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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






2. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






3. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






4. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






5. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






6. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






7. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






8. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






9. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






10. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






11. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






12. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






13. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






14. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






15. Radius to the 4th power






16. Prolonged PR interval






17. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






18. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






19. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






20. Indicates recent MI






21. 3rd degree






22. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






23. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






24. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






25. 4th rib at left sternal border






26. Pushes fluid into capillary






27. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






28. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






29. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






30. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






31. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






32. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






33. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






34. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






35. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






36. Pull fluid out of capillary






37. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






38. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






39. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






40. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






41. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






42. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






43. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






44. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






45. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






46. Resting potential due to high K permeability






47. Pulls fluid into capillary






48. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






49. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






50. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib