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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What are the types of railcars?
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Consolidation
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country

2. Highway weight limitation
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
15
80 - 000 lbs

3. Factors affecting Pricing decisions
7%
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
80 - 000 lbs

4. What is the difference between TOFC and COFC service?
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Special Rates
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement

5. Which modes have the following cost structure: Low Variable and High Fixed?
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Pipeline and Rail

6. Land Bridge Services
Intermodal in character
15%~13%
A pumping station
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M

7. What is a public benefit of railroads?
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative

8. Certificate of Inspection
Yes
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
About 25 cents per dollar

9. Mistakes in pricing strategy
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Moderate

10. What factors lead to reduction of air pollution by trucks?
Covered Hopper
58
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
About 25 cents per dollar

11. Name the 3 types of water carriers
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Carloads and Ton-miles
Substantially higher
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal

12. Starting from which cargo weight and movement distance does it normally make sense to ship by rail?
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
About 2 cents per dollar
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%

13. What terms describe a type of operation in trucking?
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Yes
A batching pig

14. Government is involved in which aspects of the railroad business?
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions

15. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
Special Rates
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Carloads and Ton-miles
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%

16. How are interstate highways numbered?
7
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

17. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
7%
A batching pig
83.8%

18. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
90-s
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating

19. Freight Revenue for Rail (per ton-mile)
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
About 2 cents per dollar
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company

20. Class Rate Calculations
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
100 tons

21. Pooling
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.

22. What is the truck driving time limitations?
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
100 cars x 100 tons
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days

23. What are the service and public benefits of the railroad industry?

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24. Consolidation
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
15

25. Stop-off
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Moderate
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.

26. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
High price for price insensitive customers.
1850-1950
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Wyoming

27. What is an approximate capacity of a hopper?
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
100 tons
80 - 000 lbs
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future

28. What are the reasons for the relative decline of the US railroads after World War 2?
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran

29. Although the Interstate Highway System accounts for about 1% of total public road mileage - it carries...
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.

30. _______ mode would be ideal for moving dry bulk - grains - petroleum - and certain manufactured products not prone to damage during transit
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
Labor and Fuel
Water
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart

31. Non-vessel operating common carriers (NVOCC)
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage

32. Terms of Payment
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Showed a marked decline

33. What are the current trends in trucking?
Special Rates
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi

34. What is the approximate number of railroads in the US?
563
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
ton-miles
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran

35. What are the revenues of the specialized and general cargo?
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Interior Non-port cities
Yes
High price for price insensitive customers.

36. FOB Origin/Destination
100 cars x 100 tons
100 tons
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).

37. Far-shoring
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran

38. Third Party Logistics
484
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Carloads and Ton-miles
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...

39. Which economies are most prominent in the trucking industry?
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
After World War 2
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Economies of scope and density

40. 1 Barge is equivalent to how many tons?
A batching pig
1500 tons
58
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice

41. What are the highest variable costs in the railroad industry?
Labor and Fuel
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
80 - 000 lbs

42. A pumping station requires 3-6000HP to move oil through a pipeline. To move more than 1 grade at same time what do you use?
A batching pig
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor

43. Which economies are present in the US railroad industry?
80 - 000 lbs
Consolidation
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Economies of scale

44. Flags of Convenience
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery

45. Which Mode of Transportation has the highest volume in tonnage?
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook

46. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
250 - 000
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Interior Non-port cities
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments

47. Survival Based pricing
Society and customer first.
ton-miles
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Labor and Fuel

48. The whole history of the US railroads is a history of...
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Consolidation
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods

49. Ways to classify the motor carriers
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Economies of scope and density
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties

50. Certificate of origin
250 - 000
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%

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