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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What 2 unites are used to measure biologic effect and dose equivalent
1/4 as intense
Sv & Rem
#0
Evidence based selection criteria

2. Proper patient positioning for bisecting
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Clinical exam
Eyewear - mask - and gown

3. What parts of the x-ray machine are included in the anode circuit
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Not centered on sensor
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
1.5 mm

4. What is done to the primary beam to make is useful
20 seconds
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
#2
Filtration and collimation

5. when viewing a radiograph - the tooth looks normal in size and shape; However - there is a large blank space at the incisal edge and the apices are missing. What caused this error
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Occlusal

6. How does exposure time for edentulous patients compare to dentulous patients
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
MRI

7. What causes foreshortening
Step-wedge or test film
Excessive vertical angulation
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths

8. What is the emulsion composed of?
Insufficient vertical angulation
#2
Evidence based selection criteria
Gelatin and silver halide crystals

9. How does film speed correlate with definition and detail?
Mand. foramen
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
Roentgen
Faster film = lower definition and detail

10. What exposure is taken to determine jaw relationships in ortho treatment planning
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Lateral cephalometric
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal

11. What factors affect the sharpness of the radiographic image
Didn't push button completely
1/3-1/2
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film

12. What part of the x-ray machine is responsible for providing the electrons
Filament
Labial
68 degrees F
Increase the area of radiation exposure

13. What happens in the developer
.25 mm
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver

14. What PPE should be worn when exposing radiographs
No. 0
Roentgen
Eyewear - mask - and gown
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit

15. What is penumbra
No exposure - or fixer before developer
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Shadow around the tooth

16. When viewing a periapical radiograph - you notice that the image of the tooth is extremely long and well defined; However the apices are missing. What technique was used to take the radiograph? What caused the roots to appear long?
2.5 mm
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Mand. foramen

17. What exposure would be useful in identifying salivary stones in the submandibular gland
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Mand occlusal
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss

18. which anatomic feature is visible on a PANO - bu not on a PA
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
decrease mA & time
Mand. foramen

19. How often should an FMS be taken on an adult with no significant medical history
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Move farther from the radiation
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated

20. How do you determine How often to take radiographs
Patient movement
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Evidence based selection criteria

21. How does reducing exposure to the patient benefit the operator
Sv & Rem
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
Remove silver
Faster film = lower definition and detail

22. What projection would you take for a patient complaining of pain in the lower left molar area
Left molar PA
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
20 seconds
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation

23. What is added filtration
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Every 6 mths
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Enamel - dentin - and bone

24. What is the area of the skull that is in focus on a pano

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25. What film would be used to locate a foreign body in the bucco-lingual relationship
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Occlucal
Scatter/secondary radition
Labial

26. What is the major use of topographical occlusal radiographs
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Soft tissue - air space
No. 4
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas

27. What causes conecut
Not centered on sensor
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times

28. What are automatic processors faster than manual processing?
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
10 min (dbl the development time)
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
GBX - 2

29. in which pericapical projection will the mental ridge be visible
Roentgen
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Mandibular lateral/central
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution

30. What is the purpose of the embossed dot

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31. You process a set of BW's in the automatic processor. three of the BW's are of good quality - but fourth is completely blank. What probably caused this?
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues

32. What are the 2 units used to measure exposure to radiation
Occlucal
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers

33. How does radiation effect cells
Ionization
1/4 as intense
10 min (dbl the development time)
5 min

34. In which area of the tooth is interproximal caries often seen
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is

35. Explain PSP
MRI
Focal spot
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image

36. What is the primary beam
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
Original - undeflected - useful beam
10 min (dbl the development time)
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal

37. You notice on a PANO that the ant. teeth appear narrow and out of focus. What caused this
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Air space and soft tissues
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Insufficient vertical angulation

38. Size film used for PA's on adults
Labial
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
15 impulses
#2

39. How are stabe film holders sterilized b/w uses
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
Not centered on sensor
5(n-18)

40. When mounting dental radiographs - What is the best way to differentiate max and mand films?
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Doesn't matter
Gray & Rad

41. Size film used for anterior PA's for patients with narrow arches
Evidence based selection criteria
#1
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials

42. What are three types of image receptors used in digital radiography
1/3-1/2
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
BW
6 ft

43. What is the purpose of the lead foil?
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
#1
MRI
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging

44. How should the frequency of radiographic exposures be determined
Labial
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)

45. What NC agency is resposible for monitoring dental x-ray equipment
Insufficient vertical angulation
The mental ridge
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
DEHNR

46. What does alara stand for
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
As low as reasonably achievable
Periapical

47. What is the best way to reduce exposure to patient
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Rectangular collimation
#4
Genetic cells

48. What are occlusal radiographs used to diagnose
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Sv & Rem

49. How long does film stay in the developer
5 min
Short-term dose
Evidence based selection criteria
D - E - F

50. What are the long term effects of radiation exposure
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight