Test your basic knowledge |

Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What controls the speed with which the electrons travel from the cathode to the anode
Film badges
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
KVp
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells

2. How does film speed correlate with definition and detail?
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Gray & Rad
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal

3. which anatomical structures appear radiopaque
Soft tissue - air space
Dentin - enamel - bone
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film

4. What is characteristic radiation
DEHNR
Mand occlusal
No. 2
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom

5. What would cause a film to be too light
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
Enamel - dentin - and bone

6. when viewing a PANO - you notice that the right TMJ is magnified - bu the left TMJ is normal. What caused this error
Focal spot
Parallel
Patient positioned too far to the left
4 feet

7. How often must you replenish the solutions in an automatic processor
Roentgen
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
Shadow around the tooth

8. when mounting a film the dot is convex - On What side of the mouth would you find #32?
As low as reasonably achievable
Positioning the arches too far foward
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
Left side

9. who discovered x-rays
Roentgen
Focal spot
Occlusal
Extra oral

10. What looking at a PANO What causes a big smile
Chin down
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Every 6 mths

11. What causes a HERRINGBONE effect
KVp
#4
Film placed backwards
Left side

12. Size film used for BW on adults when only one film is taken on each side
#2
#3
Left side
Evidence based selection criteria

13. When can the films be exposed to white light
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Shadow around the tooth
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting

14. What is the purpose of the embossed dot

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15. when manually processing dental film - you notice the temp. has gotten warmer as the day progressed. How should the developing time be changed?
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
DEHNR
10 min (dbl the development time)
Labial

16. What is the purpose of collimation
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Reduce size and shape of beam
No. 1
Rectangular collimation

17. What is the major diff. b/w particulate and electromagnetic radiation
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
2.75 inches
4 feet
7 1/2 or 15 watt

18. What Size film is 1 1/16 x 2 1/8
KVp
Patient positioning
No. 3
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present

19. Proper patient positioning for bisecting
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
4 feet
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling

20. Proper patient positiong for paralleling

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21. On a mandibular molar PA - Where is the mylohoid ridge located
Blue light sensitive films
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
#0
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery

22. What does alara stand for
Parallel
As low as reasonably achievable
As far as practical
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process

23. What is the purpose of the lead foil?
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
Negative
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging

24. How can you differentiate the zygoma from the max sinus in a max posterior PA
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
BW

25. What are filters made out of...
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
Aluminum
Short

26. What is the emulsion composed of?
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
20 seconds
Gelatin and silver halide crystals

27. What would cause increased magnification - decreased resolution and edge sharpness
Blue light sensitive films
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects

28. How does reducing exposure to the patient benefit the operator
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Roentgen
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed

29. What type of film are calcium tungstate screens paired with
5(n-18)
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Blue light sensitive films
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery

30. Size film used for PA's on small children
Periapical
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
#0
Occlusal

31. What radiographs are used to locate a salivary stone in the submandibular duct
Mandibular occlusal
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
Panoramic cape
No exposure - or fixer before developer

32. What must a patient remove before taking a PANO
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers

33. When viewing a periapical radiograph - you notice that the image of the tooth is extremely long and well defined; However the apices are missing. What technique was used to take the radiograph? What caused the roots to appear long?
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
Every 4 weeks
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat

34. List the properties of x-rays
Short
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film

35. How are indirect exposure films exposed
No exposure - or fixer before developer
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy

36. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Scatter/secondary radition
#2

37. What is the ADA approved method of mounting dental radiographs
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Labial
Rectangular collimation
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film

38. after processing exposed dental film - you notice dark spots on the film. What caused this
50 mSv (5rem)
Premature contact with developer
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD

39. when viewing a radiograph - the tooth looks normal in size and shape; However - there is a large blank space at the incisal edge and the apices are missing. What caused this error
Nerve - brain - muscle
68 degrees F
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times

40. What type film is faster - intraoral or extraoral
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Extra oral
Film badges
Nasal fossa - max sinus

41. What radiographs are used to determine if a foreign object is located facially or lingually
Occlusal
GBX - 2
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
Mand. foramen

42. What can be done to minimize gagging when taking radiographs
No. 3
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
The mental ridge

43. You process a set of BW's in the automatic processor. three of the BW's are of good quality - but fourth is completely blank. What probably caused this?
Every 6 mths
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors

44. What is the best method of reducing radiation to the patient
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Negative
Step-wedge or test film

45. What happens in the developer
Excessive vertical angulation
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver

46. What are automatic processors faster than manual processing?
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth

47. Mand premolar anatomy
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
Faster film = lower definition and detail

48. What part of the x-ray machine is responsible for providing the electrons
#2
Patient positioning
Filament
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials

49. What is the x-ray at the center of the primary beam called
Step-wedge or test film
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
Central ray

50. What Size film is 15/16 x 1 9/16
No. 1
Panoramic cape
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
Evidence based selection criteria