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Transportation Logistics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Certificate of origin
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives

2. What must be used in intervals when transporting pulverized coal mixed with water at long distances?
Showed a marked decline
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
A pumping station

3. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
250 - 000
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.

4. What are the major causes of general traffic congestions?
Society and customer first.
Water
30%
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways

5. The problem of driver shortage in the US...
15
Break Bulk - Pickup and Delivery - Line Haul - Slip-Seating
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future

6. What are the revenues of the specialized and general cargo?
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
250 - 000

7. Near-shoring
Labor and Fuel
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Special Rates
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.

8. What are the characteristics of a block train?
About 2 cents per dollar
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads

9. Although the Interstate Highway System accounts for about 1% of total public road mileage - it carries...
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
15%~13%

10. A pumping station requires 3-6000HP to move oil through a pipeline. To move more than 1 grade at same time what do you use?
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
A batching pig
1500 tons

11. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
Covered Hopper
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
484
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.

12. Price variation factors in airline service
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing

13. Pro-Forma Invoice
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
563

14. What is Amtrak?
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C

15. Examples of general freight
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery

16. Types and shares of cost in railroads
Showed a marked decline
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Highway user taxes

17. What are the reasons for the relative decline of the US railroads after World War 2?
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Completely different continent - different time zones.

18. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
Interior Non-port cities
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Economies of scale
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives

19. Three kinds of ocean carriers
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Wyoming
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments

20. Which mode has the lowest cost per ton mile?
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
After World War 2

21. What is the difference between TOFC and COFC service?
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments

22. What are the generally accepted classifications of railroads?
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Wyoming
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal

23. What are the LTL carriers?
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Moderate
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St

24. Dock receipt
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Intermodal in character
15%~13%
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.

25. Service competition areas in airline industry
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Not the government - the railroads themselves
Showed a marked decline

26. FOB Origin/Destination
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
About 25 cents per dollar
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
7

27. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Covered Hopper

28. What is the current share of trucking in total transportation expenses is closest to...
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
83.8%
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

29. What is a road train?
Water
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Labor and Fuel

30. Factors contributing to the decline of Railroad use
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement

31. Which modes have the following cost structure: Low Variable and High Fixed?
Pipeline and Rail
Economies of scale
After World War 2
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city

32. Which phrase best characterizes the level of competition in the motor carrier industry?
Wyoming
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Crushed stone - gravel and sand

33. UNCTAD liner code 40-40-20
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.

34. How to assess the operating ratio?
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration

35. What is a public benefit of railroads?
Economies of scope and density
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Coastal/Intercoastal - Great Lakes - Internal
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways

36. Terms of Payment
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.

37. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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38. Which government agency will investigate a major railroad accident involving public safety?
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
NTSB

39. Freight revenue for Modes (per ton-mile)
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
7

40. Outsourcing
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
A pumping station

41. Land Bridge
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
90-s

42. Main forms of Charter Ships
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Wyoming
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special

43. What are the current trends in trucking?
About 2 cents per dollar
563
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi

44. The current share of railroads in total transportation expenses is closest to...
1500 tons
7%
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city

45. Far-shoring
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Completely different continent - different time zones.
15
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days

46. The status of competition within the US railroad industry?
Terminal
NTSB
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
Moderate

47. Invoices
One method moves the trailer on its wheels while the other moves the container
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
NTSB
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice

48. Four types of Liner Service
Moderate
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St

49. Cost of Service Pricing
Pricing according to cost incurred to serve - Customer covers all costs - seller sets prices to maximize profits.
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C

50. Value of Service pricing
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Pricing according to product value or demand - higher value of the product - the higher the transportation price (risk of loss/damage..). Third Degree price discrimination: separate price for separate groups of buyers with same service. Must posses
30%