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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Invoices
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
83.8%
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M

2. What must be used in intervals when transporting pulverized coal mixed with water at long distances?
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
A pumping station
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).

3. Starting from which cargo weight and movement distance does it normally make sense to ship by rail?
1500 tons
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.

4. Three kinds of ocean carriers
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice

5. Which type of railroad cargo has the highest tonnage share in the US?
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Consolidation
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Coal

6. 20/80 Rule
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments

7. What were the reasons for the erosion of the railroad dominance in transportation in the US?

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8. Funding the railroads?
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
83.8%
Not the government - the railroads themselves
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car

9. Micro Bridge
7%
Water
Interior Non-port cities
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future

10. Class Rate Calculations
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Not the government - the railroads themselves
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal

11. Terms of Payment
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M

12. Line of credit process

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13. What commodity/goods are typically transported by railroads in the US?
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
250 - 000
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container

14. What are the major causes of general traffic congestions?
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad

15. Stop-off
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
58
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)

16. What is a road train?
1500 tons
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.

17. Types of vehicles for trucking
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special

18. 1 Barge ship is equivalent to how many trucks?
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
58

19. Consular Invoice

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20. Carrier's Operational strategies to minimize cost
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.

21. Value of Service pricing
1850-1950
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
A batching pig
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses

22. How many Class 1 freight railroads are there?
7
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad

23. Labor relations in the US railroad industry?
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Covered Hopper
Not the government - the railroads themselves

24. Which Mode of Transportation has the highest volume in tonnage?
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
Covered Hopper

25. Certificate of origin
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
High price for price insensitive customers.

26. Examples of general freight
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
1500 tons
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard

27. What are the highest variable costs in the railroad industry?
83.8%
Labor and Fuel
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion

28. _____ mode is ideal for moving electronics - expensive items - flowers - or time sensitive materials such as organs
Air
100 cars x 100 tons
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration

29. What are the issues facing the US railroads?
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service

30. What is Amtrak?
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
1850-1950

31. What is the difference between TOFC and COFC service?
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Intermodal in character
A pumping station
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container

32. Benefits of hub and spoke system
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Covered Hopper
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi

33. Did the US railroads have anything to do with the creation of world time zones?
Yes
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).

34. What factors lead to reduction of air pollution by trucks?
NTSB
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.

35. Land Bridge
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
Yes
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.

36. What is an approximate capacity of a hopper?
Covered Hopper
100 tons
Terminal
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.

37. Near-shoring
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St

38. What are the two primary operational indicators in the railroad industry?
NTSB
Carloads and Ton-miles
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.

39. Skimming pricing
NTSB
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
High price for price insensitive customers.
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special

40. Major commodities hauled by each mode
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Yes
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.

41. Categories of major pricing decisions
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.

42. Which phrase best characterizes the level of competition in the motor carrier industry?
Labor and Fuel
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days

43. What are the types of railcars?
Moderate
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad

44. A pumping station requires 3-6000HP to move oil through a pipeline. To move more than 1 grade at same time what do you use?
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
A batching pig
About 25 cents per dollar

45. The average annual salary of a locomotive operator compared to a TL driver in the US is...
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Air
Substantially higher
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.

46. What are the generally accepted classifications of railroads?
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.

47. Price variation factors in airline service
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Interior Non-port cities
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses

48. What is the current share of trucking in total transportation expenses is closest to...
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
83.8%
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF

49. How are airport hub/spoke and LTL breakbulk similar?
Carloads and Ton-miles
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country

50. What do the users of truck service benefit?
After World War 2
15
Carloads and Ton-miles
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes

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Transportation Logistics

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