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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does resolutiong and detial of a panoramic radiograph compare with that of PA's and BW's
20 seconds
Left molar PA
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling

2. You process a set of BW's in the automatic processor. three of the BW's are of good quality - but fourth is completely blank. What probably caused this?
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Focal spot
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
No exposure - or fixer before developer

3. When mounting dental radiographs - What is the best way to differentiate max and mand films?
Move farther from the radiation
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Copper stem - radiator and air space

4. What Size film is 15/16 x 1 9/16
50 mSv or 5 REM
No. 1
Film badges
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)

5. A patient complains of pain in the upper molar region. What radiographic exposure should be made?
Periapical
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
GBX - 2

6. How often should an FMS be taken on an adult with no significant medical history
Clinical exam
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated

7. How does exposure time for children compare to that of an adult
MRI
2.75 inch
1/3-1/2
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated

8. What is the best way to reduce exposure to patient
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Rectangular collimation
Clinical exam
#0

9. What is the emulsion composed of?
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
2.75 inches

10. What causes missing apices
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Insufficient vertical angulation
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis

11. What causes missing crowns
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Reduce size and shape of beam
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
Excessive vertical angulation

12. Mand central anatomy
2.5 mm
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
50 mSv or 5 REM

13. On a mandibular molar PA - Where is the mylohoid ridge located
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Excessive vertical angulation
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency

14. What size bulb is used in safelight
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
Faster film = lower definition and detail
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal

15. How does kVp affect patient exposure
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Higher kVp = low exposure
.25 mm

16. when mounting a film the dot is convex - On What side of the mouth would you find #32?
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Left side
Evidence based selection criteria

17. you change you kVp from 90 to 70 and leave all other factors the same. What is the result
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
20 min
#2
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution

18. You take a radiograph using 10 mA 30 impulses and 90 kVp - your dentist wants a radiograph with increased contrast and equal density. What settings would you use?
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
5 min
On the back side of the tori
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side

19. when taking a paralleling radiograph of a patient with palatal tori - Where is the film places
#0
On the back side of the tori
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film

20. when viewing a radiograph - the tooth looks normal in size and shape; However - there is a large blank space at the incisal edge and the apices are missing. What caused this error
D - E - F
Every 4 weeks
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Insufficient vertical angulation

21. when viewing a PANO - you notice that a lot of spine sHows on both side of the film - What caused this
Positioning the arches too far foward
Before fixing
As low as reasonably achievable
Premature contact with developer

22. which dose of radiation is more biologically damaging
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Far object-image receptor distance
Long-term dose

23. How are indirect exposure films exposed
Short
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film

24. What part of the x-ray machine is responsible for providing the electrons
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Filament
Mand. foramen
No. 0

25. What is the most commonly used personnel monitoring devide for dental offices
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
Film badges
Before fixing
#2

26. What is the major diff. b/w particulate and electromagnetic radiation
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Before fixing
#2
10 min (dbl the development time)

27. How does exposure time for edentulous patients compare to dentulous patients
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
25
extraoral film
Evidence based selection criteria

28. What is characteristic radiation
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Vertical BW
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom

29. What equation is used to calculate the accumulated MPD
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
68 degrees F
5(n-18)
#1

30. What is formed when high speed electrons strike the target
X-ray and heat
Left molar PA
Mand. foramen
No. 3

31. Proper patient positiong for paralleling

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32. What Size film is 7/8 x 1 3/8
Long-term dose
No. 0
25
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info

33. What can be done to prevent air bubbles from being trapped on the surface of films during manual processing
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
2.75 inches

34. How should x-ray film be stored
#0
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
Patient movement
MA & time

35. What 3 types of cells are most radioresistant
BW
Vertical BW
Move farther from the radiation
Nerve - brain - muscle

36. What is the maximum size of the x-ray beam at the patients face
Gray & Rad
MRI
Left molar PA
2.75 inches

37. which projection is used to view sinuses
On the back side of the tori
#2
PANO
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths

38. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Excessive vertical angulation
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals

39. Film submerged totally in fixer but not in developer
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
Erythema
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus

40. What must a patient remove before taking a PANO
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Negative
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film

41. What is inherent filtration
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
The mental ridge
KVp
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer

42. if the kVp is increased from 75-90 - What must be done to achieve a radiograph of comparible density
decrease mA & time
Insufficient vertical angulation
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution

43. What type film is faster - intraoral or extraoral
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Filtration and collimation
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Extra oral

44. What are common sources of background radiation
Blue light sensitive films
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Max. sinus - zygoma

45. What 3 types of cells are most radiosensitive
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells

46. How can exposure to the operator be reduced
.25 mm
Move farther from the radiation
2.75 inch
Clinical exam

47. What anatomical structures appear radiolucent on a dental radiograph
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
5 mSv or .5 REM
8-16 inches
Air space and soft tissues

48. What is the best method of protecting the thyroid gland from radiation?
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Quantum of energy
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar

49. What types of cells must be effected in order for mutation to occur
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Genetic cells
25
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator

50. How often should developing solutions be changed
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Every 4 weeks
1.5 mm
Soft tissue - air space

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Radiology 2

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