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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






2. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






3. 4th rib at left sternal border






4. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






5. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






6. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






7. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






8. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






9. Pull fluid out of capillary






10. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






11. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






12. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






13. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






14. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






15. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






16. Indicates recent MI






17. Resting potential due to high K permeability






18. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






19. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






20. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






21. 3rd degree






22. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






23. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






24. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






25. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






26. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






27. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






28. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






29. Radius to the 4th power






30. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






31. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






32. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






33. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






34. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






35. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






36. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






37. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






38. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






39. Pulls fluid into capillary






40. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






41. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






42. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






43. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






44. Pushes fluid out of capillary






45. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






46. Pushes fluid into capillary






47. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






48. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






49. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






50. Prolonged PR interval