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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the latent image
Excessive vertical angulation
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Nerve - brain - muscle
#0

2. Size film used for anterior PA's for patients with narrow arches
#1
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Rectangular collimation
1/3-1/2

3. Proper patient positiong for paralleling

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4. What should be done prior to ordering radiographs for a patient
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Clinical exam
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated

5. your film badge report sHows that you have received a small amt. of radiation. What should you do
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Mandibular occlusal

6. What type of safelight filter is acceptable
Parallel
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
PANO
GBX - 2

7. What is a large dose of radiation given over a short period of time
Short-term dose
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
5(n-18)
68 degrees F

8. What part of the x-ray machine helps remove heat
#4
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Occlusal
decrease mA & time

9. What factors affect the sharpness of the radiographic image
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
6 ft

10. You process a set of BW's in the automatic processor. three of the BW's are of good quality - but fourth is completely blank. What probably caused this?
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
extraoral film
5 mSv or .5 REM
KVp

11. How does film speed correlate with definition and detail?
Extra oral
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Faster film = lower definition and detail

12. What must be done to xray fixer priod to disposal
50 mSv (5rem)
Left side
DEHNR
Remove silver

13. Your dentist asks you to take a FMS on a 65 yr old edentulous patient. How many exposures will you take? which exposures are not necessary? What intraoral technique will you use? What might be better than a FMS?
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
KVp
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
1/5 exposure time for edentulous

14. What is thermionic emission
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it

15. Explain PSP
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
Aluminum
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)

16. What is the major use of topographical occlusal radiographs
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
MRI
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density

17. What is the purpose of the lead foil?
#2
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Vertical BW

18. On a mandibular molar PA - Where is the mylohoid ridge located
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Mandibular occlusal
Original - undeflected - useful beam

19. an insurance company requests a patient's radiographs when examining a dental clain. you only have one copy of the radiographs. What should you do
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Patient positioning
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy

20. What is the latent period
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
#1
Positioning the arches too far foward
As close as possible

21. What causes elongation
Scatter/secondary radition
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Insufficient vertical angulation
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat

22. What type of x-rays have greater penetrating power - long or short wavelength?
Short
Shadow around the tooth
Parallel
1/6th of a second

23. How do you differentiate b/w max and mand molar when mounting
DEHNR
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen

24. How far should the operator stand from the source of radiation
No. 0
Doesn't matter
#0
6 ft

25. Size film used for BW on adults when only one film is taken on each side
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
#3
GBX - 2
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions

26. How long does film stay in the developer
Enamel - dentin - and bone
5 min
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
50 mSv or 5 REM

27. What is penumbra
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Shadow around the tooth
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects

28. A properly exposed film appears completely black. when was is exposed to white light
2.75 inches
Didn't push button completely
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Before fixing

29. What determines the speed of dental films?
MRI
Scatter/secondary radition
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
#4

30. What is the term to describe the overall blackness of a radiograph
Insufficient or improper washing
Density
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density

31. How often should developing solutions be changed
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Mandibular occlusal
Every 4 weeks
7 1/2 or 15 watt

32. What are the short term effects of radiation exposure
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Clinical exam
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
#0

33. What would cause a properly exposed film to appear dark?
5 min
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Filtration and collimation
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the

34. Film submerged totally in fixer but not in developer
15 impulses
Nasal fossa - max sinus
As far as practical
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear

35. What factors would decrease edge sharpness and increase magnification
Evidence based selection criteria
Far object-image receptor distance
Nerve - brain - muscle
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting

36. What is the name for the part of the target that is struck by electrons
Focal spot
Patient movement
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Filtration and collimation

37. What type PID significantly reduces exposure to the patient
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Panoramic cape
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Rectangular collimations

38. What is the emulsion composed of?
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F

39. What are the long term effects of radiation exposure
Mandibular lateral/central
Excessive vertical angulation
1/4 as intense
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight

40. How should x-ray film be stored
No. 1
PANO
50 mSv (5rem)
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F

41. What is formed when high speed electrons strike the target
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
X-ray and heat
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal

42. According to principles of shadow casting - preferred source-object distance
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
#1
Lead
As far as practical

43. What is the most commonly used personnel monitoring devide for dental offices
Genetic cells
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Film badges
Long-term dose

44. you notice that a radiograph taken several months ago is brown and spotted. What happened
6 ft
2.75 inches
Insufficient or improper washing
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals

45. Mand lateral/canine anatomy
Tori
1/6th of a second
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info

46. What happens in the fixer
Eyewear - mask - and gown
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
No. 3

47. What causes a HERRINGBONE effect
Film placed backwards
20 min
Short-term dose
5 mSv or .5 REM

48. if the source-object distance is cut from 16 to 8 - What must be changed to compensate
10 min (dbl the development time)
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks

49. What Size film is 1 1/16 x 2 1/8
Short
No. 3
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Sv & Rem

50. What parts of the x-ray machine are included in the cathode circuit
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
1/6th of a second
#0

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Radiology 2

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