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Transportation Logistics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Where does funding for the roads come from?
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Highway user taxes
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard

2. Pricing adjustment conditions
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
30%
NTSB
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion

3. Highway weight limitation
90-s
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
80 - 000 lbs
Showed a marked decline

4. Name the types of trucking terminals
15
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.

5. 1 Barge ship is equivalent to how many trucks?
Water
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
58
83.8%

6. Factors affecting Pricing decisions
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

7. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
484
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Covered Hopper

8. Haulage

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9. Freight Revenue for Rail (per ton-mile)
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
About 2 cents per dollar

10. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
90-s
Showed a marked decline
7%

11. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Yes
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
100 cars x 100 tons

12. How to assess the operating ratio?
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
ton-miles
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.

13. What is the truck driving time limitations?
Water
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Interior Non-port cities
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days

14. 1 Barge is equivalent to how many tons?
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
1500 tons

15. What are the types of railcars?
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Wyoming
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran

16. Social Responsibility pricing
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
Society and customer first.
Labor and Fuel
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion

17. Which type of railroad cargo has the highest tonnage share in the US?
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Coal

18. What is the rationale behind passing a federal act in 1956 to create a national system of interstate highways?
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Air
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Interior Non-port cities

19. What is a typical fixed cost item in the motor carrier industry?
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Covered Hopper
Terminal

20. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
Showed a marked decline
90-s
250 - 000
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!

21. The whole history of the US railroads is a history of...
Consolidation
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Showed a marked decline

22. What commodity/goods are typically transported by railroads in the US?
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment

23. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
Wyoming
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.

24. Far-shoring
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Yes
484

25. Which government agency will investigate a major railroad accident involving public safety?
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
NTSB
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination

26. What are the two primary operational indicators in the railroad industry?
Special Rates
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Carloads and Ton-miles

27. Types and shares of cost in railroads
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas

28. What is the empirical formula of the typical coal unit train in the US?
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
100 cars x 100 tons
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments

29. _______ mode would be ideal for moving dry bulk - grains - petroleum - and certain manufactured products not prone to damage during transit
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Water
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement

30. What is an approximate capacity of a hopper?
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
100 tons
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement

31. Dock receipt
80 - 000 lbs
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks

32. Micro Bridge
Labor and Fuel
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Interior Non-port cities
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.

33. Factors contributing to the decline of Railroad use
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Pipeline and Rail
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit

34. Class Rate Calculations
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.

35. Ways to classify the motor carriers
15%~13%
15
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
NTSB

36. Core Carrier concept
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Yes
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.

37. Categories of major pricing decisions
After World War 2
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.

38. What term is related to railroad operations?
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
7%

39. Unit trains
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.

40. Funding the railroads?
Not the government - the railroads themselves
A pumping station
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard

41. Which mode has the lowest cost per ton mile?
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Water
Interior Non-port cities

42. The current share of railroads in total transportation expenses is closest to...
7%
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

43. Trackage

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44. Service competition areas in airline industry
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.

45. Land Bridge
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment

46. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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47. Examples of general freight
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
About 25 cents per dollar
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.

48. Survival Based pricing
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions

49. Price variation factors in airline service
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
484
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)

50. What are the LTL carriers?
Terminal
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment