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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






2. Resting potential due to high K permeability






3. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






4. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






5. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






6. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






7. 3rd degree






8. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






9. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






10. Indicates recent MI






11. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






12. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






13. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






14. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






15. Radius to the 4th power






16. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






17. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






18. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






19. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






20. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






21. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






22. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






23. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






24. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






25. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






26. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






27. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






28. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






29. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






30. 4th rib at left sternal border






31. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






32. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






33. Prolonged PR interval






34. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






35. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






36. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






37. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






38. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






39. Pushes fluid out of capillary






40. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






41. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






42. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






43. Pull fluid out of capillary






44. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






45. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






46. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






47. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






48. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






49. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






50. Pulls fluid into capillary