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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






2. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






3. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






4. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






5. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






6. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






7. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






8. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






9. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






10. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






11. 4th rib at left sternal border






12. Indicates recent MI






13. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






14. 3rd degree






15. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






16. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






17. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






18. Prolonged PR interval






19. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






20. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






21. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






22. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






23. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






24. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






25. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






26. Pulls fluid into capillary






27. Pushes fluid out of capillary






28. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






29. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






30. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






31. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






32. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






33. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






34. Pushes fluid into capillary






35. Resting potential due to high K permeability






36. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






37. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






38. Radius to the 4th power






39. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






40. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






41. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






42. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






43. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






44. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






45. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






46. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






47. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






48. Pull fluid out of capillary






49. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






50. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting