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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Skimming pricing
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
ton-miles
High price for price insensitive customers.
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement

2. Private Carrier
7
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods

3. Government is involved in which aspects of the railroad business?
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
NTSB
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods

4. What is the trend for the miles of road over the past 50 years in the US railroad industry?
Highway user taxes
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
58
Showed a marked decline

5. Certificate of origin
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
7%

6. What are the characteristics of a block train?
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Society and customer first.
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination

7. Micro Bridge
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Interior Non-port cities
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating

8. Factors contributing to the decline of Railroad use
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery

9. FOB Origin/Destination
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.

10. Pricing adjustment conditions
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement

11. What are the generally accepted classifications of railroads?
Showed a marked decline
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas

12. Benefits of hub and spoke system
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.

13. What is a typical fixed cost item in the motor carrier industry?
Terminal
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.

14. What are the types of railcars?
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Carloads and Ton-miles
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car

15. The problem of driver shortage in the US...
Terminal
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.

16. Mistakes in pricing strategy
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
About 2 cents per dollar
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.

17. In terms of tonnage moved by the whole US transportation - the share of railroads is close to this rounded number...
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
15%~13%
A batching pig
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!

18. Land Bridge Services
Not the government - the railroads themselves
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Intermodal in character

19. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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20. Where does funding for the roads come from?
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Moderate
Highway user taxes
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments

21. Cost of Service Pricing
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.

22. Class Rate Calculations
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
A pumping station
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)

23. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Covered Hopper
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.

24. Pro-Forma Invoice
ton-miles
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad

25. Land Bridge
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment

26. What term is related to railroad operations?
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Economies of scale

27. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Labor and Fuel
Wyoming

28. Third Party Logistics
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Terminal
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.

29. Consolidation
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration

30. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Special Rates

31. Names of the Class 1 railroads?
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit

32. What is the difference between class 1 and class 2 carriers?
Consolidation
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M

33. Labor relations in the US railroad industry?
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt

34. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
90-s
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C

35. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
250 - 000

36. What is a road train?
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Not the government - the railroads themselves

37. Which Mode of Transportation has the highest volume in tonnage?
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
High price for price insensitive customers.
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C

38. How are interstate highways numbered?
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

39. At about what time did trucking become the predominant mode of transportation in the US by gradually surpassing the railroads in terms of tonnage and revenues?
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
After World War 2

40. Which US federal government agency enforces safety regulations for railroads?
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Water

41. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
484
Economies of scope and density
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery

42. What commodity/goods are typically transported by railroads in the US?
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
250 - 000
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.

43. Types and shares of cost in railroads
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
About 2 cents per dollar
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Coal

44. _____ mode is ideal for moving electronics - expensive items - flowers - or time sensitive materials such as organs
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
Air
Pipeline and Rail
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.

45. Far-shoring
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.

46. How are airport hub/spoke and LTL breakbulk similar?
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments

47. What are the service and public benefits of the railroad industry?

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48. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
7%
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard

49. Carrier's Operational strategies to minimize cost
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments

50. What are the LTL carriers?
NTSB
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF

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Transportation Logistics

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