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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. List the properties of x-rays
As low as reasonably achievable
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Lead

2. which radiographic technique records the most accurate image of crowns - roots - and supporting structures in a selected area?
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
BW
Higher kVp = low exposure
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth

3. 3 film holding devices used for bisecting
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Negative
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head

4. What is the ADA approved method of mounting dental radiographs
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
Labial
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
1/4 as intense

5. Mand central anatomy
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects

6. When interpreting radiographs - you notice a radiopaque extension or spur off the proximal surface of #30. What do you think this is?
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
The mental ridge
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots

7. What is inherent filtration
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
MA & time
2.75 inches
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)

8. What size and How is the film places when taking a molar PA in the mixed dentition

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9. What is done to the primary beam to make is useful
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Filtration and collimation
Not centered on sensor
DEHNR

10. How often are BW taken on children with high risk
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
extraoral film
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
Every 6 mths

11. What is used to clean the screens inside of a cassestte
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Enamel - dentin - and bone
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner

12. when processing - two films overlap in the developer - but not in the fixer. How would the films appear
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy

13. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Eyewear - mask - and gown
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Genetic cells

14. which anatomical structures appear radiopaque
Dentin - enamel - bone
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
Insufficient vertical angulation
Gelatin and silver halide crystals

15. What radiographs are used to locate a salivary stone in the submandibular duct
Mandibular occlusal
5 mSv or .5 REM
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
5 min

16. What is the latent period
68 degrees F
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
Quantum of energy

17. On a mandibular molar PA - Where is the mylohoid ridge located
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
BW

18. How long is the final rinse
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
20 min
Focal spot
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)

19. What is added filtration
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Left molar PA
Density
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors

20. How long does film stay in the developer
5(n-18)
5 min
#2
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp

21. What Size film is 15/16 x 1 9/16
20 min
Roentgen
No. 1
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers

22. How is vertical angulation established with the paralleling technique
2.75 inch
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Mandibular occlusal

23. What is the purpose of taking radiographs of an edentulous patient
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat

24. What would cause the radiographic image to be blurred
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Not centered on sensor
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head

25. What is the collimator made out of...
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Lead
Chin down

26. when viewing a PANO - you notice that the right TMJ is magnified - bu the left TMJ is normal. What caused this error
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Patient positioned too far to the left
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
4 feet

27. You take a radiograph using 10 mA 30 impulses and 90 kVp - your dentist wants a radiograph with increased contrast and equal density. What settings would you use?
Labial
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus

28. What would happen to a film that is placed in the fixer prior to development
Quantum of energy
Left molar PA
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)

29. The cells from most sensitive to least sensitive
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Remove silver
Insufficient or improper washing
Genetic cells

30. 1/10th dosage of gen. public - What are photons
Quantum of energy
Tori
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Dentin - enamel - bone

31. What type lead apron should be used when taking PANO radiographs
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
Panoramic cape
25

32. What is the purpose of the embossed dot

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33. Difference b/w direct and indirect exposure sensor?
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions

34. How are indirect exposure films exposed
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Cut exposure time by 1/3
X-ray and heat

35. What type of projection is used to visualize the crestol alveolar bone on a patient with moderate to severe bone loss
#4
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Vertical BW
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus

36. Mand molar anatomy
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
Premature contact with developer

37. How do you determine How often to take radiographs
Focal spot
Evidence based selection criteria
Shadow around the tooth
Vertical BW

38. who discovered x-rays
Extra oral
1/4 as intense
Roentgen
No. 3

39. How does exposure time for edentulous patients compare to dentulous patients
Short
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
50 mSv or 5 REM

40. What is characteristic radiation
MRI
Nasal fossa - max sinus
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom

41. How does resolutiong and detial of a panoramic radiograph compare with that of PA's and BW's
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery

42. How are stabe film holders sterilized b/w uses
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
50 mSv or 5 REM
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Dentin - enamel - bone

43. What equation is used to calculate the accumulated MPD
Patient movement
KVp
5(n-18)
Lateral cephalometric

44. What causes elongation
Insufficient vertical angulation
Doesn't matter
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials

45. What 3 types of cells are most radiosensitive
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
As far as practical
Insufficient or improper washing
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass

46. How often should developing solutions be changed
Every 4 weeks
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Move farther from the radiation

47. What type of safelight filter is acceptable
KVp
Doesn't matter
25
GBX - 2

48. if the source-object distance is cut from 16 to 8 - What must be changed to compensate
4 feet
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling

49. using a 16 inch cone focal-film distance - the diameter of the beam measured at the patient's face should be no larger than
Panoramic cape
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
2.75 inch
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes

50. What can be done to prevent air bubbles from being trapped on the surface of films during manual processing
#0
GBX - 2
Central ray
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times