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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What causes clear film
Periapical
No exposure - or fixer before developer
Remove silver
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)

2. What is the best method of protecting the thyroid gland from radiation?
#1
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
15 impulses

3. What causes teeth to appear very short and distorted
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Left side

4. A patient complains of pain in the upper molar region. What radiographic exposure should be made?
Patient movement
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Periapical
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile

5. What type PID significantly reduces exposure to the patient
Max. sinus - zygoma
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Rectangular collimations
25

6. Explain PSP
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image

7. desired thickness of lead apron
No. 1
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
.25 mm
Patient positioned too far to the left

8. How does exposure time for children compare to that of an adult
20 seconds
1/3-1/2
On the back side of the tori
As far as practical

9. What is the latent image
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Focal spot

10. your dentist recommends that a patient have xrays taken - bu the patient refuses. What should be done

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11. What does alara stand for
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
As low as reasonably achievable
KVp
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots

12. How many impulses are in .25 seconds
15 impulses
Negative
Evidence based selection criteria
The mental ridge

13. What controls the speed with which the electrons travel from the cathode to the anode
Density
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
KVp
Tori

14. How are x-rays formed in the tubehead
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Faster film = lower definition and detail
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots

15. What type of angulation is used when taking radiographs of the mand. arch
Negative
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Every 4 weeks

16. How should the frequency of radiographic exposures be determined
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
Ionization
No. 3
10 min (dbl the development time)

17. using a 16 inch cone focal-film distance - the diameter of the beam measured at the patient's face should be no larger than
KVp
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Erythema
2.75 inch

18. Mand central anatomy
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
4 feet
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process

19. Proper patient positiong for paralleling

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20. How can you differentiate the zygoma from the max sinus in a max posterior PA
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Film badges
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
No. 2

21. total filtration required of x-ray machines that operate above 70 kVp
2.5 mm
Higher kVp = low exposure
extraoral film
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner

22. What radiographs are used to determine if a foreign object is located facially or lingually
Occlusal
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Every 4 weeks

23. According to principles of shadow casting - preferred source-object distance
As far as practical
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
2.75 inches
No. 4

24. What control factors effect the density of a radiograph
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
MA & time
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Not centered on sensor

25. What is the purpose of filtration
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
#2
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation

26. How should x-ray film be stored
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
As low as reasonably achievable
Increase the exposure time
Vertical BW

27. What can be done to minimize gagging when taking radiographs
#0
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Nerve - brain - muscle

28. When can the films be exposed to white light
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells

29. What is the latent period
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Cut exposure time by 1/3
2.75 inches

30. What is small doses of radiation given over a long period of time
Long-term dose
25
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film

31. What would cause a film to be too light
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
Patient positioning
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Reduce size and shape of beam

32. What 2 unites are used to measure biologic effect and dose equivalent
Scatter/secondary radition
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
25
Sv & Rem

33. What is the annual MPD for pregnant dental assistant
Parallel
Filtration and collimation
Mand occlusal
5 mSv or .5 REM

34. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
5(n-18)
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals

35. What is the base of dental film composed of?
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
Patient positioned too far to the left
On the back side of the tori
Blue tinted polyester acetate

36. When using D speed film - you use 50 impulses of radiation. How many impulses would you use with E speed film?
1.5 mm
25
Aluminum
15 impulses

37. which anatomic feature is visible on a PANO - bu not on a PA
Positioning the arches too far foward
Mand. foramen
Chin down
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells

38. How often should developing solutions be changed
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Every 4 weeks
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
Gray & Rad

39. Size film used for occlusals on adults
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
#4
5 mSv or .5 REM
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen

40. How often must you replenish the solutions in an automatic processor
MA & time
Periapical
D - E - F
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution

41. What would cause a properly exposed film to appear dark?
Before fixing
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
8-16 inches

42. How long does film stay in the developer
Increase the exposure time
extraoral film
5 min
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells

43. What is inherent filtration
Shadow around the tooth
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
4 feet

44. What is the term to describe the overall blackness of a radiograph
Every 6 mths
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
The mental ridge
Density

45. What film is used to diagnose interproximal decay
BW
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
#2
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density

46. You notice on a PANO that the ant. teeth appear narrow and out of focus. What caused this
No. 3
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated

47. What is added filtration
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film

48. According to the principles of shadow casting - preferred object-film distance
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
As close as possible
2.75 inch
Left side

49. Size film used for PA's on adults
On the back side of the tori
#2
#1
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution

50. How does kVp affect patient exposure
Left molar PA
Higher kVp = low exposure
Central ray
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks

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Radiology 2

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