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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






2. Pushes fluid out of capillary






3. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






4. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






5. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






6. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






7. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






8. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






9. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






10. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






11. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






12. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






13. Pushes fluid into capillary






14. Prolonged PR interval






15. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






16. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






17. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






18. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






19. Pull fluid out of capillary






20. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






21. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






22. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






23. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






24. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






25. Indicates recent MI






26. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






27. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






28. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






29. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






30. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






31. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






32. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






33. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






34. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






35. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






36. Radius to the 4th power






37. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






38. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






39. 3rd degree






40. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






41. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






42. Pulls fluid into capillary






43. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






44. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






45. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






46. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






47. Resting potential due to high K permeability






48. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






49. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






50. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)