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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






2. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






3. Radius to the 4th power






4. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






5. Resting potential due to high K permeability






6. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






7. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






8. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






9. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






10. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






11. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






12. Pushes fluid into capillary






13. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






14. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






15. 4th rib at left sternal border






16. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






17. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






18. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






19. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






20. Pushes fluid out of capillary






21. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






22. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






23. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






24. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






25. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






26. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






27. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






28. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






29. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






30. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






31. Pulls fluid into capillary






32. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






33. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






34. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






35. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






36. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






37. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






38. Pull fluid out of capillary






39. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






40. Indicates recent MI






41. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






42. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






43. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






44. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






45. Prolonged PR interval






46. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






47. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






48. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






49. 3rd degree






50. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)