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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Not centered on sensor
20 seconds
#2

2. What does alara stand for
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
Lateral cephalometric
As low as reasonably achievable
.25 mm

3. when processing - two films overlap in the developer - but not in the fixer. How would the films appear
No. 4
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
Far object-image receptor distance
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals

4. How are stabe film holders sterilized b/w uses
.25 mm
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices

5. In which area of the tooth is interproximal caries often seen
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals

6. How are x-rays formed in the tubehead
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
Every 4 weeks

7. What is characteristic radiation
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Step-wedge or test film
Rectangular collimation

8. What is the term to describe the overall blackness of a radiograph
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
#1
Density
Film badges

9. What info should be recorded on the dental radiographic mount

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10. What is the earliest sign of radiation exposure
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Evidence based selection criteria
Erythema
5 min

11. How does film speed correlate with definition and detail?
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers

12. when mounting a film the dot is convex - On What side of the mouth would you find #32?
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Left side

13. when viewing a radiograph - the tooth looks normal in size and shape; However - there is a large blank space at the incisal edge and the apices are missing. What caused this error
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
20 min
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
.25 mm

14. What is the primary beam
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Original - undeflected - useful beam
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film

15. When taking a radiograph - you pull the end of the PID away from the patients face about 6 inches. How will this affect the radiographic image and patient exposure
5(n-18)
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Enamel - dentin - and bone

16. What is done to the primary beam to make is useful
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Filtration and collimation
Excessive vertical angulation
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS

17. desired thickness of lead apron
Blue light sensitive films
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
.25 mm
Excessive vertical angulation

18. What is the base of dental film composed of?
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Mandibular occlusal
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers

19. Mand lateral/canine anatomy
2.75 inch
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
Tori

20. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
#2
Premature contact with developer
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)

21. What is the purpose of filtration
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Film badges
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging

22. When mounting dental radiographs - What is the best way to differentiate max and mand films?
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Quantum of energy
Increase the exposure time

23. What is the max. permissable fose for radiation workers in systeme interventional units
50 mSv (5rem)
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
Enamel - dentin - and bone

24. you notice that a radiograph taken several months ago is brown and spotted. What happened
PANO
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Far object-image receptor distance
Insufficient or improper washing

25. What is the major diff. b/w particulate and electromagnetic radiation
Shadow around the tooth
Short-term dose
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation

26. What is the best method of protecting the thyroid gland from radiation?
Lateral cephalometric
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
68 degrees F
4 feet

27. you process four BW films. three of the films appear normal - but one is clear. What happened

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28. Max premolar anatomy
Higher kVp = low exposure
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
Max. sinus - zygoma
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth

29. What type film is faster - intraoral or extraoral
D - E - F
Extra oral
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
MA & time

30. What are the short term effects of radiation exposure
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Scatter/secondary radition
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices

31. What can be done to prevent air bubbles from being trapped on the surface of films during manual processing
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Excessive vertical angulation

32. What would cause a film to be too dark
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting

33. What causes teeth to appear very short and distorted
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
2.5 mm
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam

34. What is the purpose of collimation
Central ray
Patient movement
Reduce size and shape of beam
Focal spot

35. What causes film fogging
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution

36. What is the maximum size of the x-ray beam at the patients face
Lateral cephalometric
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
KVp
2.75 inches

37. How often should an FMS be taken on an adult with no significant medical history
Insufficient or improper washing
#4
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
5 mSv or .5 REM

38. How far from the work surface must the safelight be mounted
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
Dentin - enamel - bone
4 feet

39. On a mandibular molar PA - Where is the mylohoid ridge located
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
Periapical
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery

40. What is the proper patient position for BW's?
GBX - 2
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Mandibular lateral/central

41. What 3 types of cells are most radiosensitive
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal

42. What type of film are rare earth screens paired with
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
Patient positioning
Step-wedge or test film

43. What factors would decrease edge sharpness and increase magnification
Roentgen
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Far object-image receptor distance
1/4 as intense

44. What are three types of image receptors used in digital radiography
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Gray & Rad
2.75 inch

45. What types of cells must be effected in order for mutation to occur
Genetic cells
Density
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Chin down

46. Max lat. canine anatomy
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Labial
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS

47. How would a film appear if submerged totally in the developer but not in the fixer
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal

48. Size film used for BW on adults when only one film is taken on each side
Step-wedge or test film
#3
2.5 mm
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image

49. Size film used for occlusals on adults
Labial
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
#4
15 impulses

50. How does exposure time differ b/w adults and children
#3
Lateral cephalometric
Cut exposure time by 1/3
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat

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Radiology 2

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