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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






2. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






3. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






4. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






5. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






6. 4th rib at left sternal border






7. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






8. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






9. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






10. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






11. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






12. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






13. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






14. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






15. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






16. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






17. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






18. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






19. Pulls fluid into capillary






20. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






21. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






22. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






23. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






24. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






25. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






26. Prolonged PR interval






27. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






28. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






29. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






30. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






31. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






32. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






33. Pull fluid out of capillary






34. Resting potential due to high K permeability






35. Radius to the 4th power






36. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






37. Pushes fluid into capillary






38. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






39. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






40. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






41. 3rd degree






42. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






43. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






44. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






45. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






46. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






47. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






48. Indicates recent MI






49. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






50. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)