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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Land Bridge Services
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Intermodal in character
Labor and Fuel
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future

2. Which government agency will investigate a major railroad accident involving public safety?
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
NTSB
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

3. Labor relations in the US railroad industry?
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Substantially higher

4. What commodity/goods are typically transported by railroads in the US?
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Intermodal in character
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track

5. In terms of tonnage moved by the whole US transportation - the share of railroads is close to this rounded number...
15%~13%
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...

6. Unit trains
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
7
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes

7. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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8. Freight Revenue for Rail (per ton-mile)
30%
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
About 2 cents per dollar

9. LTL terminals are used for connections with these operations...
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
484
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating

10. Types and shares of cost in railroads
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Carloads and Ton-miles

11. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
90-s
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Covered Hopper
Highway user taxes

12. Which economies are most prominent in the trucking industry?
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Economies of scope and density
1850-1950
Intermodal in character

13. Three kinds of ocean carriers
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
1850-1950
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St

14. _______ mode would be ideal for moving dry bulk - grains - petroleum - and certain manufactured products not prone to damage during transit
90-s
Water
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St

15. What is a public benefit of railroads?
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
A pumping station
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage

16. Which modes have the following cost structure: Low Variable and High Fixed?
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Yes
Pipeline and Rail

17. Non-vessel operating common carriers (NVOCC)
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
After World War 2
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement

18. Consolidation
83.8%
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles

19. Benefits of hub and spoke system
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
15
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.

20. Carriers' Technological and Equipment strategies to minimize costs
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Terminal
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.

21. What is a road train?
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer

22. Consular Invoice

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23. Haulage

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24. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
15
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives

25. What must be used in intervals when transporting pulverized coal mixed with water at long distances?
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
About 2 cents per dollar
A pumping station
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.

26. What is the truck driving time limitations?
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it

27. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
Covered Hopper
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
15
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container

28. What is a typical fixed cost item in the motor carrier industry?
Terminal
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
ton-miles

29. Flags of Convenience
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
Moderate
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future

30. Social Responsibility pricing
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Society and customer first.
7%
Terminal

31. 20/80 Rule
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery

32. Major commodities hauled by each mode
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
1850-1950
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks

33. The current share of railroads in total transportation expenses is closest to...
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
80 - 000 lbs
7%
Coal

34. Pricing adjustment conditions
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
7
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days

35. What is the approximate number of railroads in the US?
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Covered Hopper
563
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes

36. What are the major causes of general traffic congestions?
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Water

37. What are the reasons for the relative decline of the US railroads after World War 2?
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.

38. Stop-off
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%

39. Name the types of trucking terminals
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Wyoming
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).

40. How to assess the operating ratio?
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Covered Hopper
Coal
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues

41. Which US federal government agency enforces safety regulations for railroads?
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
15
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.

42. What is the primary railroad cargo out of Arkansas by tonnage?
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Showed a marked decline
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook

43. Skimming pricing
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
High price for price insensitive customers.
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal

44. Which phrase best characterizes the level of competition in the motor carrier industry?
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
83.8%
A batching pig

45. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Wyoming
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses

46. Value of Service pricing
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Water

47. What term is related to railroad operations?
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage

48. Near-shoring
Coal
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
About 2 cents per dollar

49. The average annual salary of a locomotive operator compared to a TL driver in the US is...
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
Substantially higher
Wyoming
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.

50. What companies are players in private carriage?
A pumping station
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged

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