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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What part of the x-ray machine helps remove heat
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Document patient's refusal and have them sign

2. What is the optimum processing temp.
Air space and soft tissues
68 degrees F
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
Before fixing

3. What speed films are most commonly used?
#0
5(n-18)
Chin down
D - E - F

4. you notice that a radiograph taken several months ago is brown and spotted. What happened
Insufficient or improper washing
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
As close as possible
#2

5. What exposure is taken to determine jaw relationships in ortho treatment planning
Long-term dose
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Vertical BW
Lateral cephalometric

6. when viewing a radiograph - the tooth looks normal in size and shape; However - there is a large blank space at the incisal edge and the apices are missing. What caused this error
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
2.5 mm
5 min
Lead

7. What happens in the fixer
6 ft
5(n-18)
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals

8. What is the area of the skull that is in focus on a pano

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9. What 3 types of cells are most radiosensitive
1.5 mm
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution

10. What would cause a properly exposed film to appear dark?
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Scatter/secondary radition
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Density

11. you change from an 8 inch to an 16 inch focal film distance. How is the intensity of the beam affected
20 seconds
1/4 as intense
.25 mm
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen

12. What anatomical structures appear radiopaque on a dental radiograph
#1
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors

13. What projection would you take for a patient complaining of pain in the lower left molar area
Roentgen
Left molar PA
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices

14. According to the principles of shadow casting - preferred object-film distance
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Central ray
Remove silver
As close as possible

15. What controls the speed with which the electrons travel from the cathode to the anode
Blue light sensitive films
KVp
No. 4
#0

16. In which area of the tooth is interproximal caries often seen
Negative
Aluminum
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth

17. if the source-object distance is cut from 16 to 8 - What must be changed to compensate
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
5(n-18)
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer

18. What would cause increased magnification - decreased resolution and edge sharpness
Excessive vertical angulation
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Lateral cephalometric
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance

19. who discovered x-rays
Roentgen
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Periapical
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)

20. What looking at a PANO What causes a big smile
Panoramic cape
Chin down
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film

21. when viewing a PANO - you notice that a lot of spine sHows on both side of the film - What caused this
Positioning the arches too far foward
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Blue light sensitive films
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed

22. What type PID significantly reduces exposure to the patient
Rectangular collimations
Patient positioned too far to the left
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots

23. What PPE should be worn when exposing radiographs
Eyewear - mask - and gown
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
#0
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas

24. Size film used for anterior PA's for patients with narrow arches
#1
2.75 inch
Reduce size and shape of beam
GBX - 2

25. What are occlusal radiographs used to diagnose
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
1/4 as intense
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Rectangular collimations

26. Max premolar anatomy
Air space and soft tissues
The mental ridge
Patient positioned too far to the left
Max. sinus - zygoma

27. when manually processing dental film - you notice the temp. has gotten warmer as the day progressed. How should the developing time be changed?
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
15 impulses
#3
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects

28. What causes elongation
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
As far as practical
Insufficient vertical angulation
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development

29. How does reducing exposure to the patient benefit the operator
20 min
Quantum of energy
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
Blue light sensitive films

30. which anatomical structures appear radiopaque
1/3-1/2
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Dentin - enamel - bone
Reduce size and shape of beam

31. What is the purpose of the lead foil?
15 impulses
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting

32. What info should be recorded on the dental radiographic mount

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33. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the central beam be directed
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen

34. What film is used to diagnose interproximal decay
Sv & Rem
1/3-1/2
BW
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat

35. What are automatic processors faster than manual processing?
50 mSv or 5 REM
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Short
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen

36. What causes missing apices
15 impulses
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Insufficient vertical angulation

37. What is the purpose of the embossed dot

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38. What can be done to increase the life span of processing solutions
Tori
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Filament
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting

39. What are common sources of background radiation
Lead
#0
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects

40. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
Increase the exposure time
Mandibular occlusal
#2
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed

41. 3 film holding devices used for paralleling
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time

42. What Size film is 1 1/16 x 2 1/8
KVp
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
No. 3
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS

43. Max. centrals anatomy
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
No. 4
Negative
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen

44. How often are BW taken on children with high risk
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
20 min
Every 6 mths

45. What causes a HERRINGBONE effect
Parallel
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Extra oral
Film placed backwards

46. How long does film stay in the developer
Long-term dose
Increase the exposure time
5 min
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away

47. What is used to clean the screens inside of a cassestte
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Rectangular collimation
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects

48. What quality control procedures should be performed on xray cassettes
Nerve - brain - muscle
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate

49. What periapical technique offers the best diagnostic quality?
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
15 impulses
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting

50. What type of angulation is used when taking radiographs of the mand. arch
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
50 mSv or 5 REM
Negative

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Radiology 2

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