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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






2. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






3. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






4. Pull fluid out of capillary






5. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






6. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






7. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






8. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






9. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






10. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






11. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






12. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






13. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






14. Indicates recent MI






15. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






16. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






17. Prolonged PR interval






18. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






19. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






20. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






21. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






22. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






23. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






24. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






25. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






26. Pushes fluid out of capillary






27. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






28. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






29. Resting potential due to high K permeability






30. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






31. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






32. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






33. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






34. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






35. 3rd degree






36. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






37. Pushes fluid into capillary






38. 4th rib at left sternal border






39. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






40. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






41. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






42. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






43. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






44. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






45. Pulls fluid into capillary






46. Radius to the 4th power






47. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






48. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






49. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






50. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)