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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What should be done prior to ordering radiographs for a patient
Every 4 weeks
Excessive vertical angulation
Clinical exam
Max. sinus - zygoma

2. What causes foreshortening
Quantum of energy
Excessive vertical angulation
#3
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus

3. What is secondary radiation
#2
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Mandibular occlusal
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam

4. total filtration required of x-ray machines that operate above 70 kVp
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
2.75 inches
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
2.5 mm

5. How often should an FMS be taken on an adult with no significant medical history
20 min
Take FMS on all new patients; recall adults with no sig. med. history only require BW and PA - if indicated
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery

6. in which pericapical projection will the mental ridge be visible
Mandibular lateral/central
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
No. 1

7. 1/10th dosage of gen. public - What are photons
Quantum of energy
Didn't push button completely
Film placed backwards
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough

8. The cells from most sensitive to least sensitive
Insufficient or improper washing
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Periapical

9. What speed films are most commonly used?
20 seconds
MA & time
D - E - F
#2

10. What would cause a properly exposed film to appear dark?
Soft tissue - air space
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Tori
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis

11. if the source-object distance is cut from 16 to 8 - What must be changed to compensate
Left molar PA
Blue tinted polyester acetate
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling

12. What Size film is 1 1/16 x 2 1/8
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
No. 0
No. 3
Perpendicular to the tooth and film

13. What is the major diff. b/w particulate and electromagnetic radiation
Mand. foramen
Negative
Premature contact with developer
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass

14. What is the ADA approved method of mounting dental radiographs
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Labial
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors

15. How does reducing exposure to the patient benefit the operator
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
Premature contact with developer
Soft tissue - air space
Increase the exposure time

16. What causes elongation
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Insufficient vertical angulation
Excessive vertical angulation
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting

17. What 2 unites are used to measure biologic effect and dose equivalent
D - E - F
Sv & Rem
Insufficient or improper washing
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar

18. your dentist recommends that a patient have xrays taken - bu the patient refuses. What should be done

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19. when viewing a PANO - you notice that a lot of spine sHows on both side of the film - What caused this
#2
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Positioning the arches too far foward
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions

20. How is vertical angulation established with the bisecting technique
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)

21. What is the annual MPD for radiation workers
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
50 mSv or 5 REM
15 impulses
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp

22. What is the earliest sign of radiation exposure
Roentgen
Film badges
Erythema
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film

23. What radiographs are used to determine if a foreign object is located facially or lingually
No. 3
On the back side of the tori
As close as possible
Occlusal

24. What 2 unites are used to measure absorption
MRI
Gray & Rad
1/6th of a second
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film

25. when processing - two films overlap in the developer - but not in the fixer. How would the films appear
Increase the exposure time
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Higher kVp = low exposure

26. when taking a PANO radiograph - the patient is placed too far into the machine. How will the radiograph appear
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Occlusal
6 ft

27. when mounting a film the dot is convex - On What side of the mouth would you find #32?
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Left side
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Eyewear - mask - and gown

28. What type of projection is used to visualize the crestol alveolar bone on a patient with moderate to severe bone loss
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
Vertical BW
No. 1
Aluminum

29. When viewing a periapical radiograph - you notice that the image of the tooth is extremely long and well defined; However the apices are missing. What technique was used to take the radiograph? What caused the roots to appear long?
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Air space and soft tissues
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells

30. Mand molar anatomy
8-16 inches
50 mSv (5rem)
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Parallel

31. which radiographic technique records the most accurate image of crowns - roots - and supporting structures in a selected area?
Panoramic cape
Focal spot
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Periapical examination - paralleling technique

32. What is the max. permissable fose for radiation workers in systeme interventional units
Insufficient vertical angulation
50 mSv (5rem)
No. 4
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS

33. You notice on a PANO that the ant. teeth appear narrow and out of focus. What caused this
6 ft
Left side
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer

34. What happens in the developer
1/4 as intense
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver

35. How much total filtration is required of x-ray machines that operate lower than 70 kVp
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
1.5 mm
1/6th of a second
No. 3

36. What is the x-ray at the center of the primary beam called
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
Central ray

37. When can the films be exposed to white light
Gray & Rad
No. 1
5(n-18)
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed

38. How often are BW taken on children with high risk
Genetic cells
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Every 6 mths

39. What exposure is taken to determine jaw relationships in ortho treatment planning
Lateral cephalometric
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation
extraoral film
Perpendicular to the tooth and film

40. What must a patient remove before taking a PANO
Occlusal
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times
Higher kVp = low exposure

41. desired thickness of lead apron
Scatter/secondary radition
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
Rectangular collimations
.25 mm

42. What projection would you take for a patient complaining of pain in the lower left molar area
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Left molar PA
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
X-ray and heat

43. What is formed when high speed electrons strike the target
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
X-ray and heat
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is

44. How does the reproductive capacity of a cell correlate with radiosensitivity
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
X-ray and heat

45. What determines the speed of dental films?
Left molar PA
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Gray & Rad

46. How do you differentiate b/w max and mand molar when mounting
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
8-16 inches

47. How long does the first rinse last
20 seconds
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)

48. With What type film are intensifying screens used?
Genetic cells
BW
extraoral film
20 min

49. What can be done to increase the life span of processing solutions
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Before fixing

50. What happens in the fixer
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up

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Radiology 2

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