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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What must be done to xray fixer priod to disposal
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Remove silver
Film badges

2. What exposure is taken to determine jaw relationships in ortho treatment planning
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Aluminum
Lateral cephalometric
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film

3. How does exposure time for edentulous patients compare to dentulous patients
1/5 exposure time for edentulous
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
Nerve - brain - muscle

4. What Size film is 15/16 x 1 9/16
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
No. 1
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Excessive vertical angulation

5. How can exposure to the operator be reduced
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Move farther from the radiation

6. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the central beam be directed
Excessive vertical angulation
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
Evidence based selection criteria
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away

7. if the source-object distance is cut from 16 to 8 - What must be changed to compensate
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
X-ray and heat
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals

8. With What type film are intensifying screens used?
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
extraoral film
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)

9. 3 film holding devices used for bisecting
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Patient positioning
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA

10. When looking at radiographs that were taken several years ago - you notice a brownish stain which makes interpretation difficult. What caused this?
extraoral film
Short-term dose
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Insufficient or improper washing

11. when viewing a PANO - you notice that a lot of spine sHows on both side of the film - What caused this
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
Positioning the arches too far foward
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
6 ft

12. you notice that a radiograph taken several months ago is brown and spotted. What happened
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Insufficient or improper washing

13. What film is used to diagnose interproximal decay
BW
Patient positioning
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Left molar PA

14. What 2 unites are used to measure biologic effect and dose equivalent
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Far object-image receptor distance
Sv & Rem
No. 0

15. when viewing a duplicated radiograph - you notice that the duplicate is too dark. What should you do to duplicating time to lighten the film
Patient positioned too far to the left
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
Increase the exposure time
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film

16. who discovered x-rays
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
BW
Roentgen
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths

17. What equation is used to calculate the accumulated MPD
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
5(n-18)
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
5 min

18. desired thickness of lead apron
.25 mm
#2
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Soft tissue - air space

19. What is the most commonly used personnel monitoring devide for dental offices
Film badges
Panoramic cape
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
No exposure - or fixer before developer

20. What causes teeth to appear very short and distorted
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
As far as practical
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)

21. You notice on a PANO that the ant. teeth appear narrow and out of focus. What caused this
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Long-term dose
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time

22. What can be done to increase the life span of processing solutions
Quantum of energy
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals

23. Proper patient positioning for bisecting
#2
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Insufficient vertical angulation

24. What part of the x-ray machine is responsible for providing the electrons
Filament
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp

25. What are the long term effects of radiation exposure
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
Long-term dose
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
As low as reasonably achievable

26. On a mandibular molar PA - Where is the mylohoid ridge located
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Excessive vertical angulation
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Sv & Rem

27. total filtration required of x-ray machines that operate above 70 kVp
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
2.5 mm
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Before fixing

28. if the kVp is increased from 75-90 - What must be done to achieve a radiograph of comparible density
As far as practical
decrease mA & time
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Filtration and collimation

29. What Size film is 1 1/4 x 1 5/8
Every 6 mths
No. 2
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Short

30. You process a set of BW's in the automatic processor. three of the BW's are of good quality - but fourth is completely blank. What probably caused this?
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Soft tissue - air space
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors

31. How would a film appear if submerged totally in the developer but not in the fixer
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
68 degrees F

32. What is penumbra
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Shadow around the tooth
Positioning the arches too far foward
1/3-1/2

33. According to principles of shadow casting - preferred source-object distance
DEHNR
15 impulses
As far as practical
10 min (dbl the development time)

34. What info should be recorded on the dental radiographic mount

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35. What is the latent period
Didn't push button completely
No. 3
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant

36. What is the ADA approved method of mounting dental radiographs
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
Genetic cells
Labial
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS

37. Max molar anatomy
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Mand. foramen
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
No. 0

38. What is the base of dental film composed of?
Scatter/secondary radition
Roentgen
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Blue tinted polyester acetate

39. How does packet placement differ b/w bisecting and paralleling
#2
As low as reasonably achievable
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away

40. List the properties of x-rays
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
8-16 inches
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Density

41. When taking a radiograph - you pull the end of the PID away from the patients face about 6 inches. How will this affect the radiographic image and patient exposure
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Occlusal
#4
Positioning the arches too far foward

42. Size film used for BW on adults when only one film is taken on each side
#3
Mandibular lateral/central
decrease mA & time
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus

43. using a 16 inch cone focal-film distance - the diameter of the beam measured at the patient's face should be no larger than
2.75 inch
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
KVp
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis

44. What is scatter radiation
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
#1
Vertical BW

45. What type of safelight filter is acceptable
GBX - 2
Nerve - brain - muscle
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight

46. What type of angulation is used when taking radiographs of the mand. arch
Negative
Aluminum
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes

47. How often must you replenish the solutions in an automatic processor
20 min
Patient movement
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Film placed backwards

48. How are x-rays formed in the tubehead
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
#0
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe

49. A properly exposed film appears completely black. when was is exposed to white light
Nerve - brain - muscle
Before fixing
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA

50. What is the area of the skull that is in focus on a pano

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