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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






2. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






3. Radius to the 4th power






4. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






5. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






6. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






7. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






8. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






9. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






10. Pushes fluid out of capillary






11. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






12. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






13. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






14. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






15. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






16. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






17. Resting potential due to high K permeability






18. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






19. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






20. 4th rib at left sternal border






21. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






22. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






23. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






24. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






25. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






26. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






27. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






28. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






29. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






30. Indicates recent MI






31. Pull fluid out of capillary






32. Pulls fluid into capillary






33. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






34. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






35. 3rd degree






36. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






37. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






38. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






39. Prolonged PR interval






40. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






41. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






42. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






43. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






44. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






45. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






46. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






47. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






48. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






49. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






50. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)