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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






2. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






3. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






4. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






5. Pulls fluid into capillary






6. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






7. Pushes fluid out of capillary






8. Resting potential due to high K permeability






9. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






10. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






11. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






12. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






13. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






14. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






15. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






16. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






17. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






18. 4th rib at left sternal border






19. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






20. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






21. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






22. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






23. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






24. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






25. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






26. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






27. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






28. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






29. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






30. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






31. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






32. Pushes fluid into capillary






33. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






34. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






35. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






36. Indicates recent MI






37. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






38. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






39. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






40. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






41. 3rd degree






42. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






43. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






44. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






45. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






46. Prolonged PR interval






47. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






48. Pull fluid out of capillary






49. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






50. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)