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Transportation Logistics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Terminal
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Covered Hopper

2. Service competition areas in airline industry
563
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)

3. What is Amtrak?
80 - 000 lbs
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
100 cars x 100 tons

4. Dock receipt
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal

5. What is the approximate share of fixed costs of US railroads?
30%
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Moderate
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.

6. Three kinds of ocean carriers
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.

7. What are the current trends in trucking?
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues

8. Government is involved in which aspects of the railroad business?
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal

9. Types of vehicles for trucking
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special

10. Names of the Class 1 railroads?
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Special Rates
Terminal

11. Value of Service pricing
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
ton-miles

12. How does the US railroad industry compete with other modes?
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Intermodal in character
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special

13. Ways to classify the motor carriers
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
100 tons

14. A barge tow is capable of moving how many barges?
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Highway user taxes
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
15

15. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
250 - 000
Labor and Fuel
7%

16. Certificate of Inspection
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.

17. What is an approximate capacity of a hopper?
Substantially higher
After World War 2
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
100 tons

18. Line of credit process

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19. 20/80 Rule
About 2 cents per dollar
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Air

20. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Special Rates
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Wyoming

21. Although the Interstate Highway System accounts for about 1% of total public road mileage - it carries...
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.

22. Skimming pricing
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
High price for price insensitive customers.
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

23. Flags of Convenience
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Labor and Fuel

24. Private Carrier
484
1850-1950
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Water

25. Pooling
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.

26. _______ mode would be ideal for moving dry bulk - grains - petroleum - and certain manufactured products not prone to damage during transit
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Water
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment

27. How are airport hub/spoke and LTL breakbulk similar?
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.

28. What were the reasons for the erosion of the railroad dominance in transportation in the US?

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29. What are the highest variable costs in the railroad industry?
Labor and Fuel
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Covered Hopper

30. Which phrase best characterizes the level of competition in the motor carrier industry?
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
30%
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments

31. Outsourcing
Water
Society and customer first.
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor

32. Far-shoring
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Showed a marked decline
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

33. The average annual salary of a locomotive operator compared to a TL driver in the US is...
Substantially higher
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor

34. Micro Bridge
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
7%
Interior Non-port cities

35. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
Intermodal in character
Wyoming
15
Water

36. How many Class 1 freight railroads are there?
7
Interior Non-port cities
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

37. Offshoring
Intermodal in character
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
83.8%
Highway user taxes

38. The current share of railroads in total transportation expenses is closest to...
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
250 - 000
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
7%

39. Consolidation
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
484
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment

40. Drayage
Labor and Fuel
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement

41. What is the difference between TOFC and COFC service?
Substantially higher
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes

42. Class Rate Calculations
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery

43. Bill of Lading
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment

44. Main forms of Charter Ships
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
15
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways

45. _____ mode is ideal for moving electronics - expensive items - flowers - or time sensitive materials such as organs
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Air

46. Consular Invoice

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47. Which economies are most prominent in the trucking industry?
Carloads and Ton-miles
Economies of scope and density
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).

48. What are the types of railcars?
Not the government - the railroads themselves
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration

49. Invoices
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
100 cars x 100 tons
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
A pumping station

50. What was the rationale behind passing the Staggers Act of 1980?
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
7