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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






2. Pulls fluid into capillary






3. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






4. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






5. Resting potential due to high K permeability






6. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






7. Radius to the 4th power






8. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






9. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






10. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






11. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






12. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






13. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






14. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






15. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






16. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






17. 3rd degree






18. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






19. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






20. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






21. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






22. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






23. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






24. Prolonged PR interval






25. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






26. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






27. Pull fluid out of capillary






28. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






29. Pushes fluid out of capillary






30. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






31. Indicates recent MI






32. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






33. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






34. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






35. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






36. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






37. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






38. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






39. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






40. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






41. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






42. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






43. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






44. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






45. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






46. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






47. 4th rib at left sternal border






48. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






49. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






50. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening