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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Mistakes in pricing strategy
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
7%
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Interior Non-port cities

2. UNCTAD liner code 40-40-20
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
A batching pig
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.

3. What is the difference between TOFC and COFC service?
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
A pumping station
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads

4. 20/80 Rule
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Labor and Fuel
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
15%~13%

5. What is the current share of trucking in total transportation expenses is closest to...
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
83.8%
Not the government - the railroads themselves
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!

6. Carrier's Operational strategies to minimize cost
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future

7. Skimming pricing
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Pipeline and Rail
High price for price insensitive customers.

8. What was the golden age of railroads?
1850-1950
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Yes
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)

9. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
484
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days

10. The whole history of the US railroads is a history of...
High price for price insensitive customers.
100 tons
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Consolidation

11. Although the Interstate Highway System accounts for about 1% of total public road mileage - it carries...
Intermodal in character
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
A batching pig

12. What do the users of truck service benefit?
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Water
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
NTSB

13. Which modes have the following cost structure: Low Variable and High Fixed?
Pipeline and Rail
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
1850-1950

14. What commodity/goods are typically transported by railroads in the US?
Special Rates
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
NTSB

15. Name the 3 types of water carriers
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Intermodal in character
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.

16. Third Party Logistics
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods

17. Types of vehicles for trucking
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
100 cars x 100 tons

18. At about what time did trucking become the predominant mode of transportation in the US by gradually surpassing the railroads in terms of tonnage and revenues?
After World War 2
Economies of scale
80 - 000 lbs
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track

19. Line of credit process

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20. What are the metrics to measure freight traffic in the motor carrier industry?
A batching pig
ton-miles
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal

21. What is the truck driving time limitations?
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight

22. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
Wyoming
Economies of scale
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Labor and Fuel

23. Dock receipt
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes

24. Which government agency will investigate a major railroad accident involving public safety?
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
NTSB
Highway user taxes
Crushed stone - gravel and sand

25. Far-shoring
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Completely different continent - different time zones.
100 cars x 100 tons
NTSB

26. Which mode has the lowest cost per ton mile?
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
563
100 tons

27. What are the service and public benefits of the railroad industry?

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28. Categories of major pricing decisions
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Consolidation
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery

29. What is the primary railroad cargo out of Arkansas by tonnage?
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
Crushed stone - gravel and sand

30. How many Class 1 freight railroads are there?
7
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions

31. What are the revenues of the specialized and general cargo?
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
About 25 cents per dollar
Moderate
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.

32. Starting from which cargo weight and movement distance does it normally make sense to ship by rail?
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion

33. In terms of tonnage moved by the whole US transportation - the share of railroads is close to this rounded number...
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
15%~13%
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.

34. What is Amtrak?
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
1850-1950
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
ton-miles

35. Which economies are present in the US railroad industry?
Economies of scale
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
1500 tons

36. Carriers' Technological and Equipment strategies to minimize costs
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
58
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

37. What are the two primary operational indicators in the railroad industry?
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Carloads and Ton-miles
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
High price for price insensitive customers.

38. Trackage

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39. _____ mode is ideal for moving electronics - expensive items - flowers - or time sensitive materials such as organs
Air
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Labor and Fuel
Not the government - the railroads themselves

40. Freight Revenue for Rail (per ton-mile)
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
About 2 cents per dollar

41. Ways to classify the motor carriers
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Carloads and Ton-miles
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight

42. The status of competition within the US railroad industry?
Society and customer first.
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Moderate
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions

43. What is the rationale behind passing a federal act in 1956 to create a national system of interstate highways?
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Yes

44. What is a road train?
58
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment

45. 1 Barge is equivalent to how many tons?
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
1500 tons
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%

46. Three kinds of ocean carriers
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.

47. Offshoring
563
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
About 25 cents per dollar

48. What is the empirical formula of the typical coal unit train in the US?
100 cars x 100 tons
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
NTSB

49. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
563
Covered Hopper
58

50. Certificate of origin
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
563
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container

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Transportation Logistics

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