe
Obstructive lung disease from restrictive lung disease

44. The accessory muscles are the...
Sternocleidomastoid - Scalene Muscles
10 to 11 cm long and about 2 cm in diameter
Increased work of breathing
Right

45. PAO2
The rib above it
Altering the respiratory rate and/or the tidal volume
Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli
Louder and higher in pitch - with a short silence between inspiratory and expiratory sounds - the expiratory phase lasting longer than inspiratory phase

46. gas exchange across the alveolar-pulmonary capillary membranes
require supplemental oxygenation and possibly ABG analysis
A reduction in lung capacity - secondary to scarring or extraneous material
Diffusion
Diaphragm - External Intercostals

47. Coarse crackles result from
Shaped like a sail - rising rapidly to a sharp peak - then descending in a straight line at about a 45˚ angle
Air bubbles flowing through secretions or slightly closed airways during respiration
The ratio of the FEV1 to the forced vital capacity - and it is expressed as a percentage (FEV1%)
Left upper lobe

48. The trachea divides into
'scooped out' or bowl-shaped
A tracing of the lung volume against time in seconds
right and left mainstem bronchi
Inspiratory and expiratory sounds - about equal in length - sometimes separated by a silent interval

49. The normal FEV1 /FVC ratio is...
A good effort
reduced in size - compared with a normal curve - due to lower lung volume
respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - and alveoli
70%

50. The presence of pressure gradients causes respiratory gases to move from
From insufficient cardiac output - obstruction of blood flow - or vasoconstriction due to cold temperature
The volume of air that is forcefully expired during the first second after a deep breath - or the portion of the FVC exhaled in one second
An area of higher concentration to that of a lower concentration passively - with no expenditure of energy
Normal to increased FEV1%