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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is a typical fixed cost item in the motor carrier industry?
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Terminal

2. What are the types of railcars?
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Terminal
ton-miles

3. Where does funding for the roads come from?
484
Highway user taxes
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas

4. What is a road train?
NTSB
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes

5. What is the difference between TOFC and COFC service?
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment

6. What terms describe a type of operation in trucking?
Not the government - the railroads themselves
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued

7. Which Mode of Transportation has the highest volume in tonnage?
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.

8. Mini Bridge
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city

9. The whole history of the US railroads is a history of...
Consolidation
Water
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.

10. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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11. What must be used in intervals when transporting pulverized coal mixed with water at long distances?
A pumping station
About 25 cents per dollar
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.

12. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
30%
1850-1950
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Coal

13. What are the LTL carriers?
ton-miles
Special Rates
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF

14. What is the truck driving time limitations?
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Highway user taxes
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued

15. The status of competition within the US railroad industry?
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Moderate
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Intermodal in character

16. Carrier's Operational strategies to minimize cost
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Completely different continent - different time zones.

17. Did the US railroads have anything to do with the creation of world time zones?
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Yes

18. Categories of major pricing decisions
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
30%
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.

19. What factors lead to reduction of air pollution by trucks?
About 25 cents per dollar
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion

20. Government is involved in which aspects of the railroad business?
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks

21. The current share of railroads in total transportation expenses is closest to...
7%
80 - 000 lbs
15%~13%
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.

22. Which mode has the highest carrying capacity?
1500 tons
Water
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track

23. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
Covered Hopper
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
About 25 cents per dollar

24. What is the approximate number of railroads in the US?
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
563
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Intermodal in character

25. Types and shares of cost in railroads
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas

26. Class Rate Calculations
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country

27. Name the types of trucking terminals
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer

28. Non-vessel operating common carriers (NVOCC)
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Consolidation
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement

29. Pooling
80 - 000 lbs
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
Coal
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi

30. 20/80 Rule
Less than 25 carriers handle 75 to 80% of total freight dollar.
Water
Labor and Fuel
1500 tons

31. 1 Barge is equivalent to how many tons?
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
1500 tons
Not the government - the railroads themselves
Pipeline and Rail

32. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
250 - 000
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Coal
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%

33. _______ mode would be ideal for moving dry bulk - grains - petroleum - and certain manufactured products not prone to damage during transit
Water
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
1850-1950

34. Mistakes in pricing strategy
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.

35. In terms of tonnage moved by the whole US transportation - the share of railroads is close to this rounded number...
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
15%~13%
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...

36. Terms of Payment
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart

37. Examples of general freight
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

38. What is the approximate share of fixed costs of US railroads?
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
30%
Consolidation
90-s

39. What was the rationale behind passing the Staggers Act of 1980?
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
80 - 000 lbs
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing

40. How many Class 1 freight railroads are there?
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
7

41. Four types of Liner Service
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.

42. A pumping station requires 3-6000HP to move oil through a pipeline. To move more than 1 grade at same time what do you use?
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
A batching pig
A pumping station
30%

43. Consolidation
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
80 - 000 lbs

44. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
1500 tons
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Wyoming

45. What are the issues facing the US railroads?
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Society and customer first.
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.

46. Which US federal government agency enforces safety regulations for railroads?
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Special Rates
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.

47. Near-shoring
Highway user taxes
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Water
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country

48. FOB Origin/Destination
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
Not the government - the railroads themselves
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles

49. Which government agency will investigate a major railroad accident involving public safety?
Substantially higher
NTSB
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation

50. Third Party Logistics
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad

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Transportation Logistics

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