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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A properly exposed film appears completely black. when was is exposed to white light
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Before fixing
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
5(n-18)

2. How long does film stay in the developer
5 min
25
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Long-term dose

3. you notice that the xrays you process are becoming successively lighter than the quality control film you compare it to. What should you do
1/6th of a second
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present

4. What info should be recorded on the dental radiographic mount

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5. You notice on a PANO that the ant. teeth appear narrow and out of focus. What caused this
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
No. 2
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance

6. What exposure is taken to determine jaw relationships in ortho treatment planning
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Lateral cephalometric

7. What is the collimator made out of...
Lead
PANO
Focal spot
Soft tissue - air space

8. How long is the final rinse
20 min
GBX - 2
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
Negative

9. which anatomical structures appear radiolucent
Soft tissue - air space
Density
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density

10. when duplicating radiographs - What side of the duplicating film is in contact with the radiograph to be duplicated
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Not centered on sensor
20 min
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up

11. What is reticulation
Left side
Move farther from the radiation
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions

12. What Size film is 1 1/4 x 1 5/8
Clinical exam
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
No. 2
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure

13. you use an exposure time of 10 impulses. How many seconds is this
1/6th of a second
#2
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting

14. total filtration required of x-ray machines that operate above 70 kVp
2.5 mm
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Excessive vertical angulation

15. What is the best method of protecting the thyroid gland from radiation?
Premature contact with developer
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
On the back side of the tori

16. What is the most commonly used personnel monitoring devide for dental offices
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Move farther from the radiation
Film badges
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes

17. What part of the x-ray machine helps remove heat
KVp
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Soft tissue - air space
Rectangular collimation

18. Size film used for occlusals on adults
Gray & Rad
D - E - F
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
#4

19. What parts of the x-ray machine are included in the anode circuit
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
MRI
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Blue light sensitive films

20. Your dentist asks you to take a FMS on a 65 yr old edentulous patient. How many exposures will you take? which exposures are not necessary? What intraoral technique will you use? What might be better than a FMS?
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Before fixing
As far as practical
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS

21. What can be done to minimize gagging when taking radiographs
Every 4 weeks
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD

22. What is the earliest sign of radiation exposure
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Erythema
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed

23. What equation is used to calculate the accumulated MPD
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
5(n-18)
2.75 inches

24. What are the long term effects of radiation exposure
Extra oral
Labial
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
2.5 mm

25. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the central beam be directed
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times

26. What quality control procedures should be performed on xray cassettes
Doesn't matter
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
50 mSv or 5 REM
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks

27. when processing - two films overlap in the developer - but not in the fixer. How would the films appear
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Scatter/secondary radition
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is

28. What is secondary radiation
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
Blue light sensitive films
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough

29. who discovered x-rays
Short
Rectangular collimation
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Roentgen

30. In the darkroom - you unwrap a film and place a coin on top of the film for several minutes. when you process the film - you notice a slight - well-defined white circle on the film. What does this mean?
Air space and soft tissues
25
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
As far as practical

31. What is the base of dental film composed of?
Eyewear - mask - and gown
Blue tinted polyester acetate
DEHNR
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors

32. when taking a PANO radiograph - the patient is placed too far into the machine. How will the radiograph appear
Excessive vertical angulation
Before fixing
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA

33. The cells from most sensitive to least sensitive
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch

34. 1/10th dosage of gen. public - What are photons
Quantum of energy
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
20 min
Premature contact with developer

35. What would cause a properly exposed film to appear dark?
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
No. 0

36. What film is used to diagnose interproximal decay
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
BW

37. Max lat. canine anatomy
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Nasal fossa - max sinus

38. What is scatter radiation
Positioning the arches too far foward
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Mandibular lateral/central

39. What is the term to describe the overall blackness of a radiograph
Density
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Cut exposure time by 1/3

40. According to principles of shadow casting - preferred source-object distance
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
As far as practical
Step-wedge or test film
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors

41. What is formed when high speed electrons strike the target
10 min (dbl the development time)
Premature contact with developer
Film placed backwards
X-ray and heat

42. What size bulb is used in safelight
Tori
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal

43. What exposure would be useful in identifying salivary stones in the submandibular gland
Excessive vertical angulation
Mand occlusal
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen

44. How would a film appear if submerged totally in the developer but not in the fixer
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Gray & Rad
As far as practical
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark

45. What is the purpose of replenishing the developer solution
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info
Step-wedge or test film
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -

46. What type PID significantly reduces exposure to the patient
Rectangular collimations
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
5 mSv or .5 REM
1/4 as intense

47. How long are films fixed
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Lateral cephalometric
Evidence based selection criteria
10 min (dbl the development time)

48. you change from an 8 inch to an 16 inch focal film distance. How is the intensity of the beam affected
#4
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
1/4 as intense
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting

49. when viewing a PANO - you notice that a lot of spine sHows on both side of the film - What caused this
Positioning the arches too far foward
#4
2.75 inch
Max. sinus - zygoma

50. What is the most likely cause of a film with very poor definition
.25 mm
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Patient movement
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor

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Radiology 2

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