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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the approximate number of railroads in the US?
NTSB
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
563

2. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

3. The whole history of the US railroads is a history of...
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Pipeline and Rail
Consolidation
About 2 cents per dollar

4. Land Bridge Services
Yes
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Intermodal in character

5. _______ mode would be ideal for moving dry bulk - grains - petroleum - and certain manufactured products not prone to damage during transit
484
Pipeline and Rail
Water
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M

6. What are the reasons for the relative decline of the US railroads after World War 2?
Wyoming
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Not the government - the railroads themselves
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car

7. What are the types of railcars?
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track

8. What is a typical fixed cost item in the motor carrier industry?
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
15%~13%
Terminal

9. Where does funding for the roads come from?
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Highway user taxes
Special Rates
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement

10. Survival Based pricing
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Moderate
After World War 2

11. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Covered Hopper
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.

12. Which phrase best characterizes the level of competition in the motor carrier industry?
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery

13. What is Amtrak?
Society and customer first.
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C

14. Freight Revenue for Rail (per ton-mile)
Carloads and Ton-miles
15
About 2 cents per dollar
Terminal

15. Which economies are present in the US railroad industry?
Economies of scale
NTSB
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

16. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Economies of scale
Economies of scope and density
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks

17. What is a public benefit of railroads?
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment

18. How many Class 1 freight railroads are there?
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
7
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Interior Non-port cities

19. What is an approximate capacity of a hopper?
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
100 tons

20. Trackage

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21. Ways to classify the motor carriers
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Crushed stone - gravel and sand

22. Cost of Service Pricing
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment

23. Major commodities hauled by each mode
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Consolidation
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery

24. UNCTAD liner code 40-40-20
83.8%
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating

25. What must be used in intervals when transporting pulverized coal mixed with water at long distances?
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
Water
A pumping station
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).

26. Freight revenue for Modes (per ton-mile)
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives

27. How are airport hub/spoke and LTL breakbulk similar?
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
After World War 2
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.

28. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Special Rates
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Crushed stone - gravel and sand

29. What factors lead to reduction of air pollution by trucks?
NTSB
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion

30. Consular Invoice

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31. Factors contributing to the decline of Railroad use
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St

32. Unit trains
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Yes

33. Third Party Logistics
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Air
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)

34. What is the approximate share of fixed costs of US railroads?
Yes
30%
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.

35. Highway weight limitation
80 - 000 lbs
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Moderate
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi

36. Terms of Payment
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways

37. Which economies are most prominent in the trucking industry?
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
High price for price insensitive customers.
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Economies of scope and density

38. Consolidation
About 2 cents per dollar
A pumping station
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.

39. Certificate of origin
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Wyoming
NTSB

40. What is the trend for the miles of road over the past 50 years in the US railroad industry?
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Showed a marked decline
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...

41. What is the truck driving time limitations?
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
ton-miles
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses

42. The current share of railroads in total transportation expenses is closest to...
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
7%
Yes
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery

43. Freight Revenue for Truck/Motor (per ton-mile)
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
About 25 cents per dollar
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car

44. What is the current share of trucking in total transportation expenses is closest to...
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
83.8%
90-s

45. Which modes have the following cost structure: Low Variable and High Fixed?
Pipeline and Rail
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Moderate

46. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Wyoming
Water

47. Skimming pricing
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
High price for price insensitive customers.
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

48. Mistakes in pricing strategy
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
563

49. Funding the railroads?
7
Special Rates
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Not the government - the railroads themselves

50. In terms of tonnage moved by the whole US transportation - the share of railroads is close to this rounded number...
Completely different continent - different time zones.
15%~13%
Coal
Economies of scope and density

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