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USMLE Embryo
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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usmle
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What two things cause VACTERL syndrome?
Incomplete; yes
OCPS and maternal diabetes
Vascular accident intra uterine; apple peel atresia
Rhombencephalon
2. What does the ductus arteriosus shunt blood away from - to where? What is its remnant?
Allantois
From the the lung; blood from SVC that went into RV gets shunted from pulm artery to aorta; ligamentum arteriosum
Aminoglycosides
4th week
3. Name a syndrome cleft palate is often seen in
Cerebral hemisphere - thalami
can make cells
DiGeorge
Oligohydramnios
4. From where did a branchial cleft cyst arise if it found?
Muscles of facial expression - stapedius - stylohyoid - posterior belly of the digastric
Lots - cleft palate/lip
Epiblast
Found in lateral neck; from no obliteration of 2-4th clefts
5. From where does the pulmonary arteries and the ductus arteriosus arise?
6th aortic arch
Ionizing
Neural crest cells
Blastocyst; epiblast and hypoblast; synctiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
6. From where does the signal come from to suppress paramesonephric ducts? what stimulates development of the mesonephric ducts?
Mullerian inhibitory factor from Sertoli cells; increased androgen from Leydig cells
Week 3; primitive streak formation from the epiblast makes the three layers
Gastric outlet obstruction (bilious vomiting - feeding intolerance - abdominal distention)
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
7. From what region of the brain does the fourth ventricle form?
Rhombencephalon
Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches; t cell def (thymic aplasia) - hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development) - CF and CV defects
Mesoderm
Female; paramesonephric; mesonephric
8. What causes tetralogy of Fallot?
Vascular accident intra uterine; apple peel atresia
Tunica vaginalis not fully fused
Female; paramesonephric; mesonephric
Skewed development of AP septum
9. What hormones are in charge of external genitalia development in the fetus? (in both male and female)
DHT; estrogen
Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper) and Prostate gland; greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) and Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene)
Neuroectoderm
Neural crest development; MEN 2A (pheo - PTH tumor - parafollicular cell tumor)
10. When does organogenesis occur?
Caused by compression on trocheal nerve - causes vertical gaze paralysis (associated with arnold chiari)
Week 3-8
Where the epiblast and hypoblast fuse
Cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast
11. How does annular pancreas present in children?
secondary palate
Gastric outlet obstruction (bilious vomiting - feeding intolerance - abdominal distention)
Polyhydramnios
Prostaglandins
12. What are the two types of posterior fossa malformations? which one results in a hindbrain crowding? and which results in an enlarged posterior fossa? which one is associated with syringomelia?
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
Arnold Chiari and Dandy Walker; Arnold Chiari; Dandy Walker; Arnold Chiari
Incomplete; yes
Cleft lip/palate
13. From what aortic arch does the common carotid artery arise? what else arises from this arch?
After; extrinsic
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
1st cleft/groove (Ectoderm)
Umbilical - midgut herniates through umbilical ring; SMA
14. What teratogens can cause discolored teeth?
Tetracyclines
Urachus/median umbilical ligament; bladder and yolk sac
secondary palate
Pronephros - mesonephros - metanephros; pronephros; most cranially
15. From which germlayer does the thyroid develop?? From what structure exactly?
Day 6; maintains corpus luteum; 1st trimester
mesoderm
Endoderm - floor of primitive pharynx
Failure to recanalize; 21
16. How is amniontic fluid excreted? How is amniotic fluid resorped?
XII
...
Fetal and maternal
Fetal kidney; fetal swallows - absorbs - and then removed from placental blood
17. Where is Wnt 7 gene produced?
Nicotine; preterm labor
Apical ectodermal ridge
3rd and 4th arches
Surface ectoderm
18. What causes the obstruction in pyloric stenosis? treatment?
Muscles and arteries
Hypertrophy of muscularis externis of pylorus; surgical incision
6th aortic arch
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
19. What are the two components of the placenta? From What do they form? which one secreted hcG?
...
Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper) and Prostate gland; greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) and Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene)
Prevent recurrent UTIs
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
20. From What embryonic layer does the gut tube epithelium arise?
Embryonic period; 1st trimester
Failure of the urachus to obliterate; outpouching of the bladder
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
Endoderm
21. How do you differentiate a thyroglossal duct cyst from a persistent cervical sinus?
Right horn of the SV
Neural crest cells
80%
Thyroglossal duct cysts will move with swallowing while persistent cervical sinuses in lateral neck wont
22. What weeks are considered the 'embryonic period'?
Bone/cartilage and nerves
Week 3-8
VSD
Lithium
23. What causes urine discharge from the umbilicus?
Lithium
Surface ectoderm
Ventral and dorsal parts fail to fuse at 8th week; 2 pancreatic ducts!- more prone to pancreatitis
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
24. What is a syrinx? Where is it found in syringomelia? What is it associated with?
Ionizing
Polyhydramnios - Down syndrome - Esophageal/duodenal atresia - Imperforate anus - Meckel diverticulum
Fluid filled cavity in spinal cord; C8- T1; arnold chiari II
All intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid; CN X (recurrent laryngeal nerve - speaking)
25. From What embryonic layer does the epidermis arise?
Surface ectoderm
Tetracyclines
Tunica vaginalis not fully fused
Skewed development of AP septum
26. What is Treacher Collins syndrome? What is the result?
Neural crest cells
Maxillary
Female; paramesonephric; mesonephric
1st arch neural crest fails to migrate --> mandibular hypoplasia - facial abnormalities (cleft palate - decreased slanting of palpebral fissures)
27. What day is the amnion formed?
Mesoderm; nucleous pulposos
Partial AP septum development; one large vessel leaves the heart - Right to left shunt
Surface ectoderm
8
28. What is the effect of teratogens after week 8?
Upper 1/3; urogenital sinus
hypertrophy
Deformation
Lithium
29. What embryonic structure gives rise to the ascending aorta? what else does it give rise to?
Truncus arteriosus; pulmonary trunk
Congenital and chromosomal abnormalities
1st branchial arch
Surface ectoderm
30. what closes the interventricular foramen?
Lots - cleft palate/lip
Surface ectoderm
Increased AFP and acetycholinesterase (not ACh!) in CSF
Physiologic incomplete muscular ventricular septum
31. From which branchial derivative does the anterior 2/3 of the tongue develop?
All intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid; CN X (recurrent laryngeal nerve - speaking)
Decidual basalis
1st branchial arch
Ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm; epiblast - primitive streak - hypoblast; week 3
32. What is the Eisenmeger complex?
When left to right shunting switching to right to left shunting
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
When the AP septum meets and fuses with the muscular ventricular septum to form membranous intraventricular septum - closing interventricular foramen
Found in lateral neck; from no obliteration of 2-4th clefts
33. From What embryonic layer do the ependymal cells arise?
Hypertrophy of muscularis externis of pylorus; surgical incision
Left horn of the sinus venosus
Mullerian inhibitory factor from Sertoli cells; increased androgen from Leydig cells
Neuroectoderm
34. From What embryonic layer does the spinal cord arise?
Week 4
Neuroectoderm
Week 4; week 3
Mesoderm; 3 week
35. What is the 'fetal period'- ie When is it?
Endoderm
Week 8
3 -4 -6
Mesoderm
36. What embryological structure gives rise to the trabeculated part of the left and right atrium?
Membrane - all 3 from 1st appartus
Myelencephalon
6-30
Primitive atrium
37. What type of - amnios does bilateral agenesis form? What three symptoms does this cause?
Temporary cervical sinus
Persistence of 3rd cleft (groove) and pouch causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
Oligohydramnios
Week 10-12; end of 1st trimester
38. What separated myometrium of the uterus from the blastocyst?
Cranio - caudal; segmental
Endoderm
Mesoderm; epiblast
Decidual basalis
39. What does DHT turn the urogenital folds into? estrogen?
Week 4; week 3
Aminoglycosides
Increased AFP and acetycholinesterase (not ACh!) in CSF
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
40. What embryologic structure provides the aorticpulmonary septum?
Neural crest cells
Lacunae in between the chorionic villi
1st branchial arch
Neural crest migration - they then cause spiral
41. From what branchial derivative do the parafollicular cells arise?
Oligohydramnios
Endoderm
4th/5th branchial pouches
DiGeorge
42. From What embryonic layer does connective tissue and muscle arise?
Mesoderm; 3 week
Mesoderm
Maxillary
Aminoglycosides
43. What type of radiation is teratogenic ?
Branchial arch 2
3 -4 -6
2; 1
Ionizing
44. what bone/cartilage are derived from branchial arch 4-6?
2nd pouch
Cranio - caudal; segmental
Thyroid - cricoid - arytenoids - corniculate cuneiform
Mesoderm
45. What is another name for the mesonephric duct? paramesonephric?
VACTERL- vertebral defect - anal atresia - cardiac defects - tracheo - esophageal fistula - renal defects - limb defects
Neuroectoderm
Wolffian; mullerian
Ionizing
46. By when are the neuropores supposed to fuse?
4th week
First branchial pouch
Synctiotrophoblast; outer; no
Hemorrhage - bone deformities
47. Which branchial apparatus develops into the superior parathyroids?
4th pouch
No organ in each; agenesis no primordial tissue
Pharynx to duodenum; duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
Neural crest cells
48. Which CN accounts for the anterior 2/3 of the tongues sensation and pain? how about taste?
Mesoderm
Persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal; low folic acid
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum; glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
V3; VII
49. From what region does the midbrain form from?
Decreased pulmonary resistance in the pulmonary vasculature
Initial left to right shunting - then switches
Mesencephalon
Failure to recanalize; 21
50. What is used to keep the PDA open?
Blind upper esophagus with lower esophagus connected to trachea; cyanosis - choking and vomiting with feeding; air bubble on CXR; polyhydramnios; failure to pass NG tube; pneumonitis
StyloPharyngeus
Pulm art (prox) and ductus arteriosus
Prostaglandins
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