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Radiology 2

Subjects : health-sciences, radiology

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the name for the part of the target that is struck by electrons
Size of crystals - thickness of emulsion - radiosensitive dyes
Focal spot
Positioning the arches too far foward
Short-term dose

2. What is the purpose of the embossed dot

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3. How should x-ray film be stored
Original packaging -area sheilded from radiation -50-70 degrees F
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Every 4 weeks
No. 1

4. What are automatic processors faster than manual processing?
Sv & Rem
The mental ridge
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
B/c of its stability to produce a large volume of radiographs in a short amount of time

5. Mand central anatomy
Genial tubercles - lingual foramen
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation
#1
Clear/blue in the area of overlap b/c fixer will not remove all crystals

6. who discovered x-rays
Roentgen
All of the ant. teeth will appear blurred and narrowed in width
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
Blue tinted polyester acetate

7. What causes elongation
Insufficient vertical angulation
Blue light sensitive films
DEHNR
PANO

8. How long does film stay in the developer
1/4 as intense
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss
5 min
Original - undeflected - useful beam

9. What type PID significantly reduces exposure to the patient
Rectangular collimations
5(n-18)
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp

10. 3 film holding devices used for bisecting
max molars have 3 roots - mand have 2 roots
Premature contact with developer
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant

11. you notice that a radiograph taken several months ago is brown and spotted. What happened
Focal spot size - target-image receptor distance - object-image receptor distance - motion - screen thickness - screen-film contact - and crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptors
Insufficient or improper washing
Film placed backwards
Images conditions of the teeth and supporting structures when a larger area than a PA is needed; provides more info. than a PA about the alveolar crest and apical areas

12. What is the collimator made out of...
Cosmic - naturally occuring radiation from earth - radiation for radioactive materials
Stop taking xrays and evaluate all equipment and techniques to ensure safety
Lead
Long-term dose

13. What are the short term effects of radiation exposure
X-rays that have gone thru an object and are now a newer weaker beam
On the back side of the tori
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting
Erythema - vomitting - nausea - hemorrage - diarrhea - hair loss

14. What is reticulation
Left molar PA
68 degrees F
No. 2
Cracking of the emulsion caused by excessive temp diff. b/w any darkroom solutions

15. total filtration required of x-ray machines that operate above 70 kVp
No exposure - or fixer before developer
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
2.5 mm
Enamel - dentin - and bone

16. What radiographs are used to determine if a foreign object is located facially or lingually
Occlusal
Image the entire dentition - surrounding alveolar bone - sinuses - and the TMJ - examine large area of face and jaws - locate impacted teeth - retain root tips - evaluate trauma - lesions - and diseases - and assess growth and development
GBX - 2
1/6th of a second

17. With What type film are intensifying screens used?
The less the patient is exposed - the less the operator is exposed
extraoral film
turn on machine -adjust settings -press exposure button -filament heats up/thermoionic emmision -electron cloud is formed -electrons flow from cathode to anode -electrons strike target -energy is converted into x-rays and heat
KVp

18. Size film used for PA's on small children
Erythema
Left molar PA
#0
Overdevelopment -temp. too high -time too long -developer concentration too high -inadequate fixation -accidental exposure to light -improper safelighting

19. What is characteristic radiation
Lead
nasal septum - ant. nasal spine - nasal fossa - median palatine suture - incisive foramen
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom

20. when should radiographs be taken on a pregnant patient
Only when necessary to help the dentist diagnose and treat oral diseases; elective xrays should be postponed until after delivery
Patient's dental arches; maxilla and mandile
6 ft
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA

21. What type of projection is used to visualize the crestol alveolar bone on a patient with moderate to severe bone loss
Vertical BW
68 degrees F
Every 6 mths
Roentgen

22. What are occlusal radiographs used to diagnose
Aluminum
locate retained roots -locate unerrupted or impacted teeth -evaluate for diseases and lesions -locate foreign bodies -reveal presence of salivary stones (sialothiths) -aid in evaluating fractures -size and shape of tori -aid in examining patients wit
Doesn't matter
Absorb long wavelengths / soft radiation

23. How far from the work surface must the safelight be mounted
After 2-3 min of fixing if needed
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
Sterilize film holder devices or discard disposable image receptor holding devices
4 feet

24. What Size film is used to take an occlusal radiograph of a 6 yr old child
#2
Mental foramen - mental ridge - mand canal
50 mSv or 5 REM
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is

25. What would cause a film to be too light
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
X-rays that have been deflected from an object and have changed paths
Eyewear - mask - and gown
Large blank space is due to reversed image error or chemical contamination - missing apices is due to inadequate VA

26. What parts of the x-ray machine are included in the cathode circuit
Cathode - filament - focusing cup
Occlusal
Every 6 mths
68 degrees F

27. Difference b/w direct and indirect exposure sensor?
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
2.5 mm
No. 0
DEHNR

28. What types of cells must be effected in order for mutation to occur
Genetic cells
Long-term dose
#2
Movement caused by the patient - slippage of the image receptor - or vibration of the tube head

29. Proper patient positioning for bisecting
Max arch ala-tragus parallel to floor - mand arch
50 mSv (5rem)
Produced by internal barriers in tube head (ex: glass and insulating oils)
Increase the exposure time

30. What control factors effect contrast
Copper stem - radiator and air space
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is
KVp
Nasal fossa - max sinus

31. How are indirect exposure films exposed
X-rays hit phosphor screen creating florescent light that exposes the film
2.75 inches
50 mSv (5rem)
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)

32. What type of safelight filter is acceptable
Step-wedge or test film
Zygoma will be radiopaque - max. sinus will be a large area of radiolucency
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
GBX - 2

33. How often must you replenish the solutions in an automatic processor
Scatter/secondary radition
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
7 1/2 or 15 watt
For every 30 films processed 6-8 oz should be taken out and replaced with fresh solution

34. What 3 types of cells are most radioresistant
Lead
Nerve - brain - muscle
Chronic low-level exposures/long term dose; causing cancer - cataracts - low birth weight - genetic mutations - and embryological defects
X-ray and heat

35. How much total filtration is required of x-ray machines that operate lower than 70 kVp
A form of radiation originating from an atom following removal of an electron or excitation of an atom
No. 1
Overexposure -overdevelopment -developer is too strong -not enough fixation -exposure to white light -improper safelighting
1.5 mm

36. What are the 2 units used to measure exposure to radiation
1/3-1/2
Coulombs/kilogram(C/kg) & Roentgen (R)
6 ft
Gently agitating the hanger up and down a few times

37. When mounting a FMS - you notice that one film is blank. another film is dark - the teeth look strange - and it is difficult to determine What film it is. What do you think happened?
Mandibular occlusal
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
#1 or #2 - placed so the edge of the receptor lines up behind the distal of the canine before the eruption of the permanent 2nd molar; - after the eruption of the perm. 2nd molar - 2 posterior PA's should be taken per quadrant
Dark film is from over exposure and improper packet placement for strange looking teeth and not being able to determine What film is

38. In the darkroom - you unwrap a film and place a coin on top of the film for several minutes. when you process the film - you notice a slight - well-defined white circle on the film. What does this mean?
Failed safelight test - suggesting that the safelight conditions in the darkroom are fogging the film
#2
Extra oral
The most distal tooth should be captured in full as well as a few mm of bone level behind the most distal tooth

39. Max lat. canine anatomy
underexposure-underdevelopment -depleted developer solution -excessive fixation (takes all crystals off)
15 impulses
Nasal fossa - max sinus
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)

40. What exposure would be useful in identifying salivary stones in the submandibular gland
Periapical
Mand occlusal
Dentsply rinn stabe - BAI - dental SUPA
Maintain acidity & alkalinity & prevent oxidation -

41. when manually processing dental film - you notice the temp. has gotten warmer as the day progressed. How should the developing time be changed?
Higher temp. increases film fog - so radiographer should consult a time-temp. development chart to adjust developing time appropriately; developing time will decrease
Shadow around the tooth
Decrease kVp by 15 and double exposure time = 10 mA 60 impules 75 kVp
Tori

42. What causes a HERRINGBONE effect
Film placed backwards
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark
Nerve - brain - muscle
Every 6 mths

43. when viewing a PANO - you notice that a lot of spine sHows on both side of the film - What caused this
Positioning the arches too far foward
take 14 radiographs -omit the BW -paralleling should be technique of choice -panoramic might be better than FMS
Excessive VA w/ PID positioned too steep enough away from zero degrees
Lateral cephalometric

44. What 3 types of cells are most radiosensitive
particulate radiation: made of protons - neutrons - electrons and alpha and beta particles; has mass -electromagnetic radiation: made of photons; no mass
Blank or clear (takes all of the crystals off)
WBC - RBC - immature reproductive cells
Panoramic cape

45. you notice that the xrays you process are becoming successively lighter than the quality control film you compare it to. What should you do
Aluminum
Check the processing chemical - particularly the developer
detect pathological lesions -establish position of mental foramen -establish position of mand canal -determine quality & quantity of alveolar bone present
Central ray

46. How would a film appear if submerged totally in the developer but not in the fixer
Ionization
Erythema
Filament
Top of film delineated by a straight line then dark

47. What happens in the developer
Panoramic cape
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Blue light sensitive films
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver

48. What 2 unites are used to measure biologic effect and dose equivalent
Enamel - dentin - and bone
Sv & Rem
Paralleling; meets more principles of shadow casting
Film placed backwards

49. What are the long term effects of radiation exposure
Highest of the 2 ridges - about the level of the cervical 3rd - behind the 2nd and 3rd molars
Direct - directly obtaining a digital image by exposing intraoral sensor to x-rays to provide an image that can be viewed on a computer - indirect - photostimuable phosphor plate sensor technology - obtaining a digital image in which an exposed phosp
Faster film = lower definition and detail
Cancer - cateracts - embryologic defects - genetic mutations - low birth weight

50. when duplicating radiographs - What side of the duplicating film is in contact with the radiograph to be duplicated
Remove silver
The emulsion side of the film is placed against the orginal radiograph with the nonemulsion side up
bisecting - packet is as close to tooth as possible - but not parallel -parallel - packet is parallel to tooth - further away
#2

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Radiology 2

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