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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






2. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






3. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






4. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






5. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






6. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






7. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






8. Radius to the 4th power






9. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






10. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






11. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






12. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






13. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






14. Prolonged PR interval






15. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






16. Pulls fluid into capillary






17. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






18. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






19. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






20. Pull fluid out of capillary






21. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






22. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






23. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






24. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






25. Pushes fluid out of capillary






26. Resting potential due to high K permeability






27. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






28. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






29. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






30. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






31. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






32. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






33. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






34. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






35. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






36. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






37. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






38. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






39. Pushes fluid into capillary






40. Indicates recent MI






41. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






42. 4th rib at left sternal border






43. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






44. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






45. 3rd degree






46. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






47. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






48. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






49. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






50. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border