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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






2. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






3. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






4. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






5. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






6. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






7. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






8. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






9. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






10. Prolonged PR interval






11. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






12. Pushes fluid into capillary






13. Pulls fluid into capillary






14. Indicates recent MI






15. Pushes fluid out of capillary






16. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






17. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






18. Resting potential due to high K permeability






19. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






20. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






21. Radius to the 4th power






22. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






23. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






24. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






25. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






26. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






27. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






28. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






29. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






30. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






31. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






32. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






33. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






34. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






35. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






36. Pull fluid out of capillary






37. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






38. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






39. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






40. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






41. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






42. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






43. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






44. 3rd degree






45. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






46. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






47. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






48. 4th rib at left sternal border






49. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






50. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap