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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The cells from most sensitive to least sensitive
#2
Insufficient vertical angulation
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells

2. What is the base of dental film composed of?
As close as possible
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
Blue tinted polyester acetate

3. What is the source-skin distance of x-ray machine that operates at 75 kVp
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
50 mSv (5rem)
Not centered on sensor
8-16 inches

4. What device is used to check quality of processing chemicals
Step-wedge or test film
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
10 min (dbl the development time)
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers

5. What is added filtration
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Eyewear - mask - and gown
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production

6. which anatomical structures appear radiopaque
Dentin - enamel - bone
Increase the area of radiation exposure
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
#3

7. What would cause increased magnification - decreased resolution and edge sharpness
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Blue light sensitive films
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors

8. you use an exposure time of 10 impulses. How many seconds is this
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
1/6th of a second
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths

9. When taking a radiograph - you pull the end of the PID away from the patients face about 6 inches. How will this affect the radiographic image and patient exposure
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Lead
No. 2
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor

10. you notice that the xrays you process are becoming successively lighter than the quality control film you compare it to. What should you do
Vertical BW
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
Occlusal
Short

11. When can the films be exposed to white light
Every 6 mths
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
Blue light sensitive films
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed

12. What should be done prior to ordering radiographs for a patient
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
decrease mA & time
Central ray
Clinical exam

13. which radiographic technique records the most accurate image of crowns - roots - and supporting structures in a selected area?
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Reduce size and shape of beam
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance

14. In which area of the tooth is interproximal caries often seen
Mandibular occlusal
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
2.5 mm
No. 1

15. What looking at a PANO What causes a big smile
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Chin down
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD

16. What type of x-rays have greater penetrating power - long or short wavelength?
Film placed backwards
Eyewear - mask - and gown
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Short

17. What are the short term effects of radiation exposure
Aluminum
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Occlusal
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor

18. How far from the work surface must the safelight be mounted
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Tori
4 feet
#2

19. What causes a HERRINGBONE effect
BW
Film placed backwards
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Roentgen

20. What is the purpose of replenishing the developer solution
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
GBX - 2
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth

21. What type PID significantly reduces exposure to the patient
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
15 impulses
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
Rectangular collimations

22. How can exposure to the operator be reduced
Clinical exam
Roentgen
Move farther from the radiation
Cathode - filament - focusing cup

23. How is vertical angulation established with the paralleling technique
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
Perpendicular to the tooth and film

24. What parts of the x-ray machine are included in the anode circuit
MRI
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Rectangular collimations
No. 2

25. How does resolutiong and detial of a panoramic radiograph compare with that of PA's and BW's
KVp
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process

26. Max. centrals anatomy
Before fixing
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
KVp
Incorrect horrizontal angulation

27. 1/10th dosage of gen. public - What are photons
Quantum of energy
25
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD

28. What can be done to increase the life span of processing solutions
Filament
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Insufficient vertical angulation
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer

29. You process a set of BW's in the automatic processor. three of the BW's are of good quality - but fourth is completely blank. What probably caused this?
KVp
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths

30. What is the purpose of the embossed dot

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31. you notice that a radiograph taken several months ago is brown and spotted. What happened
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
Insufficient or improper washing
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
KVp

32. What film would be used to locate a foreign body in the bucco-lingual relationship
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Occlucal

33. your film badge report sHows that you have received a small amt. of radiation. What should you do
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Evidence based selection criteria
Insufficient or improper washing
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety

34. What is the most important step in panoramic radiography
Patient positioning
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions

35. How long does film stay in the developer
5 min
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
Evidence based selection criteria

36. How often must you replenish the solutions in an automatic processor
On the back side of the tori
Reduce size and shape of beam
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution

37. What periapical technique offers the best diagnostic quality?
15 impulses
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Mandibular lateral/central
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor

38. What must be done to xray fixer priod to disposal
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Remove silver

39. How does kVp affect patient exposure
2.5 mm
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Higher kVp = low exposure
Reduce size and shape of beam

40. What is the collimator made out of...
2.5 mm
Air space and soft tissues
Lead
10 min (dbl the development time)

41. What happens in the developer
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Insufficient or improper washing

42. What causes missing crowns
Short
Excessive vertical angulation
Film placed backwards
No. 4

43. What is thermionic emission
extraoral film
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Far object-image receptor distance
Evidence based selection criteria

44. which dose of radiation is more biologically damaging
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
2.5 mm
4 feet
Scatter/secondary radition

45. What is the purpose of the lead foil?
BW
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Scatter/secondary radition
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side

46. What Size film is 2 1/4 x 3
decrease mA & time
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
No. 4
Nerve - brain - muscle

47. What is the main source of radiation exposure to the operator
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Scatter/secondary radition
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark

48. How far should the operator stand from the source of radiation
6 ft
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Ionization

49. What is inherent filtration
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss

50. What causes elongation
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
Negative
Erythema
Insufficient vertical angulation