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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What radiographs are used to determine if a foreign object is located facially or lingually
Occlusal
Step-wedge or test film
50 mSv or 5 REM
1.5 mm

2. What PPE should be worn when exposing radiographs
Eyewear - mask - and gown
BW
No. 2
Excessive vertical angulation

3. What is the main source of radiation exposure to the operator
Focal spot
On the back side of the tori
Scatter/secondary radition
Insufficient vertical angulation

4. What 2 unites are used to measure biologic effect and dose equivalent
Sv & Rem
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Left side

5. What is the purpose of replenishing the developer solution
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks

6. When using D speed film - you use 50 impulses of radiation. How many impulses would you use with E speed film?
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
25
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density

7. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the film be placed in relation to the tooth?
Film placed backwards
Labial
No. 0
Parallel

8. when viewing a PANO - you notice that the right TMJ is magnified - bu the left TMJ is normal. What caused this error
Patient positioned too far to the left
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Genetic cells

9. How can you differentiate the zygoma from the max sinus in a max posterior PA
Excessive vertical angulation
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator

10. What size and How is the film places when taking a molar PA in the mixed dentition

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11. What should be done prior to ordering radiographs for a patient
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Clinical exam

12. What exposure is taken to determine jaw relationships in ortho treatment planning
#0
Lateral cephalometric
On the back side of the tori
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark

13. What must be done to xray fixer priod to disposal
No exposure - or fixer before developer
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Occlusal
Remove silver

14. when processing - two films overlap in the developer - but not in the fixer. How would the films appear
BW
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Extra oral
No exposure - or fixer before developer

15. when viewing a molar BW - What should be on the distal of the film
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Before fixing
68 degrees F

16. when viewing a duplicated radiograph - you notice that the duplicate is too dark. What should you do to duplicating time to lighten the film
Gray & Rad
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
Increase the exposure time
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info

17. How long is the final rinse
Sv & Rem
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
20 min
Filtration and collimation

18. What type PID significantly reduces exposure to the patient
Rectangular collimations
X-ray and heat
Short
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar

19. which anatomical structures appear radiolucent
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Soft tissue - air space
X-ray and heat
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam

20. using a 16 inch cone focal-film distance - the diameter of the beam measured at the patient's face should be no larger than
25
2.75 inch
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Parallel

21. What is the max. permissable fose for radiation workers in systeme interventional units
50 mSv (5rem)
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
5 mSv or .5 REM
#0

22. What causes missing crowns
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Excessive vertical angulation
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate

23. What type of film are rare earth screens paired with
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
#0
Max. sinus - zygoma
Incorrect horrizontal angulation

24. What is the purpose of a pano
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development

25. What type of safelight filter is acceptable
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
GBX - 2
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Negative

26. What are common sources of background radiation
Mandibular lateral/central
KVp
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials

27. How is vertical angulation established with the paralleling technique
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Erythema

28. when viewing a radiograph - the tooth looks normal in size and shape; However - there is a large blank space at the incisal edge and the apices are missing. What caused this error
decrease mA & time
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA

29. In which area of the tooth is interproximal caries often seen
Original - undeflected - useful beam
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth

30. What anatomical structures appear radiolucent on a dental radiograph
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
Filament
Air space and soft tissues
Blue tinted polyester acetate

31. total filtration required of x-ray machines that operate above 70 kVp
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
2.5 mm
Far object-image receptor distance

32. When mounting dental radiographs - What is the best way to differentiate max and mand films?
Insufficient or improper washing
Scatter/secondary radition
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal

33. What radiograph is used to sHow contrast in soft tissues
As close as possible
MRI
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
#2

34. How does exposure time differ b/w adults and children
1/3-1/2
KVp
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Cathode - filament - focusing cup

35. How are x-rays formed in the tubehead
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
Periapical
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation

36. What is scatter radiation
Higher kVp = low exposure
No. 2
Genetic cells
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths

37. What control factors effect the density of a radiograph
MA & time
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Erythema
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away

38. What would cause the radiographic image to be blurred
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
4 feet
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees

39. Size film used for anterior PA's for patients with narrow arches
#1
Vertical BW
Filament
Long-term dose

40. What 2 unites are used to measure absorption
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
Short-term dose
Gray & Rad

41. How does resolutiong and detial of a panoramic radiograph compare with that of PA's and BW's
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image

42. What causes a HERRINGBONE effect
Film placed backwards
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Filtration and collimation
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue

43. when mounting a film the dot is convex - On What side of the mouth would you find #32?
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
50 mSv or 5 REM
Left side
Faster film = lower definition and detail

44. Max lat. canine anatomy
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
6 ft
extraoral film

45. What is the best way to reduce exposure to patient
On the back side of the tori
Left molar PA
Rectangular collimation
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam

46. What anatomical structures appear radiopaque on a dental radiograph
Doesn't matter
MRI
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Far object-image receptor distance

47. What Size film is 7/8 x 1 3/8
No. 0
Insufficient or improper washing
Mand occlusal
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety

48. What determines the speed of dental films?
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Aluminum
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Every 4 weeks

49. What is the purpose of the lead foil?
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
#0

50. What is the ADA approved method of mounting dental radiographs
No. 0
Labial
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting