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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






2. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






3. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






4. Radius to the 4th power






5. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






6. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






7. Resting potential due to high K permeability






8. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






9. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






10. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






11. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






12. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






13. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






14. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






15. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






16. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






17. Pushes fluid out of capillary






18. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






19. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






20. Indicates recent MI






21. Pushes fluid into capillary






22. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






23. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






24. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






25. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






26. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






27. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






28. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






29. Pull fluid out of capillary






30. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






31. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






32. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






33. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






34. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






35. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






36. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






37. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






38. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






39. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






40. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






41. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






42. 4th rib at left sternal border






43. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






44. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






45. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






46. Prolonged PR interval






47. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






48. Pulls fluid into capillary






49. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






50. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)