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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the latent image
2.75 inch
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Lateral cephalometric
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head

2. How do you differentiate b/w max and mand molar when mounting
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Patient positioned too far to the left
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Erythema

3. What film is used to diagnose interproximal decay
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
1.5 mm
15 impulses
BW

4. What is the annual MPD for radiation workers
50 mSv or 5 REM
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer

5. Max. centrals anatomy
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
50 mSv or 5 REM
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Parallel

6. 3 film holding devices used for paralleling
PANO
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions

7. Proper patient positioning for bisecting
No. 4
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass

8. when taking a PANO radiograph - the patient is placed too far into the machine. How will the radiograph appear
PANO
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
50 mSv (5rem)
Positioning the arches too far foward

9. What type of projection is used to visualize the crestol alveolar bone on a patient with moderate to severe bone loss
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Vertical BW
Positioning the arches too far foward
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed

10. when viewing a PANO - you notice that a lot of spine sHows on both side of the film - What caused this
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Positioning the arches too far foward
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info

11. What types of cells must be effected in order for mutation to occur
No. 1
Central ray
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Genetic cells

12. What causes film fogging
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
Patient movement
2.75 inches

13. your dentist recommends that a patient have xrays taken - bu the patient refuses. What should be done

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14. which projection is used to view sinuses
#2
Roentgen
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
PANO

15. What should be done prior to ordering radiographs for a patient
Clinical exam
No. 2
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it

16. What is the source-skin distance of x-ray machine that operates at 75 kVp
Lead
No. 4
Shadow around the tooth
8-16 inches

17. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the film be placed in relation to the tooth?
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
Parallel
Mandibular occlusal

18. What is the term to describe the overall blackness of a radiograph
Density
Occlucal
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation

19. What are occlusal radiographs used to diagnose
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Aluminum
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
#2

20. What happens in the fixer
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms

21. What are filters made out of...
Rectangular collimations
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
DEHNR
Aluminum

22. What is the best method of reducing radiation to the patient
Clinical exam
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Mandibular lateral/central
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed

23. Mand molar anatomy
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
Panoramic cape

24. What is the x-ray at the center of the primary beam called
25
#0
Central ray
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F

25. What are three types of image receptors used in digital radiography
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Parallel
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Gelatin and silver halide crystals

26. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
2.75 inch
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)

27. How far should the operator stand from the source of radiation
6 ft
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density

28. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the central beam be directed
68 degrees F
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Vertical BW

29. What is penumbra
2.5 mm
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Shadow around the tooth
Didn't push button completely

30. What would cause a film to be too light
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
Eyewear - mask - and gown
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -

31. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Filament
Lateral cephalometric
#2

32. What is the major use of topographical occlusal radiographs
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Positioning the arches too far foward
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar

33. What causes missing crowns
Panoramic cape
20 seconds
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Excessive vertical angulation

34. What can be done to prevent air bubbles from being trapped on the surface of films during manual processing
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Genetic cells
MA & time

35. your film badge report sHows that you have received a small amt. of radiation. What should you do
Negative
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Film placed backwards

36. you process four BW films. three of the films appear normal - but one is clear. What happened

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37. What is reticulation
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Doesn't matter
#2

38. What is the optimum processing temp.
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
.25 mm
As low as reasonably achievable
68 degrees F

39. How much total filtration is required of x-ray machines that operate lower than 70 kVp
Filament
Central ray
Roentgen
1.5 mm

40. What are the 2 units used to measure exposure to radiation
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees

41. you notice that a radiograph taken several months ago is brown and spotted. What happened
Insufficient or improper washing
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths

42. A properly exposed film appears completely black. when was is exposed to white light
Before fixing
Parallel
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight

43. How often should developing solutions be changed
Every 4 weeks
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Short-term dose
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues

44. What causes foreshortening
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Excessive vertical angulation
Central ray
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery

45. What causes teeth to appear very short and distorted
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
KVp
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp

46. What is the ADA approved method of mounting dental radiographs
Labial
Mand. foramen
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Cut exposure time by 1/3

47. you notice that the xrays you process are becoming successively lighter than the quality control film you compare it to. What should you do
Nerve - brain - muscle
No. 1
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal

48. What is the latent period
Focal spot
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
.25 mm

49. How can you differentiate the zygoma from the max sinus in a max posterior PA
Patient movement
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
.25 mm

50. What must a patient remove before taking a PANO
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Gray & Rad
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
Short-term dose

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Radiology 2

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