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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Film submerged totally in fixer but not in developer
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
10 min (dbl the development time)
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear

2. when taking a PANO radiograph - the patient is placed too far into the machine. How will the radiograph appear
As close as possible
Mandibular lateral/central
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width

3. Difference b/w direct and indirect exposure sensor?
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
Aluminum

4. your film badge report sHows that you have received a small amt. of radiation. What should you do
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Aluminum
Panoramic cape
MA & time

5. 3 film holding devices used for paralleling
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Labial
Lead
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery

6. What is the major use of cross sectional occlusal radiograph
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed

7. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
Density
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
Mand occlusal
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms

8. How are stabe film holders sterilized b/w uses
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
#0
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices

9. What type of x-rays have greater penetrating power - long or short wavelength?
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Dentin - enamel - bone
Short
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image

10. What film would be used to locate a foreign body in the bucco-lingual relationship
Occlucal
1/3-1/2
Positioning the arches too far foward
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant

11. when viewing a PANO - you notice that the right TMJ is magnified - bu the left TMJ is normal. What caused this error
Shadow around the tooth
GBX - 2
Patient positioned too far to the left
PANO

12. What is reticulation
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Quantum of energy
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Max. sinus - zygoma

13. which anatomic feature is visible on a PANO - bu not on a PA
1.5 mm
Mand. foramen
1/6th of a second
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths

14. How often are BW taken on children with high risk
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Every 6 mths
Mand occlusal
2.5 mm

15. How much total filtration is required of x-ray machines that operate lower than 70 kVp
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
1.5 mm
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Doesn't matter

16. What 2 unites are used to measure biologic effect and dose equivalent
Sv & Rem
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
#2

17. According to the principles of shadow casting - preferred object-film distance
As close as possible
Move farther from the radiation
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors

18. What is the latent period
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it

19. What causes missing apices
Nerve - brain - muscle
Insufficient vertical angulation
Focal spot
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the

20. Mand central anatomy
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Genetic cells
Tori

21. What 3 types of cells are most radioresistant
Nerve - brain - muscle
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Step-wedge or test film
5 mSv or .5 REM

22. when taking a paralleling radiograph of a patient with palatal tori - Where is the film places
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Mandibular lateral/central
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
On the back side of the tori

23. you use an exposure time of 10 impulses. How many seconds is this
Step-wedge or test film
As far as practical
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
1/6th of a second

24. What are three types of image receptors used in digital radiography
Occlucal
#2
Excessive vertical angulation
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)

25. What is the annual MPD for radiation workers
50 mSv or 5 REM
Dentin - enamel - bone
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Patient positioning

26. What is secondary radiation
1/4 as intense
5 min
No exposure - or fixer before developer
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam

27. What causes a HERRINGBONE effect
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Film placed backwards
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate

28. What is thermionic emission
Eyewear - mask - and gown
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Focal spot

29. 1/10th dosage of gen. public - What are photons
Lateral cephalometric
Extra oral
Mandibular occlusal
Quantum of energy

30. What is the latent image
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
Clinical exam

31. What happens in the fixer
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Excessive vertical angulation

32. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
Gray & Rad
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Soft tissue - air space
#2

33. How are indirect exposure films exposed
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
extraoral film
#0

34. What type of film are rare earth screens paired with
Sv & Rem
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate

35. you change from an 8 inch to an 16 inch focal film distance. How is the intensity of the beam affected
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Patient positioning
1/4 as intense
#2

36. What is the most likely cause of a film with very poor definition
Patient movement
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
No. 2
Max. sinus - zygoma

37. What is the purpose of collimation
Nerve - brain - muscle
Evidence based selection criteria
Reduce size and shape of beam
Aluminum

38. In the darkroom - you unwrap a film and place a coin on top of the film for several minutes. when you process the film - you notice a slight - well-defined white circle on the film. What does this mean?
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
Mand. foramen
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass

39. What control factors effect contrast
KVp
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
20 min
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure

40. How does resolutiong and detial of a panoramic radiograph compare with that of PA's and BW's
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
KVp

41. When taking a radiograph - you pull the end of the PID away from the patients face about 6 inches. How will this affect the radiographic image and patient exposure
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
2.5 mm
#4

42. What is the ADA approved method of mounting dental radiographs
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
5(n-18)
Genetic cells
Labial

43. What controls the speed with which the electrons travel from the cathode to the anode
Short-term dose
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
KVp

44. What is the earliest sign of radiation exposure
Erythema
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production

45. Your dentist asks you to take a FMS on a 65 yr old edentulous patient. How many exposures will you take? which exposures are not necessary? What intraoral technique will you use? What might be better than a FMS?
Chin down
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Clinical exam

46. What size and How is the film places when taking a molar PA in the mixed dentition

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47. What is the collimator made out of...
Tori
#2
Lead
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed

48. who discovered x-rays
Roentgen
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
Shadow around the tooth

49. when mounting a film the dot is convex - On What side of the mouth would you find #32?
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Left side
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency

50. How does reducing exposure to the patient benefit the operator
Remove silver
20 seconds
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed