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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does exposure time for children compare to that of an adult
No. 3
MA & time
1/3-1/2
#3

2. What type PID significantly reduces exposure to the patient
1/3-1/2
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
Rectangular collimations
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety

3. Film submerged totally in fixer but not in developer
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
MRI
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
1.5 mm

4. Difference b/w direct and indirect exposure sensor?
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
1.5 mm
D - E - F
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp

5. What type film is faster - intraoral or extraoral
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Insufficient or improper washing
D - E - F
Extra oral

6. You notice on a PANO that the ant. teeth appear narrow and out of focus. What caused this
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
8-16 inches

7. What NC agency is resposible for monitoring dental x-ray equipment
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
DEHNR

8. What is the maximum size of the x-ray beam at the patients face
2.75 inches
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
2.75 inch
Film badges

9. which radiographic technique records the most accurate image of crowns - roots - and supporting structures in a selected area?
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
1/3-1/2
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)

10. What would cause a film to be too dark
Tori
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
Rectangular collimation
Evidence based selection criteria

11. What can be done to minimize gagging when taking radiographs
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
Filament
#2
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the

12. What equation is used to calculate the accumulated MPD
5(n-18)
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Doesn't matter
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation

13. What are filters made out of...
4 feet
Aluminum
Step-wedge or test film
#4

14. What would cause the radiographic image to be blurred
Quantum of energy
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head

15. after processing exposed dental film - you notice dark spots on the film. What caused this
Filtration and collimation
Positioning the arches too far foward
Premature contact with developer
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)

16. When using D speed film - you use 50 impulses of radiation. How many impulses would you use with E speed film?
25
Soft tissue - air space
5 mSv or .5 REM
Density

17. In the darkroom - you unwrap a film and place a coin on top of the film for several minutes. when you process the film - you notice a slight - well-defined white circle on the film. What does this mean?
Quantum of energy
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
Insufficient or improper washing
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells

18. when mounting a film the dot is convex - On What side of the mouth would you find #32?
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Left side
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
Perpendicular to the tooth and film

19. What Size film is used to take a BW on a 3 yr. old
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
#0

20. What is the source-skin distance of x-ray machine that operates at 75 kVp
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Short-term dose
MA & time
8-16 inches

21. What part of the x-ray machine is responsible for providing the electrons
Filament
1/4 as intense
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Nerve - brain - muscle

22. Mand premolar anatomy
Every 6 mths
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal

23. What part of the x-ray machine helps remove heat
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Before fixing
Air space and soft tissues
Copper stem - radiator and air space

24. your dentist recommends that a patient have xrays taken - bu the patient refuses. What should be done

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25. Proper patient positioning for bisecting
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
BW

26. when should radiographs be taken on a pregnant patient
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
As close as possible
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)

27. which dose of radiation is more biologically damaging
Patient positioned too far to the left
The mental ridge
1/3-1/2
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects

28. What is the purpose of a pano
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
KVp
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development

29. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms

30. Max molar anatomy
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Didn't push button completely
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process

31. What controls the speed with which the electrons travel from the cathode to the anode
Clinical exam
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
5(n-18)
KVp

32. What does alara stand for
As low as reasonably achievable
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Central ray
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery

33. How does kVp affect patient exposure
X-ray and heat
Didn't push button completely
Mand occlusal
Higher kVp = low exposure

34. You process a set of BW's in the automatic processor. three of the BW's are of good quality - but fourth is completely blank. What probably caused this?
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
#2
Every 4 weeks
1.5 mm

35. What is the max. permissable fose for radiation workers in systeme interventional units
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
Labial
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
50 mSv (5rem)

36. What would cause a properly exposed film to appear dark?
#1
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away

37. your film badge report sHows that you have received a small amt. of radiation. What should you do
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
As close as possible
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety

38. A properly exposed film appears completely black. when was is exposed to white light
Before fixing
Faster film = lower definition and detail
50 mSv (5rem)
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots

39. What are the 2 units used to measure exposure to radiation
Long-term dose
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)

40. How should x-ray film be stored
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
As far as practical
Insufficient vertical angulation
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F

41. How would a film appear if submerged totally in the developer but not in the fixer
GBX - 2
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Not centered on sensor
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed

42. What is the best way to reduce exposure to patient
Long-term dose
Mand. foramen
Rectangular collimation
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)

43. A patient complains of pain in the upper molar region. What radiographic exposure should be made?
Periapical
D - E - F
KVp
Original - undeflected - useful beam

44. when manually processing dental film - you notice the temp. has gotten warmer as the day progressed. How should the developing time be changed?
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
68 degrees F
Move farther from the radiation

45. What causes missing crowns
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
Central ray
Excessive vertical angulation
On the back side of the tori

46. How can you differentiate the zygoma from the max sinus in a max posterior PA
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
On the back side of the tori
No. 4

47. What is thermionic emission
Genetic cells
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it

48. What type of safelight filter is acceptable
Eyewear - mask - and gown
GBX - 2
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal

49. What is a large dose of radiation given over a short period of time
No. 3
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Short-term dose
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side

50. What can be done to prevent air bubbles from being trapped on the surface of films during manual processing
No. 1
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info

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Radiology 2

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