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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Radius to the 4th power






2. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






3. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






4. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






5. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






6. Pulls fluid into capillary






7. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






8. Pushes fluid into capillary






9. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






10. Pushes fluid out of capillary






11. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






12. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






13. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






14. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






15. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






16. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






17. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






18. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






19. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






20. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






21. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






22. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






23. 4th rib at left sternal border






24. Prolonged PR interval






25. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






26. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






27. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






28. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






29. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






30. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






31. Resting potential due to high K permeability






32. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






33. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






34. Indicates recent MI






35. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






36. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






37. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






38. 3rd degree






39. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






40. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






41. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






42. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






43. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






44. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






45. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






46. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






47. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






48. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






49. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






50. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.