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USMLE Embryo
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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usmle
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. From What embryonic layer do CNS neurons arise?
Mesoderm
Found in lateral neck; from no obliteration of 2-4th clefts
Neuroectoderm
mesodermal
2. What is the most common autopsy finding in brains of premature infants?
...
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
Maternally derived; meconium
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
3. What embryologic structure provides the aorticpulmonary septum?
Sonic Hedgehog
primary palate
Spinothalamic first
Neural crest migration - they then cause spiral
4. From What do the embryoblast and trophoblast form from? What does the embryoblast split into? the trophoblast?
Telencephalon
Blastocyst; epiblast and hypoblast; synctiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
Reicherts cartilage: Stapes - Styloid process - Lesser horn of hyloid - Stylohyoid ligament and CN VII
Persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal; low folic acid
5. What is the mnueomonic for the mesodermal defects? What does it stand for?
2nd; 2nd
Nutrient and gas for exchange; endometrium
VACTERL- vertebral defect - anal atresia - cardiac defects - tracheo - esophageal fistula - renal defects - limb defects
Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper) and Prostate gland; greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) and Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene)
6. From what region does the cerebral hemisphere form?
Endoderm
No more umbilical circulation emptying into RA
Telencephalon
Cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast
7. What is the female remnant of processus vaginalis? male remnant?
Prosencephalon - mesencephalon - rhombencephalon
Scrotum; labia majora
Obliterated; forms tunica vaginalis
Surface ectoderm
8. What is the prochordal plate?
Cytotrophoblast
Neural crest cells
Where the epiblast and hypoblast fuse
XII
9. Pyloric stenosis is characterized by _____________ of muscularis externis in the sphincter
1st branchial arch
hypertrophy
Obliterated
pyloric stenosis
10. What day is the chorion formed?
Day 6; with implantation
Fluid filled syrinx causes expansion and degeneration of cord tracts
Incomplete; yes
3
11. What teratogen can cause IUGR and ADHD in a fetus? what else can this teratogen cause?
Vascular accident intra uterine; apple peel atresia
Most pharyngeal constrictors - Cricothyroid - levator veli palatini; CN X (superior laryngeal branch - swallowing)
Nicotine; preterm labor
Metanephric mesenchyme; differentiation and formation of glomerulus and renal tubules to distal convoluted tubule
12. In anencephaly you see...
elevated AFP
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal; low folic acid
13. What is the primitive streak? From what layer does it form?
Meckels cartilage: mandible - malleus - INCUS - sphenoMandibular ligament; CN V2 and V3
Oxygenated; placenta to fetus (IVC)
Mesoderm; epiblast
Nutrient and gas exchange
14. From what arches are the neural crest cells that form the aorticpulmonary septum derived?
hypospadias
Skewed development of AP septum
3 -4 -6
Blind upper esophagus with lower esophagus connected to trachea; cyanosis - choking and vomiting with feeding; air bubble on CXR; polyhydramnios; failure to pass NG tube; pneumonitis
15. Name two endocardial cushion defects.
Prosencephalon - mesencephalon - rhombencephalon
Post. sup wall; luteal phase
Oligohydramnios
Ebsteins anomaly; tricuspid atresia
16. From what region do the thalami form?
Ionizing
Metencephalon; cerebellum
Diencephalon
3
17. Where is the FGF gene produced? What is it responsible for - How does it do this?
Surface ectoderm
Endocardial cushions
Apical ectodermal ridge; limb lengthening; stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm
Fetal and maternal
18. Which branchial apparatus develops into the superior parathyroids?
Duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
4th pouch
From the the lung; blood from SVC that went into RV gets shunted from pulm artery to aorta; ligamentum arteriosum
Muscles of facial expression - stapedius - stylohyoid - posterior belly of the digastric
19. What does the first cleft/groove of the branchial apparatus develop into?
Neural crest cells
Medial palatine processes
External auditory meatus
Renal artery stenosis;
20. From where does the prostate develop? seminal vesicles? fallopian tube? lower 2/3 of the vagina? ejaculatory duct? epididymis? uterus? upper 1/3 of the vagina?
Urachus/median umbilical ligament; bladder and yolk sac
2nd pouch
Week 3-8
Urogenital sinus; wolffian duct; mullerian duct; urogenital sinus; wolffian duct; wolffian duct; mullerian; mullerian
21. From What embryonic layer does the spinal cord arise?
Week 3; primitive streak formation from the epiblast makes the three layers
Uretopelvis; most common site for obstruction (hydronephrosis) in fetus
Neuroectoderm
Decreases
22. How does annular pancreas present in children?
Gastric outlet obstruction (bilious vomiting - feeding intolerance - abdominal distention)
Upper 1/3; urogenital sinus
...
Oligohydramnios
23. The notochord is...
Mesoderm
mesoderm
Neuroectoderm
Valproate acid
24. What congenital abnormality forms a 'double bubble' on xray?
Neural crest cells
monoamniotic
Week 8
Annular pancrease
25. What components do the mesoderm of the branchial arches give rise to?
Mesencephalon
Muscles and arteries
Nicotine; preterm labor
3
26. From What embryonic layer is aorticopulmonary septum from ?
OCPS and maternal diabetes
Decreases
Wolffian; mullerian
Neural crest cells
27. what closes the ductus arteriousus?
When left to right shunting switching to right to left shunting
Aortic arch (from left side); right subclavian (on the right)
Increase in oxygen concentration which decreases prostaglandin concentration
Failure of the urachus to obliterate; outpouching of the bladder
28. From What embryonic layer are the melanocytes from?
Aminoglycosides
Neural crest cells
28 week onward
Partial closure of vitelline duct so that the patent portion is attached to ileum; ectopic gastric mucosa; melena and periumbilical pain
29. What is the initial step to interventricular septum development? is it complete?
Muscular ventricular septum; no
Ionizing
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
Gastric outlet obstruction (bilious vomiting - feeding intolerance - abdominal distention)
30. From What embryonic layer do chromaffin cells arise?
Neural crest cells
Uretopelvis; most common site for obstruction (hydronephrosis) in fetus
Maxillary
Neuroectoderm
31. What type of - amnios does bilateral agenesis form? What three symptoms does this cause?
Thickened ectoderm at end of each developing limb
hypertrophy
OCPS and maternal diabetes
Oligohydramnios
32. what bone/cartilage and nerves are derived from branchial arch 2?
3rd and 4th arches
Prosencephalon - mesencephalon - rhombencephalon
Common carotid and internal carotid
Reicherts cartilage: Stapes - Styloid process - Lesser horn of hyloid - Stylohyoid ligament and CN VII
33. From What embryonic layer does the olfactory epithelium arise?
Skewed development of AP septum
Surface ectoderm
Bulbos Cordis; right ventricle entirely
Female; paramesonephric; mesonephric
34. In what chromosomal disorder is horseshoe kidney commonly seen? what poles of the kidneys fuse?
Turners; inferior
Neuroectoderm
Increased AFP and acetycholinesterase (not ACh!) in CSF
Decreases
35. What is the leading cause of birth defects in the US? what else is this perpetrator the leading cause of?
Neural crest cells
...
Fetal alcohol syndrome; mental retardation
Muscles of Mastication: Temporalis - masseter - Lateral and Medila pterygoids - Mylohyoid - anterior belly of the digastric - tensor tympani - tensor veli palatini; ant 2/3 of tongue
36. What is the homeobox gene responsible in developing? (What axis)
Cranio - caudal; segmental
From the the lung; blood from SVC that went into RV gets shunted from pulm artery to aorta; ligamentum arteriosum
mesoderm
No organ in each; agenesis no primordial tissue
37. What teratogens can cause CN VIII toxicity in the fetus?
Allantois
Aminoglycosides
From the the lung; blood from SVC that went into RV gets shunted from pulm artery to aorta; ligamentum arteriosum
Failure of the urachus to obliterate; outpouching of the bladder
38. What is germinal matrix hemorrhage associated with?
Respiratory distress syndrome
3 -4 -6
Sperm plus egg
Lithium
39. Which branchial derivative accounts for the sensation and taste in the posterior 2/3 of the tongue? how about the very back?
Mesoderm
Nutrient and gas for exchange; endometrium
Tetracyclines
4th arch; 6th arch
40. What role does the placenta have?
IX; X
Day 6; maintains corpus luteum; 1st trimester
Nutrient and gas exchange
Pulm art (prox) and ductus arteriosus
41. what muscles are derived from branchial arch 1?
Common carotid and internal carotid
Muscles of Mastication: Temporalis - masseter - Lateral and Medila pterygoids - Mylohyoid - anterior belly of the digastric - tensor tympani - tensor veli palatini; ant 2/3 of tongue
Tongue
Ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm; epiblast - primitive streak - hypoblast; week 3
42. what structures are the derivatives of the neural crest cells in branchial arches?
Bone/cartilage and nerves
Thickened ectoderm at end of each developing limb
OCPS and maternal diabetes
Yolk sac; 3rd week
43. What gene is produced in the zone of polarizing activity?
elevated AFP
Neural crest cells
Sonic Hedgehog
Dorsal and ventral buds
44. what junction is the last to canalize? what implications does this have down the line?
Uretopelvis; most common site for obstruction (hydronephrosis) in fetus
Thalidomide; nausea
Amniotic epithelium
Rhombencephalon
45. The inner layer of the chorionic villi...
Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities with preservation of touch sensation
can make cells
septum primum and/or secundum
Midgut; 10th week
46. From where does the ureteric bud arise? What does it give rise to?
Pataus; fetal alcohol syndrome
6-30
VSD
The caudal end mesonephros; the ureter - pelvis - calyces - collecting ducts
47. What does DHT turn the labioscrotal swelling into? estrogen?
Physiologic incomplete muscular ventricular septum
Scrotum; labia majora
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum; glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
Endocardial cushions
48. From where does the signal come from to suppress paramesonephric ducts? what stimulates development of the mesonephric ducts?
Hemorrhage - bone deformities
Mullerian inhibitory factor from Sertoli cells; increased androgen from Leydig cells
lumbosacral
Decreased separation of hemispheres across midline; cyclopia
49. What are the two components of the fetal component of the placenta?
Spinothalamic first
Neuroectoderm
Decidual basalis
Cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast
50. which tracts are damaged first in syringomelia? What tract is preserved?
Ebsteins anomaly; tricuspid atresia
DiGeorge
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum
Spinothalamic first
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