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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






2. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






3. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






4. Pushes fluid out of capillary






5. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






6. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






7. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






8. 4th rib at left sternal border






9. Resting potential due to high K permeability






10. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






11. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






12. Pushes fluid into capillary






13. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






14. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






15. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






16. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






17. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






18. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






19. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






20. 3rd degree






21. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






22. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






23. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






24. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






25. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






26. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






27. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






28. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






29. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






30. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






31. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






32. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






33. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






34. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






35. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






36. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






37. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






38. Pull fluid out of capillary






39. Indicates recent MI






40. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






41. Radius to the 4th power






42. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






43. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






44. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






45. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






46. Pulls fluid into capillary






47. Prolonged PR interval






48. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






49. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






50. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2