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USMLE Embryo

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. From What embryonic layer does the pineal gland arise?
Neuroectoderm
Primitive atrium
Week 10-12; end of 1st trimester
Palpable olive mass in epigastric region; nonbilious projectile vomitting @around 2 weeks

2. What artery is derived branchial (aortic) arch 3?
Pataus; fetal alcohol syndrome
80%
Common carotid and internal carotid
Epiblast

3. What artery is derived branchial (aortic) arch 4?
Decreased pulmonary resistance in the pulmonary vasculature
Base of limbs in the zone of polarizing activity; ant - post
Endoderm - floor of primitive pharynx
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian

4. From What embryonic layer does the epithelial linings of the oral cavity arise?
Week 4; week 3
Myelencephalon
Surface ectoderm
monoamniotic

5. What causes a patent foramen ovale?
Rostral fold closure ; lateral fold closure; lateral fold closure; caudal fold closure
Neural crest cells
Excessive resorption of septum primum or secondum (or both)
Obliterated

6. From What embryonic layer are the schwann cells from ?
Neural crest cells
Gastric outlet obstruction (bilious vomiting - feeding intolerance - abdominal distention)
Nutrient and gas for exchange; endometrium
3rd pouch

7. From What embryonic layer does bone arise ?
1st cleft/groove (Ectoderm)
Diencephalon
DiGeorge
Mesoderm

8. What is an arnold chiari II malformation? through what hole does it herniate?
Stapedius and hyoid artery
hypertrophy
Prenatal and perinatal
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum

9. What does the mullerian duct develop into? wollffian?
Failure of bony spinal canal to fuse; no; lower vertebral levels
Neural crest cells
Thalidomide; nausea
Fallopian tube - uterus - upper 1/3 of vagina

10. What does the foramen ovale shunt blood from - to where? What is its remnant?
blood entering the RA
Lithium
From teh lung;blood from IVC in RA to LA; fossa ovalis
Maxillary and medial nasal processes

11. Pyloric stenosis is characterized by _____________ of muscularis externis in the sphincter
Mesencephalon
DES
hypertrophy
primary palate

12. Which branchial apparatus makes the external auditory meatus?
Primitive atrium
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
1st cleft/groove (Ectoderm)
Base of limbs in the zone of polarizing activity; ant - post

13. What does the midgut form? hindgut?
Umbilical - midgut herniates through umbilical ring; SMA
Duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
Surface ectoderm
From the the lung; blood from SVC that went into RV gets shunted from pulm artery to aorta; ligamentum arteriosum

14. From What embryonic layer does the spinal cord arise?
Neuroectoderm
Mesoderm
mesoderm
Mesoderm

15. What separates the ant 1/3 and post 2/3 of tongue?
Endoderm
Foramen cecum and terminal sulus
DHT; estrogen
1st

16. Cleft lip is a failure of formation of the...
Mesoderm
2; 1
Respiratory distress syndrome
primary palate

17. What produces testis determining factor? what cells are produced from this? and What do they secrete? does this result in?
SRY gene on Y chromosomes; sertoli and leydi; MIF and androgens; suppression of paramesonephric ducts and dev. of mesonephric (all respectively)
Neural crest migration - they then cause spiral
Prosencephalon - mesencephalon - rhombencephalon
Turners; inferior

18. What does DHT turn the urogenital folds into? estrogen?
3
Grooves/clefts; arches; pouches
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
Oligohydramnios

19. What is the leading cause of birth defects in the US? what else is this perpetrator the leading cause of?
Fetal alcohol syndrome; mental retardation
Sonic Hedgehog
Neuroectoderm
T neuroectoderm

20. From what aortic arch does the stapedial artery arise? the hyoid?
IX; X
Incomplete; yes
Week 4
2nd; 2nd

21. What are the neural crest cells and where do they come form? where do they go?
Week 4; week 3
2nd; 2nd
They are the edge of neural plate folding; all over the body
Week 8

22. what muscles are derived from branchial arch 2?
Failure to recanalize; 21
Muscles of facial expression - stapedius - stylohyoid - posterior belly of the digastric
1st cleft/groove (Ectoderm)
Medial palatine processes

23. What does the first branchial pouch create?
Outgrowth of mesonephric as ureteric bud; most caudal
Primitive ventricle
Membrane - all 3 from 1st appartus
Endoderm lined structures of ear: middle ear cavity - eustacian tube - mastoid air cells

24. Which arches form the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Cerebral hemisphere - thalami
Dorsal; faulty positioning of genital tubercle
2; 1
Arches 3 and 4

25. How does annular pancreas present in children?
Mesoderm
Gastric outlet obstruction (bilious vomiting - feeding intolerance - abdominal distention)
During; instrinsic
3 -4 -6

26. what structures are the derivatives of the neural crest cells in branchial arches?
Oxygenated; placenta to fetus (IVC)
Pataus; fetal alcohol syndrome
Bone/cartilage and nerves
1st cleft/groove (Ectoderm)

27. What does the vitelline duct connect? What is it also known as? when should it obliterate?
Female; paramesonephric; mesonephric
Mid gut to yolk sac; omphalomesenteric duct; 7th week
blood entering the RA
Midgut; 10th week

28. What is the neural plate and From what does it form?
Ectoderm
Upper 1/3; urogenital sinus
Neuroectoderm
Failure of bony spinal canal to fuse; no; lower vertebral levels

29. From what region does the midbrain form from?
Meckels cartilage: mandible - malleus - INCUS - sphenoMandibular ligament; CN V2 and V3
Mesencephalon
SRY gene on Y chromosomes; sertoli and leydi; MIF and androgens; suppression of paramesonephric ducts and dev. of mesonephric (all respectively)
Endoderm lined structures of ear: middle ear cavity - eustacian tube - mastoid air cells

30. Which parts of the pancreas contribute to the head - uncinate process and main pancreatic duct?
Surface ectoderm
Surface ectoderm
Dorsal and ventral buds
Mesoderm

31. From where did a branchial cleft cyst arise if it found?
Muscular ventricular septum; no
Apical ectodermal ridge
Found in lateral neck; from no obliteration of 2-4th clefts
elevated AFP

32. What artery is derived branchial (aortic) arch 2?
Decidual basalis
Tunica vaginalis not fully fused
Stapedius and hyoid artery
Physiologic incomplete muscular ventricular septum

33. What teratogen can cause IUGR and ADHD in a fetus? what else can this teratogen cause?
Cleft lip/palate
Nicotine; preterm labor
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian

34. What is germinal matrix hemorrhage associated with?
Respiratory distress syndrome
Neural plate; closes by week 4
5th
Reicherts cartilage: Stapes - Styloid process - Lesser horn of hyloid - Stylohyoid ligament and CN VII

35. During what week do the limbs begin to form?
Thyroglossal duct; persists as pyramidal lobe of thyroid; foramen cecum on tongue is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct
Week 4
Thickened ectoderm at end of each developing limb
not covered

36. From What do the embryoblast and trophoblast form from? What does the embryoblast split into? the trophoblast?
Blastocyst; epiblast and hypoblast; synctiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
Common carotid and internal carotid
pyloric stenosis
Skewed development of AP septum

37. What is the difference between agenesis and aplasia?
Endoderm
Thyroglossal duct; persists as pyramidal lobe of thyroid; foramen cecum on tongue is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct
...
No organ in each; agenesis no primordial tissue

38. What causes the increase in left atrial pressure to close the fossa ovale?
Decreased separation of hemispheres across midline; cyclopia
Turners; inferior
Absent cerebellar vermis; cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
Decreased pulmonary resistance in the pulmonary vasculature

39. What type of blood do umbilical arteries carry? From where to where?
Midgut; 10th week
Deformation
Deoxygenated blood; fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta
Base of limbs in the zone of polarizing activity; ant - post

40. What causes the obstruction in pyloric stenosis? treatment?
2nd pouch
Endocardial cushions
Branchial arch 2
Hypertrophy of muscularis externis of pylorus; surgical incision

41. What axis does the basal plate form? what neural system does it become?
Telencephalon
Partial closure of vitelline duct so that the patent portion is attached to ileum; ectopic gastric mucosa; melena and periumbilical pain
Ventral ; motor
Neural crest cells

42. What teratogen can cause an absence of digits amongst other things in the fetus? give an example.
Alkylating agents
Persistence of 3rd cleft (groove) and pouch causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
Scrotum; labia majora
Week 4

43. What is the initial step to interventricular septum development? is it complete?
Prostaglandins
Muscular ventricular septum; no
Renal artery stenosis;
Foregut; dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)

44. By when are the neuropores supposed to fuse?
3rd pouch
4th week
hypospadias
Ebsteins anomaly; tricuspid atresia

45. What teratogens can cause discolored teeth?
mesodermal
VACTERL- vertebral defect - anal atresia - cardiac defects - tracheo - esophageal fistula - renal defects - limb defects
Where the epiblast and hypoblast fuse
Tetracyclines

46. From What embryonic layer do the ANS arise?
Neural crest cells
Day 6; maintains corpus luteum; 1st trimester
Ebsteins anomaly; tricuspid atresia
Right horn of the SV

47. From what region of the brain does the aqueduct form?
Rhombencephalon
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
3rd pouch
Endoderm

48. Where is Wnt 7 gene produced?
Medial palatine processes
Surface ectoderm
Apical ectodermal ridge
Post. sup wall; luteal phase

49. From What embryonic layer do chromaffin cells arise?
Neural crest cells
5th
Metanephric mesenchyme; differentiation and formation of glomerulus and renal tubules to distal convoluted tubule
Thickened ectoderm at end of each developing limb

50. What is used to keep the PDA open?
Prostaglandins
Ectoderm
Endoderm
1st cleft/groove (Ectoderm)

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USMLE Embryo

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