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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How are indirect exposure films exposed
2.75 inch
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Genetic cells
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film

2. How long are films fixed
Extra oral
Nasal fossa - max sinus
10 min (dbl the development time)
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors

3. What is secondary radiation
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
Positioning the arches too far foward
No exposure - or fixer before developer

4. What is the optimum processing temp.
Mandibular occlusal
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
68 degrees F
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure

5. What is the major diff. b/w particulate and electromagnetic radiation
5(n-18)
Short-term dose
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance

6. which projection is used to view sinuses
PANO
Gray & Rad
10 min (dbl the development time)
decrease mA & time

7. What Size film is 1 1/4 x 1 5/8
BW
Long-term dose
Patient positioned too far to the left
No. 2

8. How is vertical angulation established with the bisecting technique
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
#1
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects

9. What size and How is the film places when taking a molar PA in the mixed dentition

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10. What is the annual MPD for pregnant dental assistant
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
5 mSv or .5 REM
2.75 inch
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen

11. in which pericapical projection will the mental ridge be visible
Insufficient or improper washing
Far object-image receptor distance
Mandibular lateral/central
As close as possible

12. What type of safelight filter is acceptable
PANO
Ionization
68 degrees F
GBX - 2

13. What is scatter radiation
Insufficient or improper washing
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Excessive vertical angulation
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths

14. When viewing a periapical radiograph - you notice that the image of the tooth is extremely long and well defined; However the apices are missing. What technique was used to take the radiograph? What caused the roots to appear long?
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Enamel - dentin - and bone
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy

15. What anatomical structures appear radiolucent on a dental radiograph
Air space and soft tissues
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Filtration and collimation
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times

16. What is the purpose of replenishing the developer solution
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues

17. What size bulb is used in safelight
7 1/2 or 15 watt
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
MA & time
Short-term dose

18. What is the major use of topographical occlusal radiographs
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Chin down
Negative

19. How far from the work surface must the safelight be mounted
Every 6 mths
4 feet
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
KVp

20. How is vertical angulation established with the paralleling technique
10 min (dbl the development time)
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Shadow around the tooth
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -

21. What is a large dose of radiation given over a short period of time
Eyewear - mask - and gown
Short-term dose
Quantum of energy
KVp

22. What part of the x-ray machine helps remove heat
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Step-wedge or test film

23. When mounting a FMS - you notice that one film is blank. another film is dark - the teeth look strange - and it is difficult to determine What film it is. What do you think happened?
2.5 mm
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
MRI

24. you notice that a radiograph taken several months ago is brown and spotted. What happened
No. 0
Insufficient or improper washing
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
10 min (dbl the development time)

25. What would cause increased magnification - decreased resolution and edge sharpness
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance

26. What type of film are rare earth screens paired with
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Film badges
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)

27. Size film used for PA's on small children
Increase the exposure time
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
#0
Vertical BW

28. What are the short term effects of radiation exposure
Shadow around the tooth
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Rectangular collimation
25

29. your dentist recommends that a patient have xrays taken - bu the patient refuses. What should be done

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30. What radiographs are used to locate a salivary stone in the submandibular duct
Lead
#2
Mandibular occlusal
Before fixing

31. How does film speed correlate with definition and detail?
#2
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Faster film = lower definition and detail

32. Mand premolar anatomy
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
#2
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal

33. when manually processing dental film - you notice the temp. has gotten warmer as the day progressed. How should the developing time be changed?
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation

34. How often should an FMS be taken on an adult with no significant medical history
Blue light sensitive films
50 mSv or 5 REM
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
.25 mm

35. What can be done to minimize gagging when taking radiographs
Focal spot
Short-term dose
Clinical exam
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the

36. What causes film fogging
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
The mental ridge
GBX - 2

37. when viewing a molar BW - What should be on the distal of the film
#0
Clinical exam
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth

38. How far should the operator stand from the source of radiation
Before fixing
6 ft
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Aluminum

39. 3 film holding devices used for paralleling
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
6 ft
8-16 inches

40. What type of film are calcium tungstate screens paired with
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Blue light sensitive films
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials

41. What periapical technique offers the best diagnostic quality?
As far as practical
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS

42. What is the purpose of taking radiographs of an edentulous patient
10 min (dbl the development time)
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Every 6 mths
Gelatin and silver halide crystals

43. What is the base of dental film composed of?
6 ft
Vertical BW
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Higher kVp = low exposure

44. Difference b/w direct and indirect exposure sensor?
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
MRI
Filament
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam

45. What causes missing apices
15 impulses
Insufficient vertical angulation
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.

46. What exposure is taken to determine jaw relationships in ortho treatment planning
Lateral cephalometric
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
Cathode - filament - focusing cup

47. You take a radiograph using 10 mA 30 impulses and 90 kVp - your dentist wants a radiograph with increased contrast and equal density. What settings would you use?
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp

48. Proper patient positioning for bisecting
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
decrease mA & time

49. What is the primary beam
Scatter/secondary radition
Short-term dose
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees

50. What is the best method of reducing radiation to the patient
Mand occlusal
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
extraoral film