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USMLE Embryo
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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usmle
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. By what week is the neural tube supposed to be closed? when did it start forming?
Neural crest cells
DHT; estrogen
Foramen cecum and terminal sulus
Week 4; week 3
2. When is most important to take folic acid to prevent neural tube defects?
Neural crest cells
Before getting pregnant!
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
Oligohydramnios
3. What do the groove/clefts of the branchial apparatus correlate to?
is no longer intact
Ectoderm
Failure to recanalize; 21
Obliterated
4. What part of the gut rotates around the SMA? and At what point?
Medial palatine processes
Mesoderm
Week 8
Midgut; 10th week
5. From where does the pulmonary arteries and the ductus arteriosus arise?
Common carotid and internal carotid
ACE inhibitors - HCTZ
6th aortic arch
Renal artery stenosis;
6. From What embryonic layer does a craniopharygioma arise?
Endometrium
Surface ectoderm
All intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid; CN X (recurrent laryngeal nerve - speaking)
Week 2; bilaminar disk; epiblast and hypoblast
7. What does DHT turn the urogenital folds into? estrogen?
Valproate acid
Mesoderm
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
Scrotum; labia majora
8. What is the memranous interventricular formaen made from?
Increase in oxygen concentration which decreases prostaglandin concentration
Epiblast
When the AP septum meets and fuses with the muscular ventricular septum to form membranous intraventricular septum - closing interventricular foramen
Thalidomide; nausea
9. What teratogens can cause discolored teeth?
3rd pouch
Tetracyclines
Day 6; maintains corpus luteum; 1st trimester
Prosencephalon
10. What artery is derived branchial (aortic) arch 4?
Meckels cartilage: mandible - malleus - INCUS - sphenoMandibular ligament; CN V2 and V3
elevated AFP
Week 8
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
11. From what region does the midbrain form from?
DES
Mesencephalon
Duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
A vitelline fistula - failure of vitelline duct to close
12. Septum primum (patent foramen oval) caused by excessive resorption of...
Surface ectoderm
Ventral; failure of urogenital folds to close
A vitelline fistula - failure of vitelline duct to close
septum primum and/or secundum
13. What does the mullerian duct develop into? wollffian?
Ionizing
Fallopian tube - uterus - upper 1/3 of vagina
Endoderm
Prenatal and perinatal
14. What layer is the epiblast? hypoblast?
SRY gene on Y chromosomes; sertoli and leydi; MIF and androgens; suppression of paramesonephric ducts and dev. of mesonephric (all respectively)
Indomethacin; blocks PG production
Neuroectoderm
Ectoderm; endoderm
15. How many components are there to the placenta? What are they called?
Yolk sac; liver (weeks 6-30) and spleen (9-28 weeks)
Increase in oxygen concentration which decreases prostaglandin concentration
DES
Fetal and maternal
16. What do membranous interventricular septal defect cause? What does this lead to?
T neuroectoderm
Initial left to right shunting - then switches
80%
Obliterated; forms tunica vaginalis
17. Gastroschisis is extrusion of abdominal contents out of abdominal folds ___________ by peritoneum
From endocardial cushions (ventral and dorsal meet each other)
not covered
Lithium; valve leaflets attach to domain down low in RV- 'atrialized RV'
Neural plate; closes by week 4
18. From What embryonic layer are the pia and arachnoid from?
Oligohydramnios
Neural crest cells
No more umbilical circulation emptying into RA
Decreased separation of hemispheres across midline; cyclopia
19. What embryological structures give rise to the SVC?
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
Endoderm
V3; VII
They are the edge of neural plate folding; all over the body
20. What teratogen can cause vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in the fetus?
DiGeorge
DES
Ectoderm; endoderm
Week 2; bilaminar disk; epiblast and hypoblast
21. What does DHT turn the labioscrotal swelling into? estrogen?
4th week
External auditory meatus
Scrotum; labia majora
Fetal alcohol syndrome; mental retardation
22. From What embryonic layer does the skin dermis arise?
Ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm; epiblast - primitive streak - hypoblast; week 3
Mesoderm
Partial AP septum development; one large vessel leaves the heart - Right to left shunt
pyloric stenosis
23. Which branchial apparatus derivative makes the tympanic membrane of the ear?
Week 10-12; end of 1st trimester
Maxillary
Membrane - all 3 from 1st appartus
Maxillary and medial nasal processes
24. What is the mcc of renovascular hypertension in children? What does this predispose to?
Rhombencephalon
Neural crest cells
Renal artery stenosis;
Mesoderm; epiblast
25. From What embryonic layer does the pineal gland arise?
Truncus arteriosus; pulmonary trunk
Allantois
Neuroectoderm
Muscles of facial expression - stapedius - stylohyoid - posterior belly of the digastric
26. Where is the most common ectopic thyroid tissue?
Week 2; bilaminar disk; epiblast and hypoblast
Bones - cartilage - and nerves
Mesoderm
Tongue
27. What are the two components of the placenta? From What do they form? which one secreted hcG?
...
Ebsteins anomaly; tricuspid atresia
Muscles of facial expression - stapedius - stylohyoid - posterior belly of the digastric
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
28. Where is the FGF gene produced? What is it responsible for - How does it do this?
Apical ectodermal ridge; limb lengthening; stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm
Week 3-8
Fluid filled syrinx causes expansion and degeneration of cord tracts
Neural crest cells
29. From What embryonic layer do the parafollicular cells of the thyroid arise?
Metanephric mesenchyme; differentiation and formation of glomerulus and renal tubules to distal convoluted tubule
Oligohydramnios
Neural crest cells
pyloric stenosis
30. What is associated with only one umbilical artery?
Congenital and chromosomal abnormalities
VACTERL- vertebral defect - anal atresia - cardiac defects - tracheo - esophageal fistula - renal defects - limb defects
Surface ectoderm
Tongue
31. what invaginates to form the primitive streak?
Ionizing
Increased AFP and acetycholinesterase (not ACh!) in CSF
Epiblast
Week 8
32. which genital embryology is default? From what duct? what duct degenerates without signal to stay?
Hypospadias
Allantois
Female; paramesonephric; mesonephric
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
33. From What embryonic layer is the spleen from?
Respiratory distress syndrome
Lots - cleft palate/lip
Mesoderm
Foregut; dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)
34. Which branchial apparatus develops into the inferior parathyroids?
Mesdoerm
3rd pouch
Neuroectoderm
Persistance of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord covered by peritoneum; 13 - 18
35. What is the homeobox gene responsible in developing? (What axis)
Absent cerebellar vermis; cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
Transposition of great vessels (failure to spiral)- right to left shunt; tetralogy of Fallout (right to left shunt caused by skewed development of septum); persistent TA (partial septum development - also right to left shunt)
Vascular accident intra uterine; apple peel atresia
Cranio - caudal; segmental
36. What axis is Wnt 7 responsible for developing?
Neural crest development; MEN 2A (pheo - PTH tumor - parafollicular cell tumor)
Metencephalon; cerebellum
mesodermal
Dorsal ventral axis
37. Cleft lip is a failure of fusion of ________ and ______.
Failure to recanalize; 21
Rostral fold closure ; lateral fold closure; lateral fold closure; caudal fold closure
Maxillary and medial nasal processes
Muscles of Mastication: Temporalis - masseter - Lateral and Medila pterygoids - Mylohyoid - anterior belly of the digastric - tensor tympani - tensor veli palatini; ant 2/3 of tongue
38. From What embryonic layer does the gut tube derivatives arise (lungs liver - pancreas - parathryroid - thyroid follicular cells - thymus)?
Dorsal; sensory
Endoderm
Ionizing
Failure to recanalize; 21
39. From what aortic arch does the common carotid artery arise? what else arises from this arch?
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
Failure of bony spinal canal to fuse; no; lower vertebral levels
Metanephric mesenchyme; differentiation and formation of glomerulus and renal tubules to distal convoluted tubule
40. From where does the permanent kidney for? is it most caudal or most cranial?
Outgrowth of mesonephric as ureteric bud; most caudal
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
Thyroglossal duct; persists as pyramidal lobe of thyroid; foramen cecum on tongue is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct
Mesoderm
41. During what week does the heart begin to beat?
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
Maxillary and medial nasal processes
Week 4
Prosencephalon
42. Which part of pancreas contribute to body? tail? isthmus? accessory pancreatic duct?
Neural crest cells
Fluid filled cavity in spinal cord; C8- T1; arnold chiari II
DHT; estrogen
Ventral bud
43. Only _______________________________ are associated with neural tube defects
Neural crest development; MEN 2A (pheo - PTH tumor - parafollicular cell tumor)
arnold chiari associated with thoraclumbar myelomeningocele
can make cells
Indomethacin; blocks PG production
44. Where is the apical ectodermal ridge?
Week 8
Foregut; dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)
Thickened ectoderm at end of each developing limb
Neural crest migration - they then cause spiral
45. which teratogen can cause Ebsteins anomaly in the fetus?
Vascular accident intra uterine; apple peel atresia
Mesoderm
Lithium
...
46. Which CN allows for taste and sensation in the posterior 1/3 of the tongue? how about the very back ?
IX; X
Lacunae in between the chorionic villi
Day 6; with implantation
Failure of bony spinal canal to fuse; no; lower vertebral levels
47. By what week is there fetal movement?
1st arch neural crest fails to migrate --> mandibular hypoplasia - facial abnormalities (cleft palate - decreased slanting of palpebral fissures)
Week 8
Scrotum; labia majora
Surface ectoderm
48. Cleft palate is a failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes - the nasal septum and or the ________?
Ectoderm; endoderm
Endoderm
Cleft lip/palate
Medial palatine processes
49. What does the ureteric bud interact with and What does it induce it to become?
secondary palate
Fallopian tube - uterus - upper 1/3 of vagina
Metanephric mesenchyme; differentiation and formation of glomerulus and renal tubules to distal convoluted tubule
Rhombencephalon
50. Where is the decidua basalis derived from?
Right horn of the SV
Tunica vaginalis not fully fused
Endoderm
Endometrium
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