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Transportation Logistics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the LTL carriers?
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Pipeline and Rail
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
NTSB

2. Starting from which cargo weight and movement distance does it normally make sense to ship by rail?
90-s
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook

3. Categories of major pricing decisions
30%
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
Showed a marked decline
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.

4. 20/80 Rule
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country

5. 1 Barge is equivalent to how many tons?
Coal
1500 tons
Consolidation
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads

6. What companies are players in private carriage?
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion

7. Labor relations in the US railroad industry?
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
7
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
58

8. Freight Revenue for Truck/Motor (per ton-mile)
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Intermodal in character
About 25 cents per dollar
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal

9. What are the service and public benefits of the railroad industry?

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10. Factors affecting Pricing decisions
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
1500 tons
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
15

11. The status of competition within the US railroad industry?
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Moderate
Not the government - the railroads themselves
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues

12. A barge tow is capable of moving how many barges?
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
15
Highway user taxes
Substantially higher

13. Which Mode of Transportation has the highest volume in tonnage?
58
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Labor and Fuel

14. What is a road train?
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
About 2 cents per dollar
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer

15. What was the rationale behind passing the Staggers Act of 1980?
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation

16. Main forms of Charter Ships
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Economies of scope and density

17. Land Bridge
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Economies of scale
Highway user taxes
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment

18. Types and shares of cost in railroads
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%

19. What are the revenues of the specialized and general cargo?
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.

20. Intermodal Transportation
Water
1850-1950
Intermodal in character
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.

21. How many Class 1 freight railroads are there?
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
7
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Coal

22. What do the users of truck service benefit?
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
58
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.

23. Offshoring
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Economies of scope and density

24. Which type of railroad cargo has the highest tonnage share in the US?
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Coal
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.

25. Line of credit process

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26. What were the reasons for the erosion of the railroad dominance in transportation in the US?

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27. Core Carrier concept
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.

28. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Economies of scale
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Not the government - the railroads themselves

29. In terms of tonnage moved by the whole US transportation - the share of railroads is close to this rounded number...
A batching pig
15%~13%
Water
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF

30. Consular Invoice

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31. Third Party Logistics
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).

32. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
484
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook

33. What is the truck driving time limitations?
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Pipeline and Rail
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer

34. Non-vessel operating common carriers (NVOCC)
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.

35. What is an approximate capacity of a hopper?
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
250 - 000
100 tons

36. Which phrase best characterizes the level of competition in the motor carrier industry?
A pumping station
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran

37. Mistakes in pricing strategy
Yes
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
High price for price insensitive customers.
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.

38. Mini Bridge
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
250 - 000
ton-miles
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.

39. What are the issues facing the US railroads?
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Special Rates
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
A pumping station

40. What are the types of railcars?
90-s
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car

41. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
15%~13%
Wyoming

42. Carriers' Technological and Equipment strategies to minimize costs
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.

43. What are the metrics to measure freight traffic in the motor carrier industry?
ton-miles
563
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel

44. Skimming pricing
High price for price insensitive customers.
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives

45. What is the rationale behind passing a federal act in 1956 to create a national system of interstate highways?
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.

46. Did the US railroads have anything to do with the creation of world time zones?
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Yes
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement

47. Names of the Class 1 railroads?
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad

48. Service competition areas in airline industry
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)

49. Which economies are most prominent in the trucking industry?
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Economies of scope and density
Society and customer first.
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.

50. The whole history of the US railroads is a history of...
Consolidation
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
A batching pig
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).