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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are filters made out of...
Short-term dose
4 feet
Aluminum
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths

2. What is the primary beam
Original - undeflected - useful beam
6 ft
Short
Doesn't matter

3. What does alara stand for
As low as reasonably achievable
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Increase the area of radiation exposure

4. What is the proper patient position for BW's?
Didn't push button completely
BW
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
GBX - 2

5. when viewing a PANO - you notice that a lot of spine sHows on both side of the film - What caused this
Positioning the arches too far foward
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
2.75 inches
GBX - 2

6. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms

7. What are the long term effects of radiation exposure
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Genetic cells
MA & time
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width

8. What would cause a properly exposed film to appear dark?
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
Rectangular collimation
Filtration and collimation
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting

9. What looking at a PANO What causes a big smile
Chin down
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Labial
Before fixing

10. What is the major use of topographical occlusal radiographs
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
Film placed backwards

11. How can exposure to the operator be reduced
Move farther from the radiation
25
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
1/5 exposure time for edentulous

12. What exposure is taken to determine jaw relationships in ortho treatment planning
Lateral cephalometric
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Step-wedge or test film

13. Your dentist asks you to take a FMS on a 65 yr old edentulous patient. How many exposures will you take? which exposures are not necessary? What intraoral technique will you use? What might be better than a FMS?
2.5 mm
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
#2
Clinical exam

14. How should x-ray film be stored
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Positioning the arches too far foward
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths

15. What 3 types of cells are most radiosensitive
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor

16. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
7 1/2 or 15 watt
#2
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
68 degrees F

17. when taking a radiograph - you pulls the cone out about 6 inches from the patient's face. What is the result
Move farther from the radiation
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
Premature contact with developer
Increase the area of radiation exposure

18. What types of cells must be effected in order for mutation to occur
Genetic cells
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
X-ray and heat
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue

19. What factors would decrease edge sharpness and increase magnification
No. 3
Far object-image receptor distance
Reduce size and shape of beam
Move farther from the radiation

20. Film submerged totally in fixer but not in developer
KVp
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen

21. What quality control procedures should be performed on xray cassettes
Filtration and collimation
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
extraoral film
Incorrect horrizontal angulation

22. How are x-rays formed in the tubehead
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
Mand occlusal
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Scatter/secondary radition

23. What type of film are calcium tungstate screens paired with
Blue light sensitive films
Mand. foramen
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance

24. which projection is used to view sinuses
PANO
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Aluminum
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen

25. you change from an 8 inch to an 16 inch focal film distance. How is the intensity of the beam affected
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
1/4 as intense
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency

26. When using D speed film - you use 50 impulses of radiation. How many impulses would you use with E speed film?
68 degrees F
Quantum of energy
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
25

27. What is used to clean the screens inside of a cassestte
No. 2
No. 4
Chin down
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner

28. How does film speed correlate with definition and detail?
Rectangular collimations
Faster film = lower definition and detail
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head

29. your film badge report sHows that you have received a small amt. of radiation. What should you do
BW
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
MA & time

30. Mand molar anatomy
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Scatter/secondary radition
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
4 feet

31. When taking a radiograph - you pull the end of the PID away from the patients face about 6 inches. How will this affect the radiographic image and patient exposure
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure

32. What is added filtration
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Reduce size and shape of beam
5(n-18)
Insufficient or improper washing

33. What Size film is 1 1/4 x 1 5/8
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
No. 2
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info
MRI

34. According to principles of shadow casting - preferred source-object distance
Short
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
Occlusal
As far as practical

35. What is the area of the skull that is in focus on a pano

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36. What are occlusal radiographs used to diagnose
1/4 as intense
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit

37. What size and How is the film places when taking a molar PA in the mixed dentition

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38. What is characteristic radiation
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
As far as practical
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp

39. What is the purpose of taking radiographs of an edentulous patient
Every 6 mths
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
The mental ridge
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side

40. How do you determine How often to take radiographs
Evidence based selection criteria
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
Rectangular collimation
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam

41. in which pericapical projection will the mental ridge be visible
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Mandibular lateral/central
Far object-image receptor distance
Short-term dose

42. which anatomic feature is visible on a PANO - bu not on a PA
1/4 as intense
No. 4
Mand. foramen
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation

43. What anatomical structures appear radiopaque on a dental radiograph
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
Extra oral

44. A properly exposed film appears completely black. when was is exposed to white light
Rectangular collimations
D - E - F
Before fixing
Vertical BW

45. What are automatic processors faster than manual processing?
Positioning the arches too far foward
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Mandibular occlusal

46. when taking a PANO radiograph - the patient is placed too far into the machine. How will the radiograph appear
Extra oral
Film placed backwards
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Density

47. What is the purpose of replenishing the developer solution
Erythema
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present

48. What info should be recorded on the dental radiographic mount

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49. What would cause a film to be too light
Left molar PA
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
Remove silver
Far object-image receptor distance

50. Mand lateral/canine anatomy
Tori
Lateral cephalometric
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark