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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. 3 film holding devices used for bisecting
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
D - E - F
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
#0

2. How does the reproductive capacity of a cell correlate with radiosensitivity
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
2.75 inches
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
#0

3. What PPE should be worn when exposing radiographs
Blue light sensitive films
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Eyewear - mask - and gown

4. you process four BW films. three of the films appear normal - but one is clear. What happened

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5. What is small doses of radiation given over a long period of time
68 degrees F
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Long-term dose
15 impulses

6. Size film used for anterior PA's for patients with narrow arches
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Occlucal
#1
Left molar PA

7. How does packet placement differ b/w bisecting and paralleling
Move farther from the radiation
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away

8. How is vertical angulation established with the bisecting technique
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
No. 4
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film

9. What size bulb is used in safelight
7 1/2 or 15 watt
68 degrees F
Every 6 mths
Higher kVp = low exposure

10. you use an exposure time of 10 impulses. How many seconds is this
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
1/6th of a second
Premature contact with developer

11. What causes clear film
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
No exposure - or fixer before developer
8-16 inches
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms

12. What is a large dose of radiation given over a short period of time
Gray & Rad
Long-term dose
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Short-term dose

13. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
Extra oral
Patient positioned too far to the left
No. 1
#2

14. How does kVp affect patient exposure
Scatter/secondary radition
PANO
Higher kVp = low exposure
#0

15. When using D speed film - you use 50 impulses of radiation. How many impulses would you use with E speed film?
1/3-1/2
Erythema
25
Document patient's refusal and have them sign

16. How should the frequency of radiographic exposures be determined
Filtration and collimation
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers

17. What is the latent period
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Left side

18. What is the purpose of the embossed dot

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19. A properly exposed film appears completely black. when was is exposed to white light
Sv & Rem
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
Before fixing
No. 4

20. What happens in the developer
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Film placed backwards
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects

21. What is reticulation
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
KVp
Premature contact with developer

22. Proper patient positioning for bisecting
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Not centered on sensor
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
1/4 as intense

23. Explain PSP
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Move farther from the radiation

24. when viewing a molar BW - What should be on the distal of the film
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Max. sinus - zygoma

25. How long is the final rinse
Lateral cephalometric
20 min
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Faster film = lower definition and detail

26. Size film used for PA's on small children
Excessive vertical angulation
Excessive vertical angulation
#0
2.75 inch

27. What type of x-rays have greater penetrating power - long or short wavelength?
Film placed backwards
Enamel - dentin - and bone
extraoral film
Short

28. What types of cells must be effected in order for mutation to occur
Genetic cells
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Density
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production

29. What is the base of dental film composed of?
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
Erythema
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)

30. What 2 unites are used to measure absorption
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Film badges
Gray & Rad
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes

31. What control factors effect contrast
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
KVp

32. What are automatic processors faster than manual processing?
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety

33. What is the major use of cross sectional occlusal radiograph
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film

34. What is the major diff. b/w particulate and electromagnetic radiation
Patient positioning
Negative
Original - undeflected - useful beam
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass

35. What exposure would be useful in identifying salivary stones in the submandibular gland
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Quantum of energy
Mandibular occlusal
Mand occlusal

36. your dentist recommends that a patient have xrays taken - bu the patient refuses. What should be done

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37. What anatomical structures appear radiopaque on a dental radiograph
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
D - E - F

38. What are three types of image receptors used in digital radiography
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
1/5 exposure time for edentulous

39. How would a film appear if submerged totally in the developer but not in the fixer
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Mand occlusal
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen

40. What is the primary beam
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Clinical exam
Every 4 weeks
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times

41. How often should developing solutions be changed
#2
2.75 inches
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Every 4 weeks

42. What causes overlapping
1/6th of a second
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
Step-wedge or test film
Excessive vertical angulation

43. What size and How is the film places when taking a molar PA in the mixed dentition

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44. When looking at radiographs that were taken several years ago - you notice a brownish stain which makes interpretation difficult. What caused this?
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Insufficient or improper washing
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Mand occlusal

45. What Size film is 2 1/4 x 3
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
No. 4
Left side
DEHNR

46. you notice that the xrays you process are becoming successively lighter than the quality control film you compare it to. What should you do
No. 0
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
#2
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer

47. an insurance company requests a patient's radiographs when examining a dental clain. you only have one copy of the radiographs. What should you do
BW
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks

48. What is the proper patient position for BW's?
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
1/4 as intense
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Enamel - dentin - and bone

49. What type of film are rare earth screens paired with
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
Patient positioning
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)

50. Max premolar anatomy
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Max. sinus - zygoma
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
Scatter/secondary radition

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Radiology 2

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