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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What type of x-rays have greater penetrating power - long or short wavelength?
Short
68 degrees F
Reg. replenishment and changing out expired solutiong with fresh chemicals at reg. intervals; monitor strength of chemicals on a daily basis
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)

2. With What type film are intensifying screens used?
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
extraoral film
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals

3. Film submerged totally in fixer but not in developer
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Short-term dose
Tori

4. What PPE should be worn when exposing radiographs
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Eyewear - mask - and gown
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)

5. What is the collimator made out of...
Nerve - brain - muscle
MRI
Lead
Left molar PA

6. In which area of the tooth is interproximal caries often seen
X-ray and heat
4 feet
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
D - E - F

7. Size film used for anterior PA's for patients with narrow arches
Located on the tooth surface that contacts the adjacent tooth
Nasal fossa - max sinus
#1
68 degrees F

8. According to principles of shadow casting - preferred source-object distance
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
15 impulses
As far as practical
The mental ridge

9. What is the bremsstrahlung radiation
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Vertical BW
Aka general radiation; stopping or slowing of the electrons of the cathode stream as they collide with the nuclei of the target atoms

10. How does exposure time for edentulous patients compare to dentulous patients
#4
15 impulses
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
1/5 exposure time for edentulous

11. A patient complains of pain in the upper molar region. What radiographic exposure should be made?
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Periapical
8-16 inches
Chin down

12. When mounting dental radiographs - What is the best way to differentiate max and mand films?
max teeth are longer - max molars have 3 roots - mand molars have 2 roots - most roots curve toward the distal - occlusal plane is straight or curved slight towards distal
X-ray and heat
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms

13. What is penumbra
Blue light sensitive films
Shadow around the tooth
Didn't push button completely
Nasal fossa - max sinus

14. What is the annual MPD for radiation workers
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
50 mSv or 5 REM
KVp

15. What projection would you take for a patient complaining of pain in the lower left molar area
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -
Left molar PA
Film badges
Every 4 weeks

16. What happens in the fixer
Premature contact with developer
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
5 min

17. What is the latent period
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Chin down
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms

18. What does alara stand for
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
As low as reasonably achievable
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Faster film = lower definition and detail

19. What causes foreshortening
Excessive vertical angulation
Doesn't matter
CCD (direct) - CMOS (direct) - PSP (indirect)
#4

20. What control factors effect the density of a radiograph
MA & time
#2
Mand occlusal
Filament

21. What 2 unites are used to measure absorption
Gray & Rad
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Far object-image receptor distance
Part that was fixed but not developed would be clear

22. What anatomical structures appear radiolucent on a dental radiograph
#1
Thyroid collar - lead and lead-equivalent sprons are availaable with or without an attached thyroid collar
Air space and soft tissues
Beam is perpendicular to the imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis and the film

23. What can be done to minimize gagging when taking radiographs
DEHNR
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors

24. Explain PSP
Reduce size and shape of beam
Photostimuable Phosphor Plate aka storage phosphor system -indirect digital imaging -captures analog data then processed in a laser scanning device -light is then converted into electrical signal that the computer uses to create the digital image
Vertical BW
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss

25. What parts of the x-ray machine are included in the anode circuit
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
Nerve - brain - muscle
Copper stem - tungsten target - radiator
Lighter image - patient exposed to larger beam which will increase exposure

26. What device is used to check quality of processing chemicals
Step-wedge or test film
Short
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions

27. Proper patient positioning for bisecting
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
No exposure to x-rays - electrical failure - malfunction of x-ray machine - or processing errors
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch

28. What are the long term effects of radiation exposure
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight
Increased focal spot size - decrease source-object distance - & increased object-film distance

29. When using D speed film - you use 50 impulses of radiation. How many impulses would you use with E speed film?
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
Nerve - brain - muscle
25
Scatter/secondary radition

30. According to principles of shadow casting - How should the film be placed in relation to the tooth?
No. 4
Every 4 weeks
Parallel
Increase the area of radiation exposure

31. How many impulses are in .25 seconds
Excessive vertical angulation
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging
15 impulses
#2

32. What film would be used to locate a foreign body in the bucco-lingual relationship
Do not suggest gagging - emphasize - use power of suggestions - apply distractiong techniques - give patient breathing instructions - reduce tactile stimuli - being exposures in the ant. region - place image receptor firmly and expertly - confuse the
Tori
Occlucal
Patient movement

33. What determines the speed of dental films?
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
On the back side of the tori
BW
As far as practical

34. How are indirect exposure films exposed
Every 4 weeks
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Film badges
Absorb scatter radiation and prevent fogging

35. What size bulb is used in safelight
Vertical BW
7 1/2 or 15 watt
Perpendicular to the film - parallel to the bite portion of the stabe
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam

36. What is the base of dental film composed of?
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Blue tinted polyester acetate
invisible -travel in straight lines -no mass/weight -travel and speed of light -no charge -interact w/ matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissues and structures -can effect photographic film emulsion -can effect biologic tissue
Density

37. What are the short term effects of radiation exposure
Duplicate - which will go to the insurance comp.; office keeps best copy
decrease mA & time
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
Vertical BW

38. What causes elongation
Insufficient vertical angulation
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices

39. which anatomical structures appear radiopaque
Film placed backwards
Dentin - enamel - bone
To distinguish b/w patient's right and left side
No. 1

40. when manually processing dental film - you notice the temp. has gotten warmer as the day progressed. How should the developing time be changed?
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
Patient positioned too far to the left

41. How do you differentiate b/w max and mand molar when mounting
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Old or contaminated processing solutions -exposure to chemical fumes -faulty safelight -scatter radiation

42. when processing - two films overlap in the developer - but not in the fixer. How would the films appear
Lead
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
1/6th of a second
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals

43. What is the most commonly used personnel monitoring devide for dental offices
Time b/w exposure and 1st clinically observable symptoms
Reduce size and shape of beam
Film badges
Depends on the needs of the patient - established after intraoral exam

44. when taking a radiograph - you pulls the cone out about 6 inches from the patient's face. What is the result
Rectangular collimation
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions
Increase the area of radiation exposure
#2

45. What is reticulation
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
As far as practical
Gray & Rad
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions

46. you use an exposure time of 10 impulses. How many seconds is this
1/6th of a second
Max. sinus - zygoma
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA

47. What must be done to xray fixer priod to disposal
Remove silver
20 seconds
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Parallel

48. What exposure is taken to determine jaw relationships in ortho treatment planning
Lateral cephalometric
Not centered on sensor
Before fixing
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -

49. What is the annual MPD for pregnant dental assistant
Incorrect horrizontal angulation
bisecting was used b/c of the distortion of the elongated root - the roots appeared long b/c the vertical angulation was inadequate
Occlusal
5 mSv or .5 REM

50. How long is the final rinse
Remove silver
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
20 min
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen

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Radiology 2

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