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USMLE Embryo
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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usmle
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What does the mullerian duct develop into? wollffian?
Pronephros - mesonephros - metanephros; pronephros; most cranially
Prevent recurrent UTIs
Sperm plus egg
Fallopian tube - uterus - upper 1/3 of vagina
2. From What embryonic layer does the lens of the eye arise?
Folate antagonists
4th week
Lithium; valve leaflets attach to domain down low in RV- 'atrialized RV'
Surface ectoderm
3. From where does pons form from? what else forms from there?
Week 8
Metencephalon; cerebellum
Endoderm
Surface ectoderm
4. What teratogen can cause vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in the fetus?
20-50yrs - Abdominal pain - Postprandial fullness - Nausea - Peptic ulcers - Pancreatitis - Rarely - biliary obstruction
DES
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
Neural crest cells
5. From what region does the midbrain form from?
Mesencephalon
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum
Amniotic epithelium
Neuroectoderm
6. What is the mnueomonic for the mesodermal defects? What does it stand for?
Ventral; failure of urogenital folds to close
Mesoderm
VACTERL- vertebral defect - anal atresia - cardiac defects - tracheo - esophageal fistula - renal defects - limb defects
Yolk sac; 3rd week
7. What axis does the basal plate form? what neural system does it become?
Ventral ; motor
From endocardial cushions (ventral and dorsal meet each other)
8
Alkylating agents
8. When does the neural tube form and From what does it form?
Initial left to right shunting - then switches
When the AP septum meets and fuses with the muscular ventricular septum to form membranous intraventricular septum - closing interventricular foramen
Neural plate; closes by week 4
8
9. From What embryonic layer does the spinal cord arise?
Annular pancrease
Midgut; 10th week
Maxillary
Neuroectoderm
10. What are the two components of the placenta? From What do they form? which one secreted hcG?
Congenital and chromosomal abnormalities
...
Thickened ectoderm at end of each developing limb
Hemorrhage - bone deformities
11. What is the primitive streak? From what layer does it form?
Lots - cleft palate/lip
Mesoderm; epiblast
Neuroectoderm
Annular pancrease
12. What do membranous interventricular septal defect cause? What does this lead to?
Amniotic epithelium
Surface ectoderm
Initial left to right shunting - then switches
Week 3-8
13. Before birth - blood entering the LA is less than...
blood entering the RA
Maxillary
Mesoderm; nucleous pulposos
Ionizing
14. What is hypoplasia? is primordial tissue present?
Medial palatine processes
Incomplete; yes
Mid gut to yolk sac; omphalomesenteric duct; 7th week
Week 3-8
15. What is the initial step to interventricular septum development? is it complete?
Muscular ventricular septum; no
Mesoderm; epiblast
Neural crest cells
Mesoderm
16. From where is the pancreas derived? the spleen?
Urachus/median umbilical ligament; bladder and yolk sac
Mesoderm; epiblast
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum; glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
Foregut; dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)
17. From what are the umbilical arteries and veins derived from?
Allantois
T neuroectoderm
Hypertrophy of muscularis externis of pylorus; surgical incision
First branchial pouch
18. What is perinauds syndrome?
Medial palatine processes
Primitive atrium
Mid gut to yolk sac; omphalomesenteric duct; 7th week
Caused by compression on trocheal nerve - causes vertical gaze paralysis (associated with arnold chiari)
19. From What embryonic layer are the melanocytes from?
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
Neural crest cells
3rd and 4th arches
4th pouch
20. When is most important to take folic acid to prevent neural tube defects?
monoamniotic
Before getting pregnant!
Apical ectodermal ridge
Endoderm lined structures of ear: middle ear cavity - eustacian tube - mastoid air cells
21. What is the female remnant of the gubernaculum? male remnant?
Incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts; UT abnormalities and infertility
Uretopelvis; most common site for obstruction (hydronephrosis) in fetus
Endoderm - floor of primitive pharynx
Ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus; anchors testes within scrotum
22. From What embryonic layer does the inner arise?
...
Week 3-8
Neuroectoderm
Cranio - caudal; segmental
23. What is the kidney that functions at the interim kidney in the 1st trimester? What does it later contribute to?
Mesonephros; male genital system
Ectoderm; endoderm
Alkylating agents
Ionizing
24. From What embryonic layer is the kidney and the adrenal cortex from?
Found in lateral neck; from no obliteration of 2-4th clefts
...
Mesoderm
Amniotic epithelium
25. From what region of the brain does the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle form?
Fluid filled cavity in spinal cord; C8- T1; arnold chiari II
Prosencephalon
Mesoderm
Tunica vaginalis not fully fused
26. What gene is produced in the zone of polarizing activity?
Greater horn of hyoid; CN IX (styloPharyngeus)
DHT; estrogen
Sonic Hedgehog
Neuroectoderm
27. Which parts of the pancreas contribute to the head - uncinate process and main pancreatic duct?
Dorsal and ventral buds
Before getting pregnant!
Ectoderm
Myelencephalon
28. What causes the increase in left atrial pressure to close the fossa ovale?
Incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts; UT abnormalities and infertility
Decreased pulmonary resistance in the pulmonary vasculature
Yolk sac; 3rd week
Thyroglossal duct cysts will move with swallowing while persistent cervical sinuses in lateral neck wont
29. What teratogen can cause inhibition of intestinal folate absorption and thus neural tube defects?
Valproate acid
Mesoderm
Endometrium
Pharynx to duodenum; duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
30. What are two common findings in pyloric stenosis?
Neural crest cells
5th
Neuroectoderm
Palpable olive mass in epigastric region; nonbilious projectile vomitting @around 2 weeks
31. What surrounds the umbilical cord?
Neuroectoderm
Hemorrhage - bone deformities
Arnold chiari; syringomyelia
Amniotic epithelium
32. What is the leading cause of birth defects in the US? what else is this perpetrator the leading cause of?
Fetal alcohol syndrome; mental retardation
Mid gut to yolk sac; omphalomesenteric duct; 7th week
Neural crest development; MEN 2A (pheo - PTH tumor - parafollicular cell tumor)
Tongue
33. What causes tetralogy of Fallot?
Skewed development of AP septum
...
Valproate acid
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
34. From which myotomes are muscles of the tongue derived from?
Failure of bony spinal canal to fuse; no; lower vertebral levels
Occiptal
Prenatal and perinatal
Day 6; with implantation
35. From What embryonic layer does the adenohypophysis arise?
Mesoderm
Surface ectoderm
4th pouch
Mesoderm
36. What are the three regions of the brain (in order of cranial to caudal)?
Prosencephalon - mesencephalon - rhombencephalon
4th week
Palpable olive mass in epigastric region; nonbilious projectile vomitting @around 2 weeks
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
37. What can vit A in excess cause in the fetus?
Lots - cleft palate/lip
Bones - cartilage - and nerves
DES
ACE inhibitors - HCTZ
38. When does hCG secretion take place? with what event?
2; 1
Deformation
Ectoderm
Day 6; with implantation
39. What does DHT turn the genital tubercle into? estrogen?
Upper 1/3; urogenital sinus
Stapedius and hyoid artery
Telencephalon
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum; glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
40. From what branchial derivative do the parafollicular cells arise?
...
4th/5th branchial pouches
External auditory meatus
Neuroectoderm
41. What is germinal matrix hemorrhage associated with?
Respiratory distress syndrome
First branchial pouch
Metencephalon; cerebellum
Meckels cartilage: mandible - malleus - INCUS - sphenoMandibular ligament; CN V2 and V3
42. In what chromosomal disorder is horseshoe kidney commonly seen? what poles of the kidneys fuse?
Mesoderm
After; extrinsic
Ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus; anchors testes within scrotum
Turners; inferior
43. What are the two components of the fetal component of the placenta?
DiGeorge
Cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast
Mesoderm; epiblast
Ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm; epiblast - primitive streak - hypoblast; week 3
44. which teratogen can cause Ebsteins anomaly in the fetus?
Lithium
Cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast
Day 6; with implantation
IMA
45. What is the allantois become? What is this duct connected to ( on both ends)?
Ectoderm
Urachus/median umbilical ligament; bladder and yolk sac
Midgut; 10th week
Blastocyst; epiblast and hypoblast; synctiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
46. From What embryonic layer do the ependymal cells arise?
Increase in oxygen concentration which decreases prostaglandin concentration
Neuroectoderm
Incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts; UT abnormalities and infertility
Prenatal and perinatal
47. WithIn what week does gastrulation occur? What is gastrulation?
Neuroectoderm
Neuroectoderm
Week 3; primitive streak formation from the epiblast makes the three layers
elevated AFP
48. What is jejunal - ileal - colonic atresia usually due to? What do you see on x ray?
Hepatic circulation; ligamentum venosum
Synctiotrophoblast
Mesoderm
Vascular accident intra uterine; apple peel atresia
49. From What embryonic layer does connective tissue and muscle arise?
Mesoderm
Turners; inferior
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
Greater horn of hyoid; CN IX (styloPharyngeus)
50. What hormones are in charge of external genitalia development in the fetus? (in both male and female)
DHT; estrogen
Foregut; dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)
Embryonic period; 1st trimester
Mesoderm
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