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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






2. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






3. Pushes fluid into capillary






4. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






5. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






6. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






7. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






8. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






9. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






10. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






11. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






12. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






13. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






14. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






15. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






16. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






17. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






18. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






19. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






20. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






21. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






22. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






23. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






24. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






25. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






26. Pulls fluid into capillary






27. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






28. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






29. Pull fluid out of capillary






30. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






31. Indicates recent MI






32. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






33. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






34. Radius to the 4th power






35. Prolonged PR interval






36. 3rd degree






37. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






38. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






39. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






40. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






41. Pushes fluid out of capillary






42. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






43. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






44. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






45. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






46. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






47. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






48. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






49. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






50. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line