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Test your basic knowledge |
USMLE Embryo
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
usmle
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What does DHT turn the urogenital sinus into? estrogen?
Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper) and Prostate gland; greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) and Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene)
Incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts; UT abnormalities and infertility
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
2. What is the 'fetal period'- ie When is it?
Ventral ; motor
Week 8
Aortic arch (from left side); right subclavian (on the right)
pyloric stenosis
3. What are two common findings in pyloric stenosis?
Common carotid and internal carotid
Palpable olive mass in epigastric region; nonbilious projectile vomitting @around 2 weeks
Surface ectoderm
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum
4. By when are the neuropores supposed to fuse?
OCPS and maternal diabetes
4th week
V3; VII
pyloric stenosis
5. What separates the ant 1/3 and post 2/3 of tongue?
Surface ectoderm
Occiptal
Foramen cecum and terminal sulus
Pharynx to duodenum; duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
6. What is omphalocele? In What trisomies is it seen?
is no longer intact
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
Metanephric mesenchyme; differentiation and formation of glomerulus and renal tubules to distal convoluted tubule
Persistance of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord covered by peritoneum; 13 - 18
7. what results if they dont? What can increase the risks of this?
mesodermal
Tetracyclines
2nd pouch
Persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal; low folic acid
8. Where is Wnt 7 gene produced?
VSD
Apical ectodermal ridge
Polyhydramnios - Down syndrome - Esophageal/duodenal atresia - Imperforate anus - Meckel diverticulum
Ventral and dorsal parts fail to fuse at 8th week; 2 pancreatic ducts!- more prone to pancreatitis
9. Which branchial derivative accounts for the sensation and taste in the posterior 2/3 of the tongue? how about the very back?
Diencephalon
4th arch; 6th arch
Mesoderm
Mesoderm
10. From What embryonic layer are the pia and arachnoid from?
Neural crest cells
...
Nutrient and gas exchange
A vitelline fistula - failure of vitelline duct to close
11. What causes persistent Truncus Arteriosus? What does it result in?
Neural crest cells
Partial AP septum development; one large vessel leaves the heart - Right to left shunt
Mesoderm
Physiologic incomplete muscular ventricular septum
12. To what germ layer does the branchial pouches correlate to?
Mesoderm
Decreases
Endoderm
Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches; t cell def (thymic aplasia) - hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development) - CF and CV defects
13. Where is the FGF gene produced? What is it responsible for - How does it do this?
Mesdoerm
Week 8
Apical ectodermal ridge; limb lengthening; stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm
lumbosacral
14. When does hCG secretion take place? with what event?
Increased AFP and acetycholinesterase (not ACh!) in CSF
80%
Day 6; with implantation
Arnold chiari; syringomyelia
15. By what week is there fetal movement?
Mesoderm
Week 8
Endoderm
Mesoderm; epiblast
16. what chemo drugs can cause neural tube defects in the fetus?
Folate antagonists
Neuroectoderm
Before getting pregnant!
The caudal end mesonephros; the ureter - pelvis - calyces - collecting ducts
17. What separated myometrium of the uterus from the blastocyst?
Ventral ; motor
Decidual basalis
Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities with preservation of touch sensation
Greater horn of hyoid; CN IX (styloPharyngeus)
18. How many components are there to the placenta? What are they called?
Initial left to right shunting - then switches
Bones - cartilage - and nerves
4th pouch
Fetal and maternal
19. When is most important to take folic acid to prevent neural tube defects?
Mental retardation - holoprosencephaly - facial features - fistulas
Before getting pregnant!
Aortic arch (from left side); right subclavian (on the right)
Maxillary
20. What causes the transposition of the great vessels? What does it result in?
Renal artery stenosis;
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
DiGeorge
Gastric outlet obstruction (bilious vomiting - feeding intolerance - abdominal distention)
21. What is contained in the umbilical cord?
Surface ectoderm
Week 8
Umbilical artery - vein; and whartons jelly (mucus connective tissue) - urachus
Pulm art (prox) and ductus arteriosus
22. Which branchial apparatus develops into the superior parathyroids?
From teh lung;blood from IVC in RA to LA; fossa ovalis
Ventral; failure of urogenital folds to close
4th pouch
Lots - cleft palate/lip
23. What is a syrinx? Where is it found in syringomelia? What is it associated with?
Most pharyngeal constrictors - Cricothyroid - levator veli palatini; CN X (superior laryngeal branch - swallowing)
Fluid filled cavity in spinal cord; C8- T1; arnold chiari II
Increased AFP and acetycholinesterase (not ACh!) in CSF
Neural crest cells
24. From What embryonic layer does the brain arise?
Fluid filled cavity in spinal cord; C8- T1; arnold chiari II
1st cleft/groove (Ectoderm)
Neuroectoderm
Hypospadias
25. What is the Eisenmeger complex?
Ectoderm
Fluid filled cavity in spinal cord; C8- T1; arnold chiari II
When left to right shunting switching to right to left shunting
Annular pancrease
26. From What embryonic layer do the salivary - sweat and mammary glands arise?
Surface ectoderm
Yolk sac; liver (weeks 6-30) and spleen (9-28 weeks)
Post. sup wall; luteal phase
Spinothalamic first
27. What teratogens can cause CN VIII toxicity in the fetus?
T neuroectoderm
Myelencephalon
Aminoglycosides
Synctiotrophoblast; outer; no
28. what bone/cartilage and nerves are derived from branchial arch 1?
Vascular accident intra uterine; apple peel atresia
1st branchial arch
Meckels cartilage: mandible - malleus - INCUS - sphenoMandibular ligament; CN V2 and V3
Common carotid and internal carotid
29. What is holoprosencephaly? what eye disorder does it result in?
Epiblast
Week 10-12; end of 1st trimester
Incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts; UT abnormalities and infertility
Decreased separation of hemispheres across midline; cyclopia
30. From which germlayer does the thyroid develop?? From what structure exactly?
Endoderm - floor of primitive pharynx
6-30
Occiptal
Urachus/median umbilical ligament; bladder and yolk sac
31. From What embryonic layer does connective tissue and muscle arise?
Surface ectoderm
Amniotic epithelium
Mesoderm
Vascular accident intra uterine; apple peel atresia
32. From where is amniotic fluid produced? other than electrolytes and carbs - what else does it contain?
Maternally derived; meconium
From the the lung; blood from SVC that went into RV gets shunted from pulm artery to aorta; ligamentum arteriosum
Decreases
Cytotrophoblast
33. When does erythropoeisis begin in the bone marow?
28 week onward
Metencephalon; cerebellum
Cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast
OCPS and maternal diabetes
34. From what aortic arch does the common carotid artery arise? what else arises from this arch?
lumbosacral
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
can make cells
Week 3; primitive streak formation from the epiblast makes the three layers
35. _____________is common in 1st born males
ACE inhibitors - HCTZ
pyloric stenosis
Congenital and chromosomal abnormalities
During; instrinsic
36. From What embryonic layer is the vagina from? testes? ovaries?
Muscles of Mastication: Temporalis - masseter - Lateral and Medila pterygoids - Mylohyoid - anterior belly of the digastric - tensor tympani - tensor veli palatini; ant 2/3 of tongue
Mesoderm
Physiologic incomplete muscular ventricular septum
Absent cerebellar vermis; cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
37. Only _______________________________ are associated with neural tube defects
monoamniotic
Neural crest cells
Incomplete; yes
arnold chiari associated with thoraclumbar myelomeningocele
38. In both meningocele and myelomeningocele the dura...
Cleft lip/palate
Scrotum; labia majora
is no longer intact
Blind upper esophagus with lower esophagus connected to trachea; cyanosis - choking and vomiting with feeding; air bubble on CXR; polyhydramnios; failure to pass NG tube; pneumonitis
39. During what week does the heart begin to beat?
Bone/cartilage and nerves
Upper 1/3; urogenital sinus
Week 4
Gastric outlet obstruction (bilious vomiting - feeding intolerance - abdominal distention)
40. Name two endocardial cushion defects.
When left to right shunting switching to right to left shunting
primary palate
Ebsteins anomaly; tricuspid atresia
Mesoderm
41. What does the midgut form? hindgut?
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
Deformation
42. is epispadias or hypospadias associated with exstrophy of the bladder?
Umbilical artery - vein; and whartons jelly (mucus connective tissue) - urachus
Primitive ventricle
Upper 1/3; urogenital sinus
Epispadias
43. What does DHT turn the labioscrotal swelling into? estrogen?
Endoderm
Mesonephros; male genital system
Scrotum; labia majora
Decidual basalis
44. From which branchial derivative does the anterior 2/3 of the tongue develop?
Foregut; dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)
Ebsteins anomaly; tricuspid atresia
1st branchial arch
Thickened ectoderm at end of each developing limb
45. What artery is derived branchial (aortic) arch 4?
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
Mesoderm; epiblast
monoamniotic
Ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus; anchors testes within scrotum
46. What does the foramen ovale shunt blood from - to where? What is its remnant?
pyloric stenosis
From teh lung;blood from IVC in RA to LA; fossa ovalis
Female; paramesonephric; mesonephric
Day 6; maintains corpus luteum; 1st trimester
47. What do membranous interventricular septal defect cause? What does this lead to?
Embryonic period; 1st trimester
Myelencephalon
Initial left to right shunting - then switches
During; instrinsic
48. Which part of the branchial apparatus makes up membranes?
Annular pancrease
Thyroid - cricoid - arytenoids - corniculate cuneiform
All 3
Foramen cecum and terminal sulus
49. Which branchial apparatus makes the external auditory meatus?
1st cleft/groove (Ectoderm)
Where the epiblast and hypoblast fuse
Myelencephalon
Week 3; primitive streak formation from the epiblast makes the three layers
50. What germ layer correlates with the branchial pouches?
Absent cerebellar vermis; cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
Pharynx to duodenum; duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
Allantois
Endoderm