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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






2. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






3. Pushes fluid into capillary






4. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






5. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






6. Resting potential due to high K permeability






7. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






8. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






9. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






10. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






11. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






12. 3rd degree






13. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






14. Radius to the 4th power






15. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






16. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






17. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






18. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






19. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






20. Pulls fluid into capillary






21. Pushes fluid out of capillary






22. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






23. Pull fluid out of capillary






24. 4th rib at left sternal border






25. Indicates recent MI






26. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






27. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






28. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






29. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






30. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






31. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






32. Prolonged PR interval






33. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






34. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






35. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






36. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






37. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






38. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






39. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






40. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






41. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






42. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






43. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






44. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






45. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






46. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






47. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






48. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






49. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






50. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib