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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does exposure time for edentulous patients compare to dentulous patients
Premature contact with developer
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
5(n-18)
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight

2. What size and How is the film places when taking a molar PA in the mixed dentition

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3. What is the max. permissable fose for radiation workers in systeme interventional units
Occlucal
50 mSv (5rem)
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Far object-image receptor distance

4. What quality control procedures should be performed on xray cassettes
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
Faster film = lower definition and detail

5. you change you kVp from 90 to 70 and leave all other factors the same. What is the result
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
68 degrees F
No. 1
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA

6. What is the emulsion composed of?
Left side
Chin down
As close as possible
Gelatin and silver halide crystals

7. What would happen to a film that is placed in the fixer prior to development
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it

8. What is the annual MPD for radiation workers
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
50 mSv or 5 REM
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
#1

9. 1/10th dosage of gen. public - What are photons
Panoramic cape
Faster film = lower definition and detail
No. 2
Quantum of energy

10. when viewing a PANO - you notice that a lot of spine sHows on both side of the film - What caused this
Mandibular lateral/central
Insufficient or improper washing
Positioning the arches too far foward
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image

11. What is the purpose of the embossed dot

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12. In the darkroom - you unwrap a film and place a coin on top of the film for several minutes. when you process the film - you notice a slight - well-defined white circle on the film. What does this mean?
15 impulses
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film

13. A patient complains of pain in the upper molar region. What radiographic exposure should be made?
#4
Periapical
1/4 as intense
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat

14. What 2 unites are used to measure absorption
Gray & Rad
D - E - F
#0
Excessive vertical angulation

15. What is the ADA approved method of mounting dental radiographs
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
25
Insufficient or improper washing
Labial

16. which anatomical structures appear radiopaque
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
#3
MRI
Dentin - enamel - bone

17. List the properties of x-rays
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue

18. You notice on a PANO that the ant. teeth appear narrow and out of focus. What caused this
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Mandibular lateral/central

19. Explain PSP
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info
Filament
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it

20. How can exposure to the operator be reduced
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
Move farther from the radiation
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp

21. According to principles of shadow casting - preferred source-object distance
As far as practical
2.75 inches
No. 2
#2

22. when manually processing dental film - you notice the temp. has gotten warmer as the day progressed. How should the developing time be changed?
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
.25 mm
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease

23. when viewing a PANO - you notice that the right TMJ is magnified - bu the left TMJ is normal. What caused this error
KVp
Doesn't matter
Patient positioned too far to the left
Enamel - dentin - and bone

24. What is the major diff. b/w particulate and electromagnetic radiation
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
No. 0

25. What Size film is 7/8 x 1 3/8
Clinical exam
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
No. 0
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed

26. How does the reproductive capacity of a cell correlate with radiosensitivity
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Didn't push button completely

27. When taking a radiograph - you pull the end of the PID away from the patients face about 6 inches. How will this affect the radiographic image and patient exposure
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Ionization
2.75 inch
Every 4 weeks

28. Mand premolar anatomy
X-ray and heat
Periapical
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal

29. What is the term to describe the overall blackness of a radiograph
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Density

30. How far should the operator stand from the source of radiation
6 ft
#2
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
Ionization

31. What must a patient remove before taking a PANO
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Max. sinus - zygoma
25
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers

32. How does exposure time for children compare to that of an adult
Excessive vertical angulation
Film placed backwards
Increase the exposure time
1/3-1/2

33. What radiograph is used to sHow contrast in soft tissues
MRI
Insufficient vertical angulation
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
1/6th of a second

34. What exposure is taken to determine jaw relationships in ortho treatment planning
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Lateral cephalometric
#4
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit

35. Max premolar anatomy
Mandibular occlusal
Max. sinus - zygoma
Blue tinted polyester acetate
As close as possible

36. The cells from most sensitive to least sensitive
No. 2
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells

37. A properly exposed film appears completely black. when was is exposed to white light
50 mSv (5rem)
Before fixing
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Evidence based selection criteria

38. which projection is used to view sinuses
#2
Long-term dose
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
PANO

39. What is the purpose of a pano
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
Film badges
Periapical
Max. sinus - zygoma

40. when viewing a molar BW - What should be on the distal of the film
Eyewear - mask - and gown
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough

41. What control factors effect the density of a radiograph
Occlucal
MA & time
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner

42. How would a film appear if submerged totally in the developer but not in the fixer
20 min
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)

43. What type of angulation is used when taking radiographs of the mand. arch
#0
Negative
6 ft
Filtration and collimation

44. What film would be used to locate a foreign body in the bucco-lingual relationship
Occlucal
No exposure - or fixer before developer
50 mSv (5rem)
Left molar PA

45. when duplicating radiographs - What side of the duplicating film is in contact with the radiograph to be duplicated
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Mand. foramen
.25 mm

46. when taking a radiograph - you pulls the cone out about 6 inches from the patient's face. What is the result
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Soft tissue - air space

47. When looking at radiographs that were taken several years ago - you notice a brownish stain which makes interpretation difficult. What caused this?
Insufficient or improper washing
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
#2
Blue tinted polyester acetate

48. What is formed when high speed electrons strike the target
X-ray and heat
50 mSv or 5 REM
1/3-1/2
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth

49. What is the base of dental film composed of?
X-ray and heat
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Nerve - brain - muscle

50. total filtration required of x-ray machines that operate above 70 kVp
2.5 mm
1/4 as intense
Air space and soft tissues
Central ray

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Radiology 2

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