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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pushes fluid into capillary






2. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






3. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






4. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






5. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






6. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






7. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






8. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






9. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






10. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






11. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






12. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






13. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






14. Prolonged PR interval






15. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






16. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






17. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






18. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






19. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






20. Pulls fluid into capillary






21. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






22. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






23. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






24. Resting potential due to high K permeability






25. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






26. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






27. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






28. Pushes fluid out of capillary






29. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






30. Indicates recent MI






31. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






32. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






33. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






34. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






35. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






36. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






37. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






38. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






39. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






40. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






41. Radius to the 4th power






42. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






43. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






44. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






45. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






46. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






47. Pull fluid out of capillary






48. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






49. 3rd degree






50. 4th rib at left sternal border