Test your basic knowledge |

Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. your film badge report sHows that you have received a small amt. of radiation. What should you do
Nasal fossa - max sinus
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety

2. What Size film is used to take a BW on a 3 yr. old
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
#0
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Left side

3. Film submerged totally in fixer but not in developer
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated

4. when viewing a radiograph - the tooth looks normal in size and shape; However - there is a large blank space at the incisal edge and the apices are missing. What caused this error
decrease mA & time
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the

5. What is the area of the skull that is in focus on a pano

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6. What would cause a properly exposed film to appear dark?
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
68 degrees F
No. 0
Density

7. 3 film holding devices used for paralleling
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Eyewear - mask - and gown
Step-wedge or test film
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD

8. How does reducing exposure to the patient benefit the operator
2.75 inch
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Evidence based selection criteria

9. which anatomical structures appear radiolucent
Soft tissue - air space
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Focal spot
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film

10. What are the 2 units used to measure exposure to radiation
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)

11. Explain PSP
extraoral film
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal

12. What is reticulation
#2
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
10 min (dbl the development time)

13. an insurance company requests a patient's radiographs when examining a dental clain. you only have one copy of the radiographs. What should you do
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is

14. which anatomic feature is visible on a PANO - bu not on a PA
Chin down
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Mand. foramen
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)

15. What is characteristic radiation
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
20 seconds
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
8-16 inches

16. What is the proper patient position for BW's?
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated

17. What type of projection is used to visualize the crestol alveolar bone on a patient with moderate to severe bone loss
Density
Vertical BW
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation

18. you change from an 8 inch to an 16 inch focal film distance. How is the intensity of the beam affected
1/4 as intense
5(n-18)
20 seconds
Air space and soft tissues

19. Mand lateral/canine anatomy
Rectangular collimations
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Tori
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)

20. you process four BW films. three of the films appear normal - but one is clear. What happened

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21. when manually processing dental film - you notice the temp. has gotten warmer as the day progressed. How should the developing time be changed?
Far object-image receptor distance
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
2.75 inch

22. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
1/6th of a second
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
2.5 mm
#2

23. What radiographs are used to locate a salivary stone in the submandibular duct
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Mandibular occlusal
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
10 min (dbl the development time)

24. How does film speed correlate with definition and detail?
BW
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Max. sinus - zygoma

25. How long is the final rinse
Soft tissue - air space
2.75 inches
20 min
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)

26. What is the major use of topographical occlusal radiographs
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
KVp
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present

27. How do you differentiate b/w max and mand molar when mounting
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots

28. What are occlusal radiographs used to diagnose
4 feet
Premature contact with developer
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F

29. How is vertical angulation established with the paralleling technique
Step-wedge or test film
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Dentin - enamel - bone

30. in which pericapical projection will the mental ridge be visible
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Occlusal
Mandibular lateral/central
Air space and soft tissues

31. What device is used to check quality of processing chemicals
Vertical BW
Step-wedge or test film
Nerve - brain - muscle
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting

32. With What type film are intensifying screens used?
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
Chin down
68 degrees F
extraoral film

33. How long are films fixed
10 min (dbl the development time)
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
1/6th of a second
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side

34. How does the reproductive capacity of a cell correlate with radiosensitivity
X-ray and heat
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image

35. What parts of the x-ray machine are included in the anode circuit
Max. sinus - zygoma
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch

36. What would cause a film to be too light
Insufficient vertical angulation
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)

37. What types of cells must be effected in order for mutation to occur
Quantum of energy
Genetic cells
8-16 inches
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile

38. What is the earliest sign of radiation exposure
Mand. foramen
Sv & Rem
Erythema
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers

39. What looking at a PANO What causes a big smile
Chin down
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
extraoral film
No. 0

40. when viewing a PANO - you notice that the right TMJ is magnified - bu the left TMJ is normal. What caused this error
Patient positioned too far to the left
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Enamel - dentin - and bone
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)

41. What size bulb is used in safelight
Mand occlusal
1/4 as intense
Shadow around the tooth
7 1/2 or 15 watt

42. What is added filtration
DEHNR
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation

43. What factors affect the sharpness of the radiographic image
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Vertical BW
On the back side of the tori
Cut exposure time by 1/3

44. Size film used for occlusals on adults
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
#4
No exposure - or fixer before developer

45. When mounting dental radiographs - What is the best way to differentiate max and mand films?
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)

46. In which area of the tooth is interproximal caries often seen
Ionization
Excessive vertical angulation
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Document patient's refusal and have them sign

47. How are x-rays formed in the tubehead
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
Occlusal
#2
#0

48. How often should an FMS be taken on an adult with no significant medical history
Insufficient vertical angulation
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Reduce size and shape of beam
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated

49. What is inherent filtration
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
20 min
50 mSv (5rem)
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells

50. Size film used for anterior PA's for patients with narrow arches
Ionization
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
#1
No. 1