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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






2. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






3. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






4. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






5. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






6. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






7. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






8. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






9. Indicates recent MI






10. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






11. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






12. Pulls fluid into capillary






13. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






14. 4th rib at left sternal border






15. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






16. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






17. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






18. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






19. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






20. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






21. Pushes fluid out of capillary






22. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






23. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






24. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






25. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






26. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






27. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






28. Pull fluid out of capillary






29. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






30. Prolonged PR interval






31. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






32. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






33. Resting potential due to high K permeability






34. Radius to the 4th power






35. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






36. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






37. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






38. 3rd degree






39. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






40. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






41. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






42. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






43. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






44. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






45. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






46. Pushes fluid into capillary






47. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






48. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






49. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






50. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap