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USMLE Embryo
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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usmle
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. what invaginates to form the primitive streak?
Prevent recurrent UTIs
Epiblast
Lacunae in between the chorionic villi
All or none
2. From What embryonic layer does the adenohypophysis arise?
Surface ectoderm
Endoderm
Meckels cartilage: mandible - malleus - INCUS - sphenoMandibular ligament; CN V2 and V3
pyloric stenosis
3. What are the clinical symptoms that present with syringomelia?
Ectoderm; endoderm
IX; X
Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities with preservation of touch sensation
1st branchial arch
4. What three layers form during gastrulation? From What do they form? and what week does gastrulation occur?
Thyroglossal duct cysts will move with swallowing while persistent cervical sinuses in lateral neck wont
Duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
Ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm; epiblast - primitive streak - hypoblast; week 3
Deoxygenated blood; fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta
5. From What embryonic layer is the eustachian tube from?
Ventral and dorsal parts fail to fuse at 8th week; 2 pancreatic ducts!- more prone to pancreatitis
hypertrophy
is no longer intact
Mesoderm
6. What hormone is hcG structurally similar too?
Epispadias
Endoderm
Before getting pregnant!
LH
7. What is a zygote?
Excessive resorption of septum primum or secondum (or both)
Neural crest cells
Cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast
Sperm plus egg
8. Where is the decidua basalis derived from?
Meckels cartilage: mandible - malleus - INCUS - sphenoMandibular ligament; CN V2 and V3
Endometrium
Apical ectodermal ridge
3rd pouch
9. What causes urine discharge from the umbilicus?
mesodermal
Aortic arch (from left side); right subclavian (on the right)
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
Lacunae in between the chorionic villi
10. Most myelomeningoceles present in the _______ region
lumbosacral
Dorsal ventral axis
Hepatic circulation; ligamentum venosum
Ectoderm
11. What components do the neural crest cells of the branchial arches give rise to?
Persistence of 3rd cleft (groove) and pouch causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
OCPS and maternal diabetes
All 3
Bones - cartilage - and nerves
12. which genital embryology is default? From what duct? what duct degenerates without signal to stay?
Surface ectoderm
Week 10-12; end of 1st trimester
Female; paramesonephric; mesonephric
Neural crest development; MEN 2A (pheo - PTH tumor - parafollicular cell tumor)
13. What embryological structure gives rise to the trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricle?
Week 4; week 3
is no longer intact
Primitive ventricle
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
14. What type of blood do umbilical arteries carry? From where to where?
Tetracyclines
Surface ectoderm
Fetal alcohol syndrome; mental retardation
Deoxygenated blood; fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta
15. What is meckel's diverticulum? What is it associated with? What does that cause?
Partial closure of vitelline duct so that the patent portion is attached to ileum; ectopic gastric mucosa; melena and periumbilical pain
Cytotrophoblast
Deformation
Absent cerebellar vermis; cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
16. When does organogenesis occur?
Week 3-8
Ampulla
Amniotic epithelium
Truncus arteriosus; pulmonary trunk
17. From What embryonic layer does bone arise ?
...
Mesoderm
Ebsteins anomaly; tricuspid atresia
Mesoderm; 3 week
18. What is the effect of teratogens before week 3?
Muscles and arteries
Endoderm
septum primum and/or secundum
All or none
19. Which part of the branchial apparatus makes up membranes?
All 3
lumbosacral
Neuroectoderm
Neural crest cells
20. Which branchial arch derivative is obliterated?
Endoderm
5th
2; 1
Metanephric mesenchyme; differentiation and formation of glomerulus and renal tubules to distal convoluted tubule
21. On what side is the abnormal opening in epispadias? What causes it?
Mental retardation - holoprosencephaly - facial features - fistulas
Dorsal; faulty positioning of genital tubercle
Greater horn of hyoid; CN IX (styloPharyngeus)
Reicherts cartilage: Stapes - Styloid process - Lesser horn of hyloid - Stylohyoid ligament and CN VII
22. What type of blood do umbilical veins carry? From where to where?
Aortic arch (from left side); right subclavian (on the right)
Amniotic epithelium
Endoderm - floor of primitive pharynx
Oxygenated; placenta to fetus (IVC)
23. What are the two components of the fetal component of the placenta?
Surface ectoderm
Hypospadias
Mesoderm
Cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast
24. What is an example of a syndrome that can cause abnormal neural crest migration and thus CV abnormalities?
DiGeorge
primary palate
Obliterated
Neuroectoderm
25. Name two endocardial cushion defects.
6th aortic arch
Neuroectoderm
Ebsteins anomaly; tricuspid atresia
Where the epiblast and hypoblast fuse
26. From What embryonic layer does the epidermis arise?
Mesoderm
Surface ectoderm
Week 4
Nutrient and gas for exchange; endometrium
27. From What embryonic layer do the salivary - sweat and mammary glands arise?
Vascular accident intra uterine; apple peel atresia
Physiologic incomplete muscular ventricular septum
Surface ectoderm
lumbosacral
28. What axis does the alar plate form? what neural system does it become?
Failure of the urachus to obliterate; outpouching of the bladder
Dorsal; sensory
Hemorrhage - bone deformities
From the the lung; blood from SVC that went into RV gets shunted from pulm artery to aorta; ligamentum arteriosum
29. Which is more common - epispadias or hypospadias?
Hypospadias
Primitive ventricle
Ampulla
After; extrinsic
30. failure to close of what fold results in sternal defects? omphalocele? gastrochisis? bladder extrosphy?
Rhombencephalon
5th
Rostral fold closure ; lateral fold closure; lateral fold closure; caudal fold closure
Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches; t cell def (thymic aplasia) - hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development) - CF and CV defects
31. During what week do the limbs begin to form?
Week 10-12; end of 1st trimester
Mesoderm
Week 4
Base of limbs in the zone of polarizing activity; ant - post
32. What are the aspects of fetal alcohol syndrome?
Incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts; UT abnormalities and infertility
Mental retardation - holoprosencephaly - facial features - fistulas
Mesdoerm
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum
33. What causes the degeneration of the spinal cord in syringomelia?
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
Synctiotrophoblast; outer; no
hypertrophy
Fluid filled syrinx causes expansion and degeneration of cord tracts
34. From where does the permanent kidney for? is it most caudal or most cranial?
Neural crest migration - they then cause spiral
Outgrowth of mesonephric as ureteric bud; most caudal
2nd pouch
Foramen cecum and terminal sulus
35. WithIn what week does gastrulation occur? What is gastrulation?
Indomethacin; blocks PG production
Week 3; primitive streak formation from the epiblast makes the three layers
Midgut; 10th week
Occiptal
36. What part of the fetal comp of the placenta secretes hCG? is this part on the inner or outer layer of the chorionic villi? does it make cells?
Day 6; maintains corpus luteum; 1st trimester
mesodermal
VSD
Synctiotrophoblast; outer; no
37. From What embryonic layer is the spleen from?
Neural crest development; MEN 2A (pheo - PTH tumor - parafollicular cell tumor)
Mesoderm
Surface ectoderm
Caused by compression on trocheal nerve - causes vertical gaze paralysis (associated with arnold chiari)
38. From What embryonic layer does the pineal gland arise?
Lithium
blood entering the RA
Neuroectoderm
Prosencephalon - mesencephalon - rhombencephalon
39. What teratogens can cause CN VIII toxicity in the fetus?
Aminoglycosides
Obliterated
Common carotid and internal carotid
Umbilical - midgut herniates through umbilical ring; SMA
40. what muscles are derived from branchial arch 4? CN?
Lithium
Maxillary
Most pharyngeal constrictors - Cricothyroid - levator veli palatini; CN X (superior laryngeal branch - swallowing)
No organ in each; agenesis no primordial tissue
41. Which branchial apparatus develops into the superior parathyroids?
SRY gene on Y chromosomes; sertoli and leydi; MIF and androgens; suppression of paramesonephric ducts and dev. of mesonephric (all respectively)
Decreased pulmonary resistance in the pulmonary vasculature
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum
4th pouch
42. Which branchial derivative accounts for the posterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm; epiblast - primitive streak - hypoblast; week 3
Amniotic cavity and yolk sac
3rd and 4th arches
Neural crest cells
43. From What embryonic layer does the lens of the eye arise?
Primitive ventricle
Neural plate; closes by week 4
T neuroectoderm
Surface ectoderm
44. From What embryonic layer does the skin dermis arise?
Mesoderm
Neural crest cells
Ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus; anchors testes within scrotum
Maternally derived; meconium
45. From what region does the cerebral hemisphere form?
Pharynx to duodenum; duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
Oxygenated; placenta to fetus (IVC)
can make cells
Telencephalon
46. Where is the apical ectodermal ridge?
Bone/cartilage and nerves
Thalidomide; nausea
Cerebral hemisphere - thalami
Thickened ectoderm at end of each developing limb
47. What causes a patent foramen ovale?
Excessive resorption of septum primum or secondum (or both)
...
VACTERL- vertebral defect - anal atresia - cardiac defects - tracheo - esophageal fistula - renal defects - limb defects
Reicherts cartilage: Stapes - Styloid process - Lesser horn of hyloid - Stylohyoid ligament and CN VII
48. What is the memranous interventricular formaen made from?
Hypertrophy of muscularis externis of pylorus; surgical incision
Yolk sac; liver (weeks 6-30) and spleen (9-28 weeks)
Sperm plus egg
When the AP septum meets and fuses with the muscular ventricular septum to form membranous intraventricular septum - closing interventricular foramen
49. From what are the umbilical arteries and veins derived from?
Mesoderm
Endoderm lined structures of ear: middle ear cavity - eustacian tube - mastoid air cells
Allantois
Thickened ectoderm at end of each developing limb
50. What are the three regions of the brain (in order of cranial to caudal)?
Day 6; with implantation
Prosencephalon - mesencephalon - rhombencephalon
Found in lateral neck; from no obliteration of 2-4th clefts
Cranio - caudal; segmental
Sorry!:) No result found.
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