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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Intermodal Transportation
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
A pumping station
58
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.

2. What is the approximate number of railroads in the US?
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
563

3. What is the empirical formula of the typical coal unit train in the US?
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
15
100 cars x 100 tons
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.

4. Freight revenue for Modes (per ton-mile)
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
1850-1950
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%

5. The problem of driver shortage in the US...
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
7

6. Social Responsibility pricing
Society and customer first.
A batching pig
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor

7. Where does funding for the roads come from?
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Highway user taxes
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination

8. Which economies are present in the US railroad industry?
Economies of scale
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Water
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment

9. What are the two primary operational indicators in the railroad industry?
Carloads and Ton-miles
1850-1950
Wyoming
About 25 cents per dollar

10. Which modes have the following cost structure: Low Variable and High Fixed?
Pipeline and Rail
Intermodal in character
Air
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment

11. How are interstate highways numbered?
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
A pumping station
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

12. Stop-off
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment

13. What factors lead to reduction of air pollution by trucks?
Consolidation
Wyoming
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion

14. What were the reasons for the erosion of the railroad dominance in transportation in the US?

15. Name the 3 types of water carriers
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart

16. Freight Revenue for Truck/Motor (per ton-mile)
About 25 cents per dollar
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued

17. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Covered Hopper

18. Near-shoring
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
1850-1950

19. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
484

20. Terms of Payment
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Society and customer first.

21. Government is involved in which aspects of the railroad business?
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Intermodal in character
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions

22. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.

23. Major commodities hauled by each mode
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
1500 tons
ton-miles

24. How many Class 1 freight railroads are there?
7
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion

25. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment

26. What is the difference between TOFC and COFC service?
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
After World War 2

27. Class Rate Calculations
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
15
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads

28. Pricing adjustment conditions
83.8%
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.

29. What was the rationale behind passing the Staggers Act of 1980?
High price for price insensitive customers.
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing

30. Micro Bridge
Interior Non-port cities
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
250 - 000
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city

31. Outsourcing
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C

32. Survival Based pricing
484
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice

33. Mini Bridge
About 25 cents per dollar
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Terminal

34. Which economies are most prominent in the trucking industry?
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Economies of scope and density
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways

35. What must be used in intervals when transporting pulverized coal mixed with water at long distances?
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
A pumping station
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel

36. UNCTAD liner code 40-40-20
Labor and Fuel
A batching pig
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.

37. At about what time did trucking become the predominant mode of transportation in the US by gradually surpassing the railroads in terms of tonnage and revenues?
After World War 2
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
30%

38. Labor relations in the US railroad industry?
NTSB
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.

39. Price variation factors in airline service
Water
1850-1950
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration

40. What is the truck driving time limitations?
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Society and customer first.

41. What term is related to railroad operations?
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Water
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor

42. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Special Rates
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
83.8%

43. What is the approximate share of fixed costs of US railroads?
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Economies of scale
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
30%

44. A barge tow is capable of moving how many barges?
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
15

45. What are the major causes of general traffic congestions?
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Pipeline and Rail
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal

46. What is an approximate capacity of a hopper?
Society and customer first.
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
100 tons
Wyoming

47. What is a public benefit of railroads?
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.

48. Name the types of trucking terminals
Air
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.

49. The status of competition within the US railroad industry?
ton-miles
Yes
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Moderate

50. What are the highest variable costs in the railroad industry?
NTSB
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Labor and Fuel
1850-1950

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Transportation Logistics

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