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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






2. Resting potential due to high K permeability






3. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






4. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






5. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






6. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






7. Pushes fluid into capillary






8. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






9. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






10. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






11. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






12. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






13. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






14. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






15. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






16. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






17. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






18. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






19. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






20. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






21. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






22. Prolonged PR interval






23. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






24. Indicates recent MI






25. Pulls fluid into capillary






26. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






27. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






28. 3rd degree






29. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






30. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






31. Pull fluid out of capillary






32. Pushes fluid out of capillary






33. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






34. Radius to the 4th power






35. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






36. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






37. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






38. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






39. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






40. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






41. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






42. 4th rib at left sternal border






43. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






44. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






45. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






46. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






47. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






48. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






49. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






50. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)