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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Which mode has the highest carrying capacity?
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Water
90-s
Carloads and Ton-miles

2. Social Responsibility pricing
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Society and customer first.

3. Price variation factors in airline service
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Special Rates
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged

4. The status of competition within the US railroad industry?
90-s
Moderate
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement

5. Land Bridge
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Air

6. Who has the highest number of coal carloads?
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
7%
Wyoming

7. What is the empirical formula of the typical coal unit train in the US?
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
100 cars x 100 tons
Yes
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks

8. Stop-off
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks

9. Types and shares of cost in railroads
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties

10. Skimming pricing
Completely different continent - different time zones.
High price for price insensitive customers.
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment

11. Four types of Liner Service
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Highway user taxes
250 - 000
About 2 cents per dollar

12. UNCTAD liner code 40-40-20
Not the government - the railroads themselves
90-s
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.

13. What was the rationale behind passing the Staggers Act of 1980?
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
1850-1950

14. Survival Based pricing
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
250 - 000
NTSB

15. Invoices
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track

16. Which modes have the following cost structure: Low Variable and High Fixed?
Highway user taxes
Pipeline and Rail
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days

17. Which phrase best characterizes the level of competition in the motor carrier industry?
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Intermodal in character

18. The average annual salary of a locomotive operator compared to a TL driver in the US is...
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Substantially higher
A pumping station

19. Starting from which cargo weight and movement distance does it normally make sense to ship by rail?
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF

20. Pro-Forma Invoice
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
100 tons
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C

21. Main forms of Charter Ships
After World War 2
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement

22. Cost of Service Pricing
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Consolidation

23. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
Consolidation
A batching pig
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives

24. A barge tow is capable of moving how many barges?
A pumping station
Coal
Special Rates
15

25. Name the types of trucking terminals
About 25 cents per dollar
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
15
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods

26. Names of the Class 1 railroads?
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
100 cars x 100 tons
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Water

27. Highway weight limitation
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
ton-miles
80 - 000 lbs
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container

28. Service competition areas in airline industry
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
Highway user taxes
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)

29. The problem of driver shortage in the US...
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Carloads and Ton-miles
Coal - farm products - chemicals - transportation equipment
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future

30. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
Yes
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
Special Rates
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).

31. What is a typical fixed cost item in the motor carrier industry?
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Terminal
58
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.

32. What are the LTL carriers?
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
About 2 cents per dollar
Consolidation
Society and customer first.

33. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks

34. Where does funding for the roads come from?
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Highway user taxes
Covered Hopper
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!

35. What is the truck driving time limitations?
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
30%

36. Funding the railroads?
Not the government - the railroads themselves
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
ton-miles

37. Class Rate Calculations
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit

38. _____ mode is ideal for moving electronics - expensive items - flowers - or time sensitive materials such as organs
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Air

39. Which type of railroad cargo has the highest tonnage share in the US?
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Coal

40. Freight revenue for Modes (per ton-mile)
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
7
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.

41. Consolidation
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
About 25 cents per dollar
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions

42. Three kinds of ocean carriers
100 tons
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company

43. Factors affecting Pricing decisions
Terminal
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
100 tons

44. The whole history of the US railroads is a history of...
Consolidation
Special Rates
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives

45. What is the difference between TOFC and COFC service?
Society and customer first.
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%
Completely different continent - different time zones.
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container

46. At about what time did trucking become the predominant mode of transportation in the US by gradually surpassing the railroads in terms of tonnage and revenues?
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
After World War 2
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track

47. It is common for an operating ratio of motor carriers to be around these numbers...
Interior Non-port cities
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
90-s
Society and customer first.

48. 1 Barge is equivalent to how many tons?
A pumping station
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
1500 tons
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery

49. Offshoring
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
Air
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas

50. What is the current share of trucking in total transportation expenses is closest to...
83.8%
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
7%

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