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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






2. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






3. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






4. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






5. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






6. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






7. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






8. Pushes fluid into capillary






9. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






10. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






11. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






12. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






13. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






14. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






15. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






16. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






17. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






18. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






19. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






20. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






21. Resting potential due to high K permeability






22. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






23. Pulls fluid into capillary






24. Indicates recent MI






25. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






26. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






27. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






28. Prolonged PR interval






29. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






30. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






31. 3rd degree






32. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






33. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






34. Radius to the 4th power






35. 4th rib at left sternal border






36. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






37. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






38. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






39. Pull fluid out of capillary






40. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






41. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






42. Pushes fluid out of capillary






43. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






44. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






45. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






46. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






47. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






48. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






49. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






50. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation