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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






2. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






3. Pulls fluid into capillary






4. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






5. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






6. Radius to the 4th power






7. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






8. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






9. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






10. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






11. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






12. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






13. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






14. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






15. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






16. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






17. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






18. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






19. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






20. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






21. 4th rib at left sternal border






22. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






23. Resting potential due to high K permeability






24. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






25. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






26. 3rd degree






27. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






28. Pushes fluid out of capillary






29. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






30. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






31. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






32. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






33. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






34. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






35. Pull fluid out of capillary






36. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






37. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






38. Prolonged PR interval






39. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






40. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






41. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






42. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






43. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






44. Pushes fluid into capillary






45. Indicates recent MI






46. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






47. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






48. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






49. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






50. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line