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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






2. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






3. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






4. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






5. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






6. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






7. 4th rib at left sternal border






8. Prolonged PR interval






9. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






10. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






11. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






12. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






13. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






14. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






15. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






16. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






17. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






18. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






19. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






20. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






21. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






22. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






23. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






24. Pushes fluid into capillary






25. Indicates recent MI






26. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






27. Resting potential due to high K permeability






28. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






29. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






30. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






31. 3rd degree






32. Pulls fluid into capillary






33. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






34. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






35. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






36. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






37. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






38. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






39. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






40. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






41. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






42. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






43. Radius to the 4th power






44. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






45. Pushes fluid out of capillary






46. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






47. Pull fluid out of capillary






48. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






49. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






50. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation