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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is characteristic radiation
Filtration and collimation
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices

2. How does reducing exposure to the patient benefit the operator
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
Roentgen
Short
5 mSv or .5 REM

3. How does resolutiong and detial of a panoramic radiograph compare with that of PA's and BW's
No. 3
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Film placed backwards

4. when taking a radiograph - you pulls the cone out about 6 inches from the patient's face. What is the result
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Increase the area of radiation exposure
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass

5. What 3 types of cells are most radiosensitive
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
1/6th of a second
Mand occlusal
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells

6. What is the earliest sign of radiation exposure
Every 4 weeks
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Erythema

7. How does film speed correlate with definition and detail?
Left side
Faster film = lower definition and detail
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F

8. What would cause a film to be too dark
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
#4
Every 6 mths
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting

9. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the central beam be directed
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
BW
#1

10. Mand central anatomy
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen

11. What anatomical structures appear radiolucent on a dental radiograph
6 ft
Air space and soft tissues
As low as reasonably achievable
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen

12. when manually processing dental film - you notice the temp. has gotten warmer as the day progressed. How should the developing time be changed?
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety

13. total filtration required of x-ray machines that operate above 70 kVp
15 impulses
Filament
2.5 mm
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas

14. What must be done to xray fixer priod to disposal
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Remove silver
Increase the exposure time

15. if the source-object distance is cut from 16 to 8 - What must be changed to compensate
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
1/6th of a second
15 impulses
Chin down

16. What is the most important step in panoramic radiography
50 mSv or 5 REM
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Patient positioning

17. How is vertical angulation established with the paralleling technique
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
#4
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe

18. What projection would you take for a patient complaining of pain in the lower left molar area
Parallel
Left molar PA
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
10 min (dbl the development time)

19. What Size film is 15/16 x 1 9/16
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
No. 1

20. What type PID significantly reduces exposure to the patient
Rectangular collimations
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density

21. What is the term to describe the overall blackness of a radiograph
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Patient positioned too far to the left
Density
6 ft

22. What causes conecut
Not centered on sensor
#2
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)

23. What is the collimator made out of...
Lead
Long-term dose
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
Document patient's refusal and have them sign

24. your dentist recommends that a patient have xrays taken - bu the patient refuses. What should be done

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25. you change you kVp from 90 to 70 and leave all other factors the same. What is the result
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
Excessive vertical angulation
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss

26. What is reticulation
Roentgen
Insufficient vertical angulation
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions

27. Size film used for anterior PA's for patients with narrow arches
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
#1
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present

28. What must a patient remove before taking a PANO
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Move farther from the radiation
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)

29. What control factors effect contrast
Far object-image receptor distance
KVp
Soft tissue - air space
Move farther from the radiation

30. What size bulb is used in safelight
7 1/2 or 15 watt
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis

31. What would cause increased magnification - decreased resolution and edge sharpness
Long-term dose
68 degrees F
Every 4 weeks
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance

32. What are common sources of background radiation
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)

33. which projection is used to view sinuses
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
PANO
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Cathode - filament - focusing cup

34. you notice that the xrays you process are becoming successively lighter than the quality control film you compare it to. What should you do
As close as possible
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Density

35. What Size film is used to take a BW on a 3 yr. old
#4
Quantum of energy
#2
#0

36. On a mandibular molar PA - Where is the mylohoid ridge located
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Short
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms

37. What film is used to diagnose interproximal decay
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
BW
As low as reasonably achievable

38. What is the purpose of the lead foil?
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
Focal spot
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging

39. How long is the final rinse
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
20 min
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Faster film = lower definition and detail

40. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the film be placed in relation to the tooth?
Nerve - brain - muscle
Rectangular collimations
Parallel
GBX - 2

41. In which area of the tooth is interproximal caries often seen
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
X-ray and heat
BW

42. What is the name for the part of the target that is struck by electrons
No exposure - or fixer before developer
Focal spot
Filtration and collimation
Perpendicular to the tooth and film

43. when viewing a molar BW - What should be on the distal of the film
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Every 6 mths
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the

44. What parts of the x-ray machine are included in the anode circuit
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Panoramic cape
Film placed backwards

45. What can be done to prevent air bubbles from being trapped on the surface of films during manual processing
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Gray & Rad
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Before fixing

46. What would happen to a film that is placed in the fixer prior to development
Positioning the arches too far foward
20 seconds
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)

47. In the darkroom - you unwrap a film and place a coin on top of the film for several minutes. when you process the film - you notice a slight - well-defined white circle on the film. What does this mean?
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
2.75 inch
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots

48. What type of projection is used to visualize the crestol alveolar bone on a patient with moderate to severe bone loss
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
Vertical BW
Eyewear - mask - and gown
Increase the area of radiation exposure

49. What are filters made out of...
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
Aluminum
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
Shadow around the tooth

50. 3 film holding devices used for bisecting
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
No. 0
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Original - undeflected - useful beam

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Radiology 2

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