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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pull fluid out of capillary






2. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






3. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






4. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






5. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






6. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






7. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






8. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






9. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






10. Indicates recent MI






11. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






12. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






13. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






14. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






15. 4th rib at left sternal border






16. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






17. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






18. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






19. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






20. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






21. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






22. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






23. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






24. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






25. Prolonged PR interval






26. Pulls fluid into capillary






27. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






28. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






29. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






30. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






31. Pushes fluid into capillary






32. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






33. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






34. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






35. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






36. Radius to the 4th power






37. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






38. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






39. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






40. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






41. Resting potential due to high K permeability






42. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






43. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






44. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






45. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






46. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






47. Pushes fluid out of capillary






48. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






49. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






50. 3rd degree