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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. which anatomic feature is visible on a PANO - bu not on a PA
As low as reasonably achievable
#2
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
Mand. foramen

2. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
4 feet
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
#2

3. What type of film are rare earth screens paired with
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
Shadow around the tooth
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is

4. What control factors effect the density of a radiograph
KVp
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
#4
MA & time

5. What is the annual MPD for radiation workers
Tori
PANO
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
50 mSv or 5 REM

6. total filtration required of x-ray machines that operate above 70 kVp
MA & time
decrease mA & time
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
2.5 mm

7. What Size film is used to take a BW on a 3 yr. old
#0
GBX - 2
Lead
Vertical BW

8. Max. centrals anatomy
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
1/6th of a second
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen

9. What is the emulsion composed of?
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Insufficient vertical angulation
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Gelatin and silver halide crystals

10. What controls the speed with which the electrons travel from the cathode to the anode
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Rectangular collimation
KVp
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present

11. What does alara stand for
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
As low as reasonably achievable
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
Increase the exposure time

12. Proper patient positiong for paralleling

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13. When mounting a FMS - you notice that one film is blank. another film is dark - the teeth look strange - and it is difficult to determine What film it is. What do you think happened?
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process

14. What is the best method of reducing radiation to the patient
Original - undeflected - useful beam
20 min
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
Nerve - brain - muscle

15. 1/10th dosage of gen. public - What are photons
X-ray and heat
The mental ridge
Quantum of energy
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting

16. How do you differentiate b/w max and mand molar when mounting
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Filtration and collimation
#0
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance

17. How does exposure time for edentulous patients compare to dentulous patients
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
50 mSv or 5 REM

18. Max lat. canine anatomy
Positioning the arches too far foward
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars

19. What are three types of image receptors used in digital radiography
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
20 min
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)

20. What causes elongation
Periapical
Insufficient vertical angulation
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery

21. who discovered x-rays
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Roentgen
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects

22. What is the purpose of the lead foil?
Chin down
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Evidence based selection criteria

23. What radiograph is used to sHow contrast in soft tissues
2.75 inch
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
MRI
Perpendicular to the tooth and film

24. What NC agency is resposible for monitoring dental x-ray equipment
Rectangular collimations
Didn't push button completely
DEHNR
MA & time

25. which anatomical structures appear radiolucent
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Rectangular collimation
Soft tissue - air space

26. How should x-ray film be stored
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
50 mSv (5rem)
Clinical exam

27. you notice that a radiograph taken several months ago is brown and spotted. What happened
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Insufficient or improper washing
On the back side of the tori
Remove silver

28. What PPE should be worn when exposing radiographs
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Short
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
Eyewear - mask - and gown

29. What is the max. permissable fose for radiation workers in systeme interventional units
50 mSv (5rem)
Max. sinus - zygoma
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Premature contact with developer

30. when viewing a duplicated radiograph - you notice that the duplicate is too dark. What should you do to duplicating time to lighten the film
Increase the exposure time
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
68 degrees F
Blue tinted polyester acetate

31. Size film used for occlusals on adults
Aluminum
#2
#4
1/4 as intense

32. What is added filtration
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner

33. What is the x-ray at the center of the primary beam called
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Scatter/secondary radition
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
Central ray

34. Your dentist asks you to take a FMS on a 65 yr old edentulous patient. How many exposures will you take? which exposures are not necessary? What intraoral technique will you use? What might be better than a FMS?
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Gelatin and silver halide crystals

35. How does reducing exposure to the patient benefit the operator
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Clinical exam
#2

36. What is the collimator made out of...
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Lead
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety

37. How do you determine How often to take radiographs
Blue tinted polyester acetate
No. 1
Evidence based selection criteria
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling

38. Size film used for PA's on small children
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
#0
The mental ridge

39. Size film used for anterior PA's for patients with narrow arches
Blue light sensitive films
Move farther from the radiation
#1
Filtration and collimation

40. when viewing a molar BW - What should be on the distal of the film
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth

41. You notice on a PANO that the ant. teeth appear narrow and out of focus. What caused this
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Enamel - dentin - and bone

42. How long are films fixed
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
10 min (dbl the development time)
Panoramic cape
GBX - 2

43. What can be done to prevent air bubbles from being trapped on the surface of films during manual processing
On the back side of the tori
Occlusal
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Increase the area of radiation exposure

44. When interpreting radiographs - you notice a radiopaque extension or spur off the proximal surface of #30. What do you think this is?
20 min
The mental ridge
Short-term dose
Soft tissue - air space

45. What type of x-rays have greater penetrating power - long or short wavelength?
Filtration and collimation
Short
As low as reasonably achievable
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat

46. What must a patient remove before taking a PANO
Filtration and collimation
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers

47. What is the annual MPD for pregnant dental assistant
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
5 mSv or .5 REM
20 seconds

48. which projection is used to view sinuses
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
PANO
20 min
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth

49. How far should the operator stand from the source of radiation
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
6 ft
No. 0
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production

50. How often must you replenish the solutions in an automatic processor
#0
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
5(n-18)

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Radiology 2

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