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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are automatic processors faster than manual processing?
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Air space and soft tissues

2. Your dentist asks you to take a FMS on a 65 yr old edentulous patient. How many exposures will you take? which exposures are not necessary? What intraoral technique will you use? What might be better than a FMS?
Excessive vertical angulation
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
68 degrees F
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS

3. What 3 types of cells are most radiosensitive
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells

4. How are x-rays formed in the tubehead
decrease mA & time
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
1/3-1/2
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat

5. What equation is used to calculate the accumulated MPD
5(n-18)
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Rectangular collimations

6. How does packet placement differ b/w bisecting and paralleling
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Nerve - brain - muscle
Patient positioning
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density

7. What type of safelight filter is acceptable
1/3-1/2
GBX - 2
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Air space and soft tissues

8. when viewing a molar BW - What should be on the distal of the film
Mand. foramen
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up

9. 1/10th dosage of gen. public - What are photons
Quantum of energy
Erythema
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
6 ft

10. According to the principles of shadow casting - preferred object-film distance
Film placed backwards
As close as possible
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
No. 3

11. What would cause the radiographic image to be blurred
#0
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
20 min

12. What does alara stand for
As low as reasonably achievable
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner

13. What causes missing crowns
Excessive vertical angulation
Move farther from the radiation
#2
#2

14. What exposure is taken to determine jaw relationships in ortho treatment planning
Excessive vertical angulation
Lateral cephalometric
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
Panoramic cape

15. What is the annual MPD for radiation workers
Nerve - brain - muscle
50 mSv or 5 REM
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Premature contact with developer

16. What is the name for the part of the target that is struck by electrons
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Long-term dose
Focal spot

17. How long does film stay in the developer
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
5 min
Positioning the arches too far foward
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees

18. What is the ADA approved method of mounting dental radiographs
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Labial
Short

19. desired thickness of lead apron
No exposure - or fixer before developer
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
.25 mm

20. Size film used for occlusals on adults
Occlucal
On the back side of the tori
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
#4

21. What is the best method of reducing radiation to the patient
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Extra oral
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed

22. How is vertical angulation established with the bisecting technique
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info
Negative
Filament
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film

23. In the darkroom - you unwrap a film and place a coin on top of the film for several minutes. when you process the film - you notice a slight - well-defined white circle on the film. What does this mean?
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Insufficient or improper washing
Film badges
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film

24. List the properties of x-rays
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
PANO

25. What is the best method of protecting the thyroid gland from radiation?
Insufficient vertical angulation
X-ray and heat
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar

26. What causes film fogging
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight

27. How long does the first rinse last
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
20 seconds
extraoral film
As far as practical

28. What Size film is 1 1/16 x 2 1/8
No. 3
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
#0
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths

29. when should radiographs be taken on a pregnant patient
#0
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
Clinical exam

30. What is used to clean the screens inside of a cassestte
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
50 mSv or 5 REM
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar

31. What causes conecut
Premature contact with developer
Not centered on sensor
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Insufficient vertical angulation

32. What is the proper patient position for BW's?
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.

33. What would cause a film to be too dark
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Every 4 weeks

34. You take a radiograph using 10 mA 30 impulses and 90 kVp - your dentist wants a radiograph with increased contrast and equal density. What settings would you use?
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Excessive vertical angulation
Doesn't matter

35. your dentist recommends that a patient have xrays taken - bu the patient refuses. What should be done

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36. When interpreting radiographs - you notice a radiopaque extension or spur off the proximal surface of #30. What do you think this is?
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Tori
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
The mental ridge

37. What size bulb is used in safelight
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Shadow around the tooth
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
7 1/2 or 15 watt

38. What is the latent period
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Patient positioned too far to the left
Short-term dose
Far object-image receptor distance

39. When mounting dental radiographs - What is the best way to differentiate max and mand films?
Patient positioned too far to the left
Scatter/secondary radition
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal

40. when mounting a film the dot is convex - On What side of the mouth would you find #32?
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Left side
Filtration and collimation
Increase the exposure time

41. What 2 unites are used to measure absorption
5 mSv or .5 REM
The mental ridge
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Gray & Rad

42. What info should be recorded on the dental radiographic mount

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43. What is the purpose of the embossed dot

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44. after processing exposed dental film - you notice dark spots on the film. What caused this
No exposure - or fixer before developer
Premature contact with developer
Filtration and collimation
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)

45. When mounting a FMS - you notice that one film is blank. another film is dark - the teeth look strange - and it is difficult to determine What film it is. What do you think happened?
5 mSv or .5 REM
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar

46. What is the purpose of a pano
20 seconds
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development

47. What happens in the fixer
Insufficient vertical angulation
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
Scatter/secondary radition
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals

48. What periapical technique offers the best diagnostic quality?
As low as reasonably achievable
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)

49. What causes foreshortening
8-16 inches
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Excessive vertical angulation
Roentgen

50. What parts of the x-ray machine are included in the cathode circuit
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Mandibular lateral/central
.25 mm

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Radiology 2

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