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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. Trackage

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2. What is a typical fixed cost item in the motor carrier industry?
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
Terminal
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer

3. Terms of Payment
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track

4. Certificate of Inspection
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Economies of scale
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

5. Outsourcing
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Yes
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.

6. Examples of general freight
15
Cargo can fit in an enclosed van trailer - Food - consumer staples - manufactured goods
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...

7. Unit trains
Move 1 single commodity and are non-stop to destination.
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Interior Non-port cities

8. Major commodities hauled by each mode
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions

9. Which modes have the following cost structure: Low Variable and High Fixed?
Expanding capacity to benefit from large volume traffic efficiencies and economies of scale - Strengthening financial position and eliminating duplication through side-by-side mergers - Ensuring fair intramodal competition through 'soft' mergers - St
Pipeline and Rail
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Crushed stone - gravel and sand

10. In terms of tonnage moved by the whole US transportation - the share of railroads is close to this rounded number...
484
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
Completely different continent - different time zones.
15%~13%

11. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Coal
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.

12. What is the approximate share of fixed costs of US railroads?
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
30%
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
58

13. Survival Based pricing
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
To promote interstate commerce and strengthen the defenses of the country
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery

14. Which phrase best characterizes the level of competition in the motor carrier industry?
The pickup and delivery of trailers and containers in conjunction with a line-haul rail movement
Covered Hopper
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city

15. Dock receipt
83.8%
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart

16. Freight revenue for Modes (per ton-mile)
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
Pipeline and Rail
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Water

17. What is a public benefit of railroads?
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative

18. What are the metrics to measure freight traffic in the motor carrier industry?
ton-miles
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Showed a marked decline
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.

19. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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20. What are the highest variable costs in the railroad industry?
Labor and Fuel
Transfers accountability between domestic and international carrier at the terminal
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Consolidation

21. What is the trend for the miles of road over the past 50 years in the US railroad industry?
ton-miles
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
100 tons
Showed a marked decline

22. What are the two primary operational indicators in the railroad industry?
Carloads and Ton-miles
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special

23. What must be used in intervals when transporting pulverized coal mixed with water at long distances?
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
A pumping station
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Consolidation

24. Name the types of trucking terminals
1500 tons
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery

25. Factors contributing to the decline of Railroad use
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook

26. What are the service and public benefits of the railroad industry?

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27. What terms describe a type of operation in trucking?
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration

28. Pricing adjustment conditions
Showed a marked decline
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.

29. The number of for-hire motor carriers in the US currently falls somewhere in the middle of this range...
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Yes
58
250 - 000

30. What is the empirical formula of the typical coal unit train in the US?
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
100 cars x 100 tons
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Gov't aid to develop air service - Gov't funding of highways - Construction of inland waterways - Growing preference of shippers for more frequent deliveries and smaller shipments

31. Freight Revenue for Rail (per ton-mile)
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
58
About 2 cents per dollar

32. What is the current share of trucking in total transportation expenses is closest to...
83.8%
After World War 2
Substantially higher
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion

33. What are the LTL carriers?
FedEx - YRC - Conway - UPS - ABF
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Carloads and Ton-miles
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.

34. _____ mode is ideal for moving electronics - expensive items - flowers - or time sensitive materials such as organs
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Air
About 25 cents per dollar
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment

35. Names of the Class 1 railroads?
NTSB
BNSF - CSX Transportation - Kansas City Southern Railway - Grand Truck Corporation - Norfolk Southern - Union Pacific Railroad - Soo Line Railroad
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.

36. What is a road train?
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
100 tons
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Pipeline and Rail

37. Intermodal Transportation
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
100 cars x 100 tons
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north

38. Which economies are most prominent in the trucking industry?
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
7
Economies of scope and density

39. Government is involved in which aspects of the railroad business?
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city

40. Which economies are present in the US railroad industry?
Economies of scale
NTSB
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Moderate

41. Which type of a railcar has the highest share in terms of its numbers in service in the US?
563
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
Covered Hopper
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel

42. Third Party Logistics
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.

43. Pooling
After World War 2
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal

44. Mini Bridge
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city

45. Consolidation
Act as a consolidator and domestic freight forwarder - inbound/outbound container arrangement
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage

46. FOB Origin/Destination
Free on Board- Origin (seller pays shipping costs); Destination (Buyer pays).
About 2 cents per dollar
Terminal
15%~13%

47. What is the truck driving time limitations?
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Highway user taxes
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice

48. Offshoring
Large carrying capacity - versatility of cargo - reduced pollution due to higher fuel efficiency compared to trucking - coast-to-coast 'land bridge' with shorter total transit sea+land times for prevailing import container routes
A pumping station
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Moderate

49. What do the users of truck service benefit?
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
A batching pig
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes

50. What factors lead to reduction of air pollution by trucks?
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Intermodal in character
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.

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