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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






2. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






3. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






4. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






5. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






6. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






7. Resting potential due to high K permeability






8. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






9. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






10. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






11. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






12. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






13. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






14. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






15. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






16. Pulls fluid into capillary






17. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






18. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






19. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






20. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






21. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






22. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






23. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






24. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






25. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






26. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






27. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






28. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






29. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






30. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






31. 4th rib at left sternal border






32. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






33. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






34. Pushes fluid out of capillary






35. Pushes fluid into capillary






36. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






37. Indicates recent MI






38. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






39. Prolonged PR interval






40. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






41. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






42. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






43. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






44. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






45. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






46. 3rd degree






47. Pull fluid out of capillary






48. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






49. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






50. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)