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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What film would be used to locate a foreign body in the bucco-lingual relationship
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
Occlucal
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
No. 1

2. How long is the final rinse
50 mSv (5rem)
Panoramic cape
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
20 min

3. What info should be recorded on the dental radiographic mount

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4. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
#2
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Cathode - filament - focusing cup

5. What factors affect the sharpness of the radiographic image
#1
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors

6. your dentist recommends that a patient have xrays taken - bu the patient refuses. What should be done

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7. What is the latent image
Invisible image (remains like this until film is processed)
Lateral cephalometric
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution

8. What is the max. permissable fose for radiation workers in systeme interventional units
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
50 mSv (5rem)
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Gray & Rad

9. What is formed when high speed electrons strike the target
X-ray and heat
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
GBX - 2

10. which dose of radiation is more biologically damaging
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
Ionization
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator

11. How is vertical angulation established with the bisecting technique
Faster film = lower definition and detail
#1
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms

12. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the central beam be directed
Excessive vertical angulation
Perpendicular to the tooth and film
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
The mental ridge

13. What is used to clean the screens inside of a cassestte
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
10 min (dbl the development time)
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
Soft cloth - non abrasive cleaner

14. Mand premolar anatomy
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure

15. your film badge report sHows that you have received a small amt. of radiation. What should you do
Soft tissue - air space
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
Rapidly producing cells are more sensitive to radiation

16. What PPE should be worn when exposing radiographs
Eyewear - mask - and gown
Patient movement
Filtration and collimation
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety

17. What size bulb is used in safelight
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure
Enamel - dentin - and bone
7 1/2 or 15 watt

18. When looking at radiographs that were taken several years ago - you notice a brownish stain which makes interpretation difficult. What caused this?
Provides more info. about the location of tori - impacted and malpositioned teeth and the calcification of soft tissues
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
Short-term dose
Insufficient or improper washing

19. What is the best method of reducing radiation to the patient
Soft tissue - air space
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
15 impulses
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed

20. When interpreting radiographs - you notice a radiopaque extension or spur off the proximal surface of #30. What do you think this is?
Periapical examination - paralleling technique
The mental ridge
Extra oral
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp

21. What are occlusal radiographs used to diagnose
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
Original - undeflected - useful beam

22. How does exposure time differ b/w adults and children
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation

23. which anatomical structures appear radiolucent
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
Soft tissue - air space
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA

24. if the kVp is increased from 75-90 - What must be done to achieve a radiograph of comparible density
Patient positioned too far foward in the focal trough
Dentsply rinn - XCP - XCP-DS - flow dental RAPD
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
decrease mA & time

25. What is the best method of protecting the thyroid gland from radiation?
Not centered on sensor
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
Before fixing
Blue tinted polyester acetate

26. What Size film is 7/8 x 1 3/8
Step-wedge or test film
Periapical
No. 0
Patient positioned too far to the left

27. who discovered x-rays
Vertical BW
1.5 mm
Occlucal
Roentgen

28. an insurance company requests a patient's radiographs when examining a dental clain. you only have one copy of the radiographs. What should you do
Premature contact with developer
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
Ala-tragus line is parallel to the floor

29. you notice that the xrays you process are becoming successively lighter than the quality control film you compare it to. What should you do
4 feet
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer

30. How does resolutiong and detial of a panoramic radiograph compare with that of PA's and BW's
Not as sharp and detailed as the intraoral image
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Mand occlusal
Every 4 weeks

31. you change you kVp from 90 to 70 and leave all other factors the same. What is the result
The wave length will be shorter - the quality and energy of the beam will be higher and the contrast will be lowe. - the image will also have a higher density
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
No. 2
Positioning the arches too far foward

32. when duplicating radiographs - What side of the duplicating film is in contact with the radiograph to be duplicated
Document patient's refusal and have them sign
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Mand. foramen

33. What does alara stand for
Excessive vertical angulation
As low as reasonably achievable
X-ray and heat
Mandibular occlusal

34. What is characteristic radiation
6 ft
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
Insufficient or improper washing

35. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the film be placed in relation to the tooth?
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
Evidence based selection criteria
Increase the area of radiation exposure
Parallel

36. What quality control procedures should be performed on xray cassettes
Roentgen
Cut exposure time by 1/3
Periodically examining cassettes and intensifying screens; extra oral cassettes should be checked for warping and light leaks
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp

37. What happens in the developer
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Rectangular collimations

38. What type lead apron should be used when taking PANO radiographs
Occlusal
Density
20 min
Panoramic cape

39. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
Excessive vertical angulation
Shadow around the tooth
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms
Insufficient or improper washing

40. What is the emulsion composed of?
Central ray
Gelatin and silver halide crystals
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed

41. Size film used for occlusals on adults
#4
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
Patient movement
Chin down

42. What are automatic processors faster than manual processing?
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time
No. 0
No exposure - or fixer before developer
No. 4

43. What is the most commonly used personnel monitoring devide for dental offices
Roentgen
8-16 inches
Film badges
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)

44. How is vertical angulation established with the paralleling technique
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Rectangular collimation and fast film speed
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Method should be compensated for bisecting or paralleling

45. Size film used for BW on adults
#2
Central ray
White blood cells - red blood cells - immature reproductive cells - epithelial cells - connective tissue cells - bone cells - nerve cells - brain cells - muscle cells
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile

46. What is the source-skin distance of x-ray machine that operates at 75 kVp
8-16 inches
6 ft
Soft tissue - air space
BW

47. What is the name for the part of the target that is struck by electrons
Focal spot
Eyewear - mask - and gown
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Lead

48. What is the major diff. b/w particulate and electromagnetic radiation
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Erythema
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Mand. foramen

49. How can exposure to the operator be reduced
25
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head
Soft tissue - air space
Move farther from the radiation

50. when processing - two films overlap in the developer - but not in the fixer. How would the films appear
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
1/6th of a second
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width