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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Size film used for PA's on adults
#2
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Remove silver

2. What type of safelight filter is acceptable
Scatter/secondary radition
Air space and soft tissues
extraoral film
GBX - 2

3. When mounting dental radiographs - What is the best way to differentiate max and mand films?
Roentgen
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
Short

4. Explain PSP
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Erythema
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Move farther from the radiation

5. How does resolutiong and detial of a panoramic radiograph compare with that of PA's and BW's
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Vertical BW
Before fixing
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation

6. Mand molar anatomy
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
MA & time
.25 mm
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time

7. How far from the work surface must the safelight be mounted
No. 0
Before fixing
4 feet
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy

8. What is the best method of reducing radiation to the patient
7 1/2 or 15 watt
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed

9. According to principles of shadow casting - preferred source-object distance
1/6th of a second
As far as practical
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms

10. What determines the speed of dental films?
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Higher kVp = low exposure
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)

11. your dentist recommends that a patient have xrays taken - bu the patient refuses. What should be done

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12. What causes clear film
Parallel
4 feet
No exposure - or fixer before developer
6 ft

13. which dose of radiation is more biologically damaging
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
Rectangular collimations
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects

14. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Filtration and collimation
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms

15. What is the name for the part of the target that is struck by electrons
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Focal spot

16. Mand premolar anatomy
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
Occlucal

17. What is small doses of radiation given over a long period of time
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
4 feet
Long-term dose
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting

18. How far should the operator stand from the source of radiation
6 ft
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
4 feet

19. List the properties of x-rays
As low as reasonably achievable
2.75 inch
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Premature contact with developer

20. What is the maximum size of the x-ray beam at the patients face
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
Excessive vertical angulation
2.75 inches
Focal spot

21. What is penumbra
Shadow around the tooth
Vertical BW
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process

22. when should radiographs be taken on a pregnant patient
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Max. sinus - zygoma
#2
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery

23. What are common sources of background radiation
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)

24. What projection would you take for a patient complaining of pain in the lower left molar area
Left molar PA
4 feet
Excessive vertical angulation
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen

25. What is the purpose of the embossed dot

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26. When viewing a periapical radiograph - you notice that the image of the tooth is extremely long and well defined; However the apices are missing. What technique was used to take the radiograph? What caused the roots to appear long?
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Step-wedge or test film
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate

27. What exposure would be useful in identifying salivary stones in the submandibular gland
Excessive vertical angulation
Lateral cephalometric
Mand occlusal
Mandibular occlusal

28. How does reducing exposure to the patient benefit the operator
Rectangular collimations
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
10 min (dbl the development time)
Long-term dose

29. In which area of the tooth is interproximal caries often seen
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
1/5 exposure time for edentulous

30. What is the purpose of replenishing the developer solution
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
2.75 inches
Didn't push button completely
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices

31. How should the frequency of radiographic exposures be determined
Mand occlusal
Chin down
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam

32. Difference b/w direct and indirect exposure sensor?
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
As low as reasonably achievable
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
8-16 inches

33. What can be done to increase the life span of processing solutions
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
4 feet
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS

34. which projection is used to view sinuses
Vertical BW
8-16 inches
PANO
Air space and soft tissues

35. What Size film is 7/8 x 1 3/8
No. 0
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
Excessive vertical angulation
Film placed backwards

36. What info should be recorded on the dental radiographic mount

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37. when manually processing dental film - you notice the temp. has gotten warmer as the day progressed. How should the developing time be changed?
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Premature contact with developer
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
As low as reasonably achievable

38. Film submerged totally in fixer but not in developer
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam

39. Max molar anatomy
MA & time
Insufficient or improper washing
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
50 mSv or 5 REM

40. What can be done to prevent air bubbles from being trapped on the surface of films during manual processing
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
#0
No. 0
Blue light sensitive films

41. What would cause the radiographic image to be blurred
1/3-1/2
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes

42. if the source-object distance is cut from 16 to 8 - What must be changed to compensate
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Eyewear - mask - and gown
1/4 as intense

43. What is the ADA approved method of mounting dental radiographs
DEHNR
No exposure - or fixer before developer
Labial
25

44. What are filters made out of...
Shadow around the tooth
Excessive vertical angulation
GBX - 2
Aluminum

45. What periapical technique offers the best diagnostic quality?
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices

46. How is vertical angulation established with the paralleling technique
2.5 mm
Step-wedge or test film
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe

47. What equation is used to calculate the accumulated MPD
5(n-18)
4 feet
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile

48. What would cause a film to be too dark
Higher kVp = low exposure
Erythema
6 ft
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting

49. What Size film is 1 1/16 x 2 1/8
No. 3
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Left molar PA
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough

50. When looking at radiographs that were taken several years ago - you notice a brownish stain which makes interpretation difficult. What caused this?
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Insufficient or improper washing
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present

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Radiology 2

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