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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is reticulation
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
The mental ridge

2. How are indirect exposure films exposed
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees

3. What is done to the primary beam to make is useful
Density
Filtration and collimation
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Original - undeflected - useful beam

4. you change from an 8 inch to an 16 inch focal film distance. How is the intensity of the beam affected
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
1/4 as intense
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
7 1/2 or 15 watt

5. With What type film are intensifying screens used?
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
extraoral film
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation

6. What are three types of image receptors used in digital radiography
Central ray
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Insufficient or improper washing
Periapical

7. How long does film stay in the developer
Ionization
5 min
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Increase the exposure time

8. What is the max. permissable fose for radiation workers in systeme interventional units
50 mSv (5rem)
Parallel
No. 3
Insufficient vertical angulation

9. What is formed when high speed electrons strike the target
X-ray and heat
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
D - E - F
#3

10. What is the source-skin distance of x-ray machine that operates at 75 kVp
2.75 inch
8-16 inches
X-ray and heat
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam

11. 1/10th dosage of gen. public - What are photons
No. 3
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Quantum of energy

12. How long does the first rinse last
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Roentgen
20 seconds

13. On a mandibular molar PA - Where is the mylohoid ridge located
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Quantum of energy
Rectangular collimations

14. How often should developing solutions be changed
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Every 4 weeks
KVp
Negative

15. What exposure is taken to determine jaw relationships in ortho treatment planning
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Lateral cephalometric
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure

16. What is the purpose of taking radiographs of an edentulous patient
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
decrease mA & time

17. What causes teeth to appear very short and distorted
Aluminum
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees

18. What radiographs are used to locate a salivary stone in the submandibular duct
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Patient positioning
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Mandibular occlusal

19. What would cause a film to be too light
10 min (dbl the development time)
No. 2
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch

20. Max lat. canine anatomy
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate

21. which dose of radiation is more biologically damaging
Insufficient or improper washing
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
Nerve - brain - muscle
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed

22. How far should the operator stand from the source of radiation
Periapical
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
6 ft

23. What looking at a PANO What causes a big smile
Chin down
extraoral film
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info

24. What is the maximum size of the x-ray beam at the patients face
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
2.75 inches
Left molar PA

25. How do you differentiate b/w max and mand molar when mounting
1/4 as intense
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
4 feet
Far object-image receptor distance

26. What are the long term effects of radiation exposure
KVp
Occlucal
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Cut exposure time by 1/3

27. you change you kVp from 90 to 70 and leave all other factors the same. What is the result
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Insufficient vertical angulation
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density

28. What determines the speed of dental films?
Central ray
Premature contact with developer
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
PANO

29. What type PID significantly reduces exposure to the patient
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
#3
Rectangular collimations
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices

30. When mounting a FMS - you notice that one film is blank. another film is dark - the teeth look strange - and it is difficult to determine What film it is. What do you think happened?
Left side
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
5 min

31. What factors would decrease edge sharpness and increase magnification
Far object-image receptor distance
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)

32. when viewing a duplicated radiograph - you notice that the duplicate is too dark. What should you do to duplicating time to lighten the film
Increase the exposure time
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Patient positioning

33. What type lead apron should be used when taking PANO radiographs
Didn't push button completely
Filament
As close as possible
Panoramic cape

34. What Size film is 2 1/4 x 3
25
No. 4
No exposure - or fixer before developer
Before fixing

35. What 2 unites are used to measure biologic effect and dose equivalent
Copper stem - radiator and air space
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Sv & Rem
2.75 inches

36. What is the annual MPD for radiation workers
1/6th of a second
50 mSv or 5 REM
Occlucal
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD

37. What control factors effect the density of a radiograph
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Far object-image receptor distance
2.75 inch
MA & time

38. When viewing a periapical radiograph - you notice that the image of the tooth is extremely long and well defined; However the apices are missing. What technique was used to take the radiograph? What caused the roots to appear long?
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Air space and soft tissues
5 mSv or .5 REM
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate

39. What film is used to diagnose interproximal decay
Insufficient vertical angulation
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
BW
Parallel

40. if the source-object distance is cut from 16 to 8 - What must be changed to compensate
The mental ridge
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
decrease mA & time
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling

41. you process four BW films. three of the films appear normal - but one is clear. What happened

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42. How does reducing exposure to the patient benefit the operator
Shadow around the tooth
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
7 1/2 or 15 watt
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed

43. What exposure would be useful in identifying salivary stones in the submandibular gland
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Film badges
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Mand occlusal

44. What types of cells must be effected in order for mutation to occur
Reduce size and shape of beam
Genetic cells
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed

45. According to the principles of shadow casting - preferred object-film distance
#3
Reduce size and shape of beam
Blue light sensitive films
As close as possible

46. What is added filtration
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Higher kVp = low exposure
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.

47. What controls the speed with which the electrons travel from the cathode to the anode
15 impulses
KVp
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Quantum of energy

48. What Size film is 1 1/16 x 2 1/8
No. 3
Ionization
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
1/5 exposure time for edentulous

49. What causes film fogging
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
On the back side of the tori

50. you use an exposure time of 10 impulses. How many seconds is this
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
Short-term dose
1/6th of a second
extraoral film

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Radiology 2

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