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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the proper patient position for BW's?
Dentin - enamel - bone
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -

2. What equation is used to calculate the accumulated MPD
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
5(n-18)
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation

3. What looking at a PANO What causes a big smile
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Chin down

4. How much total filtration is required of x-ray machines that operate lower than 70 kVp
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
1.5 mm
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD

5. who discovered x-rays
Roentgen
Extra oral
KVp
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed

6. What can be done to increase the life span of processing solutions
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Chin down
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA

7. When taking a radiograph - you pull the end of the PID away from the patients face about 6 inches. How will this affect the radiographic image and patient exposure
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)

8. What 3 types of cells are most radioresistant
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Nerve - brain - muscle
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present

9. What causes missing apices
Insufficient vertical angulation
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Labial
.25 mm

10. You take a radiograph using 10 mA 30 impulses and 90 kVp - your dentist wants a radiograph with increased contrast and equal density. What settings would you use?
Positioning the arches too far foward
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp

11. How are x-rays formed in the tubehead
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Quantum of energy
Left molar PA

12. after processing exposed dental film - you notice dark spots on the film. What caused this
Premature contact with developer
Short-term dose
No. 1
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes

13. What would happen to a film that is placed in the fixer prior to development
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
Excessive vertical angulation

14. What type of film are calcium tungstate screens paired with
Blue light sensitive films
No. 0
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)

15. What Size film is 2 1/4 x 3
No. 4
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
Premature contact with developer
Occlucal

16. How does exposure time differ b/w adults and children
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Soft tissue - air space
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe

17. 3 film holding devices used for bisecting
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal

18. What is scatter radiation
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
#2
Central ray

19. What are occlusal radiographs used to diagnose
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
As far as practical
#3

20. What is the source-skin distance of x-ray machine that operates at 75 kVp
Far object-image receptor distance
8-16 inches
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
GBX - 2

21. What factors would decrease edge sharpness and increase magnification
1/4 as intense
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
#0
Far object-image receptor distance

22. How does film speed correlate with definition and detail?
Faster film = lower definition and detail
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
#1

23. What causes conecut
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
Quantum of energy
Left side
Not centered on sensor

24. you change from an 8 inch to an 16 inch focal film distance. How is the intensity of the beam affected
1/4 as intense
5 min
Increase the exposure time
Insufficient or improper washing

25. using a 16 inch cone focal-film distance - the diameter of the beam measured at the patient's face should be no larger than
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Panoramic cape
2.75 inch
As far as practical

26. What causes a HERRINGBONE effect
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
Film placed backwards
On the back side of the tori

27. when viewing a radiograph - the tooth looks normal in size and shape; However - there is a large blank space at the incisal edge and the apices are missing. What caused this error
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
Step-wedge or test film
Erythema

28. What would cause a film to be too light
No. 3
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
1/4 as intense
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging

29. your film badge report sHows that you have received a small amt. of radiation. What should you do
Step-wedge or test film
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
1.5 mm
Faster film = lower definition and detail

30. when manually processing dental film - you notice the temp. has gotten warmer as the day progressed. How should the developing time be changed?
4 feet
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
Parallel
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease

31. In which area of the tooth is interproximal caries often seen
D - E - F
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Copper stem - radiator and air space

32. What Size film is 7/8 x 1 3/8
Rectangular collimation
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
On the back side of the tori
No. 0

33. What size bulb is used in safelight
6 ft
7 1/2 or 15 watt
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
2.75 inch

34. you notice that a radiograph taken several months ago is brown and spotted. What happened
PANO
Insufficient or improper washing
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
Every 6 mths

35. What is the purpose of the lead foil?
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
KVp
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up

36. What would cause increased magnification - decreased resolution and edge sharpness
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Every 6 mths
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Vertical BW

37. What is added filtration
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
X-ray and heat
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions

38. What causes clear film
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
No exposure - or fixer before developer
Panoramic cape

39. What type of film are rare earth screens paired with
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
Move farther from the radiation
Short
Mandibular lateral/central

40. What is the purpose of filtration
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer

41. you change you kVp from 90 to 70 and leave all other factors the same. What is the result
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Far object-image receptor distance
Aluminum

42. When mounting dental radiographs - What is the best way to differentiate max and mand films?
KVp
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
No. 3
No exposure - or fixer before developer

43. How does exposure time for children compare to that of an adult
On the back side of the tori
1/3-1/2
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times

44. What is the area of the skull that is in focus on a pano

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45. when processing - two films overlap in the developer - but not in the fixer. How would the films appear
2.75 inches
Patient positioning
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer

46. What is the primary beam
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Short-term dose
2.75 inches

47. What happens in the fixer
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development

48. How is vertical angulation established with the bisecting technique
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Parallel

49. What type of angulation is used when taking radiographs of the mand. arch
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Negative
Vertical BW
Occlucal

50. What is done to the primary beam to make is useful
Filtration and collimation
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass