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Transportation Logistics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How are interstate highways numbered?
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

2. Freight revenue for Modes (per ton-mile)
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
15

3. What is a typical fixed cost item in the motor carrier industry?
Terminal
About 2 cents per dollar
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)

4. Third Party Logistics
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...

5. What terms describe a type of operation in trucking?
After World War 2
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
About 25 cents per dollar

6. What are the two primary operational indicators in the railroad industry?
Carloads and Ton-miles
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments

7. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
83.8%
Covered Hopper
Carloads and Ton-miles
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days

8. Where does funding for the roads come from?
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Highway user taxes
High price for price insensitive customers.
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special

9. Which mode has the lowest cost per ton mile?
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Water
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas

10. Certificate of Inspection
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company

11. Four types of Liner Service
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation

12. Invoices
Society and customer first.
Water
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice

13. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal

14. Did the US railroads have anything to do with the creation of world time zones?
Labor and Fuel
ton-miles
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Yes

15. Social Responsibility pricing
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Society and customer first.
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

16. Types of vehicles for trucking
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
58
Economies of scale

17. What were the reasons for the erosion of the railroad dominance in transportation in the US?

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18. Name the 3 types of water carriers
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Highway user taxes
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.

19. Flags of Convenience
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
100 tons
90-s
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.

20. Although the Interstate Highway System accounts for about 1% of total public road mileage - it carries...
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
1850-1950

21. A pumping station requires 3-6000HP to move oil through a pipeline. To move more than 1 grade at same time what do you use?
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
A batching pig

22. The whole history of the US railroads is a history of...
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
80 - 000 lbs
Consolidation
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.

23. Private Carrier
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
15%~13%

24. What is a road train?
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.

25. In terms of tonnage moved by the whole US transportation - the share of railroads is close to this rounded number...
80 - 000 lbs
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
15%~13%

26. What is the empirical formula of the typical coal unit train in the US?
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
100 tons
100 cars x 100 tons
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods

27. What are the generally accepted classifications of railroads?
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Terminal

28. Consular Invoice

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29. What are the types of railcars?
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track

30. What are the major causes of general traffic congestions?
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Yes
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.

31. How to assess the operating ratio?
58
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
7
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues

32. What was the golden age of railroads?
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Society and customer first.
1850-1950

33. Far-shoring
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
1500 tons

34. What is the difference between class 1 and class 2 carriers?
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M

35. Names of the Class 1 railroads?
About 25 cents per dollar
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Pipeline and Rail

36. 1 Barge is equivalent to how many tons?
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
1500 tons
Substantially higher
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion

37. What is the approximate number of railroads in the US?
About 2 cents per dollar
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
563

38. What are the reasons for the relative decline of the US railroads after World War 2?
15
7%
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Economies of scope and density

39. Which economies are most prominent in the trucking industry?
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Economies of scope and density

40. 1 Barge ship is equivalent to how many trucks?
58
15%~13%
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
1850-1950

41. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
Yes
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
90-s
A batching pig

42. Stop-off
Substantially higher
100 tons
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating

43. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
484
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.

44. Categories of major pricing decisions
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Wyoming
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
ton-miles

45. Cost of Service Pricing
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).

46. What are the service and public benefits of the railroad industry?

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47. Which government agency will investigate a major railroad accident involving public safety?
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
NTSB
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company

48. Certificate of origin
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
80 - 000 lbs

49. Value of Service pricing
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses

50. What are the highest variable costs in the railroad industry?
Labor and Fuel
A batching pig
Showed a marked decline
Intermodal in character