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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. if the source-object distance is cut from 16 to 8 - What must be changed to compensate
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Parallel
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Ionization

2. What is the area of the skull that is in focus on a pano

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3. What film is used to diagnose interproximal decay
Soft tissue - air space
X-ray and heat
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
BW

4. What causes film fogging
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
Quantum of energy
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal

5. What is the optimum processing temp.
68 degrees F
No. 3
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Cathode - filament - focusing cup

6. Film submerged totally in fixer but not in developer
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
#0
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image

7. What Size film is 1 1/16 x 2 1/8
2.5 mm
Erythema
8-16 inches
No. 3

8. What is the most likely cause of a film with very poor definition
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Patient movement
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times

9. What is a large dose of radiation given over a short period of time
Negative
Short-term dose
Lead
Scatter/secondary radition

10. What factors would decrease edge sharpness and increase magnification
Genetic cells
Long-term dose
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
Far object-image receptor distance

11. How can exposure to the operator be reduced
Reduce size and shape of beam
Move farther from the radiation
No. 0
Patient positioned too far to the left

12. What causes foreshortening
Patient movement
Erythema
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
Excessive vertical angulation

13. When interpreting radiographs - you notice a radiopaque extension or spur off the proximal surface of #30. What do you think this is?
BW
As low as reasonably achievable
The mental ridge
.25 mm

14. What can be done to increase the life span of processing solutions
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up

15. you notice that the xrays you process are becoming successively lighter than the quality control film you compare it to. What should you do
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
Step-wedge or test film
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks

16. What is the purpose of filtration
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Excessive vertical angulation
Central ray
Increase the area of radiation exposure

17. How often should developing solutions be changed
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
Roentgen
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Every 4 weeks

18. when duplicating radiographs - What side of the duplicating film is in contact with the radiograph to be duplicated
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
1.5 mm
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
8-16 inches

19. What looking at a PANO What causes a big smile
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Chin down
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Premature contact with developer

20. How should the frequency of radiographic exposures be determined
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
#2
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Vertical BW

21. Mand central anatomy
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen

22. What quality control procedures should be performed on xray cassettes
Didn't push button completely
8-16 inches
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator

23. What Size film is 1 1/4 x 1 5/8
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
2.75 inch
No. 2

24. when viewing a molar BW - What should be on the distal of the film
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Mandibular occlusal
No exposure - or fixer before developer
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth

25. when mounting a film the dot is convex - On What side of the mouth would you find #32?
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Left side
50 mSv (5rem)
No exposure - or fixer before developer

26. What NC agency is resposible for monitoring dental x-ray equipment
DEHNR
No. 1
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit

27. How does film speed correlate with definition and detail?
Reduce size and shape of beam
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Step-wedge or test film
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film

28. What are occlusal radiographs used to diagnose
Increase the area of radiation exposure
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Quantum of energy

29. What type lead apron should be used when taking PANO radiographs
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
Step-wedge or test film
Panoramic cape

30. 3 film holding devices used for bisecting
2.75 inches
Periapical
BW
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA

31. What is thermionic emission
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Mand occlusal
Chin down
1.5 mm

32. What is the annual MPD for radiation workers
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
5(n-18)
50 mSv or 5 REM
Copper stem - radiator and air space

33. What periapical technique offers the best diagnostic quality?
Ionization
2.75 inch
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting

34. What is formed when high speed electrons strike the target
X-ray and heat
Patient movement
15 impulses
No. 2

35. when manually processing dental film - you notice the temp. has gotten warmer as the day progressed. How should the developing time be changed?
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
Every 4 weeks
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease

36. In which area of the tooth is interproximal caries often seen
#2
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth

37. What parts of the x-ray machine are included in the cathode circuit
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Gray & Rad
Clinical exam

38. What film would be used to locate a foreign body in the bucco-lingual relationship
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
The mental ridge
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Occlucal

39. What must a patient remove before taking a PANO
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
No. 1
Lead

40. Mand premolar anatomy
Remove silver
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
No. 1
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting

41. What is inherent filtration
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Positioning the arches too far foward
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
2.5 mm

42. Proper patient positioning for bisecting
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth

43. What is the x-ray at the center of the primary beam called
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Central ray
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
20 seconds

44. What type of film are rare earth screens paired with
Quantum of energy
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image

45. What is the major diff. b/w particulate and electromagnetic radiation
5 min
Insufficient vertical angulation
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Not centered on sensor

46. when taking a paralleling radiograph of a patient with palatal tori - Where is the film places
Quantum of energy
On the back side of the tori
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Filament

47. What causes a HERRINGBONE effect
No. 4
Film placed backwards
Clinical exam
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark

48. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
Short-term dose
Insufficient or improper washing
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms

49. you change from an 8 inch to an 16 inch focal film distance. How is the intensity of the beam affected
Premature contact with developer
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
1/4 as intense
Rectangular collimations

50. What would cause a film to be too dark
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
As close as possible
On the back side of the tori
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time