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Transportation Logistics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Bill of Lading
Wyoming
Intermodal in character
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt

2. What are the two primary operational indicators in the railroad industry?
Moderate
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
90-s
Carloads and Ton-miles

3. What are the revenues of the specialized and general cargo?
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
250 - 000
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion

4. How does the US railroad industry compete with other modes?
Water
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
58

5. Far-shoring
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer

6. _______ mode would be ideal for moving dry bulk - grains - petroleum - and certain manufactured products not prone to damage during transit
90-s
Water
Highway user taxes
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.

7. What are the reasons for the relative decline of the US railroads after World War 2?
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Showed a marked decline
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran

8. Commercial Invoice
Labor and Fuel
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future

9. What factors lead to reduction of air pollution by trucks?
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Wyoming

10. Stop-off
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran

11. Highway weight limitation
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Economies of scope and density
80 - 000 lbs
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%

12. The problem of driver shortage in the US...
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Pipeline and Rail

13. A pumping station requires 3-6000HP to move oil through a pipeline. To move more than 1 grade at same time what do you use?
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
A batching pig
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.

14. 1 Barge ship is equivalent to how many trucks?
58
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.

15. What term is related to railroad operations?
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage

16. What are the metrics to measure freight traffic in the motor carrier industry?
Carloads and Ton-miles
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
ton-miles
Not the government - the railroads themselves

17. What are the issues facing the US railroads?
7%
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
High price for price insensitive customers.
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service

18. What were the reasons for the erosion of the railroad dominance in transportation in the US?

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19. How many Class 1 freight railroads are there?
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
7
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement

20. Offshoring
Water
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!

21. In terms of tonnage moved by the whole US transportation - the share of railroads is close to this rounded number...
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Wyoming
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
15%~13%

22. Carriers' Technological and Equipment strategies to minimize costs
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Society and customer first.
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice

23. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
90-s
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
250 - 000

24. Unit trains
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
7
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor

25. Which US federal government agency enforces safety regulations for railroads?
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.

26. Name the 3 types of water carriers
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Water

27. What is the primary railroad cargo out of Arkansas by tonnage?
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Substantially higher
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion

28. Names of the Class 1 railroads?
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
About 25 cents per dollar
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days

29. Four types of Liner Service
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Consolidation
A pumping station

30. Starting from which cargo weight and movement distance does it normally make sense to ship by rail?
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles

31. Ways to classify the motor carriers
Wyoming
484
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight

32. Consular Invoice

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33. What are the characteristics of a block train?
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination

34. Name the types of trucking terminals
Coal
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration

35. Freight Revenue for Truck/Motor (per ton-mile)
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
About 25 cents per dollar

36. Mistakes in pricing strategy
Consolidation
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal

37. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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38. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
After World War 2
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives

39. Pro-Forma Invoice
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special

40. What is the approximate number of railroads in the US?
563
Covered Hopper
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.

41. Terms of Payment
100 cars x 100 tons
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Economies of scope and density

42. Certificate of origin
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Consolidation

43. Near-shoring
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion

44. Private Carrier
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track

45. Main forms of Charter Ships
A pumping station
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal

46. Which mode has the lowest cost per ton mile?
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.

47. What do the users of truck service benefit?
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses

48. The whole history of the US railroads is a history of...
Wyoming
Consolidation
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.

49. Invoices
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
100 cars x 100 tons
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods

50. Land Bridge Services
Intermodal in character
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Highway user taxes
About 25 cents per dollar