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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the most likely cause of a film with very poor definition
Patient movement
Not centered on sensor
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
Extra oral

2. What is the best way to reduce exposure to patient
Short
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Insufficient or improper washing
Rectangular collimation

3. The cells from most sensitive to least sensitive
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Not centered on sensor
8-16 inches
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis

4. How long does film stay in the developer
5 min
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
MRI
Roentgen

5. Explain PSP
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Excessive vertical angulation
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image

6. When can the films be exposed to white light
Before fixing
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Far object-image receptor distance

7. What causes clear film
50 mSv (5rem)
No exposure - or fixer before developer
#0
Insufficient or improper washing

8. What causes overlapping
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
Periapical examination - paralleling technique

9. What looking at a PANO What causes a big smile
Negative
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
As far as practical
Chin down

10. when viewing a duplicated radiograph - you notice that the duplicate is too dark. What should you do to duplicating time to lighten the film
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Increase the exposure time
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Film placed backwards

11. What must be done to xray fixer priod to disposal
Remove silver
Gray & Rad
#4
Aluminum

12. if the kVp is increased from 75-90 - What must be done to achieve a radiograph of comparible density
Left molar PA
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
decrease mA & time
Lead

13. When using D speed film - you use 50 impulses of radiation. How many impulses would you use with E speed film?
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Roentgen
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
25

14. What Size film is 1 1/4 x 1 5/8
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
No. 2

15. What periapical technique offers the best diagnostic quality?
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
No. 1

16. What is the ADA approved method of mounting dental radiographs
Insufficient or improper washing
Labial
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
5 mSv or .5 REM

17. How should x-ray film be stored
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting

18. How do you determine How often to take radiographs
Evidence based selection criteria
Dentin - enamel - bone
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Erythema

19. How can exposure to the operator be reduced
Chin down
Aluminum
Move farther from the radiation
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy

20. What causes a HERRINGBONE effect
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Film placed backwards
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Dentin - enamel - bone

21. How often must you replenish the solutions in an automatic processor
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
DEHNR
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Focal spot

22. What is reticulation
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Nerve - brain - muscle

23. How often should developing solutions be changed
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Every 4 weeks
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation

24. What Size film is used to take a BW on a 3 yr. old
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
#0
Filters placed in PID after tubehead production

25. What is the purpose of the lead foil?
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Density
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it

26. an insurance company requests a patient's radiographs when examining a dental clain. you only have one copy of the radiographs. What should you do
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Every 4 weeks
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy

27. when taking a radiograph - you pulls the cone out about 6 inches from the patient's face. What is the result
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
1.5 mm
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery

28. What is a large dose of radiation given over a short period of time
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Short-term dose
1.5 mm
#2

29. What is the latent image
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Roentgen
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue

30. What are filters made out of...
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
Aluminum
6 ft

31. What controls the speed with which the electrons travel from the cathode to the anode
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
KVp

32. How do you differentiate b/w max and mand molar when mounting
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots

33. What radiograph is used to sHow contrast in soft tissues
MRI
Remove silver
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees

34. What size bulb is used in safelight
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Excessive vertical angulation
10 min (dbl the development time)

35. Size film used for BW on adults when only one film is taken on each side
Filtration and collimation
#3
Max sinus - zygoma - max tuberosity - coranoid process
1.5 mm

36. What looking at manually processed films - you notice small black spots on the films. What caused those spots?
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Insufficient vertical angulation
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Lead

37. What is the main source of radiation exposure to the operator
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Scatter/secondary radition
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)

38. How does radiation effect cells
Ionization
Occlucal
X-ray and heat
Cut exposure time by 1/3

39. You process a set of BW's in the automatic processor. three of the BW's are of good quality - but fourth is completely blank. What probably caused this?
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Focal spot
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery

40. What are the long term effects of radiation exposure
Before fixing
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
8-16 inches
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight

41. How does exposure time for children compare to that of an adult
PANO
1/3-1/2
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film

42. How are x-rays formed in the tubehead
Mand occlusal
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar

43. Proper patient positiong for paralleling

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44. total filtration required of x-ray machines that operate above 70 kVp
2.5 mm
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials

45. when viewing a molar BW - What should be on the distal of the film
Film placed backwards
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
extraoral film
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth

46. How is vertical angulation established with the bisecting technique
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
Mand occlusal
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile

47. What is the source-skin distance of x-ray machine that operates at 75 kVp
8-16 inches
10 min (dbl the development time)
1/6th of a second
PANO

48. According to the principles of shadow casting - preferred object-film distance
As close as possible
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
GBX - 2
MRI

49. What exposure would be useful in identifying salivary stones in the submandibular gland
Mand occlusal
X-ray and heat
Not centered on sensor
D - E - F

50. What 2 unites are used to measure biologic effect and dose equivalent
DEHNR
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Sv & Rem

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Radiology 2

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