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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the purpose of collimation
1/4 as intense
Vertical BW
Reduce size and shape of beam
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times

2. What NC agency is resposible for monitoring dental x-ray equipment
DEHNR
Before fixing
Mandibular occlusal
Short

3. when viewing a PANO - you notice that the right TMJ is magnified - bu the left TMJ is normal. What caused this error
Patient positioned too far to the left
As low as reasonably achievable
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
25

4. Film submerged totally in fixer but not in developer
#0
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
Negative

5. What would cause a properly exposed film to appear dark?
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Film placed backwards
.25 mm

6. What part of the x-ray machine helps remove heat
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Faster film = lower definition and detail
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass

7. using a 16 inch cone focal-film distance - the diameter of the beam measured at the patient's face should be no larger than
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
2.75 inch
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD

8. Size film used for occlusals on adults
#4
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed

9. What is the major use of cross sectional occlusal radiograph
Filament
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
As far as practical

10. What looking at a PANO What causes a big smile
extraoral film
X-ray and heat
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
Chin down

11. The cells from most sensitive to least sensitive
Increase the exposure time
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells

12. What radiograph is used to sHow contrast in soft tissues
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
MRI
Insufficient or improper washing
Increase the exposure time

13. How far from the work surface must the safelight be mounted
No. 3
Mandibular lateral/central
4 feet
Tori

14. What is the major diff. b/w particulate and electromagnetic radiation
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the

15. What exposure is taken to determine jaw relationships in ortho treatment planning
KVp
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Lateral cephalometric
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it

16. What 3 types of cells are most radioresistant
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Nerve - brain - muscle
50 mSv or 5 REM

17. What is the purpose of taking radiographs of an edentulous patient
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Genetic cells
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars

18. What is the ADA approved method of mounting dental radiographs
Occlucal
BW
Labial
Sv & Rem

19. What equation is used to calculate the accumulated MPD
Periapical
#0
5(n-18)
5 min

20. What is reticulation
Nerve - brain - muscle
Not centered on sensor
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Nasal fossa - max sinus

21. What is the primary beam
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Scatter/secondary radition
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.

22. What is the term to describe the overall blackness of a radiograph
Density
Clinical exam
DEHNR
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator

23. What parts of the x-ray machine are included in the cathode circuit
Sv & Rem
No. 0
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up

24. What is the collimator made out of...
50 mSv (5rem)
Every 6 mths
Tori
Lead

25. When interpreting radiographs - you notice a radiopaque extension or spur off the proximal surface of #30. What do you think this is?
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
GBX - 2
The mental ridge
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices

26. According to the principles of shadow casting - preferred object-film distance
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
As close as possible
Patient positioning
Dentin - enamel - bone

27. Size film used for BW on adults when only one film is taken on each side
#3
15 impulses
Premature contact with developer
Enamel - dentin - and bone

28. How is vertical angulation established with the paralleling technique
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
No. 4
No exposure - or fixer before developer

29. When can the films be exposed to white light
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Increase the area of radiation exposure
MA & time
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees

30. Your dentist asks you to take a FMS on a 65 yr old edentulous patient. How many exposures will you take? which exposures are not necessary? What intraoral technique will you use? What might be better than a FMS?
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Rectangular collimations
Reduce size and shape of beam

31. when mounting a film the dot is convex - On What side of the mouth would you find #32?
Left side
Positioning the arches too far foward
Mand occlusal
Ionization

32. What exposure would be useful in identifying salivary stones in the submandibular gland
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Mand occlusal
On the back side of the tori
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue

33. What Size film is 7/8 x 1 3/8
No. 0
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
1/3-1/2

34. What is the base of dental film composed of?
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Tori
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Gray & Rad

35. Mand central anatomy
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Negative
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Labial

36. when taking a paralleling radiograph of a patient with palatal tori - Where is the film places
On the back side of the tori
Soft tissue - air space
Not centered on sensor
68 degrees F

37. What quality control procedures should be performed on xray cassettes
MA & time
Mand occlusal
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks

38. Difference b/w direct and indirect exposure sensor?
#1
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
Document patient's refusal and have them sign

39. What are three types of image receptors used in digital radiography
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed

40. What film would be used to locate a foreign body in the bucco-lingual relationship
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Occlucal
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate

41. What size bulb is used in safelight
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors

42. List the properties of x-rays
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Cut exposure time by 1/3
6 ft

43. How long are films fixed
Quantum of energy
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
10 min (dbl the development time)
Far object-image receptor distance

44. How much total filtration is required of x-ray machines that operate lower than 70 kVp
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
Panoramic cape
1.5 mm

45. What 2 unites are used to measure absorption
#0
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Gray & Rad
On the back side of the tori

46. What type lead apron should be used when taking PANO radiographs
Mand. foramen
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Panoramic cape

47. What should be done prior to ordering radiographs for a patient
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
Long-term dose
Ionization
Clinical exam

48. What control factors effect the density of a radiograph
4 feet
MA & time
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
Cut exposure time by 1/3

49. What type of projection is used to visualize the crestol alveolar bone on a patient with moderate to severe bone loss
Vertical BW
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
20 seconds
Chin down

50. What would cause increased magnification - decreased resolution and edge sharpness
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Doesn't matter
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp

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Radiology 2

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