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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






2. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






3. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






4. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






5. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






6. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






7. Radius to the 4th power






8. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






9. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






10. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






11. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






12. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






13. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






14. 3rd degree






15. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






16. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






17. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






18. Pushes fluid into capillary






19. 4th rib at left sternal border






20. Pulls fluid into capillary






21. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






22. Indicates recent MI






23. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






24. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






25. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






26. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






27. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






28. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






29. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






30. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






31. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






32. Prolonged PR interval






33. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






34. Resting potential due to high K permeability






35. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






36. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






37. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






38. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






39. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






40. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






41. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






42. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






43. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






44. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






45. Pushes fluid out of capillary






46. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






47. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






48. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






49. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






50. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia