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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Indicates recent MI






2. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






3. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






4. Radius to the 4th power






5. Prolonged PR interval






6. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






7. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






8. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






9. Pulls fluid into capillary






10. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






11. 4th rib at left sternal border






12. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






13. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






14. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






15. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






16. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






17. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






18. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






19. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






20. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






21. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






22. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






23. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






24. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






25. Pushes fluid out of capillary






26. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






27. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






28. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






29. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






30. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






31. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






32. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






33. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






34. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






35. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






36. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






37. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






38. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






39. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






40. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






41. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






42. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






43. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






44. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






45. 3rd degree






46. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






47. Pushes fluid into capillary






48. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






49. Pull fluid out of capillary






50. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure