Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Flags of Convenience
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.


2. Trackage

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3. Intermodal Transportation
Wyoming
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Pipeline and Rail
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal


4. Skimming pricing
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
High price for price insensitive customers.
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special


5. What are the characteristics of a block train?
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
NTSB
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination


6. Name the 3 types of water carriers
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
90-s
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
30%


7. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
90-s
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement


8. What must be used in intervals when transporting pulverized coal mixed with water at long distances?
A pumping station
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Terminal
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)


9. Land Bridge
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating


10. How are interstate highways numbered?
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation


11. The problem of driver shortage in the US...
A pumping station
Showed a marked decline
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future


12. Mistakes in pricing strategy
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future


13. Names of the Class 1 railroads?
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad


14. Carriers' Technological and Equipment strategies to minimize costs
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
80 - 000 lbs
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
1500 tons


15. Which mode has the highest carrying capacity?
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Water
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track


16. What is an approximate capacity of a hopper?
NTSB
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
100 tons


17. What were the reasons for the erosion of the railroad dominance in transportation in the US?

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18. What is the approximate share of fixed costs of US railroads?
Consolidation
About 25 cents per dollar
30%
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%


19. Certificate of Inspection
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
83.8%
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company


20. What is the rationale behind passing a federal act in 1956 to create a national system of interstate highways?
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Air


21. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Interior Non-port cities


22. The average annual salary of a locomotive operator compared to a TL driver in the US is...
484
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Substantially higher
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran


23. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
High price for price insensitive customers.
Wyoming
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Substantially higher


24. Four types of Liner Service
ton-miles
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
30%


25. What is the difference between TOFC and COFC service?
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel


26. Consolidation
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Special Rates
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.


27. Haulage

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28. Near-shoring
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Special Rates
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
About 2 cents per dollar


29. Social Responsibility pricing
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Society and customer first.
Water


30. 1 Barge is equivalent to how many tons?
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
1500 tons
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Pipeline and Rail


31. Consular Invoice

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32. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Special Rates
15%~13%


33. What are the service and public benefits of the railroad industry?

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34. Core Carrier concept
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments


35. Pooling
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
100 cars x 100 tons
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.


36. What is the current share of trucking in total transportation expenses is closest to...
83.8%
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
High price for price insensitive customers.


37. What are the generally accepted classifications of railroads?
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Pipeline and Rail
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
A pumping station


38. What are the types of railcars?
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Economies of scope and density


39. The current share of railroads in total transportation expenses is closest to...
7%
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Intermodal in character


40. What commodity/goods are typically transported by railroads in the US?
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
100 cars x 100 tons
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment


41. Offshoring
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Moderate
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M


42. What is the empirical formula of the typical coal unit train in the US?
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
100 cars x 100 tons
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles


43. How are airport hub/spoke and LTL breakbulk similar?
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
563


44. What are the LTL carriers?
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Moderate


45. What is the primary railroad cargo out of Arkansas by tonnage?
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Not the government - the railroads themselves
30%
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments


46. Invoices
Moderate
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Not the government - the railroads themselves


47. What was the rationale behind passing the Staggers Act of 1980?
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
100 tons
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing


48. What are the two primary operational indicators in the railroad industry?
Water
Carloads and Ton-miles
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service


49. Freight revenue for Modes (per ton-mile)
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Labor and Fuel
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.


50. What companies are players in private carriage?
563
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
After World War 2
High price for price insensitive customers.