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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Haulage

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2. Which Mode of Transportation has the highest volume in tonnage?
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Yes

3. What are the reasons for the relative decline of the US railroads after World War 2?
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
15%~13%
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
About 25 cents per dollar

4. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
Interior Non-port cities
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
ton-miles
Covered Hopper

5. The status of competition within the US railroad industry?
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Moderate
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt

6. What is the approximate number of railroads in the US?
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
563
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.

7. Certificate of Inspection
Special Rates
484
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.

8. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
484
250 - 000
Economies of scale
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.

9. What are the LTL carriers?
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes

10. What are the types of railcars?
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
ton-miles

11. What are the revenues of the specialized and general cargo?
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion

12. Funding the railroads?
30%
Not the government - the railroads themselves
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Society and customer first.

13. Consular Invoice

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14. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives

15. Survival Based pricing
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Substantially higher

16. What is the approximate share of fixed costs of US railroads?
Water
Terminal
30%
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.

17. What are the service and public benefits of the railroad industry?

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18. _____ mode is ideal for moving electronics - expensive items - flowers - or time sensitive materials such as organs
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Air
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks

19. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks

20. What is the empirical formula of the typical coal unit train in the US?
Air
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
100 cars x 100 tons
90-s

21. Although the Interstate Highway System accounts for about 1% of total public road mileage - it carries...
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Moderate
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment

22. Which type of railroad cargo has the highest tonnage share in the US?
Coal
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
ton-miles
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.

23. What is a public benefit of railroads?
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer

24. What are the major causes of general traffic congestions?
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future

25. The current share of railroads in total transportation expenses is closest to...
7%
Terminal
A batching pig
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.

26. Did the US railroads have anything to do with the creation of world time zones?
Yes
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
80 - 000 lbs

27. Which modes have the following cost structure: Low Variable and High Fixed?
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Pipeline and Rail

28. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
About 2 cents per dollar
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
NTSB
Wyoming

29. Name the 3 types of water carriers
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
80 - 000 lbs
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal

30. 1 Barge ship is equivalent to how many trucks?
58
Carloads and Ton-miles
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged

31. Categories of major pricing decisions
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
Intermodal in character
Interior Non-port cities
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.

32. Micro Bridge
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Interior Non-port cities
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.

33. Names of the Class 1 railroads?
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
ton-miles
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles

34. What factors lead to reduction of air pollution by trucks?
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
7
Interior Non-port cities
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion

35. Pricing adjustment conditions
Pipeline and Rail
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes

36. Unit trains
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues

37. Highway weight limitation
Yes
15
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
80 - 000 lbs

38. Mistakes in pricing strategy
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
Society and customer first.
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
7%

39. The problem of driver shortage in the US...
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
90-s

40. Ways to classify the motor carriers
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Terminal
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi

41. Intermodal Transportation
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment

42. How to assess the operating ratio?
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Water

43. What is Amtrak?
1500 tons
484
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country

44. Invoices
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice

45. What is a typical fixed cost item in the motor carrier industry?
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
A batching pig
Terminal

46. Freight Revenue for Truck/Motor (per ton-mile)
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
About 25 cents per dollar
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Highway user taxes

47. Service competition areas in airline industry
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Economies of scope and density

48. Near-shoring
100 tons
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.

49. Name the types of trucking terminals
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.

50. Pooling
Labor and Fuel
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Society and customer first.
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.