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Transportation Logistics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is an approximate capacity of a hopper?
Labor and Fuel
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
100 tons

2. What are the characteristics of a block train?
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Pipeline and Rail
About 25 cents per dollar

3. Far-shoring
30%
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Water

4. FOB Origin/Destination
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments

5. Consular Invoice

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6. 1 Barge is equivalent to how many tons?
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
1500 tons
7%
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car

7. 1 Barge ship is equivalent to how many trucks?
Air
Intermodal in character
7
58

8. Highway weight limitation
80 - 000 lbs
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

9. Government is involved in which aspects of the railroad business?
A pumping station
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

10. Stop-off
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
Interior Non-port cities
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

11. Did the US railroads have anything to do with the creation of world time zones?
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
Yes
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Labor and Fuel

12. How are interstate highways numbered?
Water
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!

13. Name the 3 types of water carriers
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

14. What are the revenues of the specialized and general cargo?
Highway user taxes
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion

15. Class Rate Calculations
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
ton-miles
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.

16. Mistakes in pricing strategy
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Highway user taxes
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.

17. Outsourcing
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Carloads and Ton-miles
Pipeline and Rail

18. Terms of Payment
1850-1950
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions

19. Although the Interstate Highway System accounts for about 1% of total public road mileage - it carries...
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Terminal
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.

20. Service competition areas in airline industry
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St

21. The current share of railroads in total transportation expenses is closest to...
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
7%
ton-miles
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.

22. Ways to classify the motor carriers
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions

23. What is Amtrak?
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks

24. What factors lead to reduction of air pollution by trucks?
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods

25. The problem of driver shortage in the US...
High price for price insensitive customers.
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.

26. Which Mode of Transportation has the highest volume in tonnage?
Interior Non-port cities
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Substantially higher

27. Dock receipt
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Special Rates
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal

28. Near-shoring
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
ton-miles
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.

29. Which economies are most prominent in the trucking industry?
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
100 cars x 100 tons
Economies of scope and density
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).

30. What were the reasons for the erosion of the railroad dominance in transportation in the US?

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31. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Pipeline and Rail
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal

32. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
Special Rates
1500 tons
90-s
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future

33. The average annual salary of a locomotive operator compared to a TL driver in the US is...
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
Substantially higher
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
1500 tons

34. What term is related to railroad operations?
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Water
About 25 cents per dollar
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage

35. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
Carloads and Ton-miles
A pumping station
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
484

36. Social Responsibility pricing
Society and customer first.
Water
100 tons
Pipeline and Rail

37. Where does funding for the roads come from?
Highway user taxes
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.

38. Drayage
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
80 - 000 lbs
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C

39. Four types of Liner Service
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

40. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Pipeline and Rail
90-s
Wyoming

41. Survival Based pricing
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
ton-miles

42. Which mode has the highest carrying capacity?
Water
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi

43. What are the two primary operational indicators in the railroad industry?
1850-1950
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Carloads and Ton-miles

44. What are the generally accepted classifications of railroads?
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
15%~13%
100 cars x 100 tons

45. 20/80 Rule
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
1500 tons
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.

46. Major commodities hauled by each mode
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Completely different continent - different time zones.

47. Main forms of Charter Ships
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
NTSB
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment

48. How to assess the operating ratio?
NTSB
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues

49. Which phrase best characterizes the level of competition in the motor carrier industry?
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
58

50. Offshoring
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
NTSB
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF