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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How many impulses are in .25 seconds
Lead
Sv & Rem
15 impulses
Step-wedge or test film

2. What is the proper patient position for BW's?
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Extra oral
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
Filtration and collimation

3. How often must you replenish the solutions in an automatic processor
Step-wedge or test film
Central ray
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
15 impulses

4. What are occlusal radiographs used to diagnose
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Insufficient or improper washing
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit

5. What PPE should be worn when exposing radiographs
Far object-image receptor distance
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
Eyewear - mask - and gown
Tori

6. What device is used to check quality of processing chemicals
Step-wedge or test film
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
No. 3
Insufficient vertical angulation

7. What is the term to describe the overall blackness of a radiograph
1/4 as intense
Density
Patient positioned too far to the left
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time

8. What is characteristic radiation
Increase the exposure time
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
No exposure - or fixer before developer
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom

9. What is penumbra
Lateral cephalometric
Shadow around the tooth
Remove silver
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is

10. Size film used for BW on adults
#2
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Patient positioning

11. What happens in the fixer
2.75 inches
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight

12. How far from the work surface must the safelight be mounted
4 feet
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms

13. What is scatter radiation
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
Aluminum
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths

14. What causes elongation
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Excessive vertical angulation
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Insufficient vertical angulation

15. What is a large dose of radiation given over a short period of time
Ionization
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Short-term dose

16. How often should an FMS be taken on an adult with no significant medical history
Mand occlusal
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
Premature contact with developer

17. when should radiographs be taken on a pregnant patient
#2
2.75 inch
Far object-image receptor distance
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery

18. What are the short term effects of radiation exposure
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
2.75 inches
#4
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss

19. Film submerged totally in fixer but not in developer
Short-term dose
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
Cut exposure time by 1/3

20. How are x-rays formed in the tubehead
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
1.5 mm
decrease mA & time

21. Proper patient positiong for paralleling

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22. What is the purpose of collimation
Reduce size and shape of beam
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
5 min

23. What factors affect the sharpness of the radiographic image
Vertical BW
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
X-ray and heat
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices

24. when manually processing dental film - you notice the temp. has gotten warmer as the day progressed. How should the developing time be changed?
Didn't push button completely
50 mSv (5rem)
Soft tissue - air space
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease

25. if the kVp is increased from 75-90 - What must be done to achieve a radiograph of comparible density
decrease mA & time
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth

26. How does the reproductive capacity of a cell correlate with radiosensitivity
Blue light sensitive films
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
.25 mm
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation

27. How does film speed correlate with definition and detail?
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Before fixing
5 mSv or .5 REM
Insufficient or improper washing

28. When interpreting radiographs - you notice a radiopaque extension or spur off the proximal surface of #30. What do you think this is?
Positioning the arches too far foward
Density
The mental ridge
Central ray

29. What anatomical structures appear radiopaque on a dental radiograph
Mandibular occlusal
Original - undeflected - useful beam
#0
Enamel - dentin - and bone

30. You notice on a PANO that the ant. teeth appear narrow and out of focus. What caused this
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
PANO
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen

31. What causes overlapping
Step-wedge or test film
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
#4
Before fixing

32. Max premolar anatomy
Filtration and collimation
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Max. sinus - zygoma

33. What is the best method of reducing radiation to the patient
As far as practical
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed

34. What are filters made out of...
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
Aluminum
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Negative

35. What looking at manually processed films - you notice small black spots on the films. What caused those spots?
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Occlucal
Film badges
Gelatin and silver halide crystals

36. What is reticulation
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
#4
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals

37. when viewing a molar BW - What should be on the distal of the film
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Sv & Rem
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away

38. Your dentist asks you to take a FMS on a 65 yr old edentulous patient. How many exposures will you take? which exposures are not necessary? What intraoral technique will you use? What might be better than a FMS?
Erythema
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Occlucal
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS

39. when taking a radiograph - you pulls the cone out about 6 inches from the patient's face. What is the result
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Long-term dose
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Increase the area of radiation exposure

40. What is the purpose of the embossed dot

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41. How does kVp affect patient exposure
Higher kVp = low exposure
Air space and soft tissues
#0
Mand occlusal

42. What would cause a properly exposed film to appear dark?
Max. sinus - zygoma
No. 0
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting

43. What determines the speed of dental films?
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Not centered on sensor
Remove silver
Parallel

44. What is the earliest sign of radiation exposure
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Erythema
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
MRI

45. Max. centrals anatomy
Positioning the arches too far foward
4 feet
Blue tinted polyester acetate
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen

46. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Tori
6 ft

47. What type of safelight filter is acceptable
GBX - 2
Short
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Remove silver

48. an insurance company requests a patient's radiographs when examining a dental clain. you only have one copy of the radiographs. What should you do
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Shadow around the tooth

49. How often are BW taken on children with high risk
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Every 6 mths
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
#2

50. What is the max. permissable fose for radiation workers in systeme interventional units
MRI
50 mSv (5rem)
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times

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Radiology 2

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