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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Which type of railroad cargo has the highest tonnage share in the US?
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Coal
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads

2. Funding the railroads?
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
563
Not the government - the railroads themselves

3. What is the empirical formula of the typical coal unit train in the US?
100 cars x 100 tons
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.

4. _____ mode is ideal for moving electronics - expensive items - flowers - or time sensitive materials such as organs
Moderate
Terminal
Air
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways

5. Value of Service pricing
Yes
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).

6. How does the US railroad industry compete with other modes?
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Interior Non-port cities

7. Haulage

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8. Which phrase best characterizes the level of competition in the motor carrier industry?
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments

9. Offshoring
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Interior Non-port cities
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!

10. Name the types of trucking terminals
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
About 2 cents per dollar
Coal

11. Skimming pricing
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
High price for price insensitive customers.

12. How are interstate highways numbered?
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St

13. Consular Invoice

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14. How are airport hub/spoke and LTL breakbulk similar?
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
100 cars x 100 tons
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%

15. Which economies are present in the US railroad industry?
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Economies of scale
Interior Non-port cities

16. The whole history of the US railroads is a history of...
Consolidation
1500 tons
Economies of scale
High price for price insensitive customers.

17. Freight Revenue for Rail (per ton-mile)
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
About 2 cents per dollar
100 cars x 100 tons
Wyoming

18. Outsourcing
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions

19. How many Class 1 freight railroads are there?
Covered Hopper
250 - 000
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
7

20. Examples of general freight
About 25 cents per dollar
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods

21. A pumping station requires 3-6000HP to move oil through a pipeline. To move more than 1 grade at same time what do you use?
A batching pig
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
58

22. What term is related to railroad operations?
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Economies of scale
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.

23. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
90-s
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes

24. Which economies are most prominent in the trucking industry?
Society and customer first.
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Economies of scope and density

25. Micro Bridge
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Interior Non-port cities
Pipeline and Rail
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart

26. Certificate of origin
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Highway user taxes
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight

27. What is Amtrak?
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.

28. UNCTAD liner code 40-40-20
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
About 25 cents per dollar
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice

29. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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30. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
484
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
A batching pig
High price for price insensitive customers.

31. What are the types of railcars?
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

32. FOB Origin/Destination
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).

33. Survival Based pricing
Not the government - the railroads themselves
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.

34. At about what time did trucking become the predominant mode of transportation in the US by gradually surpassing the railroads in terms of tonnage and revenues?
After World War 2
90-s
About 25 cents per dollar
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives

35. Mistakes in pricing strategy
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
563
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.

36. The status of competition within the US railroad industry?
Water
Moderate
563
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.

37. Carriers' Technological and Equipment strategies to minimize costs
15
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.

38. Pricing adjustment conditions
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
ton-miles
Special Rates
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.

39. What is the approximate number of railroads in the US?
563
Pipeline and Rail
About 25 cents per dollar
Yes

40. Four types of Liner Service
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas

41. Ways to classify the motor carriers
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal

42. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
A batching pig
Covered Hopper
About 2 cents per dollar
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company

43. Class Rate Calculations
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).

44. What are the current trends in trucking?
Society and customer first.
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.

45. Terms of Payment
A pumping station
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
90-s
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard

46. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
Special Rates
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
High price for price insensitive customers.
Society and customer first.

47. The current share of railroads in total transportation expenses is closest to...
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
90-s
7%

48. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Wyoming

49. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
Labor and Fuel
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Water
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks

50. What are the LTL carriers?
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Economies of scale
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
A pumping station

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