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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the earliest sign of radiation exposure
25
5(n-18)
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Erythema

2. What is the purpose of filtration
#0
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Patient positioned too far to the left
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info

3. which anatomic feature is visible on a PANO - bu not on a PA
Mand. foramen
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Left molar PA
No. 0

4. What is small doses of radiation given over a long period of time
Negative
Long-term dose
Dentin - enamel - bone
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation

5. when processing - two films overlap in the developer - but not in the fixer. How would the films appear
Central ray
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals

6. How often should developing solutions be changed
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Long-term dose
Every 4 weeks

7. Proper patient positiong for paralleling

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8. What film would be used to locate a foreign body in the bucco-lingual relationship
#2
No. 1
Dentin - enamel - bone
Occlucal

9. What must be done to xray fixer priod to disposal
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Remove silver
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms

10. when viewing a PANO - you notice that a lot of spine sHows on both side of the film - What caused this
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Positioning the arches too far foward
68 degrees F
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch

11. What causes conecut
Increase the exposure time
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
Filtration and collimation
Not centered on sensor

12. When mounting a FMS - you notice that one film is blank. another film is dark - the teeth look strange - and it is difficult to determine What film it is. What do you think happened?
No exposure - or fixer before developer
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
DEHNR
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is

13. 3 film holding devices used for paralleling
#0
KVp
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
#3

14. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
1/6th of a second

15. How do you differentiate b/w max and mand molar when mounting
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Insufficient vertical angulation
Film badges
KVp

16. Size film used for BW on adults
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Long-term dose
#2
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F

17. When interpreting radiographs - you notice a radiopaque extension or spur off the proximal surface of #30. What do you think this is?
The mental ridge
Nerve - brain - muscle
Insufficient vertical angulation
Soft tissue - air space

18. How are x-rays formed in the tubehead
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
10 min (dbl the development time)
1.5 mm

19. What is the best method of protecting the thyroid gland from radiation?
Chin down
Not centered on sensor
68 degrees F
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar

20. When taking a radiograph - you pull the end of the PID away from the patients face about 6 inches. How will this affect the radiographic image and patient exposure
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Evidence based selection criteria

21. What is the purpose of the embossed dot

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22. What is the purpose of a pano
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam

23. What causes missing crowns
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Excessive vertical angulation
extraoral film
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices

24. What equation is used to calculate the accumulated MPD
5(n-18)
MA & time
1/3-1/2
Eyewear - mask - and gown

25. What happens in the developer
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
8-16 inches
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Density

26. Mand lateral/canine anatomy
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
Tori
Aluminum
Insufficient vertical angulation

27. What is the name for the part of the target that is struck by electrons
Rectangular collimation
20 min
Focal spot
#0

28. How long does film stay in the developer
Patient positioned too far to the left
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
5 min
GBX - 2

29. if the source-object distance is cut from 16 to 8 - What must be changed to compensate
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
KVp

30. What type of safelight filter is acceptable
GBX - 2
Labial
2.5 mm
D - E - F

31. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
#2
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat

32. Size film used for anterior PA's for patients with narrow arches
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Nerve - brain - muscle
Evidence based selection criteria
#1

33. your film badge report sHows that you have received a small amt. of radiation. What should you do
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Erythema
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting

34. What can be done to prevent air bubbles from being trapped on the surface of films during manual processing
Short
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Reduce size and shape of beam
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass

35. What can be done to increase the life span of processing solutions
Insufficient or improper washing
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Mand. foramen
extraoral film

36. How long are films fixed
On the back side of the tori
10 min (dbl the development time)
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
The mental ridge

37. How does exposure time for edentulous patients compare to dentulous patients
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
Every 4 weeks
Focal spot

38. What should be done prior to ordering radiographs for a patient
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Periapical
Clinical exam
Increase the area of radiation exposure

39. an insurance company requests a patient's radiographs when examining a dental clain. you only have one copy of the radiographs. What should you do
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
D - E - F
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy

40. you use an exposure time of 10 impulses. How many seconds is this
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
1/6th of a second
Lead

41. What types of cells must be effected in order for mutation to occur
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Genetic cells
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Patient movement

42. What causes teeth to appear very short and distorted
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
#1
Insufficient vertical angulation

43. What are the 2 units used to measure exposure to radiation
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film

44. your dentist recommends that a patient have xrays taken - bu the patient refuses. What should be done

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45. How does kVp affect patient exposure
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
Higher kVp = low exposure
Filtration and collimation
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)

46. What is scatter radiation
Evidence based selection criteria
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Left molar PA

47. Explain PSP
As close as possible
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
#2

48. when viewing a molar BW - What should be on the distal of the film
10 min (dbl the development time)
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy

49. A patient complains of pain in the upper molar region. What radiographic exposure should be made?
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
25
Periapical
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas

50. when taking a paralleling radiograph of a patient with palatal tori - Where is the film places
On the back side of the tori
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
Eyewear - mask - and gown

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Radiology 2

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