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Reproductive

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1. What is the average age of onset for menopause
51 yo
Uterus
Endometrial carcinoma
Cyclic bleeding - chocolate cysts - severe menstrual related pain - infertility

2. hyperandrogenism due to deranged steroid synthesis by theca cells - inc LH leading to anovulation
Mitochondria
Cystic
Prostate growth - balding - and sebaceous gland activity
PCOS

3. What are the 3 androgens
Metaphase
Testosterone - DHT - androstenedione
SANS - hypogastric nerve
Tubular carcinoma

4. Benign - looks like bladder
Induces and maintains lactation - decreases reproductive function
Fertilization 'an egg met a sperm'
Brenner tumor
Inflammatory

5. How is beta hCG detectable in blood or urine for a home pregnancy test
Smooth muscle
1 week - 2 weeks
The semiT and the blood vessels
1000 times

6. What are the associated risk factors for malignant breast tumors
Spermatocele
Inc estrogen - inc total nunmber of cycles - older age at 1st live birth - obesity
Fallopian tube
Anovulatory cycles - hormone replacement therapy - PCOS - granulosa cell tumor

7. Which hydatidiform mole has the greater risk for malignancy
Uterus
Estradiol > estrone > estriol
Bicornute uterus
Complete

8. Which ligament is the derivative of the gubernaculum and travels through the inguinal canal
Mucinous cystadenoma
Round ligament of the uterus
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Suspensory ligament of ovaries

9. What does progesterone do for pregnancy
Mucinous cystadenoma
Syncytiotrophoblasts of placenta
Corpus luteum - placenta - adrenal cortex - testes
Maintenance

10. What is the source of estrogen after menopause
Fibromas
Anovulatory cycles - hormone replacement therapy - PCOS - granulosa cell tumor
Peripheral conversion of androgens
Prostatic acid phosphatase and PSA

11. What sequelae are associated with leiomyoma
Severe bleeding iron def anemia - miscarriage
Complete
Hirsutism - hot flashes - atrophy of the vagina - osteoporosis - coronary artery disease
Prostate growth - balding - and sebaceous gland activity

12. inability to convert testosterone to DHT - limited to genetic males - penis at 12
5 alpha reductase def
Mitochondria
Complete
Posterior lobe peripheral zone

13. What does SEVEN Up stand for in regards to the pathway of sperm
Prematurity
Seminiferous tubules - epididymis - vas deferens - ejaculatory ducts - nothing - urethra - penis
Acute mastitis
Para - aortic lymph nodes

14. >1.5 -2 L of amniotic fluid
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - exogenous administration of steroids
Peripheral conversion of androgens
Polyhydramnios
Meigs syndrome

15. gray - soliarty - crusty plaque - usually on the shaft of the penis or on the scrotum - peak incidence in 5th decade of life - can progress to invasive SCC in < 10% of cases

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16. Testosterone and estrogen in androgen insensitivity syndrome
Premature ovarian failure (Pof)
Increased FSH
Fibrosis
Increase (and LH)

17. ovaries plus virilized external genitalia due to excessive and inappropriate exposure to androgenic steroids during early gestation
Female pseudoHerm
Hemorrhage
Inc size and tenderness with inc estrogen
Cyclic bleeding - chocolate cysts - severe menstrual related pain - infertility

18. What is the typical cell change in HPV infection
Fibroadenoma - phyllodes tumor
The anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
Koilocytitic
Yolk sace - endodermal sinus - tumor

19. What are the four functions of estrogen
Development of genitalia and breast - growth of follicle - hormonal interactions with HPG accesss - and inc transport proteins like SHBG inc HDL and dec LDL
Unopposed estrogen - obesity - diabetes - HTN - nulliparity - late menopause
6
Necrosis - hemorrhage - can protrude from the cervix and bleed - tendency to recur

20. What is hydatidiform mole and precurosor of...
Choriocarcinoma
Sarcoma botryoides - a rhabdomyosarcoma variant
Follicular cyst
Female pseudoHerm

21. What does the histo show for prostate cancer
PCOS - obesity - Asherman's - HPO axis defect - Pof - hyperprolactinemia - thryoid - eating disorders - cushging's - adrenal insuff
Mimics LH
Haploid - N - 23 single chromatids
Small infiltrating glands with prominent nucleoli

22. What does increasing estrogen do to GnRH receptors on ant pit - and What does this lead to...
Upregulation - LH surge - ovulation
Inc in total - and dec in free fraction
Suspensory ligament of ovaries
Comedocarcinoma

23. decreased synthesis of gonadotropin in the ant pit - anosmia - lack of secondary sex characteristics
Seminoma
Kallman
Spermatogonia (germ cells)
Granulosa cell - aromatase - androstenedione - estrogen

24. What is HELLP syndrome
Hemolysis - elevated liver enzymes - low platelets
Bowenoid papulosis - carcinoma in situ of the penis
Whorled pattern of smooth muscle bundles
The anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

25. blood from ruptured follicle causing peritoneal irritation that can mimic appendicitis
Neoplastic cells block lymphatic drainage
Klinefelter's - XXY
Mittelschmerz syndrome
Hyperthyroidism - contains functional thyroid tissue

26. Vaginal sqamous cell carcinoma is most often seconday From which site?
Cervix
Paget's disease
Inc in total - and dec in free fraction
Inhibit cGMP breakdown

27. 90% of ovarian germ cells tumors - contains cells from 2 or 3 germ layers
No
Teratoma
Meigs syndrome
Testosterone

28. Which cells line the seminiferous tubules and maintain germ pool and produce primary spermatocytes
Spermatogonia (germ cells)
Increase (and LH)
Endometrial carcinoma
Leydig cell tumor

29. What are the 4 sources of progesterone
Krukenburg tumor
Corpus luteum - placenta - adrenal cortex - testes
Estradiol and possible growth promoting effects of DHT
Inc in total - and dec in free fraction

30. Where is androstenedione made?
E coli
Adrenal gland
17beta estradiol
Spermatogonia (germ cells)

31. histo: simple cuboidal epithelium
Inflammatory
Sertoli cells
Ovary
Polyhydramnios

32. What is the genetic material in the primary oocyte?
Severe bleeding iron def anemia - miscarriage
Placenta acreta
Low back pain with increased serum alk phos
Diploid - 4N - 46 sister chromatids

33. What is a complication of invasive carcinoma
Hirsutism - hot flashes - atrophy of the vagina - osteoporosis - coronary artery disease
Lateral invasion can block ureters causing renal failure
No
Both ovary and testicular tissue present - ambiguous genitals - rare 46 XX - 47XXY

34. breast path - diseeases of the lobules
Testosterone
SANS - hypogastric nerve
Lobular carcinoma - sclerosing adenosis
No

35. What is associated with sclerosing adenosis?
Inhibition of HCG access
Inc size and tenderness with inc estrogen
Bowen's dz - carcinoma in situ of the penis
Calcifications

36. frequent bu irregular cycles
Chocolate cyst
Metrorrhagia
Hyperestrogenism
Corpus luteum - placenta - adrenal cortex - testes

37. benign painless lump - forms as a result of injury to breast tissue - possible history of trauma
Fat necrosis
Fibrcystic change - ductal cancer
Teratoma
Development of genitalia and breast - growth of follicle - hormonal interactions with HPG accesss - and inc transport proteins like SHBG inc HDL and dec LDL

38. tumor that fills ductal lumen - arises from ductal hyperplasia - early malignancy without BM penetration
Lateral invasion can block ureters causing renal failure
Fat necrosis
No
DCIS

39. dilated epididymal duct
Choriocarcinoma
Right gonadal vein - IVC
Spermatocele
Ectocervix

40. What is the pattern seen in leiomyoma
Stimulates testosterone release from leydig cells
Whorled pattern of smooth muscle bundles
Haploid - 2N - 23 sister chromatids
Invasive lobular

41. Risk factors for ectopic pregs
Calcifications
Tight junctions between sertoli cells
History of infertility - salpingitis - ruptured appendix - prior tubal surgery
Chocolate cyst

42. Which androgen is responsible for the closing of the epiphyseal plate
Fibrosis
Hemorrhage
Upregulation - LH surge - ovulation
Testosterone

43. What is the venous drainage of the left ovary/testis?
Delivery of fetus
Left gonadal vein - left renal vein - IVC
Stimulates testosterone release from leydig cells
55-65

44. Which side is varicocele more common on...
Granulosa cell - aromatase - androstenedione - estrogen
Ovarian > cervical > endometrial
Left
Leydig cell tumor

45. What changes are seen with total PSA and fraction of free PSA
Relaxation
Placental ischemia due to impaired vasodltn of spiral arteries resulting in increased vasc tone
Inc in total - and dec in free fraction
Lobular carcinoma - sclerosing adenosis

46. What is the presentation of prostatitis
Estrogen/progesterone receptors - erb - B2 - HER2 an EGF receptrs
Complete
Uterus
Dysuria - frequency - urgency - low back pain

47. < 21 day cycle
Ectopic preg
Cervix
Polymenorrhea
Smooth muscle

48. Some drugs cause awesome knockers
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - exogenous administration of steroids
Sprinolactone - digitalis - cimetidine - alchohol - ketoconazole
Milk letdown - uterine contractions?
Leydig cell tumor

49. testicular masses that can be transilluminated
Bicornute uterus
Meigs syndrome
Feedback inhibition
Tunica vaginalis lesions

50. How is prostatic adenocarcinoma diagnosed
DRE - hard nodule and biopsy
Andogren binding protein - anti mullerian hormone
Inc freq of urination - nocturia - difficulty starting/stopping urination - dysuria
Fallopian tube

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Reproductive

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