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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






2. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






3. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






4. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






5. Radius to the 4th power






6. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






7. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






8. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






9. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






10. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






11. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






12. Pull fluid out of capillary






13. Prolonged PR interval






14. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






15. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






16. Resting potential due to high K permeability






17. 4th rib at left sternal border






18. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






19. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






20. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






21. Pushes fluid into capillary






22. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






23. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






24. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






25. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






26. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






27. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






28. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






29. Pulls fluid into capillary






30. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






31. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






32. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






33. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






34. 3rd degree






35. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






36. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






37. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






38. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






39. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






40. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






41. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






42. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






43. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






44. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






45. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






46. Pushes fluid out of capillary






47. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






48. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






49. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






50. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels