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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the film be placed in relation to the tooth?
Parallel
Focal spot
Enamel - dentin - and bone
No exposure - or fixer before developer

2. How are stabe film holders sterilized b/w uses
Focal spot
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
Before fixing
Incorrect horrizontal angulation

3. What must a patient remove before taking a PANO
DEHNR
Genetic cells
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers

4. What is the annual MPD for radiation workers
MA & time
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Every 4 weeks
50 mSv or 5 REM

5. According to the principles of shadow casting - preferred object-film distance
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
As close as possible
Short

6. What is characteristic radiation
Parallel
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Reduce size and shape of beam

7. How often should an FMS be taken on an adult with no significant medical history
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
No exposure - or fixer before developer
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Reduce size and shape of beam

8. What factors would decrease edge sharpness and increase magnification
Periapical
Gray & Rad
Far object-image receptor distance
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image

9. How does film speed correlate with definition and detail?
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Doesn't matter
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Faster film = lower definition and detail

10. What causes a HERRINGBONE effect
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
1/4 as intense
Film placed backwards
Periapical examination - paralleling technique

11. Proper patient positioning for bisecting
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
X-ray and heat
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch

12. What is the area of the skull that is in focus on a pano

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13. You process a set of BW's in the automatic processor. three of the BW's are of good quality - but fourth is completely blank. What probably caused this?
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Air space and soft tissues
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Scatter/secondary radition

14. How does reducing exposure to the patient benefit the operator
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
Chin down
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling

15. What equation is used to calculate the accumulated MPD
D - E - F
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
5(n-18)
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit

16. What exposure would be useful in identifying salivary stones in the submandibular gland
Every 6 mths
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Mand occlusal
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS

17. In the darkroom - you unwrap a film and place a coin on top of the film for several minutes. when you process the film - you notice a slight - well-defined white circle on the film. What does this mean?
extraoral film
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Focal spot
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film

18. when should radiographs be taken on a pregnant patient
Erythema
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Focal spot

19. How do you differentiate b/w max and mand molar when mounting
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Higher kVp = low exposure
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Filament

20. you change you kVp from 90 to 70 and leave all other factors the same. What is the result
Film placed backwards
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar

21. What should be done prior to ordering radiographs for a patient
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Clinical exam
Not centered on sensor

22. How often must you replenish the solutions in an automatic processor
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution

23. What film would be used to locate a foreign body in the bucco-lingual relationship
Air space and soft tissues
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
#2
Occlucal

24. total filtration required of x-ray machines that operate above 70 kVp
1.5 mm
X-ray and heat
2.5 mm
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom

25. What info should be recorded on the dental radiographic mount

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26. What is a large dose of radiation given over a short period of time
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Labial
Short-term dose
No. 4

27. Explain PSP
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Max. sinus - zygoma
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image

28. How does exposure time differ b/w adults and children
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
10 min (dbl the development time)
Negative

29. What radiographs are used to locate a salivary stone in the submandibular duct
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Mandibular occlusal
Every 6 mths
Aluminum

30. What is the most commonly used personnel monitoring devide for dental offices
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
Mand occlusal
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
Film badges

31. What is thermionic emission
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
Blue light sensitive films
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells

32. when taking a radiograph - you pulls the cone out about 6 inches from the patient's face. What is the result
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal

33. What 2 unites are used to measure biologic effect and dose equivalent
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Sv & Rem
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
DEHNR

34. when taking a paralleling radiograph of a patient with palatal tori - Where is the film places
50 mSv (5rem)
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Negative
On the back side of the tori

35. What are filters made out of...
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Aluminum
Vertical BW
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image

36. What type lead apron should be used when taking PANO radiographs
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Soft tissue - air space
BW
Panoramic cape

37. What would happen to a film that is placed in the fixer prior to development
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Occlucal
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)

38. How are indirect exposure films exposed
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Premature contact with developer

39. Max molar anatomy
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Long-term dose

40. How does packet placement differ b/w bisecting and paralleling
#2
Occlucal
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info

41. when viewing a duplicated radiograph - you notice that the duplicate is too dark. What should you do to duplicating time to lighten the film
Increase the exposure time
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
20 min

42. when viewing a radiograph - the tooth looks normal in size and shape; However - there is a large blank space at the incisal edge and the apices are missing. What caused this error
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
No. 1
Eyewear - mask - and gown

43. if the source-object distance is cut from 16 to 8 - What must be changed to compensate
Scatter/secondary radition
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom

44. What looking at manually processed films - you notice small black spots on the films. What caused those spots?
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
As low as reasonably achievable
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Perpendicular to the tooth and film

45. What is the best method of protecting the thyroid gland from radiation?
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
Chin down
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
Increase the exposure time

46. 3 film holding devices used for paralleling
MRI
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Sv & Rem
Insufficient or improper washing

47. How long does film stay in the developer
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
No. 0
15 impulses
5 min

48. How does kVp affect patient exposure
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Higher kVp = low exposure
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
5 min

49. Film submerged totally in fixer but not in developer
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
1/4 as intense
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
Air space and soft tissues

50. you use an exposure time of 10 impulses. How many seconds is this
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
50 mSv or 5 REM
1/6th of a second
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark