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Transportation Logistics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the major causes of general traffic congestions?
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
563
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad

2. Far-shoring
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor

3. Class Rate Calculations
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement

4. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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5. Terms of Payment
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.

6. Survival Based pricing
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas

7. Non-vessel operating common carriers (NVOCC)
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Special Rates
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special

8. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
250 - 000
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi

9. Near-shoring
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Water

10. Drayage
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing

11. The status of competition within the US railroad industry?
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Terminal
Air
Moderate

12. What must be used in intervals when transporting pulverized coal mixed with water at long distances?
Covered Hopper
A pumping station
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit

13. Types of vehicles for trucking
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart

14. Freight Revenue for Rail (per ton-mile)
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
About 2 cents per dollar
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

15. Consular Invoice

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16. Offshoring
NTSB
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways

17. What companies are players in private carriage?
Economies of scope and density
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Consolidation

18. Micro Bridge
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Interior Non-port cities
90-s
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!

19. Main forms of Charter Ships
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
A pumping station

20. Trackage

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21. Commercial Invoice
15%~13%
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties

22. Which economies are present in the US railroad industry?
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Economies of scale
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads

23. FOB Origin/Destination
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C

24. 1 Barge ship is equivalent to how many trucks?
58
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
High price for price insensitive customers.
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

25. Outsourcing
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran

26. Pricing adjustment conditions
Consolidation
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Substantially higher
Wyoming

27. How does the US railroad industry compete with other modes?
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
15

28. Categories of major pricing decisions
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Economies of scale
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.

29. Major commodities hauled by each mode
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Air
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery

30. The problem of driver shortage in the US...
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments

31. Name the 3 types of water carriers
Intermodal in character
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Wyoming

32. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
15%~13%
90-s
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage

33. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Pipeline and Rail
Special Rates
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF

34. 1 Barge is equivalent to how many tons?
1500 tons
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
7
Covered Hopper

35. Social Responsibility pricing
Society and customer first.
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
After World War 2
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).

36. Stop-off
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
1500 tons

37. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Intermodal in character
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks

38. How are interstate highways numbered?
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Highway user taxes

39. What are the issues facing the US railroads?
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Interior Non-port cities
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).

40. UNCTAD liner code 40-40-20
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
Labor and Fuel
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery

41. Mistakes in pricing strategy
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
15%~13%
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.

42. LTL terminals are used for connections with these operations...
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
83.8%
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt

43. What was the rationale behind passing the Staggers Act of 1980?
Showed a marked decline
7%
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
90-s

44. Which mode has the highest carrying capacity?
Wyoming
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Water
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

45. Which modes have the following cost structure: Low Variable and High Fixed?
Pipeline and Rail
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor

46. What is the empirical formula of the typical coal unit train in the US?
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
100 cars x 100 tons
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).

47. Land Bridge Services
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
250 - 000
Intermodal in character

48. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
484
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
About 2 cents per dollar
30%

49. Dock receipt
Carloads and Ton-miles
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Water

50. What do the users of truck service benefit?
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
About 2 cents per dollar
100 cars x 100 tons
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days