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Transportation Logistics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
250 - 000
1500 tons
Labor and Fuel
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container

2. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
Consolidation
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
90-s
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks

3. What is the rationale behind passing a federal act in 1956 to create a national system of interstate highways?
Substantially higher
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt

4. What are the reasons for the relative decline of the US railroads after World War 2?
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Special Rates

5. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Covered Hopper
563
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination

6. What are the two primary operational indicators in the railroad industry?
A batching pig
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Carloads and Ton-miles

7. Freight Revenue for Truck/Motor (per ton-mile)
About 25 cents per dollar
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Highway user taxes
30%

8. What were the reasons for the erosion of the railroad dominance in transportation in the US?

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9. Starting from which cargo weight and movement distance does it normally make sense to ship by rail?
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion

10. What are the issues facing the US railroads?
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service

11. Line of credit process

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12. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks

13. Pro-Forma Invoice
7%
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
NTSB

14. Name the types of trucking terminals
Special Rates
Intermodal in character
Labor and Fuel
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery

15. What term is related to railroad operations?
A batching pig
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.

16. Drayage
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.

17. What do the users of truck service benefit?
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Wyoming
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF

18. How many Class 1 freight railroads are there?
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
A batching pig
7

19. Although the Interstate Highway System accounts for about 1% of total public road mileage - it carries...
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Moderate

20. Land Bridge
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt

21. _______ mode would be ideal for moving dry bulk - grains - petroleum - and certain manufactured products not prone to damage during transit
Water
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.

22. Which phrase best characterizes the level of competition in the motor carrier industry?
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Economies of scope and density
Pipeline and Rail

23. Value of Service pricing
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Water
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses

24. Unit trains
Wyoming
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
15%~13%
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.

25. How to assess the operating ratio?
Water
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Labor and Fuel
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).

26. What companies are players in private carriage?
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)

27. Did the US railroads have anything to do with the creation of world time zones?
Highway user taxes
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Yes

28. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
484
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment

29. Which type of railroad cargo has the highest tonnage share in the US?
Coal
563
Terminal
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery

30. Stop-off
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
30%
90-s
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

31. What is the trend for the miles of road over the past 50 years in the US railroad industry?
Showed a marked decline
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
About 25 cents per dollar
High price for price insensitive customers.

32. What are the major causes of general traffic congestions?
Highway user taxes
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!

33. Intermodal Transportation
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Water

34. Which mode has the highest carrying capacity?
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Water

35. Freight revenue for Modes (per ton-mile)
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Special Rates

36. At about what time did trucking become the predominant mode of transportation in the US by gradually surpassing the railroads in terms of tonnage and revenues?
After World War 2
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future

37. Land Bridge Services
Intermodal in character
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
High price for price insensitive customers.

38. Where does funding for the roads come from?
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
563
30%
Highway user taxes

39. Types of vehicles for trucking
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment

40. What is the difference between TOFC and COFC service?
100 cars x 100 tons
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
7
563

41. Far-shoring
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).

42. What is the primary railroad cargo out of Arkansas by tonnage?
83.8%
Water
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment

43. Which modes have the following cost structure: Low Variable and High Fixed?
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Pipeline and Rail
7%
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment

44. Four types of Liner Service
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued

45. What factors lead to reduction of air pollution by trucks?
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special

46. What are the LTL carriers?
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Air
Special Rates
Highway user taxes

47. A pumping station requires 3-6000HP to move oil through a pipeline. To move more than 1 grade at same time what do you use?
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
A batching pig

48. Consolidation
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Yes
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Pipeline and Rail

49. Three kinds of ocean carriers
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Highway user taxes
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.

50. What terms describe a type of operation in trucking?
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Showed a marked decline