Test your basic knowledge |

Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How often are BW taken on children with high risk
Every 6 mths
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
#2

2. What looking at manually processed films - you notice small black spots on the films. What caused those spots?
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Aluminum

3. What 3 types of cells are most radioresistant
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
KVp
Nerve - brain - muscle
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors

4. What should be done prior to ordering radiographs for a patient
Clinical exam
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
#3
Shadow around the tooth

5. What causes clear film
Increase the exposure time
No exposure - or fixer before developer
Film placed backwards
Lead

6. According to principles of shadow casting - preferred source-object distance
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
5 mSv or .5 REM
As far as practical
Filament

7. How does kVp affect patient exposure
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Left molar PA
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Higher kVp = low exposure

8. when viewing a duplicated radiograph - you notice that the duplicate is too dark. What should you do to duplicating time to lighten the film
Increase the exposure time
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Nerve - brain - muscle
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD

9. when taking a radiograph - you pulls the cone out about 6 inches from the patient's face. What is the result
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Step-wedge or test film
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting

10. What is inherent filtration
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
Dentin - enamel - bone
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Eyewear - mask - and gown

11. What is the most important step in panoramic radiography
Patient positioning
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
GBX - 2
As close as possible

12. What is the emulsion composed of?
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency

13. What does alara stand for
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Every 6 mths
As low as reasonably achievable
1/3-1/2

14. when taking a PANO radiograph - the patient is placed too far into the machine. How will the radiograph appear
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA

15. How does exposure time for children compare to that of an adult
1/3-1/2
68 degrees F
20 min
Step-wedge or test film

16. How long does the first rinse last
20 seconds
Didn't push button completely
2.5 mm
Vertical BW

17. What is the best method of protecting the thyroid gland from radiation?
Excessive vertical angulation
Higher kVp = low exposure
Gray & Rad
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar

18. What radiographs are used to determine if a foreign object is located facially or lingually
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Occlusal
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Mand occlusal

19. What are filters made out of...
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Aluminum
No exposure - or fixer before developer
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up

20. Your dentist asks you to take a FMS on a 65 yr old edentulous patient. How many exposures will you take? which exposures are not necessary? What intraoral technique will you use? What might be better than a FMS?
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
Copper stem - radiator and air space

21. What is the proper patient position for BW's?
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
#4
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Dentin - enamel - bone

22. which dose of radiation is more biologically damaging
Density
Excessive vertical angulation
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
50 mSv (5rem)

23. What type film is faster - intraoral or extraoral
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
KVp
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Extra oral

24. What would cause increased magnification - decreased resolution and edge sharpness
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
#0

25. What causes foreshortening
Step-wedge or test film
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)
Excessive vertical angulation
20 min

26. What is the latent image
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
KVp
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam

27. What is the most commonly used personnel monitoring devide for dental offices
Film badges
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
Patient movement

28. How does resolutiong and detial of a panoramic radiograph compare with that of PA's and BW's
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image

29. What causes overlapping
Eyewear - mask - and gown
Sv & Rem
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
2.75 inch

30. How does the reproductive capacity of a cell correlate with radiosensitivity
Far object-image receptor distance
Not centered on sensor
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus

31. Size film used for PA's on adults
Increase the exposure time
#2
MRI
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed

32. What anatomical structures appear radiolucent on a dental radiograph
Air space and soft tissues
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Evidence based selection criteria

33. What size and How is the film places when taking a molar PA in the mixed dentition

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34. Max lat. canine anatomy
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Positioning the arches too far foward
2.5 mm
Gelatin and silver halide crystals

35. How many impulses are in .25 seconds
15 impulses
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks

36. How often should an FMS be taken on an adult with no significant medical history
4 feet
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
As far as practical
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated

37. How long does film stay in the developer
5 min
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS

38. In the darkroom - you unwrap a film and place a coin on top of the film for several minutes. when you process the film - you notice a slight - well-defined white circle on the film. What does this mean?
Positioning the arches too far foward
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
#2
2.5 mm

39. What type of x-rays have greater penetrating power - long or short wavelength?
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Soft tissue - air space
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Short

40. What equation is used to calculate the accumulated MPD
No. 3
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
5(n-18)
Faster film = lower definition and detail

41. How does exposure time for edentulous patients compare to dentulous patients
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
No. 4
20 seconds
68 degrees F

42. How are x-rays formed in the tubehead
As low as reasonably achievable
Mand. foramen
Negative
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat

43. How are stabe film holders sterilized b/w uses
Max. sinus - zygoma
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
Long-term dose

44. What Size film is used to take a BW on a 3 yr. old
#0
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
extraoral film
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production

45. Proper patient positiong for paralleling

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46. When looking at radiographs that were taken several years ago - you notice a brownish stain which makes interpretation difficult. What caused this?
Negative
No. 1
Insufficient or improper washing
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed

47. Max premolar anatomy
1.5 mm
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Max. sinus - zygoma
Patient positioning

48. How does radiation effect cells
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
#4
Ionization
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer

49. What is the primary beam
Original - undeflected - useful beam
Excessive vertical angulation
KVp
decrease mA & time

50. How do you differentiate b/w max and mand molar when mounting
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
5 mSv or .5 REM
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease