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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the x-ray at the center of the primary beam called
Positioning the arches too far foward
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Central ray
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.

2. In the darkroom - you unwrap a film and place a coin on top of the film for several minutes. when you process the film - you notice a slight - well-defined white circle on the film. What does this mean?
5 min
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Left side
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film

3. What type PID significantly reduces exposure to the patient
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
Rectangular collimations
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Before fixing

4. How does exposure time differ b/w adults and children
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)

5. What NC agency is resposible for monitoring dental x-ray equipment
Insufficient vertical angulation
Mand occlusal
DEHNR
Insufficient or improper washing

6. When using D speed film - you use 50 impulses of radiation. How many impulses would you use with E speed film?
1/4 as intense
Mandibular occlusal
25
.25 mm

7. What is the source-skin distance of x-ray machine that operates at 75 kVp
2.75 inches
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
8-16 inches
Parallel

8. What part of the x-ray machine is responsible for providing the electrons
Filament
Left side
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Original - undeflected - useful beam

9. What quality control procedures should be performed on xray cassettes
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Erythema
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)

10. What periapical technique offers the best diagnostic quality?
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
#1
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting

11. What is the purpose of the embossed dot

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12. What size and How is the film places when taking a molar PA in the mixed dentition

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13. How should the frequency of radiographic exposures be determined
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
Vertical BW

14. What Size film is 1 1/4 x 1 5/8
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Negative
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
No. 2

15. when duplicating radiographs - What side of the duplicating film is in contact with the radiograph to be duplicated
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
Dentin - enamel - bone
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up

16. What is the earliest sign of radiation exposure
Extra oral
Reduce size and shape of beam
Erythema
Insufficient or improper washing

17. What is the maximum size of the x-ray beam at the patients face
No. 4
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
2.75 inches
Ionization

18. What are occlusal radiographs used to diagnose
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
15 impulses
Step-wedge or test film

19. What causes missing apices
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Doesn't matter
Insufficient vertical angulation

20. What radiograph is used to sHow contrast in soft tissues
MRI
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
4 feet
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation

21. Max lat. canine anatomy
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Short
Short-term dose

22. What 2 unites are used to measure biologic effect and dose equivalent
Genetic cells
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Occlusal
Sv & Rem

23. What can be done to increase the life span of processing solutions
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development

24. What anatomical structures appear radiolucent on a dental radiograph
No. 3
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Mandibular occlusal
Air space and soft tissues

25. What is the major use of topographical occlusal radiographs
Air space and soft tissues
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging

26. What is the annual MPD for pregnant dental assistant
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
Scatter/secondary radition
5 mSv or .5 REM
Every 6 mths

27. What is a large dose of radiation given over a short period of time
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Short-term dose
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA

28. How are indirect exposure films exposed
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
68 degrees F
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film

29. What is the best way to reduce exposure to patient
Rectangular collimation
Every 6 mths
Gray & Rad
Sv & Rem

30. What is the best method of reducing radiation to the patient
Extra oral
No. 0
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed

31. What is the primary beam
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Patient positioning
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
#2

32. What Size film is used to take a BW on a 3 yr. old
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
#0

33. What is the base of dental film composed of?
Insufficient or improper washing
.25 mm
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Blue tinted polyester acetate

34. What happens in the developer
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
8-16 inches
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis

35. your dentist recommends that a patient have xrays taken - bu the patient refuses. What should be done

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36. What anatomical structures appear radiopaque on a dental radiograph
Enamel - dentin - and bone
68 degrees F
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting

37. How is vertical angulation established with the paralleling technique
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe

38. How does resolutiong and detial of a panoramic radiograph compare with that of PA's and BW's
25
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image

39. How often should developing solutions be changed
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Shadow around the tooth
Every 4 weeks
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner

40. What would cause increased magnification - decreased resolution and edge sharpness
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
#4
Every 6 mths

41. How does packet placement differ b/w bisecting and paralleling
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
As far as practical
Short
Gelatin and silver halide crystals

42. What is formed when high speed electrons strike the target
Film badges
Mandibular occlusal
Short
X-ray and heat

43. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
2.75 inch
decrease mA & time
1/4 as intense
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms

44. Size film used for PA's on adults
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
.25 mm
#2
Gelatin and silver halide crystals

45. How often must you replenish the solutions in an automatic processor
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution

46. What device is used to check quality of processing chemicals
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Step-wedge or test film
Enamel - dentin - and bone

47. Size film used for PA's on small children
#0
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting

48. when viewing a molar BW - What should be on the distal of the film
decrease mA & time
Chin down
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head

49. Max molar anatomy
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
Left molar PA
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure

50. What is the purpose of taking radiographs of an edentulous patient
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Blue light sensitive films
Original - undeflected - useful beam