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Transportation Logistics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the current trends in trucking?
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.

2. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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3. Trackage

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4. Starting from which cargo weight and movement distance does it normally make sense to ship by rail?
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Substantially higher

5. Names of the Class 1 railroads?
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
563

6. Unit trains
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard

7. What is a typical fixed cost item in the motor carrier industry?
Terminal
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
ton-miles

8. Major commodities hauled by each mode
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
90-s
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer

9. Drayage
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Water
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement

10. Government is involved in which aspects of the railroad business?
About 25 cents per dollar
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Pipeline and Rail

11. What commodity/goods are typically transported by railroads in the US?
Economies of scope and density
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
Society and customer first.

12. The whole history of the US railroads is a history of...
Consolidation
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods

13. What are the reasons for the relative decline of the US railroads after World War 2?
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Yes
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran

14. What was the golden age of railroads?
15
1850-1950
About 25 cents per dollar
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.

15. What term is related to railroad operations?
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Not the government - the railroads themselves
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery

16. What are the LTL carriers?
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
30%

17. How to assess the operating ratio?
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country

18. Types of vehicles for trucking
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special

19. What are the highest variable costs in the railroad industry?
Labor and Fuel
High price for price insensitive customers.
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment

20. Certificate of origin
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
100 cars x 100 tons
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Carloads and Ton-miles

21. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
484
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.

22. What is the current share of trucking in total transportation expenses is closest to...
83.8%
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery

23. Freight revenue for Modes (per ton-mile)
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Society and customer first.
High price for price insensitive customers.

24. Line of credit process

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25. Offshoring
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged

26. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Covered Hopper
7

27. Freight Revenue for Rail (per ton-mile)
About 2 cents per dollar
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.

28. Name the types of trucking terminals
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track

29. What terms describe a type of operation in trucking?
Highway user taxes
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Pipeline and Rail
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country

30. Four types of Liner Service
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
NTSB
1850-1950

31. How are interstate highways numbered?
Air
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
After World War 2
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

32. Stop-off
Water
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes

33. Third Party Logistics
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
Highway user taxes

34. Value of Service pricing
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Interior Non-port cities

35. Non-vessel operating common carriers (NVOCC)
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Economies of scale
563
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.

36. Factors contributing to the decline of Railroad use
58
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days

37. What is the truck driving time limitations?
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
High price for price insensitive customers.
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement

38. Price variation factors in airline service
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
15%~13%
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration

39. Which economies are present in the US railroad industry?
Economies of scale
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.

40. What are the types of railcars?
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Highway user taxes

41. Did the US railroads have anything to do with the creation of world time zones?
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
Yes
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.

42. Labor relations in the US railroad industry?
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
About 25 cents per dollar
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads

43. _______ mode would be ideal for moving dry bulk - grains - petroleum - and certain manufactured products not prone to damage during transit
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Consolidation
Water
Completely different continent - different time zones.

44. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
250 - 000
Moderate
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Interior Non-port cities

45. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
30%

46. Micro Bridge
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Interior Non-port cities
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal

47. What is the approximate share of fixed costs of US railroads?
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
30%
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments

48. The current share of railroads in total transportation expenses is closest to...
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
7%
Air
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads

49. Name the 3 types of water carriers
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Coal

50. Three kinds of ocean carriers
90-s
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation