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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






2. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






3. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






4. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






5. Pushes fluid into capillary






6. Pulls fluid into capillary






7. Prolonged PR interval






8. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






9. Indicates recent MI






10. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






11. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






12. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






13. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






14. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






15. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






16. 4th rib at left sternal border






17. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






18. 3rd degree






19. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






20. Radius to the 4th power






21. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






22. Pull fluid out of capillary






23. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






24. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






25. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






26. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






27. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






28. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






29. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






30. Resting potential due to high K permeability






31. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






32. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






33. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






34. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






35. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






36. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






37. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






38. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






39. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






40. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






41. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






42. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






43. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






44. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






45. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






46. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






47. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






48. Pushes fluid out of capillary






49. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






50. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border