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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






2. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






3. Aortic & pulmonic valve closure






4. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






5. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






6. Pulls fluid into capillary






7. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






8. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






9. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






10. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






11. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






12. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






13. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






14. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






15. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






16. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






17. 4th rib at left sternal border






18. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






19. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






20. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






21. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






22. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






23. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






24. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






25. Pull fluid out of capillary






26. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






27. Resting potential due to high K permeability






28. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






29. Pushes fluid out of capillary






30. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






31. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






32. 3rd degree






33. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






34. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






35. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






36. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes






37. Prolonged PR interval






38. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






39. Associated with pulmonic stenosis or RBBB (delayed RV emptying)






40. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






41. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






42. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






43. Pushes fluid into capillary






44. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






45. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






46. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






47. Indicates recent MI






48. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






49. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






50. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance