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USMLE Embryo
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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usmle
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is annular pancreas associated with in infants?
A vitelline fistula - failure of vitelline duct to close
Persistence of 3rd cleft (groove) and pouch causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
Polyhydramnios - Down syndrome - Esophageal/duodenal atresia - Imperforate anus - Meckel diverticulum
2. What two cavities also form during the second week?
Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches; t cell def (thymic aplasia) - hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development) - CF and CV defects
lumbosacral
Tunica vaginalis not fully fused
Amniotic cavity and yolk sac
3. Which part of the chorionic villi can make cells?
Cytotrophoblast
Ventral ; motor
Nutrient and gas exchange
Allantois
4. what drug is used to help close a PDA? what else does this drug treat?
Indomethacin; blocks PG production
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
Fetal kidney; fetal swallows - absorbs - and then removed from placental blood
Ventral ; motor
5. What causes the transposition of the great vessels? What does it result in?
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
Deformation
arnold chiari associated with thoraclumbar myelomeningocele
Yolk sac; liver (weeks 6-30) and spleen (9-28 weeks)
6. From where does the signal come from to suppress paramesonephric ducts? what stimulates development of the mesonephric ducts?
After; extrinsic
Mullerian inhibitory factor from Sertoli cells; increased androgen from Leydig cells
Arnold Chiari and Dandy Walker; Arnold Chiari; Dandy Walker; Arnold Chiari
Primitive ventricle
7. What does the midgut form? hindgut?
Duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
septum primum and/or secundum
Folate antagonists
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum; glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
8. in hypospadias - on which side is the abnormal opening? What causes it?
SRY gene on Y chromosomes; sertoli and leydi; MIF and androgens; suppression of paramesonephric ducts and dev. of mesonephric (all respectively)
Ventral; failure of urogenital folds to close
4th arch; 6th arch
4th/5th branchial pouches
9. what bone/cartilage and nerves are derived from branchial arch 3?
Greater horn of hyoid; CN IX (styloPharyngeus)
Sonic Hedgehog
blood entering the RA
XII
10. what invaginates to form the primitive streak?
Synctiotrophoblast
Deoxygenated blood; fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta
Base of limbs in the zone of polarizing activity; ant - post
Epiblast
11. What is an arnold chiari II malformation? through what hole does it herniate?
Prenatal and perinatal
Mesoderm
Rostral fold closure ; lateral fold closure; lateral fold closure; caudal fold closure
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum
12. What do the 2nd through 4th clefts of the branchial apparatus correlate to?
Temporary cervical sinus
Week 8
Dorsal; faulty positioning of genital tubercle
Amniotic epithelium
13. From which myotomes are muscles of the tongue derived from?
Prosencephalon
Occiptal
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
Maternally derived; meconium
14. The notochord is...
Lots - cleft palate/lip
mesoderm
Common carotid and internal carotid
Found in lateral neck; from no obliteration of 2-4th clefts
15. From what germ layer does the primitive heart tube arise?
Deoxygenated blood; fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta
When the AP septum meets and fuses with the muscular ventricular septum to form membranous intraventricular septum - closing interventricular foramen
Mesoderm
Skewed development of AP septum
16. When does organogenesis occur?
Week 3-8
Right horn of the SV
Female; paramesonephric; mesonephric
Congenital and chromosomal abnormalities
17. From What embryonic layer does the epithelial linings of the oral cavity arise?
Folate antagonists
VACTERL; OCPs and maternal diabetes
Surface ectoderm
Fluid filled syrinx causes expansion and degeneration of cord tracts
18. is epispadias or hypospadias associated with exstrophy of the bladder?
Post. sup wall; luteal phase
Surface ectoderm
Epispadias
Fetal and maternal
19. In both meningocele and myelomeningocele the dura...
is no longer intact
Neural plate; closes by week 4
Fallopian tube - uterus - upper 1/3 of vagina
Incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts; UT abnormalities and infertility
20. What connects the thyroid to the tongue? when happens if it doesnt obliterate?
Polyhydramnios - Down syndrome - Esophageal/duodenal atresia - Imperforate anus - Meckel diverticulum
Thyroglossal duct; persists as pyramidal lobe of thyroid; foramen cecum on tongue is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct
Mesoderm; 3 week
Neuroectoderm
21. What congenital abnormality forms a 'double bubble' on xray?
Annular pancrease
Rhombencephalon
Metanephric mesenchyme; differentiation and formation of glomerulus and renal tubules to distal convoluted tubule
1st cleft/groove (Ectoderm)
22. From where does the ureteric bud arise? What does it give rise to?
Physiologic incomplete muscular ventricular septum
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
The caudal end mesonephros; the ureter - pelvis - calyces - collecting ducts
Fallopian tube - uterus - upper 1/3 of vagina
23. What is duodenal atresia usually due to? What trisomy is it most often seen in?
Dorsal and ventral buds
Persistence of 3rd cleft (groove) and pouch causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
Failure to recanalize; 21
primary palate
24. What does DHT turn the urogenital sinus into? estrogen?
Metanephric mesenchyme; differentiation and formation of glomerulus and renal tubules to distal convoluted tubule
Excessive resorption of septum primum or secondum (or both)
Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper) and Prostate gland; greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) and Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene)
Neural crest cells
25. Which branchial derivative accounts for the sensation and taste in the posterior 2/3 of the tongue? how about the very back?
LH
Obliterated; forms tunica vaginalis
Mullerian inhibitory factor from Sertoli cells; increased androgen from Leydig cells
4th arch; 6th arch
26. what muscles are derived from branchial arch 4? CN?
Week 4
Nicotine; preterm labor
is no longer intact
Most pharyngeal constrictors - Cricothyroid - levator veli palatini; CN X (superior laryngeal branch - swallowing)
27. For what reason do hypospadias need to be fixed?
Synctiotrophoblast
Prevent recurrent UTIs
Diencephalon
Mid gut to yolk sac; omphalomesenteric duct; 7th week
28. From what does bicornuate uterus arise? What is it associated with?
Incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts; UT abnormalities and infertility
Umbilical - midgut herniates through umbilical ring; SMA
Initial left to right shunting - then switches
Annular pancrease
29. From what region of the brain does the fourth ventricle form?
80%
...
Endoderm - floor of primitive pharynx
Rhombencephalon
30. Which parts of the pancreas contribute to the head - uncinate process and main pancreatic duct?
Dorsal and ventral buds
VACTERL; OCPs and maternal diabetes
Endoderm
Surface ectoderm
31. What is associated with only one umbilical artery?
Congenital and chromosomal abnormalities
Deoxygenated blood; fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta
LH
Before getting pregnant!
32. From what aortic arch does the common carotid artery arise? what else arises from this arch?
Post. sup wall; luteal phase
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
Dorsal; faulty positioning of genital tubercle
Greater horn of hyoid; CN IX (styloPharyngeus)
33. what muscles are derived from branchial arch 3?
Yolk sac; 3rd week
Neuroectoderm
elevated AFP
StyloPharyngeus
34. What can vit A in excess cause in the fetus?
Lots - cleft palate/lip
Neuroectoderm
Neuroectoderm
Ampulla
35. What teratogens can cause flipper limbs (limb defects)? What is this drug used for?
Metencephalon; cerebellum
Mesoderm
Thalidomide; nausea
Reicherts cartilage: Stapes - Styloid process - Lesser horn of hyloid - Stylohyoid ligament and CN VII
36. WithIn what week does gastrulation occur? What is gastrulation?
Temporary cervical sinus
Week 3; primitive streak formation from the epiblast makes the three layers
When the AP septum meets and fuses with the muscular ventricular septum to form membranous intraventricular septum - closing interventricular foramen
Neuroectoderm
37. What germ layer correlates with the branchial pouches?
Endoderm
Failure to recanalize; 21
Surface ectoderm
Umbilical - midgut herniates through umbilical ring; SMA
38. What teratogens can cause CN VIII toxicity in the fetus?
Aminoglycosides
Incomplete; yes
Persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal; low folic acid
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum; glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
39. During what week do the limbs begin to form?
Neuroectoderm
IMA
Prosencephalon - mesencephalon - rhombencephalon
Week 4
40. From What embryonic layer does the olfactory epithelium arise?
Embryonic period; 1st trimester
Fetal alcohol syndrome; mental retardation
Mesonephros; male genital system
Surface ectoderm
41. What artery is derived branchial (aortic) arch 4?
Neuroectoderm
Reicherts cartilage: Stapes - Styloid process - Lesser horn of hyloid - Stylohyoid ligament and CN VII
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
A vitelline fistula - failure of vitelline duct to close
42. In order to survive tricuspid atresia - What do you need?
Neuroectoderm
VSD
Yolk sac; 3rd week
Neural plate; closes by week 4
43. Before birth - blood entering the LA is less than...
Ectoderm
8
blood entering the RA
6-30
44. What is the effect of teratogens before week 3?
Spinothalamic first
Fluid filled syrinx causes expansion and degeneration of cord tracts
No more umbilical circulation emptying into RA
All or none
45. What embryologic structure gives rise to the smooth outflow tracts of the ventricles? what else does it give rise to?
When the AP septum meets and fuses with the muscular ventricular septum to form membranous intraventricular septum - closing interventricular foramen
Bulbos Cordis; right ventricle entirely
elevated AFP
Caused by compression on trocheal nerve - causes vertical gaze paralysis (associated with arnold chiari)
46. What is a teratogen that causes Ebsteins anomaly? What is ebsteins anomaly?
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47. What does the ureteric bud interact with and What does it induce it to become?
Urachus/median umbilical ligament; bladder and yolk sac
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum; glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
Mid gut to yolk sac; omphalomesenteric duct; 7th week
Metanephric mesenchyme; differentiation and formation of glomerulus and renal tubules to distal convoluted tubule
48. Which branchial apparatus develops into the superior parathyroids?
Week 10-12; end of 1st trimester
Deoxygenated blood; fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta
Hemorrhage - bone deformities
4th pouch
49. By what week is there fetal movement?
Tunica vaginalis not fully fused
Dorsal; sensory
Week 8
Muscles of Mastication: Temporalis - masseter - Lateral and Medila pterygoids - Mylohyoid - anterior belly of the digastric - tensor tympani - tensor veli palatini; ant 2/3 of tongue
50. What happens in pancreas divisum? what results?
Neuroectoderm
Ventral and dorsal parts fail to fuse at 8th week; 2 pancreatic ducts!- more prone to pancreatitis
Persistence of 3rd cleft (groove) and pouch causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
Neuroectoderm
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