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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Four types of Liner Service
250 - 000
Labor and Fuel
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.

2. Pro-Forma Invoice
A batching pig
Covered Hopper
About 2 cents per dollar
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C

3. Which mode has the lowest cost per ton mile?
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
7
484
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.

4. Categories of major pricing decisions
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran

5. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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6. Core Carrier concept
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
High price for price insensitive customers.
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.

7. Freight Revenue for Rail (per ton-mile)
About 2 cents per dollar
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
30%
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit

8. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
Special Rates
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.

9. Terms of Payment
Terminal
Economies of scale
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard

10. FOB Origin/Destination
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).

11. Freight revenue for Modes (per ton-mile)
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%

12. Pooling
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
250 - 000
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.

13. What are the generally accepted classifications of railroads?
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal

14. Outsourcing
Special Rates
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service

15. Haulage

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16. Funding the railroads?
Wyoming
After World War 2
Not the government - the railroads themselves
563

17. Although the Interstate Highway System accounts for about 1% of total public road mileage - it carries...
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Substantially higher

18. What are the LTL carriers?
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Society and customer first.
7

19. What is the trend for the miles of road over the past 50 years in the US railroad industry?
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Showed a marked decline
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

20. Trackage

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21. What is the approximate number of railroads in the US?
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
563
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement

22. Examples of general freight
7
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).

23. Invoices
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Water
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice

24. What term is related to railroad operations?
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Showed a marked decline
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.

25. Price variation factors in airline service
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles

26. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Water

27. Government is involved in which aspects of the railroad business?
Carloads and Ton-miles
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks

28. What is the truck driving time limitations?
100 tons
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
563
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days

29. What is a road train?
Interior Non-port cities
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways

30. Drayage
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
Consolidation
Moderate
90-s

31. Three kinds of ocean carriers
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery

32. What is Amtrak?
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Air
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles

33. What factors lead to reduction of air pollution by trucks?
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
1850-1950
Wyoming

34. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Wyoming
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery

35. Carriers' Technological and Equipment strategies to minimize costs
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
NTSB

36. Carrier's Operational strategies to minimize cost
About 25 cents per dollar
484
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Water

37. Certificate of origin
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
90-s
Water

38. The whole history of the US railroads is a history of...
Consolidation
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Highway user taxes
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran

39. Social Responsibility pricing
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Society and customer first.
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties

40. Intermodal Transportation
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.

41. Main forms of Charter Ships
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
58
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Highway user taxes

42. Skimming pricing
High price for price insensitive customers.
Labor and Fuel
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles

43. What is the current share of trucking in total transportation expenses is closest to...
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
90-s
83.8%

44. _____ mode is ideal for moving electronics - expensive items - flowers - or time sensitive materials such as organs
15
Air
Consolidation
7

45. Ways to classify the motor carriers
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks

46. Name the types of trucking terminals
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Wyoming
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer

47. What are the types of railcars?
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car

48. What must be used in intervals when transporting pulverized coal mixed with water at long distances?
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
NTSB
A pumping station
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.

49. Mistakes in pricing strategy
1500 tons
Completely different continent - different time zones.
484
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.

50. Starting from which cargo weight and movement distance does it normally make sense to ship by rail?
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
1850-1950
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.