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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Radius to the 4th power






2. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






3. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






4. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






5. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






6. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






7. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






8. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






9. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






10. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






11. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






12. Indicates recent MI






13. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






14. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






15. Pulls fluid into capillary






16. 4th rib at left sternal border






17. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






18. Pushes fluid into capillary






19. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






20. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






21. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






22. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






23. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






24. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






25. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






26. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






27. Resting potential due to high K permeability






28. Prolonged PR interval






29. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






30. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






31. 3rd degree






32. Pull fluid out of capillary






33. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






34. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






35. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






36. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






37. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






38. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






39. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






40. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






41. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






42. Pushes fluid out of capillary






43. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






44. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






45. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






46. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






47. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






48. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






49. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






50. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes