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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. desired thickness of lead apron
5 min
#4
.25 mm
Reduce size and shape of beam

2. What controls the speed with which the electrons travel from the cathode to the anode
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
50 mSv or 5 REM
KVp
No. 3

3. Size film used for PA's on small children
Didn't push button completely
#0
Occlusal
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present

4. What type of projection is used to visualize the crestol alveolar bone on a patient with moderate to severe bone loss
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
Shadow around the tooth
Vertical BW

5. How long does film stay in the developer
2.5 mm
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
5 min
As low as reasonably achievable

6. How does kVp affect patient exposure
Higher kVp = low exposure
Mand. foramen
Every 6 mths
Increase the exposure time

7. What is the best method of protecting the thyroid gland from radiation?
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
.25 mm
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time

8. when taking a radiograph - you pulls the cone out about 6 inches from the patient's face. What is the result
Step-wedge or test film
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Increase the area of radiation exposure

9. How far from the work surface must the safelight be mounted
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
5 mSv or .5 REM
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
4 feet

10. What part of the x-ray machine is responsible for providing the electrons
Filament
Insufficient vertical angulation
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Occlucal

11. Difference b/w direct and indirect exposure sensor?
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side

12. What type of safelight filter is acceptable
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Left molar PA
GBX - 2
Gelatin and silver halide crystals

13. What factors would decrease edge sharpness and increase magnification
Filtration and collimation
Extra oral
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Far object-image receptor distance

14. What would happen to a film that is placed in the fixer prior to development
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
Vertical BW
Tori
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)

15. What happens in the fixer
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Premature contact with developer
Blue light sensitive films
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells

16. What exposure is taken to determine jaw relationships in ortho treatment planning
Lateral cephalometric
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Panoramic cape
7 1/2 or 15 watt

17. What size and How is the film places when taking a molar PA in the mixed dentition

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18. Explain PSP
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Shadow around the tooth

19. Size film used for PA's on adults
Patient movement
#2
Lead
Premature contact with developer

20. when should radiographs be taken on a pregnant patient
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile

21. 3 film holding devices used for bisecting
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Parallel
2.5 mm
Density

22. How are indirect exposure films exposed
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Max. sinus - zygoma
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
10 min (dbl the development time)

23. What happens in the developer
Scatter/secondary radition
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
decrease mA & time

24. What is the major use of cross sectional occlusal radiograph
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
15 impulses
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp

25. How long does the first rinse last
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
Positioning the arches too far foward
20 seconds

26. when viewing a radiograph - the tooth looks normal in size and shape; However - there is a large blank space at the incisal edge and the apices are missing. What caused this error
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance

27. What is the x-ray at the center of the primary beam called
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Central ray
68 degrees F
Ionization

28. What film is used to diagnose interproximal decay
BW
Didn't push button completely
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
Film badges

29. What is the earliest sign of radiation exposure
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Erythema
DEHNR
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed

30. What type of film are rare earth screens paired with
Positioning the arches too far foward
15 impulses
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom

31. In which area of the tooth is interproximal caries often seen
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Vertical BW
1/3-1/2

32. How should x-ray film be stored
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed

33. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the central beam be directed
Excessive vertical angulation
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
As low as reasonably achievable

34. What can be done to minimize gagging when taking radiographs
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Step-wedge or test film
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer

35. which radiographic technique records the most accurate image of crowns - roots - and supporting structures in a selected area?
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
#0
5 mSv or .5 REM
Max. sinus - zygoma

36. What device is used to check quality of processing chemicals
Step-wedge or test film
Doesn't matter
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
Remove silver

37. What Size film is 2 1/4 x 3
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
No. 4
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Filament

38. How long is the final rinse
Labial
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Gray & Rad
20 min

39. What types of cells must be effected in order for mutation to occur
Genetic cells
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
Left side
Insufficient or improper washing

40. What part of the x-ray machine helps remove heat
25
Copper stem - radiator and air space
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
D - E - F

41. What equation is used to calculate the accumulated MPD
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Panoramic cape
5(n-18)

42. What Size film is 15/16 x 1 9/16
No. 1
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Blue light sensitive films
#3

43. What control factors effect the density of a radiograph
Density
Central ray
BW
MA & time

44. you use an exposure time of 10 impulses. How many seconds is this
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
1/6th of a second

45. What is the annual MPD for radiation workers
50 mSv or 5 REM
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Long-term dose
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away

46. What would cause a properly exposed film to appear dark?
Clinical exam
2.75 inches
The mental ridge
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting

47. When using D speed film - you use 50 impulses of radiation. How many impulses would you use with E speed film?
Mandibular lateral/central
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
25
Cut exposure time by 1/3

48. What is inherent filtration
Lead
GBX - 2
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)

49. You take a radiograph using 10 mA 30 impulses and 90 kVp - your dentist wants a radiograph with increased contrast and equal density. What settings would you use?
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
Genetic cells
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms

50. What determines the speed of dental films?
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
20 seconds

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Radiology 2

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