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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What was the golden age of railroads?
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
1850-1950
83.8%
Labor and Fuel

2. Pro-Forma Invoice
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Yes
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment

3. The whole history of the US railroads is a history of...
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Consolidation
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged

4. What was the rationale behind passing the Staggers Act of 1980?
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing

5. Major commodities hauled by each mode
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.

6. Which modes have the following cost structure: Low Variable and High Fixed?
Covered Hopper
Pipeline and Rail
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

7. How are interstate highways numbered?
About 2 cents per dollar
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
1500 tons
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

8. Far-shoring
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Completely different continent - different time zones.
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.

9. What are the major causes of general traffic congestions?
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Pipeline and Rail
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery

10. Name the types of trucking terminals
Substantially higher
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks

11. Third Party Logistics
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Air

12. 1 Barge is equivalent to how many tons?
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
1500 tons
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
100 cars x 100 tons

13. What companies are players in private carriage?
Economies of scale
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Special Rates
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement

14. The problem of driver shortage in the US...
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Special Rates
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.

15. Freight revenue for Modes (per ton-mile)
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

16. Pricing adjustment conditions
83.8%
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.

17. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
90-s
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.

18. Four types of Liner Service
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

19. What are the revenues of the specialized and general cargo?
Society and customer first.
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
NTSB

20. FOB Origin/Destination
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track

21. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
Moderate
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments

22. What is the approximate share of fixed costs of US railroads?
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
30%
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt

23. Certificate of origin
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
Special Rates
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses

24. Social Responsibility pricing
30%
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
About 25 cents per dollar
Society and customer first.

25. Consolidation
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.

26. Which US federal government agency enforces safety regulations for railroads?
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
100 tons

27. Main forms of Charter Ships
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer

28. UNCTAD liner code 40-40-20
80 - 000 lbs
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Substantially higher
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.

29. What is the rationale behind passing a federal act in 1956 to create a national system of interstate highways?
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Intermodal in character
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Coal

30. What is a public benefit of railroads?
Moderate
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
A pumping station

31. Dock receipt
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Moderate
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal

32. Skimming pricing
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
High price for price insensitive customers.
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.

33. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Economies of scope and density
250 - 000
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties

34. What is a typical fixed cost item in the motor carrier industry?
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Terminal
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment

35. Freight Revenue for Truck/Motor (per ton-mile)
250 - 000
Society and customer first.
About 25 cents per dollar
Coal

36. Intermodal Transportation
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Crushed stone - gravel and sand

37. What commodity/goods are typically transported by railroads in the US?
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran

38. What are the current trends in trucking?
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Economies of scale
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
100 tons

39. 20/80 Rule
Showed a marked decline
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal

40. Certificate of Inspection
Intermodal in character
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company

41. Outsourcing
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
83.8%

42. Carrier's Operational strategies to minimize cost
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit

43. Government is involved in which aspects of the railroad business?
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
After World War 2
Interior Non-port cities

44. What terms describe a type of operation in trucking?
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt

45. What are the service and public benefits of the railroad industry?

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46. Freight Revenue for Rail (per ton-mile)
About 2 cents per dollar
100 tons
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.

47. Carriers' Technological and Equipment strategies to minimize costs
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
484
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.

48. What is the approximate number of railroads in the US?
Completely different continent - different time zones.
563
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor

49. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
Wyoming
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
250 - 000
563

50. What are the types of railcars?
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car

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