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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Resting potential due to high K permeability






2. Indicates recent MI






3. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






4. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






5. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






6. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






7. Radius to the 4th power






8. Prolonged PR interval






9. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






10. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






11. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






12. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






13. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






14. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






15. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






16. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






17. Pushes fluid into capillary






18. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






19. 4th rib at left sternal border






20. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






21. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






22. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






23. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






24. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






25. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






26. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






27. 3rd degree






28. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






29. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






30. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






31. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






32. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






33. Pushes fluid out of capillary






34. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






35. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






36. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






37. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






38. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






39. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






40. Pulls fluid into capillary






41. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






42. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






43. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






44. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






45. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






46. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






47. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






48. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






49. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






50. Pull fluid out of capillary