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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






2. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






3. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






4. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






5. Pushes fluid out of capillary






6. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






7. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






8. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






9. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






10. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






11. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






12. Resting potential due to high K permeability






13. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






14. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






15. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






16. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






17. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






18. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






19. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






20. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






21. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






22. Radius to the 4th power






23. Pulls fluid into capillary






24. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






25. 4th rib at left sternal border






26. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






27. Pushes fluid into capillary






28. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






29. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






30. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






31. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






32. 3rd degree






33. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






34. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






35. Indicates recent MI






36. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






37. Pull fluid out of capillary






38. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






39. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






40. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






41. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






42. Prolonged PR interval






43. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






44. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






45. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






46. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






47. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






48. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






49. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






50. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.