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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the base of dental film composed of?
5 mSv or .5 REM
#0
Blue tinted polyester acetate
Negative

2. What 3 types of cells are most radioresistant
Nerve - brain - muscle
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
MRI

3. When looking at radiographs that were taken several years ago - you notice a brownish stain which makes interpretation difficult. What caused this?
Sv & Rem
Filtration and collimation
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Insufficient or improper washing

4. What type of film are calcium tungstate screens paired with
2.75 inch
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Blue light sensitive films

5. 3 film holding devices used for paralleling
1/3-1/2
2.75 inch
25
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD

6. What Size film is 2 1/4 x 3
No. 4
Reduce size and shape of beam
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
8-16 inches

7. According to the principles of shadow casting - preferred object-film distance
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
2.75 inches
As close as possible

8. when viewing a molar BW - What should be on the distal of the film
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
No exposure - or fixer before developer

9. What is reticulation
2.5 mm
Patient's name - date - and other pertinent info
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions

10. Size film used for occlusals on adults
Before fixing
X-ray and heat
#4
Every 6 mths

11. Size film used for BW on adults when only one film is taken on each side
#3
Reduce size and shape of beam
Sv & Rem
2.75 inches

12. What info should be recorded on the dental radiographic mount

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13. What is the term to describe the overall blackness of a radiograph
Density
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)

14. when manually processing dental film - you notice the temp. has gotten warmer as the day progressed. How should the developing time be changed?
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease

15. How does film speed correlate with definition and detail?
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Filtration and collimation
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices

16. What is the proper patient position for BW's?
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Erythema
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom

17. What is small doses of radiation given over a long period of time
Vertical BW
Central ray
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Long-term dose

18. How do you determine How often to take radiographs
Evidence based selection criteria
Increase the exposure time
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
#1

19. who discovered x-rays
Roentgen
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen

20. What are three types of image receptors used in digital radiography
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Erythema
Film placed backwards

21. What is the max. permissable fose for radiation workers in systeme interventional units
50 mSv (5rem)
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Film badges

22. In which area of the tooth is interproximal caries often seen
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
1/4 as intense
1/5 exposure time for edentulous

23. Mand central anatomy
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy

24. When can the films be exposed to white light
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting

25. What type of safelight filter is acceptable
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
GBX - 2
Shadow around the tooth

26. How do you differentiate b/w max and mand molar when mounting
Shadow around the tooth
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Chin down

27. if the kVp is increased from 75-90 - What must be done to achieve a radiograph of comparible density
Filtration and collimation
Enamel - dentin - and bone
decrease mA & time
No. 1

28. What is the ADA approved method of mounting dental radiographs
Labial
Mandibular occlusal
Left molar PA
Shadow around the tooth

29. Difference b/w direct and indirect exposure sensor?
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease

30. What size and How is the film places when taking a molar PA in the mixed dentition

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31. What part of the x-ray machine is responsible for providing the electrons
Filament
Max. sinus - zygoma
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Nerve - brain - muscle

32. How are x-rays formed in the tubehead
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Remove silver
Filtration and collimation
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat

33. How far should the operator stand from the source of radiation
6 ft
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
Lateral cephalometric
1/3-1/2

34. How should the frequency of radiographic exposures be determined
Gray & Rad
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells

35. What 2 unites are used to measure biologic effect and dose equivalent
PANO
1/6th of a second
Sv & Rem
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks

36. What is characteristic radiation
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Focal spot
Positioning the arches too far foward
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is

37. What is thermionic emission
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
No. 4
Release of electrons when a material such as tungsten is heated to incandescence - electrons are boiled off from the cathode filament in the x-ray tube when electric current is passed through it
Panoramic cape

38. Mand molar anatomy
PANO
Insufficient or improper washing
Mand canal - external oblique ridge - beg. of ramus
Patient positioning

39. you change you kVp from 90 to 70 and leave all other factors the same. What is the result
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
Left molar PA
No. 2
1/3-1/2

40. What is the purpose of the lead foil?
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
1/3-1/2
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS

41. when viewing a duplicated radiograph - you notice that the duplicate is too dark. What should you do to duplicating time to lighten the film
Increase the exposure time
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side

42. How does packet placement differ b/w bisecting and paralleling
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
Periapical
Extra oral

43. What types of cells must be effected in order for mutation to occur
Periapical
Genetic cells
20 min
Perpendicular to the tooth and film

44. 1/10th dosage of gen. public - What are photons
Extra oral
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
Blue light sensitive films
Quantum of energy

45. What would cause a properly exposed film to appear dark?
Premature contact w/ developing chemicals - Drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area and came in contact with the film.
Oral piercings - earings - glasses - necklaces - facial piercings - hair pins - hearing aids - dentures - and retainers
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
#0

46. How does radiation effect cells
Ionization
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
Genetic cells
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head

47. What radiograph is used to sHow contrast in soft tissues
MRI
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Vertical BW
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away

48. using a 16 inch cone focal-film distance - the diameter of the beam measured at the patient's face should be no larger than
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
2.75 inch
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas

49. When viewing a periapical radiograph - you notice that the image of the tooth is extremely long and well defined; However the apices are missing. What technique was used to take the radiograph? What caused the roots to appear long?
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Before fixing
Gray & Rad

50. when taking a paralleling radiograph of a patient with palatal tori - Where is the film places
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
1/3-1/2
On the back side of the tori