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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What are the current trends in trucking?
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.

2. Starting from which cargo weight and movement distance does it normally make sense to ship by rail?
Terminal
15%~13%
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles

3. What is the trend for the miles of road over the past 50 years in the US railroad industry?
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
After World War 2
Showed a marked decline
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.

4. What is the current share of trucking in total transportation expenses is closest to...
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
1850-1950
80 - 000 lbs
83.8%

5. Near-shoring
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.

6. Names of the Class 1 railroads?
484
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad

7. Factors affecting Pricing decisions
Not the government - the railroads themselves
90-s
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives

8. Haulage

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9. What is the empirical formula of the typical coal unit train in the US?
100 cars x 100 tons
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Labor and Fuel
ton-miles

10. What is the approximate share of fixed costs of US railroads?
83.8%
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
30%

11. What terms describe a type of operation in trucking?
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook

12. What is the difference between class 1 and class 2 carriers?
563
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Air
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M

13. Which government agency will investigate a major railroad accident involving public safety?
83.8%
NTSB
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating

14. Stop-off
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
7%
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative

15. 1 Barge ship is equivalent to how many trucks?
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
58
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Carloads and Ton-miles

16. Outsourcing
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
7%
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor

17. What was the rationale behind passing the Staggers Act of 1980?
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing

18. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Yes
250 - 000

19. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
90-s
Special Rates
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.

20. What are the metrics to measure freight traffic in the motor carrier industry?
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
7
ton-miles
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.

21. What is the approximate number of railroads in the US?
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
563
Consolidation
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days

22. Labor relations in the US railroad industry?
Wyoming
High price for price insensitive customers.
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!

23. How are interstate highways numbered?
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...

24. What are the service and public benefits of the railroad industry?

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25. Categories of major pricing decisions
Terminal
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.

26. What was the golden age of railroads?
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
1850-1950
15

27. Commercial Invoice
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues

28. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
Completely different continent - different time zones.
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives

29. The average annual salary of a locomotive operator compared to a TL driver in the US is...
80 - 000 lbs
Consolidation
Substantially higher
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal

30. Certificate of Inspection
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
1500 tons
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
High price for price insensitive customers.

31. Micro Bridge
Interior Non-port cities
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Carloads and Ton-miles
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues

32. Which type of railroad cargo has the highest tonnage share in the US?
Special Rates
Coal
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Economies of scope and density

33. Invoices
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments

34. UNCTAD liner code 40-40-20
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
After World War 2
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.

35. Pro-Forma Invoice
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways

36. Terms of Payment
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes

37. How many Class 1 freight railroads are there?
7
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook

38. Examples of general freight
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Economies of scale
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

39. What are the two primary operational indicators in the railroad industry?
Carloads and Ton-miles
ton-miles
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
A pumping station

40. Offshoring
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
1500 tons
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods

41. What are the issues facing the US railroads?
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
A pumping station

42. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
250 - 000
Covered Hopper
Pipeline and Rail

43. Ways to classify the motor carriers
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
ton-miles
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery

44. Which mode has the lowest cost per ton mile?
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Showed a marked decline

45. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
A pumping station
Wyoming
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Crushed stone - gravel and sand

46. Three kinds of ocean carriers
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal

47. A pumping station requires 3-6000HP to move oil through a pipeline. To move more than 1 grade at same time what do you use?
A batching pig
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company

48. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Pipeline and Rail
484

49. What are the characteristics of a block train?
90-s
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement

50. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
Covered Hopper
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Special Rates
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.