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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Film submerged totally in fixer but not in developer
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
Far object-image receptor distance
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Rectangular collimations

2. What causes missing crowns
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Excessive vertical angulation
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging

3. When viewing a periapical radiograph - you notice that the image of the tooth is extremely long and well defined; However the apices are missing. What technique was used to take the radiograph? What caused the roots to appear long?
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Lead
Doesn't matter
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate

4. What type lead apron should be used when taking PANO radiographs
MA & time
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
Panoramic cape

5. What is the purpose of taking radiographs of an edentulous patient
Increase the area of radiation exposure
10 min (dbl the development time)
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting

6. How does reducing exposure to the patient benefit the operator
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
Max. sinus - zygoma

7. Size film used for BW on adults
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
Filtration and collimation
#1
#2

8. What part of the x-ray machine is responsible for providing the electrons
Filament
Every 4 weeks
KVp
Incorrect horrizontal angulation

9. You process a set of BW's in the automatic processor. three of the BW's are of good quality - but fourth is completely blank. What probably caused this?
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
2.75 inch

10. What controls the speed with which the electrons travel from the cathode to the anode
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
Nerve - brain - muscle
KVp
Film badges

11. when viewing a PANO - you notice that a lot of spine sHows on both side of the film - What caused this
Quantum of energy
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
Positioning the arches too far foward

12. What type film is faster - intraoral or extraoral
Mandibular occlusal
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Extra oral

13. How are x-rays formed in the tubehead
Doesn't matter
1/3-1/2
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam

14. What 2 unites are used to measure biologic effect and dose equivalent
Sv & Rem
#2
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam

15. What is the area of the skull that is in focus on a pano

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16. desired thickness of lead apron
.25 mm
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
#0

17. What radiographs are used to locate a salivary stone in the submandibular duct
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Mandibular occlusal
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant

18. What is thermionic emission
50 mSv (5rem)
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)

19. 3 film holding devices used for paralleling
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Quantum of energy
KVp
Document patient's refusal and have them sign

20. your dentist recommends that a patient have xrays taken - bu the patient refuses. What should be done

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21. What is scatter radiation
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation

22. What types of cells must be effected in order for mutation to occur
Evidence based selection criteria
Genetic cells
Faster film = lower definition and detail
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom

23. your film badge report sHows that you have received a small amt. of radiation. What should you do
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Rectangular collimation
Scatter/secondary radition

24. What causes elongation
Insufficient vertical angulation
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
#0
As low as reasonably achievable

25. How is vertical angulation established with the bisecting technique
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Dentin - enamel - bone
Excessive vertical angulation

26. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the film be placed in relation to the tooth?
Parallel
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Vertical BW

27. Difference b/w direct and indirect exposure sensor?
Negative
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
5(n-18)

28. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the central beam be directed
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
#1
Original - undeflected - useful beam

29. What exposure is taken to determine jaw relationships in ortho treatment planning
Lateral cephalometric
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Quantum of energy
Every 6 mths

30. According to principles of shadow casting - preferred source-object distance
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
Occlucal
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
As far as practical

31. What is a large dose of radiation given over a short period of time
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Short-term dose
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis

32. What factors affect the sharpness of the radiographic image
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Insufficient or improper washing
Lateral cephalometric
20 min

33. when viewing a PANO - you notice that the right TMJ is magnified - bu the left TMJ is normal. What caused this error
Patient positioned too far to the left
Aluminum
Density
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells

34. which radiographic technique records the most accurate image of crowns - roots - and supporting structures in a selected area?
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Lateral cephalometric
15 impulses
25

35. What is the most important step in panoramic radiography
Patient positioning
Filtration and collimation
4 feet
MA & time

36. you notice that a radiograph taken several months ago is brown and spotted. What happened
20 min
Genetic cells
Insufficient or improper washing
Mandibular occlusal

37. What must a patient remove before taking a PANO
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Blue tinted polyester acetate
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
As far as practical

38. What is the source-skin distance of x-ray machine that operates at 75 kVp
Left side
8-16 inches
Genetic cells
No exposure - or fixer before developer

39. What are automatic processors faster than manual processing?
PANO
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Insufficient or improper washing
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time

40. who discovered x-rays
Roentgen
Occlucal
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner

41. According to the principles of shadow casting - preferred object-film distance
As close as possible
Gray & Rad
15 impulses
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer

42. What causes clear film
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
No exposure - or fixer before developer

43. What is inherent filtration
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
DEHNR
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp

44. What is the main source of radiation exposure to the operator
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Scatter/secondary radition
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects

45. How long is the final rinse
Aluminum
20 min
50 mSv (5rem)
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks

46. Size film used for occlusals on adults
Extra oral
#4
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer

47. How are stabe film holders sterilized b/w uses
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
KVp
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices

48. What should be done prior to ordering radiographs for a patient
4 feet
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Clinical exam
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency

49. in which pericapical projection will the mental ridge be visible
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Mandibular lateral/central
Nerve - brain - muscle

50. How is vertical angulation established with the paralleling technique
Genetic cells
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees