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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are common sources of background radiation
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Roentgen
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths

2. What is thermionic emission
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure

3. What PPE should be worn when exposing radiographs
Lateral cephalometric
Eyewear - mask - and gown
Tori
Patient positioned too far to the left

4. you notice that the xrays you process are becoming successively lighter than the quality control film you compare it to. What should you do
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Patient positioned too far to the left
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer

5. What type of film are rare earth screens paired with
Ionization
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
#2
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)

6. What causes conecut
Not centered on sensor
Rectangular collimation
Original - undeflected - useful beam
MRI

7. What is the best method of protecting the thyroid gland from radiation?
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
GBX - 2
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar

8. Proper patient positiong for paralleling

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9. What is the ADA approved method of mounting dental radiographs
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Labial
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease

10. What device is used to check quality of processing chemicals
Dentin - enamel - bone
No exposure - or fixer before developer
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
Step-wedge or test film

11. What is the purpose of the lead foil?
Chin down
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
No. 1
#2

12. What radiographs are used to locate a salivary stone in the submandibular duct
Mandibular occlusal
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times

13. You process a set of BW's in the automatic processor. three of the BW's are of good quality - but fourth is completely blank. What probably caused this?
Cut exposure time by 1/3
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Parallel
Every 6 mths

14. According to principles of shadow casting - preferred source-object distance
Insufficient vertical angulation
As far as practical
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Nerve - brain - muscle

15. How would a film appear if submerged totally in the developer but not in the fixer
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
As far as practical
1/4 as intense
No. 3

16. What is done to the primary beam to make is useful
Filtration and collimation
Nerve - brain - muscle
Every 4 weeks
Cathode - filament - focusing cup

17. What happens in the fixer
Air space and soft tissues
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
.25 mm
No exposure - or fixer before developer

18. The cells from most sensitive to least sensitive
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
BW
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation

19. What are automatic processors faster than manual processing?
Occlusal
Insufficient vertical angulation
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time

20. What is the name for the part of the target that is struck by electrons
Focal spot
20 min
Patient movement
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation

21. What part of the x-ray machine helps remove heat
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Copper stem - radiator and air space
PANO
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it

22. How should x-ray film be stored
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
As close as possible
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F

23. What anatomical structures appear radiolucent on a dental radiograph
Air space and soft tissues
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal

24. What type lead apron should be used when taking PANO radiographs
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Panoramic cape
Mand occlusal
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated

25. According to the principles of shadow casting - preferred object-film distance
Genetic cells
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
As close as possible
Occlucal

26. How far should the operator stand from the source of radiation
No. 1
Film badges
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
6 ft

27. when viewing a radiograph - the tooth looks normal in size and shape; However - there is a large blank space at the incisal edge and the apices are missing. What caused this error
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Every 4 weeks

28. total filtration required of x-ray machines that operate above 70 kVp
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Rectangular collimations
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
2.5 mm

29. using a 16 inch cone focal-film distance - the diameter of the beam measured at the patient's face should be no larger than
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
10 min (dbl the development time)
2.75 inch
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough

30. How long does film stay in the developer
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Before fixing
5 min
As far as practical

31. When interpreting radiographs - you notice a radiopaque extension or spur off the proximal surface of #30. What do you think this is?
The mental ridge
Remove silver
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
#2

32. What is the area of the skull that is in focus on a pano

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33. How can exposure to the operator be reduced
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
Move farther from the radiation

34. What size bulb is used in safelight
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
#3

35. What Size film is 7/8 x 1 3/8
No. 0
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure

36. when taking a paralleling radiograph of a patient with palatal tori - Where is the film places
Chin down
On the back side of the tori
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting

37. What radiograph is used to sHow contrast in soft tissues
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
MRI
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present

38. When viewing a periapical radiograph - you notice that the image of the tooth is extremely long and well defined; However the apices are missing. What technique was used to take the radiograph? What caused the roots to appear long?
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Rectangular collimation
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Filament

39. What is the proper patient position for BW's?
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Mandibular occlusal
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Mand occlusal

40. when should radiographs be taken on a pregnant patient
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA

41. What causes clear film
No exposure - or fixer before developer
8-16 inches
As close as possible
extraoral film

42. What would cause increased magnification - decreased resolution and edge sharpness
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance

43. How do you differentiate b/w max and mand molar when mounting
Far object-image receptor distance
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
5 mSv or .5 REM
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots

44. What radiographs are used to determine if a foreign object is located facially or lingually
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
Film placed backwards
Occlusal

45. What 3 types of cells are most radioresistant
Nerve - brain - muscle
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
Every 6 mths
Mandibular occlusal

46. What are the short term effects of radiation exposure
20 min
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss

47. What is added filtration
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Occlucal
1.5 mm
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production

48. What does alara stand for
1/6th of a second
7 1/2 or 15 watt
As low as reasonably achievable
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam

49. Max lat. canine anatomy
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Quantum of energy
#0
Nasal fossa - max sinus

50. What is the main source of radiation exposure to the operator
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
BW
Scatter/secondary radition
Labial

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Radiology 2

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