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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What companies are players in private carriage?
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart

2. Mini Bridge
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
563
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles

3. Which economies are present in the US railroad industry?
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Economies of scale
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

4. What is the truck driving time limitations?
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Yes
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Carloads and Ton-miles

5. Trackage

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6. Examples of general freight
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
NTSB

7. What is the current share of trucking in total transportation expenses is closest to...
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Economies of scale
83.8%

8. What do the users of truck service benefit?
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
83.8%
80 - 000 lbs

9. What are the LTL carriers?
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment

10. Dock receipt
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal

11. The status of competition within the US railroad industry?
Moderate
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Yes
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.

12. Freight Revenue for Rail (per ton-mile)
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Not the government - the railroads themselves
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
About 2 cents per dollar

13. Offshoring
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Interior Non-port cities
Wyoming
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!

14. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
484

15. Near-shoring
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
250 - 000
Wyoming

16. Labor relations in the US railroad industry?
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Highway user taxes

17. Core Carrier concept
About 2 cents per dollar
100 tons
Moderate
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.

18. Cost of Service Pricing
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Consolidation
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.

19. What factors lead to reduction of air pollution by trucks?
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
100 tons
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion

20. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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21. Which economies are most prominent in the trucking industry?
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
About 2 cents per dollar
Economies of scope and density

22. What is a public benefit of railroads?
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Consolidation
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Highway user taxes

23. What are the characteristics of a block train?
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.

24. Which modes have the following cost structure: Low Variable and High Fixed?
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Pipeline and Rail
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.

25. What was the golden age of railroads?
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Terminal
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
1850-1950

26. Third Party Logistics
Economies of scale
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Showed a marked decline
Economies of scope and density

27. What are the service and public benefits of the railroad industry?

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28. 1 Barge is equivalent to how many tons?
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
1500 tons

29. Three kinds of ocean carriers
7
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
15%~13%
563

30. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
90-s
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel

31. Did the US railroads have anything to do with the creation of world time zones?
High price for price insensitive customers.
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Yes
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage

32. At about what time did trucking become the predominant mode of transportation in the US by gradually surpassing the railroads in terms of tonnage and revenues?
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
About 2 cents per dollar
After World War 2
90-s

33. Factors affecting Pricing decisions
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
100 cars x 100 tons
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country

34. Main forms of Charter Ships
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Highway user taxes
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
A batching pig

35. The current share of railroads in total transportation expenses is closest to...
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Pipeline and Rail
7%
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track

36. Factors contributing to the decline of Railroad use
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car

37. Pro-Forma Invoice
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments

38. Private Carrier
Economies of scope and density
Labor and Fuel
Moderate
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it

39. The whole history of the US railroads is a history of...
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Consolidation
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued

40. Far-shoring
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company

41. Which government agency will investigate a major railroad accident involving public safety?
High price for price insensitive customers.
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
83.8%
NTSB

42. What are the types of railcars?
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Covered Hopper

43. Which Mode of Transportation has the highest volume in tonnage?
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
1500 tons
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
A batching pig

44. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement

45. What are the metrics to measure freight traffic in the motor carrier industry?
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
15
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
ton-miles

46. Which phrase best characterizes the level of competition in the motor carrier industry?
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Intermodal in character
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways

47. Class Rate Calculations
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
15
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
About 2 cents per dollar

48. How does the US railroad industry compete with other modes?
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car

49. Bill of Lading
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
NTSB

50. Carrier's Operational strategies to minimize cost
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2