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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






2. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






3. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






4. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






5. Radius to the 4th power






6. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






7. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






8. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






9. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






10. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






11. 4th rib at left sternal border






12. Resting potential due to high K permeability






13. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






14. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






15. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






16. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






17. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






18. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






19. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






20. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






21. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






22. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






23. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






24. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






25. 3rd degree






26. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






27. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






28. Pushes fluid into capillary






29. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






30. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






31. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






32. Prolonged PR interval






33. Pushes fluid out of capillary






34. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






35. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






36. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






37. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






38. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






39. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






40. Pulls fluid into capillary






41. Indicates recent MI






42. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






43. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






44. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






45. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






46. Pull fluid out of capillary






47. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






48. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






49. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






50. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure