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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Three kinds of ocean carriers
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Showed a marked decline

2. Certificate of Inspection
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
1850-1950
Substantially higher
Special Rates

3. Consular Invoice

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4. At about what time did trucking become the predominant mode of transportation in the US by gradually surpassing the railroads in terms of tonnage and revenues?
After World War 2
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
484

5. Skimming pricing
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
90-s
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
High price for price insensitive customers.

6. LTL terminals are used for connections with these operations...
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
ton-miles
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal

7. What is the trend for the miles of road over the past 50 years in the US railroad industry?
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Showed a marked decline
7

8. What are the revenues of the specialized and general cargo?
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion

9. What are the highest variable costs in the railroad industry?
Labor and Fuel
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Moderate

10. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
484
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Pipeline and Rail
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.

11. Main forms of Charter Ships
Showed a marked decline
Water
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation

12. Which Mode of Transportation has the highest volume in tonnage?
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
1500 tons
Economies of scale
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.

13. What term is related to railroad operations?
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.

14. 20/80 Rule
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.

15. Terms of Payment
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Intermodal in character
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard

16. Pro-Forma Invoice
58
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Interior Non-port cities
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C

17. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
90-s
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Special Rates

18. Social Responsibility pricing
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Society and customer first.

19. Dock receipt
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
After World War 2
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.

20. Service competition areas in airline industry
NTSB
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit

21. FOB Origin/Destination
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes

22. What factors lead to reduction of air pollution by trucks?
1500 tons
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

23. Freight Revenue for Rail (per ton-mile)
Substantially higher
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Pipeline and Rail
About 2 cents per dollar

24. Categories of major pricing decisions
484
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
100 cars x 100 tons

25. Examples of general freight
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
15%~13%
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods

26. What are the reasons for the relative decline of the US railroads after World War 2?
1500 tons
83.8%
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran

27. Stop-off
Air
100 cars x 100 tons
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!

28. Intermodal Transportation
Substantially higher
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.

29. What companies are players in private carriage?
Yes
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.

30. Freight Revenue for Truck/Motor (per ton-mile)
Wyoming
About 25 cents per dollar
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads

31. What is Amtrak?
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks

32. The average annual salary of a locomotive operator compared to a TL driver in the US is...
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Substantially higher

33. Government is involved in which aspects of the railroad business?
After World War 2
Pipeline and Rail
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.

34. Mistakes in pricing strategy
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Interior Non-port cities
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.

35. What is a public benefit of railroads?
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Showed a marked decline
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

36. What are the service and public benefits of the railroad industry?

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37. _____ mode is ideal for moving electronics - expensive items - flowers - or time sensitive materials such as organs
90-s
Air
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery

38. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
Water
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
250 - 000
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues

39. Value of Service pricing
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Interior Non-port cities
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.

40. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.

41. Which modes have the following cost structure: Low Variable and High Fixed?
Pipeline and Rail
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard

42. Which phrase best characterizes the level of competition in the motor carrier industry?
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
90-s
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).

43. Consolidation
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Interior Non-port cities
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container

44. Which US federal government agency enforces safety regulations for railroads?
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight

45. Micro Bridge
100 cars x 100 tons
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Interior Non-port cities
83.8%

46. What are the metrics to measure freight traffic in the motor carrier industry?
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
High price for price insensitive customers.
100 cars x 100 tons
ton-miles

47. 1 Barge ship is equivalent to how many trucks?
About 2 cents per dollar
Wyoming
58
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.

48. Starting from which cargo weight and movement distance does it normally make sense to ship by rail?
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Pipeline and Rail

49. What must be used in intervals when transporting pulverized coal mixed with water at long distances?
Wyoming
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
A pumping station
Covered Hopper

50. Core Carrier concept
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.

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Transportation Logistics

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