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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What type film is faster - intraoral or extraoral
Gray & Rad
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Extra oral
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up

2. What Size film is 1 1/16 x 2 1/8
Long-term dose
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
No. 3
Insufficient vertical angulation

3. What is the name for the part of the target that is struck by electrons
X-ray and heat
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Focal spot
Original - undeflected - useful beam

4. What would happen to a film that is placed in the fixer prior to development
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Rectangular collimations
#4
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)

5. What can be done to prevent air bubbles from being trapped on the surface of films during manual processing
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
X-ray and heat

6. What radiograph is used to sHow contrast in soft tissues
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
MRI
Periapical
Higher kVp = low exposure

7. A properly exposed film appears completely black. when was is exposed to white light
Insufficient vertical angulation
Before fixing
Excessive vertical angulation
Dentin - enamel - bone

8. What type of film are calcium tungstate screens paired with
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
Blue light sensitive films

9. when duplicating radiographs - What side of the duplicating film is in contact with the radiograph to be duplicated
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Increase the exposure time
Higher kVp = low exposure
Left side

10. You process a set of BW's in the automatic processor. three of the BW's are of good quality - but fourth is completely blank. What probably caused this?
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging

11. What is the base of dental film composed of?
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Blue tinted polyester acetate
D - E - F
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease

12. when taking a PANO radiograph - the patient is placed too far into the machine. How will the radiograph appear
15 impulses
Cut exposure time by 1/3
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Aluminum

13. What should be done prior to ordering radiographs for a patient
Short-term dose
Clinical exam
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
Lateral cephalometric

14. What anatomical structures appear radiolucent on a dental radiograph
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Move farther from the radiation
Air space and soft tissues
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms

15. What type lead apron should be used when taking PANO radiographs
Patient movement
Tori
Panoramic cape
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars

16. What can be done to minimize gagging when taking radiographs
5 min
Quantum of energy
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS

17. Your dentist asks you to take a FMS on a 65 yr old edentulous patient. How many exposures will you take? which exposures are not necessary? What intraoral technique will you use? What might be better than a FMS?
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Extra oral
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it

18. What equation is used to calculate the accumulated MPD
5(n-18)
#0
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
Mandibular occlusal

19. When viewing a periapical radiograph - you notice that the image of the tooth is extremely long and well defined; However the apices are missing. What technique was used to take the radiograph? What caused the roots to appear long?
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Not centered on sensor
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the

20. What is the x-ray at the center of the primary beam called
Evidence based selection criteria
Central ray
Panoramic cape
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density

21. What Size film is used to take a BW on a 3 yr. old
Increase the area of radiation exposure
#0
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Aluminum

22. When mounting a FMS - you notice that one film is blank. another film is dark - the teeth look strange - and it is difficult to determine What film it is. What do you think happened?
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
KVp
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight

23. desired thickness of lead apron
As close as possible
Filament
.25 mm
Film badges

24. an insurance company requests a patient's radiographs when examining a dental clain. you only have one copy of the radiographs. What should you do
15 impulses
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Mand occlusal
Periapical

25. What is added filtration
20 seconds
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Vertical BW
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms

26. What is the maximum size of the x-ray beam at the patients face
Mandibular occlusal
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
PANO
2.75 inches

27. What 2 unites are used to measure biologic effect and dose equivalent
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Sv & Rem

28. which anatomic feature is visible on a PANO - bu not on a PA
15 impulses
Mand. foramen
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Excessive vertical angulation

29. What is the source-skin distance of x-ray machine that operates at 75 kVp
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Gray & Rad
8-16 inches
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed

30. What is the latent period
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
As far as practical
Premature contact with developer

31. which projection is used to view sinuses
PANO
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Soft tissue - air space
Insufficient vertical angulation

32. According to principles of shadow casting - preferred source-object distance
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
As far as practical

33. What would cause the radiographic image to be blurred
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
10 min (dbl the development time)
1/4 as intense

34. How should the frequency of radiographic exposures be determined
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Patient movement
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam

35. What is a large dose of radiation given over a short period of time
Insufficient or improper washing
Move farther from the radiation
Short-term dose
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight

36. How far from the work surface must the safelight be mounted
4 feet
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Short
Document patient's refusal and have them sign

37. What is the proper patient position for BW's?
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head

38. With What type film are intensifying screens used?
extraoral film
Long-term dose
Air space and soft tissues
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers

39. What is the purpose of a pano
Reduce size and shape of beam
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver

40. What looking at a PANO What causes a big smile
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Lateral cephalometric
Chin down
MA & time

41. What is the best way to reduce exposure to patient
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Rectangular collimation
Filtration and collimation

42. How does packet placement differ b/w bisecting and paralleling
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
Insufficient or improper washing
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away

43. total filtration required of x-ray machines that operate above 70 kVp
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
BW
2.5 mm
Mandibular occlusal

44. What is the emulsion composed of?
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Move farther from the radiation
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
1/5 exposure time for edentulous

45. What Size film is 1 1/4 x 1 5/8
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Extra oral
No. 2
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation

46. What is inherent filtration
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Roentgen
Mand occlusal
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)

47. What info should be recorded on the dental radiographic mount

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48. What PPE should be worn when exposing radiographs
Eyewear - mask - and gown
Aluminum
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom

49. How often must you replenish the solutions in an automatic processor
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
Quantum of energy
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes

50. What radiographs are used to locate a salivary stone in the submandibular duct
1.5 mm
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Mandibular occlusal
Air space and soft tissues

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Radiology 2

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