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Transportation Logistics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Trackage

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2. Core Carrier concept
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion

3. Offshoring
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!

4. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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5. How to assess the operating ratio?
Coal
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues

6. What must be used in intervals when transporting pulverized coal mixed with water at long distances?
A pumping station
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
80 - 000 lbs

7. What are the two primary operational indicators in the railroad industry?
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Carloads and Ton-miles
Covered Hopper
15%~13%

8. What are the issues facing the US railroads?
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration

9. What is the difference between TOFC and COFC service?
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Interior Non-port cities
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Consolidation

10. A barge tow is capable of moving how many barges?
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
15

11. Four types of Liner Service
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.

12. What is the primary railroad cargo out of Arkansas by tonnage?
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Terminal
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

13. Main forms of Charter Ships
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Moderate

14. _____ mode is ideal for moving electronics - expensive items - flowers - or time sensitive materials such as organs
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Air
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.

15. Bill of Lading
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice

16. What is an approximate capacity of a hopper?
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Carloads and Ton-miles
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
100 tons

17. Factors contributing to the decline of Railroad use
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks

18. Examples of general freight
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran

19. A pumping station requires 3-6000HP to move oil through a pipeline. To move more than 1 grade at same time what do you use?
A batching pig
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
250 - 000

20. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Special Rates
1850-1950

21. Cost of Service Pricing
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Yes
Substantially higher

22. Value of Service pricing
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal

23. Commercial Invoice
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
About 25 cents per dollar

24. What is Amtrak?
90-s
Labor and Fuel
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice

25. What are the characteristics of a block train?
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
80 - 000 lbs
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)

26. How many Class 1 freight railroads are there?
7
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Wyoming

27. What was the rationale behind passing the Staggers Act of 1980?
Water
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.

28. Freight Revenue for Truck/Motor (per ton-mile)
Pipeline and Rail
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
About 25 cents per dollar

29. Major commodities hauled by each mode
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery

30. Line of credit process

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31. What are the major causes of general traffic congestions?
About 25 cents per dollar
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Completely different continent - different time zones.

32. Which mode has the highest carrying capacity?
Water
Substantially higher
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Carloads and Ton-miles

33. What do the users of truck service benefit?
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Interior Non-port cities
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative

34. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
250 - 000
Yes
Completely different continent - different time zones.

35. How does the US railroad industry compete with other modes?
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
After World War 2
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative

36. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Water

37. Highway weight limitation
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Interior Non-port cities
Highway user taxes
80 - 000 lbs

38. Government is involved in which aspects of the railroad business?
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions

39. What is the empirical formula of the typical coal unit train in the US?
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
100 cars x 100 tons
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment

40. What are the current trends in trucking?
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods

41. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
90-s
Moderate
Economies of scope and density
83.8%

42. Stop-off
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Terminal
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

43. What are the revenues of the specialized and general cargo?
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days

44. Class Rate Calculations
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.

45. Certificate of Inspection
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Labor and Fuel

46. _______ mode would be ideal for moving dry bulk - grains - petroleum - and certain manufactured products not prone to damage during transit
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
30%
Water
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer

47. Name the 3 types of water carriers
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
1850-1950
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal

48. How are airport hub/spoke and LTL breakbulk similar?
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Special Rates
58

49. Starting from which cargo weight and movement distance does it normally make sense to ship by rail?
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Interior Non-port cities
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city

50. 1 Barge ship is equivalent to how many trucks?
Water
58
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.