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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






2. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






3. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






4. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






5. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






6. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






7. Prolonged PR interval






8. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






9. Indicates recent MI






10. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






11. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






12. Resting potential due to high K permeability






13. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






14. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






15. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






16. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






17. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






18. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






19. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






20. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






21. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






22. Pushes fluid out of capillary






23. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






24. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






25. 4th rib at left sternal border






26. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






27. Pulls fluid into capillary






28. Pushes fluid into capillary






29. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






30. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






31. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






32. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






33. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






34. 3rd degree






35. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






36. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






37. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






38. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






39. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






40. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






41. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






42. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






43. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






44. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






45. Pull fluid out of capillary






46. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






47. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






48. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






49. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






50. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.