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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






2. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






3. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






4. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






5. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






6. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






7. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






8. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






9. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






10. Indicates recent MI






11. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






12. Radius to the 4th power






13. Prolonged PR interval






14. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






15. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






16. Pushes fluid into capillary






17. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






18. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






19. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






20. Resting potential due to high K permeability






21. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






22. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






23. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






24. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






25. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






26. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






27. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






28. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






29. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






30. 3rd degree






31. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






32. Pushes fluid out of capillary






33. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






34. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






35. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






36. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






37. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






38. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






39. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






40. Pulls fluid into capillary






41. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






42. 4th rib at left sternal border






43. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






44. Pull fluid out of capillary






45. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






46. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






47. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






48. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






49. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






50. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction