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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What can be done to minimize gagging when taking radiographs
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Quantum of energy
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image

2. What is the max. permissable fose for radiation workers in systeme interventional units
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
50 mSv (5rem)
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
1/3-1/2

3. when viewing a duplicated radiograph - you notice that the duplicate is too dark. What should you do to duplicating time to lighten the film
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Increase the exposure time
Not centered on sensor
Copper stem - radiator and air space

4. How long does film stay in the developer
5 min
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
Parallel

5. What parts of the x-ray machine are included in the cathode circuit
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
MA & time

6. you use an exposure time of 10 impulses. How many seconds is this
Mandibular occlusal
1/6th of a second
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner

7. What 3 types of cells are most radioresistant
Nerve - brain - muscle
15 impulses
Scatter/secondary radition
Positioning the arches too far foward

8. Size film used for occlusals on adults
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Eyewear - mask - and gown
#4

9. What are filters made out of...
As far as practical
Aluminum
Didn't push button completely
Rectangular collimations

10. your dentist recommends that a patient have xrays taken - bu the patient refuses. What should be done

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11. How far should the operator stand from the source of radiation
5(n-18)
7 1/2 or 15 watt
6 ft
Remove silver

12. 3 film holding devices used for paralleling
Vertical BW
#4
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit

13. What radiographs are used to determine if a foreign object is located facially or lingually
5(n-18)
6 ft
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Occlusal

14. How often should developing solutions be changed
Chin down
Every 4 weeks
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Negative

15. Film submerged totally in fixer but not in developer
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Filament
MRI
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear

16. What does alara stand for
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
PANO
As low as reasonably achievable

17. when viewing a radiograph - the tooth looks normal in size and shape; However - there is a large blank space at the incisal edge and the apices are missing. What caused this error
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Blue light sensitive films
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)

18. What is the most important step in panoramic radiography
Copper stem - radiator and air space
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Patient positioning
#2

19. What type of projection is used to visualize the crestol alveolar bone on a patient with moderate to severe bone loss
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Vertical BW
6 ft

20. What is the major use of cross sectional occlusal radiograph
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Didn't push button completely
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus

21. How does kVp affect patient exposure
Higher kVp = low exposure
Nerve - brain - muscle
2.75 inches
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is

22. What is added filtration
DEHNR
Filtration and collimation
Filament
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production

23. when viewing a PANO - you notice that the right TMJ is magnified - bu the left TMJ is normal. What caused this error
As close as possible
Panoramic cape
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Patient positioned too far to the left

24. What is the earliest sign of radiation exposure
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
20 seconds
Erythema
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F

25. Size film used for anterior PA's for patients with narrow arches
Lead
#1
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
.25 mm

26. What should be done prior to ordering radiographs for a patient
MRI
As far as practical
Clinical exam
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch

27. What is the source-skin distance of x-ray machine that operates at 75 kVp
10 min (dbl the development time)
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
8-16 inches
2.5 mm

28. Max lat. canine anatomy
5 mSv or .5 REM
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
Soft tissue - air space
Nasal fossa - max sinus

29. What is the latent period
Max. sinus - zygoma
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Mand. foramen

30. According to principles of shadow casting - preferred source-object distance
Central ray
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
As far as practical
Didn't push button completely

31. What is the x-ray at the center of the primary beam called
Mandibular occlusal
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Central ray
Panoramic cape

32. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
Patient positioning
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.

33. When can the films be exposed to white light
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
Document patient's refusal and have them sign

34. The cells from most sensitive to least sensitive
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Every 4 weeks
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Didn't push button completely

35. Proper patient positioning for bisecting
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Step-wedge or test film
Parallel

36. if the kVp is increased from 75-90 - What must be done to achieve a radiograph of comparible density
Dentin - enamel - bone
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
decrease mA & time

37. Mand central anatomy
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Blue light sensitive films
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes

38. How does film speed correlate with definition and detail?
Positioning the arches too far foward
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Labial
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit

39. What happens in the developer
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Occlucal
Max. sinus - zygoma
#0

40. What is the annual MPD for pregnant dental assistant
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
5 mSv or .5 REM
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam

41. What Size film is 1 1/4 x 1 5/8
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
No. 2
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling

42. Max molar anatomy
Far object-image receptor distance
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
#1

43. What causes a HERRINGBONE effect
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Mand. foramen
5 mSv or .5 REM
Film placed backwards

44. What speed films are most commonly used?
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
D - E - F
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat

45. How is vertical angulation established with the paralleling technique
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)

46. What is the purpose of the lead foil?
Occlucal
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging

47. What is secondary radiation
8-16 inches
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
5 min

48. What is the primary beam
Original - undeflected - useful beam
#4
Enamel - dentin - and bone
5 min

49. How would a film appear if submerged totally in the developer but not in the fixer
5(n-18)
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
5 min

50. What is formed when high speed electrons strike the target
X-ray and heat
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
No. 3
Air space and soft tissues