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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is the rationale behind passing a federal act in 1956 to create a national system of interstate highways?
Economies of scope and density
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country

2. Which economies are present in the US railroad industry?
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Economies of scale
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Wyoming

3. Types of vehicles for trucking
NTSB
Labor and Fuel
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

4. Which Mode of Transportation has the highest volume in tonnage?
484
NTSB
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%

5. Intermodal Transportation
Special Rates
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
High price for price insensitive customers.

6. Labor relations in the US railroad industry?
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
After World War 2
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads

7. Starting from which cargo weight and movement distance does it normally make sense to ship by rail?
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
90-s

8. Core Carrier concept
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.

9. Line of credit process

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10. How many Class 1 freight railroads are there?
484
1500 tons
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
7

11. Benefits of hub and spoke system
7%
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
NTSB
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.

12. Terms of Payment
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
30%
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
NTSB

13. What are the issues facing the US railroads?
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes

14. Major commodities hauled by each mode
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Substantially higher

15. At about what time did trucking become the predominant mode of transportation in the US by gradually surpassing the railroads in terms of tonnage and revenues?
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
After World War 2
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
484

16. Certificate of Inspection
90-s
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Covered Hopper

17. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
Showed a marked decline
Special Rates
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...

18. What are the types of railcars?
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Consolidation

19. Private Carrier
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Wyoming

20. What are the metrics to measure freight traffic in the motor carrier industry?
ton-miles
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi

21. What were the reasons for the erosion of the railroad dominance in transportation in the US?

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22. Service competition areas in airline industry
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
A batching pig

23. Micro Bridge
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Interior Non-port cities
NTSB
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment

24. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Covered Hopper
250 - 000

25. What is the truck driving time limitations?
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
15%~13%

26. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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27. What factors lead to reduction of air pollution by trucks?
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Intermodal in character
Yes

28. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
250 - 000
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment

29. Consolidation
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
About 2 cents per dollar

30. Which mode has the highest carrying capacity?
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
15%~13%
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
Water

31. Offshoring
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
ton-miles

32. What is the difference between class 1 and class 2 carriers?
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
7

33. What do the users of truck service benefit?
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%

34. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
90-s
484
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
NTSB

35. Invoices
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
83.8%
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas

36. The average annual salary of a locomotive operator compared to a TL driver in the US is...
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Substantially higher

37. What are the major causes of general traffic congestions?
Showed a marked decline
Carloads and Ton-miles
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways

38. What is a public benefit of railroads?
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.

39. What was the golden age of railroads?
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
1850-1950
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
ton-miles

40. What is the approximate share of fixed costs of US railroads?
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
30%
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage

41. Drayage
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Water

42. Government is involved in which aspects of the railroad business?
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.

43. What is the primary railroad cargo out of Arkansas by tonnage?
Society and customer first.
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
1500 tons

44. Non-vessel operating common carriers (NVOCC)
58
100 tons
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Carloads and Ton-miles

45. How are airport hub/spoke and LTL breakbulk similar?
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
15%~13%
Showed a marked decline

46. A barge tow is capable of moving how many barges?
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Terminal
15

47. Far-shoring
Water
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
ton-miles
Completely different continent - different time zones.

48. Freight Revenue for Truck/Motor (per ton-mile)
15
About 25 cents per dollar
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
7%

49. A pumping station requires 3-6000HP to move oil through a pipeline. To move more than 1 grade at same time what do you use?
15
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
30%
A batching pig

50. Pricing adjustment conditions
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service

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Transportation Logistics

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