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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does radiation effect cells
Ionization
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
X-ray and heat
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue

2. Mand molar anatomy
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image

3. What size bulb is used in safelight
1/3-1/2
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
7 1/2 or 15 watt

4. Size film used for BW on adults when only one film is taken on each side
Higher kVp = low exposure
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Quantum of energy
#3

5. What 2 unites are used to measure absorption
5 min
Gray & Rad
Mand. foramen
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar

6. What is the term to describe the overall blackness of a radiograph
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Density

7. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Reduce size and shape of beam
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation

8. Proper patient positioning for bisecting
50 mSv or 5 REM
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Clinical exam
Excessive vertical angulation

9. 1/10th dosage of gen. public - What are photons
#4
Excessive vertical angulation
Quantum of energy
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal

10. When mounting dental radiographs - What is the best way to differentiate max and mand films?
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal

11. What is the purpose of a pano
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch

12. What type film is faster - intraoral or extraoral
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Extra oral
extraoral film
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F

13. How does packet placement differ b/w bisecting and paralleling
Premature contact with developer
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
No. 2
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions

14. you use an exposure time of 10 impulses. How many seconds is this
#3
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
1/6th of a second

15. When looking at radiographs that were taken several years ago - you notice a brownish stain which makes interpretation difficult. What caused this?
Insufficient or improper washing
Rectangular collimations
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Insufficient vertical angulation

16. which anatomical structures appear radiolucent
Soft tissue - air space
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Occlusal

17. What size and How is the film places when taking a molar PA in the mixed dentition

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18. What type of safelight filter is acceptable
GBX - 2
Insufficient or improper washing
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
X-ray and heat

19. How long does the first rinse last
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
20 seconds
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation

20. Your dentist asks you to take a FMS on a 65 yr old edentulous patient. How many exposures will you take? which exposures are not necessary? What intraoral technique will you use? What might be better than a FMS?
2.75 inch
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
Extra oral
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS

21. What causes overlapping
Blue light sensitive films
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
1.5 mm
extraoral film

22. What film is used to diagnose interproximal decay
Enamel - dentin - and bone
BW
Increase the exposure time
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)

23. which projection is used to view sinuses
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
No exposure - or fixer before developer
PANO
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image

24. if the kVp is increased from 75-90 - What must be done to achieve a radiograph of comparible density
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Left molar PA
decrease mA & time

25. Size film used for anterior PA's for patients with narrow arches
Left molar PA
decrease mA & time
#1
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution

26. when taking a PANO radiograph - the patient is placed too far into the machine. How will the radiograph appear
#3
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Labial
Insufficient vertical angulation

27. What is characteristic radiation
Parallel
Mandibular occlusal
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom

28. What is the best method of reducing radiation to the patient
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
Soft tissue - air space
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
GBX - 2

29. How is vertical angulation established with the bisecting technique
Tori
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough

30. What exposure is taken to determine jaw relationships in ortho treatment planning
Periapical
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Lateral cephalometric
Filtration and collimation

31. What is the most commonly used personnel monitoring devide for dental offices
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
50 mSv (5rem)
Film badges
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth

32. who discovered x-rays
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
Roentgen
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film

33. using a 16 inch cone focal-film distance - the diameter of the beam measured at the patient's face should be no larger than
Left side
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Filament
2.75 inch

34. What type of angulation is used when taking radiographs of the mand. arch
Negative
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
2.5 mm

35. How would a film appear if submerged totally in the developer but not in the fixer
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Excessive vertical angulation
Didn't push button completely

36. How often should developing solutions be changed
Every 4 weeks
#2
15 impulses
#4

37. What is the annual MPD for pregnant dental assistant
5 mSv or .5 REM
#2
1/4 as intense
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance

38. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the film be placed in relation to the tooth?
Parallel
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
Central ray
.25 mm

39. What can be done to increase the life span of processing solutions
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis

40. when viewing a PANO - you notice that a lot of spine sHows on both side of the film - What caused this
Ionization
Increase the exposure time
25
Positioning the arches too far foward

41. What type of projection is used to visualize the crestol alveolar bone on a patient with moderate to severe bone loss
Vertical BW
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production

42. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the central beam be directed
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Not centered on sensor
7 1/2 or 15 watt

43. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Ionization
#2
Patient positioning

44. Difference b/w direct and indirect exposure sensor?
Excessive vertical angulation
Occlusal
No. 2
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp

45. What are three types of image receptors used in digital radiography
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Clinical exam
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.

46. How does resolutiong and detial of a panoramic radiograph compare with that of PA's and BW's
Not centered on sensor
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation

47. What should be done prior to ordering radiographs for a patient
Nasal fossa - max sinus
#0
Clinical exam
Green light sensitive film (Kodak T-Mat)

48. What is the most important step in panoramic radiography
Patient positioning
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it

49. The cells from most sensitive to least sensitive
#0
50 mSv or 5 REM
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp

50. How does reducing exposure to the patient benefit the operator
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
D - E - F
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed