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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






2. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






3. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






4. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






5. Indicates recent MI






6. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






7. 4th rib at left sternal border






8. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






9. Pulls fluid into capillary






10. Pull fluid out of capillary






11. Pushes fluid into capillary






12. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






13. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






14. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






15. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






16. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






17. 3rd degree






18. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






19. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






20. Radius to the 4th power






21. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






22. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






23. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






24. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






25. Resting potential due to high K permeability






26. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






27. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






28. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






29. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






30. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






31. Pushes fluid out of capillary






32. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






33. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






34. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






35. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






36. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






37. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






38. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






39. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






40. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






41. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






42. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






43. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






44. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






45. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






46. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






47. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






48. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






49. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






50. Prolonged PR interval