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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Size film used for PA's on small children
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
#0

2. What type PID significantly reduces exposure to the patient
Rectangular collimations
The mental ridge
68 degrees F
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)

3. How long does film stay in the developer
Aluminum
Insufficient vertical angulation
Faster film = lower definition and detail
5 min

4. What is the purpose of replenishing the developer solution
Eyewear - mask - and gown
DEHNR
68 degrees F
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -

5. What is the x-ray at the center of the primary beam called
8-16 inches
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
#0
Central ray

6. How far from the work surface must the safelight be mounted
4 feet
Eyewear - mask - and gown
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Lateral cephalometric

7. What info should be recorded on the dental radiographic mount

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8. A properly exposed film appears completely black. when was is exposed to white light
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
Before fixing
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus

9. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Air space and soft tissues
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals

10. What is reticulation
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
Labial

11. What would cause the radiographic image to be blurred
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Excessive vertical angulation
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
Cut exposure time by 1/3

12. What causes elongation
Mand. foramen
Insufficient vertical angulation
Every 4 weeks
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths

13. What is the term to describe the overall blackness of a radiograph
1/3-1/2
Periapical
Density
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees

14. How would a film appear if submerged totally in the developer but not in the fixer
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Aluminum
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
Film placed backwards

15. What radiographs are used to determine if a foreign object is located facially or lingually
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
Occlusal
Max. sinus - zygoma
Insufficient vertical angulation

16. What are three types of image receptors used in digital radiography
DEHNR
X-ray and heat
No. 1
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)

17. when taking a paralleling radiograph of a patient with palatal tori - Where is the film places
15 impulses
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
On the back side of the tori
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal

18. What Size film is 15/16 x 1 9/16
No. 1
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
Premature contact with developer
Chin down

19. What Size film is 1 1/4 x 1 5/8
Parallel
Move farther from the radiation
Patient movement
No. 2

20. What projection would you take for a patient complaining of pain in the lower left molar area
Left molar PA
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Reduce size and shape of beam
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation

21. What is the source-skin distance of x-ray machine that operates at 75 kVp
8-16 inches
Insufficient or improper washing
Insufficient vertical angulation
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film

22. According to the principles of shadow casting - preferred object-film distance
Higher kVp = low exposure
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
As close as possible

23. What Size film is 7/8 x 1 3/8
No. 1
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
No. 0
#2

24. What is the earliest sign of radiation exposure
#0
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Erythema
Chin down

25. What exposure would be useful in identifying salivary stones in the submandibular gland
Mand occlusal
Patient movement
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
8-16 inches

26. What part of the x-ray machine is responsible for providing the electrons
Filament
Every 6 mths
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting

27. What is scatter radiation
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Eyewear - mask - and gown
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms

28. What parts of the x-ray machine are included in the cathode circuit
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Periapical
20 min
Higher kVp = low exposure

29. What type of film are rare earth screens paired with
68 degrees F
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues

30. Mand molar anatomy
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes

31. which anatomical structures appear radiolucent
Soft tissue - air space
Scatter/secondary radition
2.5 mm
Increase the exposure time

32. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
#2
Insufficient or improper washing
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting

33. What is the annual MPD for radiation workers
extraoral film
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
50 mSv or 5 REM

34. How do you differentiate b/w max and mand molar when mounting
Film placed backwards
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Density
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away

35. How often should an FMS be taken on an adult with no significant medical history
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Central ray
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
No. 4

36. What equation is used to calculate the accumulated MPD
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
5(n-18)
No. 2
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate

37. What Size film is 1 1/16 x 2 1/8
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
Mand occlusal
Periapical
No. 3

38. Film submerged totally in fixer but not in developer
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
#1
Left molar PA

39. What anatomical structures appear radiolucent on a dental radiograph
Air space and soft tissues
As far as practical
Shadow around the tooth
Patient positioned too far to the left

40. How does packet placement differ b/w bisecting and paralleling
Original - undeflected - useful beam
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
5 mSv or .5 REM
Every 6 mths

41. When can the films be exposed to white light
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
Periapical
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed

42. What size and How is the film places when taking a molar PA in the mixed dentition

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43. How does film speed correlate with definition and detail?
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Filament

44. What is the latent image
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
1/4 as intense
Didn't push button completely
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)

45. which dose of radiation is more biologically damaging
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Occlucal
As close as possible
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects

46. How does exposure time for children compare to that of an adult
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
1/3-1/2
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
#2

47. What causes teeth to appear very short and distorted
Filtration and collimation
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Erythema
.25 mm

48. What is the major use of topographical occlusal radiographs
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Short
50 mSv (5rem)
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency

49. if the source-object distance is cut from 16 to 8 - What must be changed to compensate
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
#3
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
No. 1

50. How are indirect exposure films exposed
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Left molar PA
5 mSv or .5 REM

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Radiology 2

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