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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






2. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






3. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






4. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






5. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






6. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






7. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






8. Resting potential due to high K permeability






9. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






10. 3rd degree






11. Pushes fluid into capillary






12. Prolonged PR interval






13. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






14. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






15. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






16. 4th rib at left sternal border






17. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






18. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






19. Radius to the 4th power






20. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






21. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






22. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






23. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






24. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






25. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






26. Pulls fluid into capillary






27. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






28. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






29. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






30. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






31. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






32. Pushes fluid out of capillary






33. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






34. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






35. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






36. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






37. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






38. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






39. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






40. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






41. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






42. Indicates recent MI






43. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






44. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






45. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






46. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






47. Pull fluid out of capillary






48. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






49. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






50. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.