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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How long are films fixed
Dentin - enamel - bone
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
10 min (dbl the development time)
Faster film = lower definition and detail

2. when processing - two films overlap in the developer - but not in the fixer. How would the films appear
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Every 6 mths
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Soft tissue - air space

3. What Size film is 1 1/16 x 2 1/8
No. 3
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
1.5 mm

4. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms

5. What part of the x-ray machine is responsible for providing the electrons
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Filament
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Step-wedge or test film

6. When mounting a FMS - you notice that one film is blank. another film is dark - the teeth look strange - and it is difficult to determine What film it is. What do you think happened?
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
Enamel - dentin - and bone

7. which dose of radiation is more biologically damaging
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects

8. When looking at radiographs that were taken several years ago - you notice a brownish stain which makes interpretation difficult. What caused this?
Insufficient or improper washing
Labial
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp

9. when manually processing dental film - you notice the temp. has gotten warmer as the day progressed. How should the developing time be changed?
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
As close as possible

10. How many impulses are in .25 seconds
25
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
15 impulses

11. Film submerged totally in fixer but not in developer
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
20 min
Filament

12. you use an exposure time of 10 impulses. How many seconds is this
Filtration and collimation
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
1/6th of a second

13. When taking a radiograph - you pull the end of the PID away from the patients face about 6 inches. How will this affect the radiographic image and patient exposure
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Focal spot
Nerve - brain - muscle

14. What parts of the x-ray machine are included in the anode circuit
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals

15. Mand lateral/canine anatomy
Tori
Lead
Soft tissue - air space
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is

16. How is vertical angulation established with the paralleling technique
.25 mm
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Chin down
Original - undeflected - useful beam

17. What is the optimum processing temp.
Excessive vertical angulation
Faster film = lower definition and detail
68 degrees F
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant

18. What is the max. permissable fose for radiation workers in systeme interventional units
extraoral film
Aluminum
50 mSv (5rem)
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar

19. What can be done to increase the life span of processing solutions
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Density

20. How does packet placement differ b/w bisecting and paralleling
Sv & Rem
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Remove silver

21. when taking a radiograph - you pulls the cone out about 6 inches from the patient's face. What is the result
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Tori
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film

22. When viewing a periapical radiograph - you notice that the image of the tooth is extremely long and well defined; However the apices are missing. What technique was used to take the radiograph? What caused the roots to appear long?
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Lead
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate

23. What can be done to prevent air bubbles from being trapped on the surface of films during manual processing
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
50 mSv (5rem)
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times

24. How do you differentiate b/w max and mand molar when mounting
Nasal fossa - max sinus
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Chin down
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots

25. which anatomic feature is visible on a PANO - bu not on a PA
Mand. foramen
Patient positioning
Increase the exposure time
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS

26. How does the reproductive capacity of a cell correlate with radiosensitivity
#3
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
Cut exposure time by 1/3

27. List the properties of x-rays
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Quantum of energy
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Rectangular collimation

28. What Size film is 7/8 x 1 3/8
No. 0
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
5(n-18)
Document patient's refusal and have them sign

29. How can exposure to the operator be reduced
decrease mA & time
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Move farther from the radiation

30. What is the earliest sign of radiation exposure
Erythema
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Shadow around the tooth
Periapical examination - paralleling technique

31. your film badge report sHows that you have received a small amt. of radiation. What should you do
Rectangular collimation
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
Remove silver
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety

32. How does exposure time for edentulous patients compare to dentulous patients
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
7 1/2 or 15 watt
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image

33. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
#2
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Film badges
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal

34. How does kVp affect patient exposure
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
Higher kVp = low exposure
No. 1
Faster film = lower definition and detail

35. when taking a paralleling radiograph of a patient with palatal tori - Where is the film places
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
On the back side of the tori
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)

36. What type of film are rare earth screens paired with
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
No. 4

37. What film is used to diagnose interproximal decay
Positioning the arches too far foward
5 min
Aluminum
BW

38. What film would be used to locate a foreign body in the bucco-lingual relationship
.25 mm
Occlucal
Positioning the arches too far foward
BW

39. How does exposure time differ b/w adults and children
Air space and soft tissues
Long-term dose
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
Cut exposure time by 1/3

40. The cells from most sensitive to least sensitive
Cut exposure time by 1/3
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
Film badges

41. Size film used for BW on adults
#2
Patient positioning
Dentin - enamel - bone
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar

42. How often are BW taken on children with high risk
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Every 6 mths
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Gray & Rad

43. What does alara stand for
As low as reasonably achievable
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
50 mSv (5rem)

44. How long does film stay in the developer
#0
Mand. foramen
68 degrees F
5 min

45. What is characteristic radiation
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Increase the exposure time
2.5 mm

46. Mand molar anatomy
Insufficient or improper washing
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up

47. What is the purpose of collimation
Reduce size and shape of beam
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Chin down
KVp

48. What is small doses of radiation given over a long period of time
Soft tissue - air space
Film badges
Long-term dose
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions

49. How does radiation effect cells
Ionization
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Sv & Rem
#2

50. What is the proper patient position for BW's?
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Left side
Extra oral

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Radiology 2

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