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Transportation Logistics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Bill of Lading
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation

2. Names of the Class 1 railroads?
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad

3. Flags of Convenience
484
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
7

4. Which mode has the lowest cost per ton mile?
Substantially higher
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Intermodal in character
Society and customer first.

5. Land Bridge Services
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
Intermodal in character

6. Carriers' Technological and Equipment strategies to minimize costs
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
15
Society and customer first.

7. What is a public benefit of railroads?
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Wyoming
83.8%

8. Benefits of hub and spoke system
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Pipeline and Rail
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
100 tons

9. Examples of general freight
A pumping station
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.

10. Types of vehicles for trucking
Moderate
After World War 2
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative

11. Pooling
Consolidation
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.

12. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
484

13. What are the two primary operational indicators in the railroad industry?
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Carloads and Ton-miles
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Society and customer first.

14. Survival Based pricing
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
58

15. What is a typical fixed cost item in the motor carrier industry?
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Terminal
Completely different continent - different time zones.
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

16. Class Rate Calculations
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.

17. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
100 cars x 100 tons
Wyoming
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
A batching pig

18. Types and shares of cost in railroads
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Water

19. Although the Interstate Highway System accounts for about 1% of total public road mileage - it carries...
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country

20. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Covered Hopper

21. Trackage

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22. 20/80 Rule
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
7
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Intermodal in character

23. What is Amtrak?
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.

24. Cost of Service Pricing
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel

25. What is a road train?
15
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
90-s

26. Pricing adjustment conditions
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes

27. Skimming pricing
A batching pig
High price for price insensitive customers.
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
563

28. Dock receipt
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
15%~13%
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing

29. LTL terminals are used for connections with these operations...
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Consolidation
1500 tons
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating

30. FOB Origin/Destination
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Not the government - the railroads themselves
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt

31. Major commodities hauled by each mode
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery

32. _______ mode would be ideal for moving dry bulk - grains - petroleum - and certain manufactured products not prone to damage during transit
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Water
Intermodal in character
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company

33. Private Carrier
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Consolidation
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it

34. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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35. Certificate of origin
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Intermodal in character
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran

36. What is the approximate share of fixed costs of US railroads?
83.8%
Consolidation
30%
Carloads and Ton-miles

37. Which type of railroad cargo has the highest tonnage share in the US?
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Coal
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Terminal

38. What are the types of railcars?
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car

39. What is the empirical formula of the typical coal unit train in the US?
100 cars x 100 tons
1850-1950
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
7

40. Name the 3 types of water carriers
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal

41. What must be used in intervals when transporting pulverized coal mixed with water at long distances?
A pumping station
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes

42. Four types of Liner Service
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating

43. Unit trains
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).

44. Freight Revenue for Truck/Motor (per ton-mile)
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
About 25 cents per dollar
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions

45. How many Class 1 freight railroads are there?
7
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
Wyoming
NTSB

46. What is the current share of trucking in total transportation expenses is closest to...
83.8%
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Not the government - the railroads themselves

47. Far-shoring
1500 tons
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion

48. Carrier's Operational strategies to minimize cost
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation

49. The whole history of the US railroads is a history of...
Consolidation
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
1850-1950
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%

50. A pumping station requires 3-6000HP to move oil through a pipeline. To move more than 1 grade at same time what do you use?
Highway user taxes
A batching pig
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.