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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






2. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






3. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






4. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






5. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






6. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






7. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






8. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






9. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






10. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






11. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






12. 3rd degree






13. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






14. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






15. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






16. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






17. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






18. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






19. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






20. Radius to the 4th power






21. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






22. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






23. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






24. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






25. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






26. Pulls fluid into capillary






27. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






28. Pushes fluid out of capillary






29. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






30. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






31. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






32. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






33. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






34. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






35. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






36. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






37. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






38. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






39. Resting potential due to high K permeability






40. Pushes fluid into capillary






41. Prolonged PR interval






42. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






43. Pull fluid out of capillary






44. Indicates recent MI






45. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






46. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






47. 4th rib at left sternal border






48. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






49. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






50. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib