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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Far-shoring
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
30%
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses

2. Which phrase best characterizes the level of competition in the motor carrier industry?
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
1850-1950
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments

3. Consolidation
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city

4. Terms of Payment
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
About 2 cents per dollar
Completely different continent - different time zones.

5. What are the metrics to measure freight traffic in the motor carrier industry?
Pipeline and Rail
ton-miles
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative

6. Social Responsibility pricing
Wyoming
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Society and customer first.
High price for price insensitive customers.

7. Stop-off
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

8. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Wyoming

9. Funding the railroads?
15
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Not the government - the railroads themselves
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).

10. Although the Interstate Highway System accounts for about 1% of total public road mileage - it carries...
NTSB
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation

11. Non-vessel operating common carriers (NVOCC)
1850-1950
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
NTSB
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement

12. How are interstate highways numbered?
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
7

13. A barge tow is capable of moving how many barges?
15
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

14. Ways to classify the motor carriers
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
83.8%

15. Name the types of trucking terminals
Economies of scope and density
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Highway user taxes
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses

16. Service competition areas in airline industry
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions

17. Which economies are present in the US railroad industry?
Interior Non-port cities
Economies of scale
15
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal

18. Which modes have the following cost structure: Low Variable and High Fixed?
Pipeline and Rail
Intermodal in character
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel

19. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
484

20. The current share of railroads in total transportation expenses is closest to...
Carloads and Ton-miles
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
High price for price insensitive customers.
7%

21. Examples of general freight
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Interior Non-port cities

22. Four types of Liner Service
250 - 000
563
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.

23. Unit trains
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
NTSB
Covered Hopper
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.

24. Which mode has the highest carrying capacity?
Wyoming
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Water
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%

25. Which Mode of Transportation has the highest volume in tonnage?
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%

26. Pro-Forma Invoice
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
484
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C

27. Starting from which cargo weight and movement distance does it normally make sense to ship by rail?
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Interior Non-port cities
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St

28. Drayage
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement

29. Invoices
Carloads and Ton-miles
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
ton-miles
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice

30. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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31. Trackage

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32. Which mode has the lowest cost per ton mile?
A pumping station
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation

33. At about what time did trucking become the predominant mode of transportation in the US by gradually surpassing the railroads in terms of tonnage and revenues?
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
After World War 2
15
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues

34. What is a road train?
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt

35. What is Amtrak?
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%

36. Freight Revenue for Rail (per ton-mile)
58
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
About 2 cents per dollar
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!

37. What is the truck driving time limitations?
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
1850-1950
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement

38. What term is related to railroad operations?
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Showed a marked decline

39. Main forms of Charter Ships
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Pipeline and Rail
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration

40. Name the 3 types of water carriers
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
30%
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal

41. Intermodal Transportation
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Wyoming
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.

42. Haulage

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43. In terms of tonnage moved by the whole US transportation - the share of railroads is close to this rounded number...
15%~13%
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Highway user taxes

44. Benefits of hub and spoke system
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
58
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.

45. Did the US railroads have anything to do with the creation of world time zones?
563
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Society and customer first.
Yes

46. Carriers' Technological and Equipment strategies to minimize costs
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

47. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Covered Hopper
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives

48. Bill of Lading
Economies of scale
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal

49. Core Carrier concept
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Showed a marked decline
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.

50. What are the reasons for the relative decline of the US railroads after World War 2?
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks

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Transportation Logistics

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