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Software Engineering Principles And Concepts

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes. 2 minutes extra for reading the instructions.
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1. How OCL (Object Constraint Language) is used in the context of the uml
They have to objective - unambiguous and tailored to meet the needs
It is a semi formal language - partly mathematical. UML cannot describe constraints on model objects. Addresses invariants which are expressions holding true. Defines preconditions that must be true at the start of a method execution and post conditi
How do we size - resource and schedule plans - How do we estimate - What is the estimation process?
The extent that specific attributes of interest to the user are satisfied. It is defined in terms of attributes that are determined by the users.

2. Formal method
Its targeted for organizational capabilities - Organizations depend on teams to be mature and capable.
An approach to construct and prove that a program is correct. Apply mathematical and logical techniques to analyze a program. Apply to system specification and system implementations. Not used for validation but are tied to verification.
The probability that a system or capability functions without failure for a specified time or number of natural units in a specified environment
User analysis: undestand what users want to do with the system. Create scenarios - use cases - put the user in different situations - interview and talk to people - observe - Prorotyping: paper or executable prototypes - Evaluation - Using prototypes

3. Prepare tests
Team members establish common goals and define roles - Team: develops strategy - defines a customize process - participates in producing the plan and everyone understands the role - negotiates with management on the plan and resources - members fo wo
For each of the alternatives calculate the weight of the alternatives x value of the criteria
Targeted for individuals. Analyse how an individual is doing his job - identify where you are spending your time - what mistakes are you making and how to improve the way you do your work. What is your process? Where do you spend your time? How good
Generate test cases from operational profile - include low probability tests

4. Different categories of defects
Generate test cases from operational profile - include low probability tests
Communicative failure - Missing or incomplete information - Oversight failure - Did not consider all the variables and left out important things - Education or lack of thereof - Lack of understanding - Typo - human error
Diagnosing: Characterize current state versus desired state - Recommended actions for the technology insertion Identify potential barriers: legacy code - processes - standards - contracts - Establishing:What are the different actions - develop a pla
Establish how much time do we have to make de decision - what resources are available.

5. Steps to apply DARS #1. Draft decision statement
Do things in trial basis - pilot projects - collect information - analyze information - iterate
Define the decision we are trying to make - what do we want to accomplish and what questions we will ask
Task process patterns: Detailed steps to perform a task - Stage process patterns: Depict steps in a project stage - Phase process patterns: Depicts the interactions between stages process paterns
Conduct reliability growth analysis - certify reliability objectives are met

6. Service locator
How do we size - resource and schedule plans - How do we estimate - What is the estimation process?
Reviews - Test - Measurements - Analysis/Reporting - Process definition/Standards
Initial - Identify and analyze what is the trigger to perform a particular insertion reliability - reduce cycle time - reduce cost - Context: How does this technology fits within the overall busines goals - Secure support: Management - executive - mo
A registry or directory that provides a lookup so the consumer can browse the services

7. Identify 4 types of process patterns
Task process patterns: Detailed steps to perform a task - Stage process patterns: Depict steps in a project stage - Phase process patterns: Depicts the interactions between stages process paterns
Reuse cycle time - costs - Interoperability - Scalabilty - Flexibility/Maintainability
Similar to the documentation of a design pattern. Specify a Name - Intent (Intended use of pattern) - Type (Task - Stage - Phase) - Initial Contact (Situation where the pattern solution applies to) - Solution (How the pattern solve the intended probl
Targeted for individuals. Analyse how an individual is doing his job - identify where you are spending your time - what mistakes are you making and how to improve the way you do your work. What is your process? Where do you spend your time? How good

8. Steps to apply DARS #9
Its targeted for organizational capabilities - Organizations depend on teams to be mature and capable.
Total value score - Sum of weights x values
Identify alternatives
The probability at any given time that a system or capabilty performs satisfactory in a specified environment

9. Advantages and disadvantages of formal methods
Develop and evaluate proposed solutions to eliminte defect root causes
Learnability: How long does it take to learn the system - Speed of operation: How long does it take to complete a task - Robustness: Tolerance to errors - Recoverability: Ability to recover from errors - Adaptability: Being able to customize the inte
Make the decision
They eliminate contradiction - ambiguities - vagueness and incompleteness from normal language descriptions. The disasvantages are the time/effort needed - the complexity - there are interface issues - they are cumbersome.

10. How to avoid those defects
The approach to build distributed systems that deliver application functionality as services to end user applications or to build other services.
Establish liaison between groups - better processes and better documentation - do checklists - automated checking - work product templates and reviews - Training and staff- ins - Transcription - Tools for automated checking
Describe common management techniques or organizational structures. A way to capture best practices within an organization.
What kind of defects do I make in my own work - How can I make fewer mistakes - How can I identify more defects that I overlooked in the past

11. Steps to apply DARS #5
Identify alternatives
Develop and evaluate proposed solutions to eliminte defect root causes
An application function packaged as a reusable component for use in some process - typically a business or application process.
Strategies that software professionals use to solve recurring problems. Consist of a collection of general techniques - actions and tasks being use to solve recurring problems in an organization.

12. PSP0
Do things in trial basis - pilot projects - collect information - analyze information - iterate
Total value score - Sum of weights x values
The individual establish a personal performance baseline - Recognize how you do your job - Document personal processing - Gather data on where do you spend your time - Gather data on the errors you make
Identify alternatives

13. Other approaches to make decisions exist besides DARS
Define product - Define operational profile - Define failures - Prepare tests - Execute tests
Do things in trial basis - pilot projects - collect information - analyze information - iterate
Integrated Product and Process development is a systematic approach that achieves a timely collaboration of relevant stakeholders throughout the product life cycle to better satisfy customer needs. It involves the use of cross functional teams - inte
Directive Approach: A leader makes the decision alone - Consultative Approach: A leader makes the decision with the advise from other people - Democratic Approach: Some key team members vote for the best decision - Consensus Approach: Everybody parti

14. Characteristics of good metrics
They have to objective - unambiguous and tailored to meet the needs
Total value score - Sum of weights x values
Directive Approach: A leader makes the decision alone - Consultative Approach: A leader makes the decision with the advise from other people - Democratic Approach: Some key team members vote for the best decision - Consensus Approach: Everybody parti
Strategies that software professionals use to solve recurring problems. Consist of a collection of general techniques - actions and tasks being use to solve recurring problems in an organization.

15. The documentation of process paterns
Requirements - Design - Test and Maintenance
Similar to the documentation of a design pattern. Specify a Name - Intent (Intended use of pattern) - Type (Task - Stage - Phase) - Initial Contact (Situation where the pattern solution applies to) - Solution (How the pattern solve the intended probl
Direct manipulations: Video games - Menu - Form Filling - Command languages - Natural languages
Learnability: How long does it take to learn the system - Speed of operation: How long does it take to complete a task - Robustness: Tolerance to errors - Recoverability: Ability to recover from errors - Adaptability: Being able to customize the inte

16. The Six Sigma for software engineering process
Identify use cases - occurrence probability - Engineer Just Right reliability
Try to achieve products with 3.4 defects per million opportunities - Define customer requirements - meet customer needs - know what the customer wants - Measure the process - collecting defect metrics - Analyze to determine causes - Improve. Eliminat
Product revision: Maintainability - testability - re- usability - Product transition: Move the product into a domain. Portability - Revisability - interoperability - Product operation: Correctness - reliability - usability - performance
Intelectual property - use software without credit - develop tools that help people to violate intelectual property - Privacy: credit - health - personal information - Confidentiality - Quality of work

17. Service Oriented Architecture
Similar to the documentation of a design pattern. Specify a Name - Intent (Intended use of pattern) - Type (Task - Stage - Phase) - Initial Contact (Situation where the pattern solution applies to) - Solution (How the pattern solve the intended probl
Define the decision we are trying to make - what do we want to accomplish and what questions we will ask
The approach to build distributed systems that deliver application functionality as services to end user applications or to build other services.
Things that should no be doing - comes from lessons learned

18. Steps to perform a root cause analysis #1
User familiarity - User diversity - Consistency throughout the interface - Minimum surprise - Recoverability - User guidance
Select the defects that will be analyse by the team and define the goals for the root cause analysis activities
Develop and evaluate proposed solutions to eliminte defect root causes
Total value score - Sum of weights x values

19. Steps to apply DARS #10
Consider risks of selected alternatives
Intelectual property - use software without credit - develop tools that help people to violate intelectual property - Privacy: credit - health - personal information - Confidentiality - Quality of work
Strategies that software professionals use to solve recurring problems. Consist of a collection of general techniques - actions and tasks being use to solve recurring problems in an organization.
It help individuals to perform better - it helps to improve processes.

20. Explain usability attributes
Define the decision we are trying to make - what do we want to accomplish and what questions we will ask
Quantitative measures of the defree to which some component possess a given attribute. Combination of measures.
Learnability: How long does it take to learn the system - Speed of operation: How long does it take to complete a task - Robustness: Tolerance to errors - Recoverability: Ability to recover from errors - Adaptability: Being able to customize the inte
Define product - Define operational profile - Define failures - Prepare tests - Execute tests

21. Benefits of SOA
The individual establish a personal performance baseline - Recognize how you do your job - Document personal processing - Gather data on where do you spend your time - Gather data on the errors you make
Reuse cycle time - costs - Interoperability - Scalabilty - Flexibility/Maintainability
A mediator - it connects the consumer with the service provider
The one who implements the service - it can be a network addressable entity - it needs to be able to accept and execute requests from consumer - it needs to publish a service description in a service registry that contains the collection of service d

22. Steps to perform a root cause analysis #4
Any flaw in the specification - design or implementation of a product.
Develop and evaluate proposed solutions to eliminte defect root causes
Make the decision
What kind of defects do I make in my own work - How can I make fewer mistakes - How can I identify more defects that I overlooked in the past

23. TSP
Direct manipulations: Video games - Menu - Form Filling - Command languages - Natural languages
Targeted for teams. The goal is to produce effective teams by selecting skilled teams or providing tools to improve their skills.
How do we size - resource and schedule plans - How do we estimate - What is the estimation process?
Total value score - Sum of weights x values

24. Quality assurance disciplines
Diagnosing: Characterize current state versus desired state - Recommended actions for the technology insertion Identify potential barriers: legacy code - processes - standards - contracts - Establishing:What are the different actions - develop a pla
How do we size - resource and schedule plans - How do we estimate - What is the estimation process?
Decision Analysis and Resolution Process. Is a well defined process to analyze possible decisions using formal evaluation process - it involves identifying criteria and evaluate alternatives. It helps to make decision objectively.
Reviews - Test - Measurements - Analysis/Reporting - Process definition/Standards

25. Example of software engineering ethical scenarios
Intelectual property - use software without credit - develop tools that help people to violate intelectual property - Privacy: credit - health - personal information - Confidentiality - Quality of work
Task process patterns: Detailed steps to perform a task - Stage process patterns: Depict steps in a project stage - Phase process patterns: Depicts the interactions between stages process paterns
The probability at any given time that a system or capabilty performs satisfactory in a specified environment
Similar to the documentation of a design pattern. Specify a Name - Intent (Intended use of pattern) - Type (Task - Stage - Phase) - Initial Contact (Situation where the pattern solution applies to) - Solution (How the pattern solve the intended probl

26. Antipattern
Things that should no be doing - comes from lessons learned
The approach to build distributed systems that deliver application functionality as services to end user applications or to build other services.
Identify use cases - occurrence probability - Engineer Just Right reliability
User analysis: undestand what users want to do with the system. Create scenarios - use cases - put the user in different situations - interview and talk to people - observe - Prorotyping: paper or executable prototypes - Evaluation - Using prototypes

27. Beginning phases of the SEI IDEAL model
Process failure data - Tracking reliability growth - specify how fault tolerant architectures work - They rely on redundancy - They are able to recover by moving to a future state or restore to known safe state.
Identify use cases - occurrence probability - Engineer Just Right reliability
Initial - Identify and analyze what is the trigger to perform a particular insertion reliability - reduce cycle time - reduce cost - Context: How does this technology fits within the overall busines goals - Secure support: Management - executive - mo
Test alternatives against required objectives - Make sure the alternatives identified meet the required objectives - otherwise disregard them

28. Software availability
Develop and evaluate proposed solutions to eliminte defect root causes
Diagnosing: Characterize current state versus desired state - Recommended actions for the technology insertion Identify potential barriers: legacy code - processes - standards - contracts - Establishing:What are the different actions - develop a pla
The probability at any given time that a system or capabilty performs satisfactory in a specified environment
Learnability: How long does it take to learn the system - Speed of operation: How long does it take to complete a task - Robustness: Tolerance to errors - Recoverability: Ability to recover from errors - Adaptability: Being able to customize the inte

29. The steps to launch a TSP Team
Rank desired objectives in a 1 to 10 scale
Who are the customers - how are they gonna use the product - undestand the product - define possible failures - understand customer needs
The discipline dealing with what is good and bad. Moral duty and obligation. The principles of conduct governing and individual or group
Establish product and business goals - Assigning the roles of individuals within the team - Determine the development product strategy - Build top level plans - Develop quality plan - Conduct risk assesment - Team will prepare a management briefing -

30. Organizational pattern
Rank desired objectives in a 1 to 10 scale
Total value score - Sum of weights x values
Describe common management techniques or organizational structures. A way to capture best practices within an organization.
What kind of defects do I make in my own work - How can I make fewer mistakes - How can I identify more defects that I overlooked in the past

31. Steps to perform a root cause analysis #5
An approach to construct and prove that a program is correct. Apply mathematical and logical techniques to analyze a program. Apply to system specification and system implementations. Not used for validation but are tied to verification.
Targeted for teams. The goal is to produce effective teams by selecting skilled teams or providing tools to improve their skills.
Describe common management techniques or organizational structures. A way to capture best practices within an organization.
Implement solutions and evaluate the results

32. Defect
It help individuals to perform better - it helps to improve processes.
Quantitative measures of the defree to which some component possess a given attribute. Combination of measures.
Any flaw in the specification - design or implementation of a product.
An application function packaged as a reusable component for use in some process - typically a business or application process.

33. IPT
The extent that specific attributes of interest to the user are satisfied. It is defined in terms of attributes that are determined by the users.
They eliminate contradiction - ambiguities - vagueness and incompleteness from normal language descriptions. The disasvantages are the time/effort needed - the complexity - there are interface issues - they are cumbersome.
Integrated Product Team is a group of people that has complementary skills and expertise - fully empowered to represent stakeohlders - to make the appropriate decisions. A team of people that comes from different backgrounds - with different skillset
Intelectual property - use software without credit - develop tools that help people to violate intelectual property - Privacy: credit - health - personal information - Confidentiality - Quality of work

34. IPPD
Establish how much time do we have to make de decision - what resources are available.
Integrated Product and Process development is a systematic approach that achieves a timely collaboration of relevant stakeholders throughout the product life cycle to better satisfy customer needs. It involves the use of cross functional teams - inte
Develop and evaluate proposed solutions to eliminte defect root causes
A registry or directory that provides a lookup so the consumer can browse the services

35. Steps to apply DARS #2. Establish decision objectives
Establish how much time do we have to make de decision - what resources are available.
How do we size - resource and schedule plans - How do we estimate - What is the estimation process?
Define the decision we are trying to make - what do we want to accomplish and what questions we will ask
Reuse cycle time - costs - Interoperability - Scalabilty - Flexibility/Maintainability

36. Goals for root cause analysis...
Describe common management techniques or organizational structures. A way to capture best practices within an organization.
Similar to the documentation of a design pattern. Specify a Name - Intent (Intended use of pattern) - Type (Task - Stage - Phase) - Initial Contact (Situation where the pattern solution applies to) - Solution (How the pattern solve the intended probl
Boundaries of services have to be explicit. Services are autonomous - standalone - do not have dependencies - Services share schema and contracts not classes and types. Platform neutral - Compatibility is policy based - policies define the contraints
Reduce repair or re work cause - eliminate high priority problems and reduce error type

37. Where to apply formal methods
Requirements - Design - Test and Maintenance
Establish liaison between groups - better processes and better documentation - do checklists - automated checking - work product templates and reviews - Training and staff- ins - Transcription - Tools for automated checking
User familiarity - User diversity - Consistency throughout the interface - Minimum surprise - Recoverability - User guidance
Focus on customer needs - Reduce costs - Helps to make better decisions - Reduce time - Reduce risks

38. Steps to apply DARS #8. Calculate a value score
Try to achieve products with 3.4 defects per million opportunities - Define customer requirements - meet customer needs - know what the customer wants - Measure the process - collecting defect metrics - Analyze to determine causes - Improve. Eliminat
For each of the alternatives calculate the weight of the alternatives x value of the criteria
Consider risks of selected alternatives
Quantitative measures of the defree to which some component possess a given attribute. Combination of measures.

39. User interface design principles
Boundaries of services have to be explicit. Services are autonomous - standalone - do not have dependencies - Services share schema and contracts not classes and types. Platform neutral - Compatibility is policy based - policies define the contraints
Whatever uses the service - it can be an application or another service
User familiarity - User diversity - Consistency throughout the interface - Minimum surprise - Recoverability - User guidance
They eliminate contradiction - ambiguities - vagueness and incompleteness from normal language descriptions. The disasvantages are the time/effort needed - the complexity - there are interface issues - they are cumbersome.

40. The characteristics of a service
Identify alternatives
Reduce repair or re work cause - eliminate high priority problems and reduce error type
Boundaries of services have to be explicit. Services are autonomous - standalone - do not have dependencies - Services share schema and contracts not classes and types. Platform neutral - Compatibility is policy based - policies define the contraints
Strategies that software professionals use to solve recurring problems. Consist of a collection of general techniques - actions and tasks being use to solve recurring problems in an organization.

41. Interaction styles
Goal: Well defined goalm a purpose - why are you doing this - Question: Based on the goal formulate questions to achieve the goal - Metric: Define metrics to answer the questions.
Evaluate the remaining alternatives against the desired objectives and set a score that will show how well this alternative satisfy our desired objectives
Formulation: Define proper metrics - Collection: Collect data on the metric - Analysis: Tools to look at data - charts - graphics - Interpretation: Gain insight - Feedback: Derive recommendations and take actions
Direct manipulations: Video games - Menu - Form Filling - Command languages - Natural languages

42. Metric
Test alternatives against required objectives - Make sure the alternatives identified meet the required objectives - otherwise disregard them
A registry or directory that provides a lookup so the consumer can browse the services
Quantitative measures of the defree to which some component possess a given attribute. Combination of measures.
An approach to construct and prove that a program is correct. Apply mathematical and logical techniques to analyze a program. Apply to system specification and system implementations. Not used for validation but are tied to verification.

43. Victor Basili GQM paradigm
Identify use cases - occurrence probability - Engineer Just Right reliability
Intelectual property - use software without credit - develop tools that help people to violate intelectual property - Privacy: credit - health - personal information - Confidentiality - Quality of work
Goal: Well defined goalm a purpose - why are you doing this - Question: Based on the goal formulate questions to achieve the goal - Metric: Define metrics to answer the questions.
Define product - Define operational profile - Define failures - Prepare tests - Execute tests

44. Steps to apply DARS #6
Generate test cases from operational profile - include low probability tests
Algebraic Specification: Using methods from algebra - OBJ - Low level specifications - Syntax = signature and Semantic part = axioms. Model oriented specification: The state of the system - operations over the states.
It help individuals to perform better - it helps to improve processes.
Test alternatives against required objectives - Make sure the alternatives identified meet the required objectives - otherwise disregard them

45. Root cause analysis...
Reduce repair or re work cause - eliminate high priority problems and reduce error type
Is group reasoning process applied to defect information to develop organizational understanding of the causes of a particular class of defects. A group of people analyze a group of defects to try to understand the causes of these defect.
Targeted for teams. The goal is to produce effective teams by selecting skilled teams or providing tools to improve their skills.
Targeted for individuals. Analyse how an individual is doing his job - identify where you are spending your time - what mistakes are you making and how to improve the way you do your work. What is your process? Where do you spend your time? How good

46. Service provider
Describe common management techniques or organizational structures. A way to capture best practices within an organization.
Conduct reliability growth analysis - certify reliability objectives are met
The one who implements the service - it can be a network addressable entity - it needs to be able to accept and execute requests from consumer - it needs to publish a service description in a service registry that contains the collection of service d
Things that should no be doing - comes from lessons learned

47. Ethic
How to integrate - to perform effectively on a team - How can you become a better team player
The extent that specific attributes of interest to the user are satisfied. It is defined in terms of attributes that are determined by the users.
The discipline dealing with what is good and bad. Moral duty and obligation. The principles of conduct governing and individual or group
An application function packaged as a reusable component for use in some process - typically a business or application process.

48. Software quality
Goal: Well defined goalm a purpose - why are you doing this - Question: Based on the goal formulate questions to achieve the goal - Metric: Define metrics to answer the questions.
Directive Approach: A leader makes the decision alone - Consultative Approach: A leader makes the decision with the advise from other people - Democratic Approach: Some key team members vote for the best decision - Consensus Approach: Everybody parti
Integrated Product and Process development is a systematic approach that achieves a timely collaboration of relevant stakeholders throughout the product life cycle to better satisfy customer needs. It involves the use of cross functional teams - inte
The extent that specific attributes of interest to the user are satisfied. It is defined in terms of attributes that are determined by the users.

49. Steps to perform a root cause analysis #2
Algebraic Specification: Using methods from algebra - OBJ - Low level specifications - Syntax = signature and Semantic part = axioms. Model oriented specification: The state of the system - operations over the states.
Do things in trial basis - pilot projects - collect information - analyze information - iterate
An application function packaged as a reusable component for use in some process - typically a business or application process.
Team hold a meeting to identify common root causes - common problems. Techniques such as Fishbone diagram are used in this phase to support the analysis.

50. Define failures
Define failures intensity - allocate reliability among components
User analysis: undestand what users want to do with the system. Create scenarios - use cases - put the user in different situations - interview and talk to people - observe - Prorotyping: paper or executable prototypes - Evaluation - Using prototypes
To prepare a software quality assurance plan - Participate in the development of the project process descriptions and definitions - Review software activities to verify compliance with the processes - Work product audits to verify compliance with pro
Implement solutions and evaluate the results

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Test your basic knowledge |

Software Engineering Principles And Concepts

Search BasicVersity Tests

Browse BasicVersity

3d Computer Modeling

Actionscript

Adobe Flash

Adobe Illustrator

Adobe Illustrator Shortcuts

Adobe Indesign Publishing

Adobe Photoshop CS 2 - CS 3

Adobe Photoshop CS 5

Adobe Photoshop CS 5 Keyboard Shortcuts

Adobe Photoshop Graphic Design

Adobe Photoshop Tools And Commands

Adobe Premiere Keyboard Shortcuts

Adobe Premiere Pro

After Effects Keyboard Shortcuts

Agile Development

Agile Scrum Methodology

Ajax

Android Programming

Animation

Asp.net Programming