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Transportation Logistics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Bill of Lading
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St

2. What is the approximate number of railroads in the US?
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
563
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.

3. What companies are players in private carriage?
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Highway user taxes
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St

4. Consular Invoice

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5. What is Amtrak?
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Substantially higher
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks

6. Names of the Class 1 railroads?
Interior Non-port cities
Coal
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

7. Name the types of trucking terminals
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Intermodal in character

8. Which Mode of Transportation has the highest volume in tonnage?
83.8%
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)

9. What are the LTL carriers?
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged

10. What is the difference between class 1 and class 2 carriers?
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing

11. How to assess the operating ratio?
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
A batching pig
Pipeline and Rail
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues

12. What are the generally accepted classifications of railroads?
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Substantially higher
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal

13. What is a public benefit of railroads?
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Wyoming
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative

14. Land Bridge
Special Rates
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation

15. What are the characteristics of a block train?
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal

16. What is the approximate share of fixed costs of US railroads?
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
30%

17. What is the difference between TOFC and COFC service?
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
563
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container

18. A barge tow is capable of moving how many barges?
15
A batching pig
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...

19. Offshoring
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties

20. What is an approximate capacity of a hopper?
100 tons
58
About 2 cents per dollar
Economies of scale

21. Types of vehicles for trucking
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
ton-miles

22. What is the primary railroad cargo out of Arkansas by tonnage?
Economies of scale
Wyoming
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

23. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Special Rates
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued

24. Pricing adjustment conditions
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
563
Air

25. Labor relations in the US railroad industry?
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads

26. Price variation factors in airline service
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Pipeline and Rail
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration

27. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Wyoming

28. What terms describe a type of operation in trucking?
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Special Rates

29. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
A batching pig
484

30. Starting from which cargo weight and movement distance does it normally make sense to ship by rail?
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.

31. What are the two primary operational indicators in the railroad industry?
Interior Non-port cities
Carloads and Ton-miles
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran

32. Intermodal Transportation
58
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.

33. _____ mode is ideal for moving electronics - expensive items - flowers - or time sensitive materials such as organs
Air
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Intermodal in character

34. What are the major causes of general traffic congestions?
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.

35. Terms of Payment
90-s
30%
1500 tons
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard

36. Carrier's Operational strategies to minimize cost
Covered Hopper
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
563

37. Pooling
Water
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)

38. How many Class 1 freight railroads are there?
7
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes

39. What factors lead to reduction of air pollution by trucks?
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion

40. Stop-off
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special

41. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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42. What is the empirical formula of the typical coal unit train in the US?
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
100 cars x 100 tons
Water

43. Trackage

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44. Types and shares of cost in railroads
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment

45. Although the Interstate Highway System accounts for about 1% of total public road mileage - it carries...
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
100 cars x 100 tons
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad

46. Consolidation
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Wyoming
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.

47. What is a road train?
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Terminal
Coal
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions

48. Government is involved in which aspects of the railroad business?
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions

49. Freight revenue for Modes (per ton-mile)
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
NTSB
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%

50. The problem of driver shortage in the US...
Pipeline and Rail
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)