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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






2. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






3. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






4. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






5. Pushes fluid into capillary






6. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






7. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






8. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






9. Indicates recent MI






10. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






11. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






12. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






13. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






14. Pull fluid out of capillary






15. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






16. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






17. Radius to the 4th power






18. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






19. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






20. Prolonged PR interval






21. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






22. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






23. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






24. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






25. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






26. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






27. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






28. 3rd degree






29. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






30. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






31. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






32. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






33. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






34. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






35. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






36. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






37. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






38. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






39. Resting potential due to high K permeability






40. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






41. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






42. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






43. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






44. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






45. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






46. 4th rib at left sternal border






47. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






48. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






49. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






50. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)