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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the main source of radiation exposure to the operator
Periapical
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Scatter/secondary radition

2. What causes elongation
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Insufficient vertical angulation
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -

3. In the darkroom - you unwrap a film and place a coin on top of the film for several minutes. when you process the film - you notice a slight - well-defined white circle on the film. What does this mean?
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
As close as possible
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film

4. What type of projection is used to visualize the crestol alveolar bone on a patient with moderate to severe bone loss
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Vertical BW
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers

5. What causes clear film
Scatter/secondary radition
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Aluminum
No exposure - or fixer before developer

6. Max molar anatomy
1/4 as intense
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
PANO
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat

7. What part of the x-ray machine is responsible for providing the electrons
As far as practical
Scatter/secondary radition
Filament
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film

8. 3 film holding devices used for bisecting
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
X-ray and heat
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA

9. What anatomical structures appear radiolucent on a dental radiograph
Doesn't matter
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Air space and soft tissues

10. What looking at a PANO What causes a big smile
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Higher kVp = low exposure
Chin down
Film badges

11. What is the most important step in panoramic radiography
Mandibular occlusal
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Patient positioning

12. What is the most commonly used personnel monitoring devide for dental offices
Film badges
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Rectangular collimation
Occlucal

13. What exposure is taken to determine jaw relationships in ortho treatment planning
Periapical
Lateral cephalometric
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms

14. Size film used for BW on adults when only one film is taken on each side
decrease mA & time
#3
.25 mm
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects

15. What is the name for the part of the target that is struck by electrons
Step-wedge or test film
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Focal spot
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch

16. What is reticulation
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
BW

17. What type film is faster - intraoral or extraoral
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Extra oral
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam

18. What would cause a film to be too light
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
Faster film = lower definition and detail

19. What control factors effect contrast
KVp
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
#2

20. What causes foreshortening
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
Excessive vertical angulation
Aluminum

21. What type PID significantly reduces exposure to the patient
Left molar PA
68 degrees F
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Rectangular collimations

22. What is the annual MPD for pregnant dental assistant
5 mSv or .5 REM
No exposure - or fixer before developer
Nasal fossa - max sinus
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant

23. What determines the speed of dental films?
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Soft tissue - air space
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes

24. What factors affect the sharpness of the radiographic image
Far object-image receptor distance
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors

25. which projection is used to view sinuses
Vertical BW
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
PANO
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam

26. you process four BW films. three of the films appear normal - but one is clear. What happened

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27. What is thermionic emission
Film badges
Occlucal
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
#2

28. How does the reproductive capacity of a cell correlate with radiosensitivity
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
X-ray and heat
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation

29. What are filters made out of...
#0
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
Aluminum
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe

30. What is added filtration
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
#1
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
20 seconds

31. What is the optimum processing temp.
68 degrees F
#2
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
Ionization

32. What periapical technique offers the best diagnostic quality?
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film

33. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Doesn't matter
#2
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)

34. Size film used for PA's on adults
#2
Aluminum
Erythema
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info

35. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Insufficient vertical angulation
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms

36. What causes missing apices
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Insufficient vertical angulation
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Mand occlusal

37. What parts of the x-ray machine are included in the cathode circuit
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting

38. when viewing a PANO - you notice that a lot of spine sHows on both side of the film - What caused this
Rectangular collimations
Positioning the arches too far foward
1/3-1/2
2.75 inches

39. What is the purpose of replenishing the developer solution
Ionization
50 mSv (5rem)
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -

40. What would happen to a film that is placed in the fixer prior to development
Shadow around the tooth
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film

41. How are indirect exposure films exposed
Panoramic cape
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Mand occlusal

42. What radiographs are used to determine if a foreign object is located facially or lingually
Occlusal
Nasal fossa - max sinus
No. 3
Max. sinus - zygoma

43. What can be done to prevent air bubbles from being trapped on the surface of films during manual processing
#3
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
5(n-18)

44. How does film speed correlate with definition and detail?
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes

45. How often should developing solutions be changed
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Every 4 weeks
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
5(n-18)

46. you notice that the xrays you process are becoming successively lighter than the quality control film you compare it to. What should you do
On the back side of the tori
Aluminum
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
As low as reasonably achievable

47. Max premolar anatomy
Max. sinus - zygoma
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
1.5 mm

48. in which pericapical projection will the mental ridge be visible
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Mandibular lateral/central

49. Proper patient positiong for paralleling

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50. What are the short term effects of radiation exposure
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
#2
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss