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Transportation Logistics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What must be used in intervals when transporting pulverized coal mixed with water at long distances?
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel
A pumping station
The closer the operating ratio is to 100 - the more indicative of the possible need to raise rates to increase total revenues

2. Labor relations in the US railroad industry?
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook

3. Class Rate Calculations
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Main penalty is the cost of lost of sales by holding the shipment.
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard

4. Benefits of hub and spoke system
90-s
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

5. Carrier's Operational strategies to minimize cost
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
Carloads and Ton-miles

6. The whole history of the US railroads is a history of...
Consolidation
484
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Water

7. Freight revenue for Modes (per ton-mile)
Not an invoice but a quote. must be carefully written to avoid discrepancies w/ L of C
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Air carrier: highest at 80.4% - Truck: 26.6% - Rail:2.24% - Barge Ship: .72% - Oil Pipeline: 1.47%
484

8. What was the golden age of railroads?
1850-1950
The trends in supply chain management called for faster and more frequent services and smaller inventories - so many shippers preferred trucks - - The newly built system of inland waterways swayed cost-conscious shippers to less expensive barge tran
Highway user taxes
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks

9. Terms of Payment
Cash in advance - Letter of Credit - Documentary collection - Open account - TradeCard
7
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!
Continuous straight line movement - minimize intermediate handlings - maximize the full capacity of equipment - consolidation and break-bulk activities - empty mileage should be minimized - movement should be scheduled and dispatched.

10. What do the users of truck service benefit?
Accessibility - Speed - Universal Connector - Reliability - Frequency - Lower Loss and Damage Rates - Lower Inventory levels due to smaller shipments than other modes
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Far east to east coast or Europe to west coast - final destination is US port city
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments

11. What is the approximate number of railroads in the US?
563
Break bulk - Container service - LASH service (lighter aboard ship) - RORO service (roll on/off ship).
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special

12. Flags of Convenience
Seller asks buyer for l/c - buyer asks its bank to issue l/c - after approving buyer's credit line - buyer's bank notifies seller's bank it has issued l/c - seller's bank either adds confirmation or simply advises seller that l/c has been issued
Covering variable costs - volume and equipment utilization - and cash flow.
Used for tax - manning - and relaxed regulation.
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future

13. Freight Revenue for Rail (per ton-mile)
Amenities/Accommodations - Direct flights to destination without layovers - More personal space in flight - In flight service personnel - No frills types of service (no perks)
15
About 2 cents per dollar
Carloads and Ton-miles

14. 1 Barge ship is equivalent to how many trucks?
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
Boxcar - Hopper Car - Covered Hopper - Flatcar - Gondola - Tank Car
To save the railroads by giving them a chance to compete with other modes on equal footing
58

15. Mistakes in pricing strategy
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Over reliance on costs - slow reaction to market changes - ignoring marketing mix - prices not tailored to services and markets - need to price according to strategic plan.
Highway user taxes
ton-miles

16. What is a road train?
Maximize the utilization of equipment - increase the efficiency of equipment operations - save transit time and operational costs.
Wyoming
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service

17. Pricing adjustment conditions
A pumping station
Economies of scale
The number of unions and the degree of their involvement in operations and labor management contributes to inefficiencies of the railroads
Discounts: reduction from published price. Volume: TL vs LTL - Seasonal - Cash 2/10 net 30 - Geographical- FOB origin/destination - Uniform delivered pricing: zone pricing.

18. Price variation factors in airline service
15%~13%
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration

19. What companies are players in private carriage?
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
Attests to authenticity and accuracy of the goods. Performs by third party independent company
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
(Trucking) Class 1: income > $10M - Class 2: $3M<income<$10M

20. Invoices
Air
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice

21. Core Carrier concept
15%~13%
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Bottlenecks - Traffic accidents - Major snowfalls - Projects to improve existing highways
Few carriers handle more than 25% of total shipment - service disruptions problems if cease operation.

22. Government is involved in which aspects of the railroad business?
1500 tons
Labor and Fuel
Safety regulations - Evaluating fairness of disputed charged rates - Monitoring profitability of railroads - and Mergers and acquisitions
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.

23. 1. Character of shipment rates: LTL/TL rates - multiple-car rates - incentive rates - unit train rates - density rates... 2. Area - location or route rates: Local rates - joint rates - proportional rates - differential rates - per mile rate.
Special Rates
Commercial Invoice - Pro-Forma Invoice - Consular Invoice
The competition is intense in both TL and LTL segments
Completely different continent - different time zones.

24. Factors contributing to the decline of Railroad use
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
The development of the highway system - Limited access points - Long transit times - Safety of cargo during transit
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.

25. The problem of driver shortage in the US...
Substantially higher
Specialized: $73 Billion - General: $146 Billion
Is likely to stay and even get worse in the future
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.

26. Third Party Logistics
563
Slip-Seating - Bob-Tailing - Hub-And-Spoke System - Drop-and-Hook
Connect buyer and seller- Use of outside firms (outsourcing) to provide own logistics support. Firms: Info-based... freight bill payment - auditing. Asset and operation-based: in/outbound transportation - warehousing...
A batching pig

27. Three kinds of ocean carriers
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.

28. Micro Bridge
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.
11 hours straight or anything beyond 70 hours in 8 days
A trucking operation that only hauls freight for the firm which owns it
Interior Non-port cities

29. What term is related to railroad operations?
Economies of scale
Switching - Piggybacking - Double-Stacking - Car-Loading - Trackage - Haulage - Drayage - Demurrage
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
83.8%

30. What are the service and public benefits of the railroad industry?

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31. What factors lead to reduction of air pollution by trucks?
Declaration of where product was made so that appropriate duties are charged
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel - Use of biodiesel fuel - Cutting down on idling - Reducing traffic congestion
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
Liner Shipping- ply fixed routes on published schedule - Tramp Shipping- charter ships - lease based on time or voyage - Private Vessels- ship registry; flags of convenience for regulations.

32. Outsourcing
Containers moving between Far East & Europe via ship - rail - ship instead of all water through Panama Canal - Use continent U.S. as bridge (move by train) - Save Transit time - fuel - & Liner ship investment
Moving a corporations internal activities to outside providers - mainly for cheap labor
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
A longer combination vehicle towing more than one trailer

33. How are airport hub/spoke and LTL breakbulk similar?
LTL vs TL - Local vs Intercity Carriers - Publicly owned vs Privately owned - Specialized vs general freight
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas
With both - there are intermediary stops in between a route that serve as loading/consolidating or unloading of passengers/goods and then they are moved on to their final destinations.
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation

34. What are the characteristics of a block train?
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
An agreement whereby one railroad pays another for the right to operate its trains over the second carrier's track
Priority service schedule - often empty backhaul - often cars owned by the shipper - and direct movement from origin to destination
7%

35. Far-shoring
Service levels - Frequent flyer programs - Timing of flights - In advance registration
Increased use of technology - Shorter length of haul - Growth of intermodal - Expected increase in rates due to expected capacity shortage - Convergence of LTL market with traditional integrators - Expanded menu of services - Active government lobbyi
Completely different continent - different time zones.
Accompanies shipment - Bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer - Often used by government to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties

36. Types and shares of cost in railroads
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Water
Voyage: Time - Bareboat or demise Voyage: Similar to taxi - ship owner - responsibility for crews & operation Time: Rent Vessel & crew for period of time Bareboat/Demise: Long period - chartering party responsibility for crews & operation
Fixed Costs: 30% - Semi-Variable Costs: 40% - Variable Costs: Labor and Gas

37. Near-shoring
1500 tons
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Moving to neighboring country - NAFTA - because the places may have close cultural affinity.
Carloads and Ton-miles

38. What are the current trends in the US railroad?
Amtrak is a US government business since 1971 - created to ease the burden on private railroads by taking over money-locing passenger transportation in exchange for the right to operate Amtrak trains over their networks
ton-miles
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives

39. Pooling
Pipeline and Rail
Consolidation of shipments to different destinations within the same general area.
Water (Barge Ships) at 0.72 per ton mile. The second lowest is Rail at 2.24 cents per ton mile.
Not the government - the railroads themselves

40. Skimming pricing
High price for price insensitive customers.
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
A pumping station
40% each to trade partners & 20% to 3rd world country to develop 3rd world ocean shipping industry - it happened to be inefficient.

41. Name the types of trucking terminals
Break bulk - Relay - Pick up - Delivery
An agreement whereby one railroad pays a second carrier to transport its freight using the second carrier's crew and power equipment
Market Forces (customers) - Governmental Controls - Other channel member - Competition.
Motor/Truck - around 69-70% - Revenue % for Rail: 5.6%

42. Which economies are present in the US railroad industry?
Commercial invoice printed on stationery of importing country's consulate and stamped by consulate.
1. Setting prices on new services- consider cost and market elasticity; no precedent 2. Modification of prices over time- respond to market/operating/service changes 3. Initiating and responding to price changes- impact on market share and profits.
Provides rate for any commodity between any two points 1) Geogrphic: rate basis points and numbers 2) Commodity: commodity classification - class ratings 3) Rate structure: national scale of rates - cwt-based.
Economies of scale

43. How does the US railroad industry compete with other modes?
A batching pig
The use of two or more modes to move a shipment from origin to destination. -Malcom McLean first move freight by truck and rail in 1950.
250 - 000
The intermodal competition has increased dramatically since WW 2

44. What is the primary railroad cargo out of Arkansas by tonnage?
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service
Odd numbers: North to South highways - increase from west to east - Even numbers: East to West highways - increase from south to north
Transfer of function to another country - can stay within the same company!

45. What could be the rationale for railroad mergers?

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46. Bill of Lading
A contract for transportation between a shipper and the carrier - also is a cargo receipt
Sysco - Tyson Foods - Coca-Cola - and Walmart
NTSB
anywhere between a quarter and a third of all highway travel

47. On the average - per gallon of fuel - US railroads move a ton of freight...
484
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Maximize the operational time of equipment - fuel efficient speeds - vahicle weight should be minimized - standardized equipment - equipment should be adapted to special market and commodity requirements.
Special Rates

48. What aspects of the trucking industry is the US involved in?
90-s
Truck safety requirements - Driver hours of service - User fee charges - Reduction of pollution from trucks
Motor: HH Goods - Heavy Machinery - Petroleum Products - Dump Trucking - Ag Commodities - Motor Vehicles - Retail Store Delivery
30 - 000 lbs and 300 miles

49. What are the generally accepted classifications of railroads?
Class 1 - Regional - Shortline - Switching and Terminal
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Line-Haul Vehicles: Tractor Trailer combination of 3 or more axles - City Straight Vehicles: Single Units - Special Vehicles: Dry Van - Open Top - Flatbed - Tank Trailer - Special
Alcoholism in the workplace - Challenges of implementing new technology - Need to increase customer service - Challenges of growing intermodal service

50. What is a public benefit of railroads?
Consolidate orders for several customers and stop along the way for partial unloading.
Crushed stone - gravel and sand
Reduced highway congestion - damage and pollution as a result of replacing trucks as an alternative
Increased use of technology - Gradual increase in the number of smaller railroads - Increase in intermodal shipments - Sharp growth in fuel efficiency of locomotives