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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
7
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
90-s
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

2. In terms of tonnage moved by the whole US transportation - the share of railroads is close to this rounded number...
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
15%~13%

3. At about what time did trucking become the predominant mode of transportation in the US by gradually surpassing the railroads in terms of tonnage and revenues?
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
After World War 2

4. Main forms of Charter Ships
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Economies of scale
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation

5. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
After World War 2
250 - 000
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
100 tons

6. Did the US railroads have anything to do with the creation of world time zones?
Yes
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi

7. Which mode has the lowest cost per ton mile?
100 cars x 100 tons
Moderate
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.

8. Which type of railroad cargo has the highest tonnage share in the US?
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Coal
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Highway user taxes

9. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
Wyoming
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.

10. Skimming pricing
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
High price for price insensitive customers.
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles

11. What is a typical fixed cost item in the motor carrier industry?
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Terminal
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it

12. Which government agency will investigate a major railroad accident involving public safety?
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
NTSB
7%
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%

13. The average annual salary of a locomotive operator compared to a TL driver in the US is...
Substantially higher
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
High price for price insensitive customers.

14. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
7%
100 cars x 100 tons
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%

15. Three kinds of ocean carriers
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.

16. Pro-Forma Invoice
High price for price insensitive customers.
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
A batching pig
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C

17. Outsourcing
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Water
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing

18. What is a road train?
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Economies of scope and density

19. What is the trend for the miles of road over the past 50 years in the US railroad industry?
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Showed a marked decline
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M

20. Carriers' Technological and Equipment strategies to minimize costs
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Society and customer first.
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.

21. Core Carrier concept
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Covered Hopper
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
1500 tons

22. The whole history of the US railroads is a history of...
7%
Completely different continent - different time zones.
A batching pig
Consolidation

23. Value of Service pricing
15
Water
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses

24. Class Rate Calculations
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Intermodal in character

25. Factors affecting Pricing decisions
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
15%~13%
Coal
100 tons

26. Freight revenue for Modes (per ton-mile)
About 2 cents per dollar
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks

27. Third Party Logistics
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion

28. LTL terminals are used for connections with these operations...
A batching pig
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

29. How are airport hub/spoke and LTL breakbulk similar?
After World War 2
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%

30. _____ mode is ideal for moving electronics - expensive items - flowers - or time sensitive materials such as organs
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
After World War 2
Air

31. Name the types of trucking terminals
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery

32. Major commodities hauled by each mode
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery

33. Examples of general freight
15
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.

34. Mistakes in pricing strategy
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Special Rates

35. What is the current share of trucking in total transportation expenses is closest to...
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
83.8%
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.

36. Types of vehicles for trucking
Not the government - the railroads themselves
Water
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.

37. What are the revenues of the specialized and general cargo?
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Intermodal in character
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses

38. What is a public benefit of railroads?
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
484
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.

39. Intermodal Transportation
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Special Rates
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Coal

40. What is the truck driving time limitations?
Special Rates
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days

41. Benefits of hub and spoke system
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads

42. Land Bridge Services
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Intermodal in character

43. Which mode has the highest carrying capacity?
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Society and customer first.
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Water

44. Private Carrier
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

45. Non-vessel operating common carriers (NVOCC)
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement

46. What are the current trends in trucking?
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit

47. How to assess the operating ratio?
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
Water

48. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
Substantially higher
Special Rates
About 25 cents per dollar
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation

49. Consular Invoice

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50. Terms of Payment
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
A batching pig

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