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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. which projection is used to view sinuses
PANO
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Nasal fossa - max sinus

2. when viewing a duplicated radiograph - you notice that the duplicate is too dark. What should you do to duplicating time to lighten the film
Increase the exposure time
D - E - F
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Doesn't matter

3. What projection would you take for a patient complaining of pain in the lower left molar area
Left molar PA
15 impulses
KVp
Max. sinus - zygoma

4. Max premolar anatomy
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Negative
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Max. sinus - zygoma

5. What part of the x-ray machine helps remove heat
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development

6. What are the long term effects of radiation exposure
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Remove silver
Film badges

7. What anatomical structures appear radiopaque on a dental radiograph
X-ray and heat
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Enamel - dentin - and bone
No. 3

8. when viewing a radiograph - the tooth looks normal in size and shape; However - there is a large blank space at the incisal edge and the apices are missing. What caused this error
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Mandibular occlusal
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Erythema

9. How do you differentiate b/w max and mand molar when mounting
Lead
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Roentgen
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots

10. What is the purpose of taking radiographs of an edentulous patient
No. 0
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Every 4 weeks

11. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
KVp
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
#2
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)

12. Proper patient positiong for paralleling

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13. What is a large dose of radiation given over a short period of time
Insufficient vertical angulation
Short-term dose
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Periapical

14. How often should an FMS be taken on an adult with no significant medical history
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
1/6th of a second
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat

15. What is the ADA approved method of mounting dental radiographs
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
Labial
Doesn't matter

16. after processing exposed dental film - you notice dark spots on the film. What caused this
Central ray
Premature contact with developer
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile

17. What causes conecut
Not centered on sensor
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Parallel

18. On a mandibular molar PA - Where is the mylohoid ridge located
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
D - E - F

19. What periapical technique offers the best diagnostic quality?
Filtration and collimation
Rectangular collimation
Step-wedge or test film
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting

20. What determines the speed of dental films?
extraoral film
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
5 min

21. What part of the x-ray machine is responsible for providing the electrons
Filament
Premature contact with developer
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Short-term dose

22. in which pericapical projection will the mental ridge be visible
Mandibular lateral/central
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass

23. when viewing a molar BW - What should be on the distal of the film
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Patient movement
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths

24. Proper patient positioning for bisecting
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Not centered on sensor
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
20 min

25. What is the name for the part of the target that is struck by electrons
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
No. 3
Focal spot

26. What are the short term effects of radiation exposure
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Insufficient or improper washing
Every 6 mths
Far object-image receptor distance

27. you notice that a radiograph taken several months ago is brown and spotted. What happened
No exposure - or fixer before developer
Insufficient or improper washing
Far object-image receptor distance
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution

28. Size film used for PA's on small children
Left side
#0
Insufficient vertical angulation
2.5 mm

29. What quality control procedures should be performed on xray cassettes
Filament
Mand occlusal
Lead
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks

30. What would cause a film to be too dark
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting

31. How is vertical angulation established with the paralleling technique
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe

32. You process a set of BW's in the automatic processor. three of the BW's are of good quality - but fourth is completely blank. What probably caused this?
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
No. 4
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
On the back side of the tori

33. A properly exposed film appears completely black. when was is exposed to white light
Air space and soft tissues
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Before fixing

34. What does alara stand for
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
#2
As low as reasonably achievable
Labial

35. What is formed when high speed electrons strike the target
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
X-ray and heat

36. which anatomical structures appear radiolucent
#0
No. 4
Soft tissue - air space
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp

37. your dentist recommends that a patient have xrays taken - bu the patient refuses. What should be done

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38. What is used to clean the screens inside of a cassestte
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Rectangular collimation
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate

39. What is the purpose of replenishing the developer solution
Insufficient vertical angulation
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
Mand occlusal

40. What causes foreshortening
#2
Left side
Excessive vertical angulation
#0

41. What is the major diff. b/w particulate and electromagnetic radiation
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Filament
Copper stem - radiator and air space
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass

42. What type film is faster - intraoral or extraoral
Extra oral
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis

43. What factors affect the sharpness of the radiographic image
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
#3
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers

44. What is the optimum processing temp.
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
68 degrees F
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis

45. What must be done to xray fixer priod to disposal
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info
Remove silver
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
4 feet

46. What film is used to diagnose interproximal decay
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Film placed backwards
BW
GBX - 2

47. Mand lateral/canine anatomy
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Tori
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
No. 1

48. What parts of the x-ray machine are included in the cathode circuit
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator

49. What type of projection is used to visualize the crestol alveolar bone on a patient with moderate to severe bone loss
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
68 degrees F
Vertical BW
decrease mA & time

50. What must a patient remove before taking a PANO
1/3-1/2
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation

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Radiology 2

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