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Transportation Logistics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Government is involved in which aspects of the railroad business?
Completely different continent - different time zones.
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Carloads and Ton-miles
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions

2. What is the trend for the miles of road over the past 50 years in the US railroad industry?
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Showed a marked decline

3. The problem of driver shortage in the US...
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks

4. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
Special Rates
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Yes
90-s

5. Terms of Payment
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard

6. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Intermodal in character
250 - 000
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion

7. Survival Based pricing
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
90-s
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.

8. Core Carrier concept
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.

9. Commercial Invoice
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties

10. Consolidation
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Not the government - the railroads themselves

11. 20/80 Rule
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
1500 tons
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.

12. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Special Rates
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M

13. Near-shoring
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city

14. Unit trains
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it

15. What is a road train?
7%
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
1850-1950
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.

16. What are the reasons for the relative decline of the US railroads after World War 2?
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
90-s

17. Name the types of trucking terminals
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Covered Hopper
A pumping station

18. Which phrase best characterizes the level of competition in the motor carrier industry?
484
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
30%
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments

19. Trackage

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20. Three kinds of ocean carriers
Economies of scale
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
About 25 cents per dollar
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook

21. 1 Barge is equivalent to how many tons?
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
1500 tons

22. What are the service and public benefits of the railroad industry?

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23. Freight Revenue for Truck/Motor (per ton-mile)
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
About 25 cents per dollar
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
100 tons

24. The average annual salary of a locomotive operator compared to a TL driver in the US is...
Substantially higher
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
58
Water

25. Mistakes in pricing strategy
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Society and customer first.

26. Certificate of Inspection
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special

27. Service competition areas in airline industry
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Yes
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)

28. Carrier's Operational strategies to minimize cost
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Special Rates
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.

29. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
Yes
NTSB
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.

30. What is a typical fixed cost item in the motor carrier industry?
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Society and customer first.
Terminal

31. 1 Barge ship is equivalent to how many trucks?
58
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Labor and Fuel
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives

32. UNCTAD liner code 40-40-20
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice

33. Which mode has the highest carrying capacity?
563
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
Water

34. Pooling
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
Coal
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car

35. Pro-Forma Invoice
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit

36. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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37. What are the revenues of the specialized and general cargo?
Coal
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion

38. Ways to classify the motor carriers
After World War 2
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight

39. Third Party Logistics
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery

40. Labor relations in the US railroad industry?
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads

41. What was the rationale behind passing the Staggers Act of 1980?
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Not the government - the railroads themselves
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St

42. Did the US railroads have anything to do with the creation of world time zones?
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Yes
Substantially higher

43. What do the users of truck service benefit?
Moderate
Special Rates
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments

44. What must be used in intervals when transporting pulverized coal mixed with water at long distances?
Interior Non-port cities
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Yes
A pumping station

45. Value of Service pricing
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
100 cars x 100 tons

46. What are the major causes of general traffic congestions?
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track

47. Land Bridge
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
NTSB
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.

48. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Covered Hopper
563
Completely different continent - different time zones.

49. Where does funding for the roads come from?
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Highway user taxes
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
NTSB

50. _____ mode is ideal for moving electronics - expensive items - flowers - or time sensitive materials such as organs
Air
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Highway user taxes