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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What happens in the developer
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Rectangular collimations

2. Proper patient positioning for bisecting
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Focal spot

3. What is the latent image
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Rectangular collimation
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film

4. What is the proper patient position for BW's?
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Dentin - enamel - bone
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Ionization

5. How does resolutiong and detial of a panoramic radiograph compare with that of PA's and BW's
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image

6. What Size film is 1 1/16 x 2 1/8
No. 3
Film badges
10 min (dbl the development time)
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease

7. an insurance company requests a patient's radiographs when examining a dental clain. you only have one copy of the radiographs. What should you do
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Roentgen

8. The cells from most sensitive to least sensitive
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution

9. How are stabe film holders sterilized b/w uses
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Mandibular occlusal
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices

10. you change from an 8 inch to an 16 inch focal film distance. How is the intensity of the beam affected
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
decrease mA & time
1/4 as intense
#2

11. What causes foreshortening
PANO
Central ray
Excessive vertical angulation
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp

12. How do you determine How often to take radiographs
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
decrease mA & time
Blue light sensitive films
Evidence based selection criteria

13. What is formed when high speed electrons strike the target
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Gray & Rad
X-ray and heat
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed

14. What is the major diff. b/w particulate and electromagnetic radiation
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms

15. How can you differentiate the zygoma from the max sinus in a max posterior PA
4 feet
Short
#2
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency

16. How does radiation effect cells
Focal spot
Periapical
Excessive vertical angulation
Ionization

17. What is the main source of radiation exposure to the operator
5 min
25
decrease mA & time
Scatter/secondary radition

18. which projection is used to view sinuses
Insufficient vertical angulation
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
Gray & Rad
PANO

19. What are the short term effects of radiation exposure
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Film badges
Periapical examination - paralleling technique

20. What anatomical structures appear radiolucent on a dental radiograph
1/4 as intense
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Soft tissue - air space
Air space and soft tissues

21. in which pericapical projection will the mental ridge be visible
Mandibular lateral/central
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Mand occlusal
Left molar PA

22. What would cause a film to be too light
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
MRI
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery

23. What Size film is 15/16 x 1 9/16
50 mSv or 5 REM
No. 1
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
No. 3

24. What 3 types of cells are most radioresistant
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Filament
Nerve - brain - muscle
Excessive vertical angulation

25. What radiograph is used to sHow contrast in soft tissues
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
Evidence based selection criteria
KVp
MRI

26. What can be done to minimize gagging when taking radiographs
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
Step-wedge or test film
Rectangular collimation
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the

27. How often are BW taken on children with high risk
No. 3
Clinical exam
X-ray and heat
Every 6 mths

28. What type of safelight filter is acceptable
Ionization
2.5 mm
GBX - 2
Insufficient or improper washing

29. What causes overlapping
Dentin - enamel - bone
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals

30. What is the earliest sign of radiation exposure
Erythema
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Mandibular occlusal
Step-wedge or test film

31. What is the purpose of taking radiographs of an edentulous patient
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present

32. What determines the speed of dental films?
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Patient movement
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling

33. When interpreting radiographs - you notice a radiopaque extension or spur off the proximal surface of #30. What do you think this is?
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
7 1/2 or 15 watt
The mental ridge
Chin down

34. when processing - two films overlap in the developer - but not in the fixer. How would the films appear
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
Short-term dose
X-ray and heat

35. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
#2
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
4 feet
Rectangular collimation

36. Your dentist asks you to take a FMS on a 65 yr old edentulous patient. How many exposures will you take? which exposures are not necessary? What intraoral technique will you use? What might be better than a FMS?
Negative
No. 0
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head

37. 3 film holding devices used for bisecting
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)

38. What is a large dose of radiation given over a short period of time
Vertical BW
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
Short-term dose

39. How far from the work surface must the safelight be mounted
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
4 feet
No. 3
8-16 inches

40. your film badge report sHows that you have received a small amt. of radiation. What should you do
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
1.5 mm
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the

41. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the film be placed in relation to the tooth?
Parallel
MRI
Periapical
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer

42. What is the major use of cross sectional occlusal radiograph
Erythema
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Document patient's refusal and have them sign

43. What is done to the primary beam to make is useful
Soft tissue - air space
Filtration and collimation
Filament
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors

44. you notice that a radiograph taken several months ago is brown and spotted. What happened
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Air space and soft tissues
Insufficient or improper washing

45. Max. centrals anatomy
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
Central ray

46. which dose of radiation is more biologically damaging
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Blue light sensitive films
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
PANO

47. when mounting a film the dot is convex - On What side of the mouth would you find #32?
Left side
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Roentgen

48. What control factors effect contrast
KVp
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Filament

49. What must be done to xray fixer priod to disposal
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Remove silver
Blue tinted polyester acetate

50. if the source-object distance is cut from 16 to 8 - What must be changed to compensate
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects

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Radiology 2

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