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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The current share of railroads in total transportation expenses is closest to...
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Terminal
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
7%

2. Did the US railroads have anything to do with the creation of world time zones?
Yes
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
563
A batching pig

3. The problem of driver shortage in the US...
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
15%~13%
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future

4. Which mode has the lowest cost per ton mile?
100 tons
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination

5. Haulage

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6. Third Party Logistics
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...

7. How does the US railroad industry compete with other modes?
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Interior Non-port cities
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

8. Survival Based pricing
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car

9. What is the difference between class 1 and class 2 carriers?
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M

10. Labor relations in the US railroad industry?
Water
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads

11. What must be used in intervals when transporting pulverized coal mixed with water at long distances?
A pumping station
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
NTSB
1500 tons

12. Which Mode of Transportation has the highest volume in tonnage?
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
1500 tons
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
7

13. What is Amtrak?
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
NTSB

14. Trackage

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15. Pricing adjustment conditions
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.

16. What factors lead to reduction of air pollution by trucks?
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
15
About 25 cents per dollar
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.

17. The average annual salary of a locomotive operator compared to a TL driver in the US is...
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
Substantially higher
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
100 tons

18. Freight revenue for Modes (per ton-mile)
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
After World War 2

19. Unit trains
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.

20. How are interstate highways numbered?
Wyoming
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
1850-1950
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

21. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
484
Covered Hopper
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Showed a marked decline

22. 20/80 Rule
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions

23. Carriers' Technological and Equipment strategies to minimize costs
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
58
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer

24. Government is involved in which aspects of the railroad business?
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.

25. Core Carrier concept
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
7

26. Main forms of Charter Ships
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation

27. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Special Rates
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Society and customer first.

28. What are the two primary operational indicators in the railroad industry?
Carloads and Ton-miles
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment

29. Factors contributing to the decline of Railroad use
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit

30. What was the rationale behind passing the Staggers Act of 1980?
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
7
15%~13%

31. What is the empirical formula of the typical coal unit train in the US?
Showed a marked decline
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
100 cars x 100 tons

32. Certificate of Inspection
Air
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
80 - 000 lbs
1850-1950

33. How many Class 1 freight railroads are there?
7
250 - 000
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor

34. Consular Invoice

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35. In terms of tonnage moved by the whole US transportation - the share of railroads is close to this rounded number...
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
15%~13%
A pumping station
Labor and Fuel

36. Outsourcing
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Wyoming
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight

37. What are the current trends in trucking?
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi

38. Which phrase best characterizes the level of competition in the motor carrier industry?
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Water
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues

39. Mini Bridge
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Economies of scale
Labor and Fuel
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city

40. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
250 - 000
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives

41. Land Bridge Services
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Intermodal in character

42. Although the Interstate Highway System accounts for about 1% of total public road mileage - it carries...
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel

43. Highway weight limitation
80 - 000 lbs
484
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged

44. Consolidation
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
563

45. What is a typical fixed cost item in the motor carrier industry?
Terminal
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery

46. What are the LTL carriers?
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment

47. What do the users of truck service benefit?
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
About 2 cents per dollar
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
ton-miles

48. Name the types of trucking terminals
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track

49. Major commodities hauled by each mode
100 cars x 100 tons
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating

50. Social Responsibility pricing
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Society and customer first.
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues