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USMLE Embryo

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. From What embryonic layer are the schwann cells from ?
Ectoderm; endoderm
Neural crest cells
Decreased separation of hemispheres across midline; cyclopia
Surface ectoderm

2. From What embryonic layer does a craniopharygioma arise?
Surface ectoderm
Left horn of the sinus venosus
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
Outgrowth of mesonephric as ureteric bud; most caudal

3. what happens in hydrocele?
Neural crest cells
Vascular accident intra uterine; apple peel atresia
Ionizing
Tunica vaginalis not fully fused

4. What teratogen can cause IUGR and ADHD in a fetus? what else can this teratogen cause?
Nicotine; preterm labor
From the the lung; blood from SVC that went into RV gets shunted from pulm artery to aorta; ligamentum arteriosum
Neural crest cells
Surface ectoderm

5. What part of the gut rotates around the SMA? and At what point?
Primitive ventricle
Persistence of 3rd cleft (groove) and pouch causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
Midgut; 10th week
Neural crest cells

6. Cleft lip is a failure of fusion of ________ and ______.
Maxillary and medial nasal processes
Pronephros - mesonephros - metanephros; pronephros; most cranially
Fallopian tube - uterus - upper 1/3 of vagina
Tongue

7. What does DHT turn the urogenital folds into? estrogen?
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum; glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
Surface ectoderm
Ventral; failure of urogenital folds to close

8. From which branchial derivative does the anterior 2/3 of the tongue develop?
1st branchial arch
Neuroectoderm
IX; X
Week 4

9. Which branchial derivative accounts for the posterior 2/3 of the tongue?
4th week
3rd and 4th arches
Myelencephalon
DES

10. From What embryonic layer do the ependymal cells arise?
Where the epiblast and hypoblast fuse
is no longer intact
Urogenital sinus; wolffian duct; mullerian duct; urogenital sinus; wolffian duct; wolffian duct; mullerian; mullerian
Neuroectoderm

11. What are the clinical symptoms that present with syringomelia?
Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities with preservation of touch sensation
Dorsal; sensory
Foregut; dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)
Partial AP septum development; one large vessel leaves the heart - Right to left shunt

12. what structures are the derivatives of the neural crest cells in branchial arches?
...
Absent cerebellar vermis; cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
Bone/cartilage and nerves
is no longer intact

13. What artery is derived branchial (aortic) arch 1?
Maxillary
Cleft lip/palate
Week 10-12; end of 1st trimester
Week 3; primitive streak formation from the epiblast makes the three layers

14. What causes tetralogy of Fallot?
Muscles of facial expression - stapedius - stylohyoid - posterior belly of the digastric
Left horn of the sinus venosus
Skewed development of AP septum
Week 3; primitive streak formation from the epiblast makes the three layers

15. What axis does the basal plate form? what neural system does it become?
4th arch; 6th arch
Mesonephros; male genital system
Umbilical artery - vein; and whartons jelly (mucus connective tissue) - urachus
Ventral ; motor

16. During what periods do the damages that cerebral palsy causes occur?
4th pouch
The caudal end mesonephros; the ureter - pelvis - calyces - collecting ducts
Sonic Hedgehog
Prenatal and perinatal

17. Which is more common - epispadias or hypospadias?
Nutrient and gas exchange
Mullerian inhibitory factor from Sertoli cells; increased androgen from Leydig cells
Hypospadias
Obliterated

18. What artery is derived branchial (aortic) arch 2?
Renal artery stenosis;
Stapedius and hyoid artery
Pronephros - mesonephros - metanephros; pronephros; most cranially
Failure of the urachus to obliterate; outpouching of the bladder

19. What embryological structure gives rise to the smooth part of the right atrium?
Right horn of the SV
Neural crest development; MEN 2A (pheo - PTH tumor - parafollicular cell tumor)
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
Lithium; valve leaflets attach to domain down low in RV- 'atrialized RV'

20. Does malformation occur during or after the embryonic period? is it due to an extrinsic or intrinsic disruption?
Pronephros - mesonephros - metanephros; pronephros; most cranially
Maxillary and medial nasal processes
During; instrinsic
Week 10-12; end of 1st trimester

21. From What embryonic layer is the vagina from? testes? ovaries?
Mesoderm
Duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
3rd and 4th arches
ACE inhibitors - HCTZ

22. What gene is produced in the zone of polarizing activity?
Polyhydramnios
Sonic Hedgehog
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
2nd; 2nd

23. What is perinauds syndrome?
Maternally derived; meconium
Caused by compression on trocheal nerve - causes vertical gaze paralysis (associated with arnold chiari)
Indomethacin; blocks PG production
Cranio - caudal; segmental

24. What causes a vesicourachal diverticulum? What is it?
Metanephric mesenchyme; differentiation and formation of glomerulus and renal tubules to distal convoluted tubule
Arnold Chiari and Dandy Walker; Arnold Chiari; Dandy Walker; Arnold Chiari
Failure of the urachus to obliterate; outpouching of the bladder
Arches 3 and 4

25. What results in annular pancreas? How does it happen?
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
Caused by compression on trocheal nerve - causes vertical gaze paralysis (associated with arnold chiari)
Pronephros - mesonephros - metanephros; pronephros; most cranially
Ring of pancreatic tissue can cause duodenal narrowing; ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles 2nd part of duodenum

26. What does the vitelline duct connect? What is it also known as? when should it obliterate?
Fetal and maternal
Yolk sac; 3rd week
Mid gut to yolk sac; omphalomesenteric duct; 7th week
pyloric stenosis

27. From where do the three different kidneys come from? Which is the earliest one? is it located most cranially or caudally?
Prostaglandins
Surface ectoderm
Ring of pancreatic tissue can cause duodenal narrowing; ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles 2nd part of duodenum
Pronephros - mesonephros - metanephros; pronephros; most cranially

28. What is duodenal atresia usually due to? What trisomy is it most often seen in?
Failure to recanalize; 21
Renal artery stenosis;
Umbilical artery - vein; and whartons jelly (mucus connective tissue) - urachus
Deoxygenated blood; fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta

29. What congenital abnormality forms a 'double bubble' on xray?
Annular pancrease
ACE inhibitors - HCTZ
elevated AFP
Amniotic epithelium

30. What does the ductus venosus shunt blood away from? What is its remnant?
Allantois
Hepatic circulation; ligamentum venosum
Persistence of 3rd cleft (groove) and pouch causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
No organ in each; agenesis no primordial tissue

31. what results if they dont? What can increase the risks of this?
DHT; estrogen
Cranio - caudal; segmental
Indomethacin; blocks PG production
Persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal; low folic acid

32. From What embryonic layer are the pia and arachnoid from?
arnold chiari associated with thoraclumbar myelomeningocele
Ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus; anchors testes within scrotum
6th aortic arch
Neural crest cells

33. What causes the degeneration of the spinal cord in syringomelia?
Bone/cartilage and nerves
Neural crest cells
Fluid filled syrinx causes expansion and degeneration of cord tracts
Ventral; failure of urogenital folds to close

34. Which branchial apparatus derivative makes the tympanic membrane of the ear?
Membrane - all 3 from 1st appartus
Transposition of great vessels (failure to spiral)- right to left shunt; tetralogy of Fallout (right to left shunt caused by skewed development of septum); persistent TA (partial septum development - also right to left shunt)
Excessive resorption of septum primum or secondum (or both)
is no longer intact

35. what closes the ductus arteriousus?
Tunica vaginalis not fully fused
Increase in oxygen concentration which decreases prostaglandin concentration
secondary palate
Valproate acid

36. From where did a branchial cleft cyst arise if it found?
Found in lateral neck; from no obliteration of 2-4th clefts
Hypertrophy of muscularis externis of pylorus; surgical incision
Mesonephros; male genital system
2nd; 2nd

37. What effect does warfarin have on the fetus?
DHT; estrogen
Cytotrophoblast
Hemorrhage - bone deformities
Cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast

38. what else is the caudal regression known as? What two teratogen can cause this in the fetus?
3rd and 4th arches
Ionizing
VACTERL; OCPs and maternal diabetes
Uretopelvis; most common site for obstruction (hydronephrosis) in fetus

39. what bone/cartilage and nerves are derived from branchial arch 1?
Mesoderm
Decidual basalis
Meckels cartilage: mandible - malleus - INCUS - sphenoMandibular ligament; CN V2 and V3
...

40. What day is the amnion formed?
8
80%
T neuroectoderm
Pulm art (prox) and ductus arteriosus

41. From what region does the cerebral hemisphere form?
Fluid filled syrinx causes expansion and degeneration of cord tracts
Telencephalon
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
Rhombencephalon

42. From What embryonic layer does the brain arise?
Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities with preservation of touch sensation
Neuroectoderm
Greater horn of hyoid; CN IX (styloPharyngeus)
Yolk sac; 3rd week

43. In both meningocele and myelomeningocele the dura...
is no longer intact
Sonic Hedgehog
Umbilical artery - vein; and whartons jelly (mucus connective tissue) - urachus
1st branchial arch

44. what muscles are derived from branchial arch 4? CN?
...
Most pharyngeal constrictors - Cricothyroid - levator veli palatini; CN X (superior laryngeal branch - swallowing)
Yolk sac; 3rd week
XII

45. Which branchial derivative creates the epithelial lining of the palatine tonsils?
Neural plate; closes by week 4
2nd pouch
From endocardial cushions (ventral and dorsal meet each other)
Ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm; epiblast - primitive streak - hypoblast; week 3

46. What does DHT turn the genital tubercle into? estrogen?
Bone/cartilage and nerves
Mesonephros; male genital system
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum; glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
3 -4 -6

47. in hypospadias - on which side is the abnormal opening? What causes it?
Ectoderm
Ampulla
Ventral; failure of urogenital folds to close
Epispadias

48. Septum primum (patent foramen oval) caused by excessive resorption of...
Occiptal
2nd pouch
Endoderm
septum primum and/or secundum

49. From What embryonic layer does the parathyroid arise ?
Lithium; valve leaflets attach to domain down low in RV- 'atrialized RV'
Week 8
Muscular ventricular septum; no
Endoderm

50. Cleft lip is a failure of formation of the...
Neural crest cells
Polyhydramnios
not covered
primary palate

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USMLE Embryo

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