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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What would happen to a film that is placed in the fixer prior to development
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Doesn't matter
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)

2. What should be done prior to ordering radiographs for a patient
Lead
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Clinical exam

3. How does the reproductive capacity of a cell correlate with radiosensitivity
Insufficient or improper washing
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation

4. What speed films are most commonly used?
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
D - E - F
4 feet
Higher kVp = low exposure

5. What causes film fogging
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Original - undeflected - useful beam
1/5 exposure time for edentulous

6. What film would be used to locate a foreign body in the bucco-lingual relationship
Occlucal
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Aluminum

7. What type lead apron should be used when taking PANO radiographs
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Panoramic cape
#2
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver

8. How often should an FMS be taken on an adult with no significant medical history
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
Mand. foramen

9. When viewing a periapical radiograph - you notice that the image of the tooth is extremely long and well defined; However the apices are missing. What technique was used to take the radiograph? What caused the roots to appear long?
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Not centered on sensor
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate

10. What is the purpose of collimation
No. 1
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Reduce size and shape of beam
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices

11. if the source-object distance is cut from 16 to 8 - What must be changed to compensate
Mandibular occlusal
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Enamel - dentin - and bone

12. What controls the speed with which the electrons travel from the cathode to the anode
Tori
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
KVp

13. Size film used for PA's on adults
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
decrease mA & time
#2
Eyewear - mask - and gown

14. What looking at a PANO What causes a big smile
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Evidence based selection criteria
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Chin down

15. What Size film is 1 1/4 x 1 5/8
Nasal fossa - max sinus
No. 2
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
DEHNR

16. What projection would you take for a patient complaining of pain in the lower left molar area
.25 mm
Left molar PA
Clinical exam
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed

17. What info should be recorded on the dental radiographic mount

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18. When mounting dental radiographs - What is the best way to differentiate max and mand films?
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal

19. What are the long term effects of radiation exposure
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Aluminum
No. 4

20. 1/10th dosage of gen. public - What are photons
Left side
Quantum of energy
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
As far as practical

21. What part of the x-ray machine helps remove heat
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Patient positioning
Filtration and collimation

22. When mounting a FMS - you notice that one film is blank. another film is dark - the teeth look strange - and it is difficult to determine What film it is. What do you think happened?
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Genetic cells
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is

23. What is the max. permissable fose for radiation workers in systeme interventional units
50 mSv (5rem)
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Far object-image receptor distance
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution

24. What is the source-skin distance of x-ray machine that operates at 75 kVp
Eyewear - mask - and gown
1/4 as intense
Panoramic cape
8-16 inches

25. Size film used for occlusals on adults
#4
Patient movement
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production

26. What would cause the radiographic image to be blurred
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Original - undeflected - useful beam

27. What is secondary radiation
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Lateral cephalometric
Chin down

28. total filtration required of x-ray machines that operate above 70 kVp
20 min
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
2.5 mm
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)

29. What is added filtration
Step-wedge or test film
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production

30. How far from the work surface must the safelight be mounted
Patient positioning
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
4 feet
1/4 as intense

31. What type film is faster - intraoral or extraoral
Tori
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Extra oral
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant

32. What quality control procedures should be performed on xray cassettes
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
Roentgen
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
Film placed backwards

33. which anatomical structures appear radiopaque
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Dentin - enamel - bone
Soft tissue - air space
MA & time

34. What is the x-ray at the center of the primary beam called
Central ray
Panoramic cape
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight

35. What is done to the primary beam to make is useful
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Filtration and collimation

36. What 2 unites are used to measure absorption
Focal spot
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
1/6th of a second
Gray & Rad

37. What is the maximum size of the x-ray beam at the patients face
#3
2.75 inches
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development

38. What does alara stand for
GBX - 2
KVp
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
As low as reasonably achievable

39. What equation is used to calculate the accumulated MPD
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
BW
5(n-18)
DEHNR

40. What is reticulation
Increase the area of radiation exposure
PANO
Insufficient vertical angulation
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions

41. if the kVp is increased from 75-90 - What must be done to achieve a radiograph of comparible density
10 min (dbl the development time)
Short-term dose
Patient movement
decrease mA & time

42. In the darkroom - you unwrap a film and place a coin on top of the film for several minutes. when you process the film - you notice a slight - well-defined white circle on the film. What does this mean?
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
As close as possible
Every 6 mths

43. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the film be placed in relation to the tooth?
Parallel
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
10 min (dbl the development time)
1/6th of a second

44. The cells from most sensitive to least sensitive
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production

45. What is a large dose of radiation given over a short period of time
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
Short-term dose
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Insufficient vertical angulation

46. Max. centrals anatomy
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
6 ft
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen

47. How can exposure to the operator be reduced
Premature contact with developer
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
20 min
Move farther from the radiation

48. What are the short term effects of radiation exposure
Sv & Rem
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss

49. What is penumbra
Gray & Rad
50 mSv or 5 REM
Shadow around the tooth
Didn't push button completely

50. How are stabe film holders sterilized b/w uses
Occlucal
Lateral cephalometric
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices

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Radiology 2

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