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USMLE Embryo
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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usmle
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What are markers for neural tube defects in the amniotic cavity? CSF?
Ectoderm; endoderm
Ventral bud
Increased AFP and acetycholinesterase (not ACh!) in CSF
From endocardial cushions (ventral and dorsal meet each other)
2. What is a teratogen that causes Ebsteins anomaly? What is ebsteins anomaly?
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3. What type of blood do umbilical veins carry? From where to where?
Neural crest development; MEN 2A (pheo - PTH tumor - parafollicular cell tumor)
Oxygenated; placenta to fetus (IVC)
Tunica vaginalis not fully fused
Temporary cervical sinus
4. what separates the atria from the ventricles?
Endocardial cushions
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum
Urachus/median umbilical ligament; bladder and yolk sac
Prenatal and perinatal
5. What is a syrinx? Where is it found in syringomelia? What is it associated with?
Polyhydramnios
Fluid filled cavity in spinal cord; C8- T1; arnold chiari II
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
Neuroectoderm
6. From where is the pancreas derived? the spleen?
Foregut; dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)
Decreases
When left to right shunting switching to right to left shunting
Ionizing
7. What does the RET gene encode? what neoplasias is it associated with?
Neural crest development; MEN 2A (pheo - PTH tumor - parafollicular cell tumor)
5th
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
Dorsal and ventral buds
8. What components do the mesoderm of the branchial arches give rise to?
Mesoderm
Amniotic epithelium
Turners; inferior
Muscles and arteries
9. From What embryonic layer are the serous linings of the body cavities from? for ex - peritoneum?
1st cleft/groove (Ectoderm)
3rd pouch
Prosencephalon - mesencephalon - rhombencephalon
...
10. What arises from the fourth aortic arch?
Nutrient and gas for exchange; endometrium
Aortic arch (from left side); right subclavian (on the right)
Day 6; maintains corpus luteum; 1st trimester
Foregut; dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)
11. From What embryonic layer does the oligodendrocytes arise?
Dorsal ventral axis
Mesoderm
Neuroectoderm
Rhombencephalon
12. From What embryonic layer is the bladder and urethra from?
Branchial arch 2
Pataus; fetal alcohol syndrome
Mesoderm
Increase in oxygen concentration which decreases prostaglandin concentration
13. What artery is derived branchial (aortic) arch 6?
Arnold Chiari and Dandy Walker; Arnold Chiari; Dandy Walker; Arnold Chiari
Pulm art (prox) and ductus arteriosus
1st arch neural crest fails to migrate --> mandibular hypoplasia - facial abnormalities (cleft palate - decreased slanting of palpebral fissures)
Mental retardation - holoprosencephaly - facial features - fistulas
14. From What embryonic layer do the salivary - sweat and mammary glands arise?
External auditory meatus
Female; paramesonephric; mesonephric
Surface ectoderm
Increase in oxygen concentration which decreases prostaglandin concentration
15. is epispadias or hypospadias associated with exstrophy of the bladder?
Day 6; with implantation
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum
Epispadias
Maternally derived; meconium
16. What causes the increase in left atrial pressure to close the fossa ovale?
VACTERL; OCPs and maternal diabetes
Decreased pulmonary resistance in the pulmonary vasculature
Neural crest cells
Surface ectoderm
17. failure to close of what fold results in sternal defects? omphalocele? gastrochisis? bladder extrosphy?
Lithium; valve leaflets attach to domain down low in RV- 'atrialized RV'
DiGeorge
No organ in each; agenesis no primordial tissue
Rostral fold closure ; lateral fold closure; lateral fold closure; caudal fold closure
18. From where does the medulla form?
Myelencephalon
Pronephros - mesonephros - metanephros; pronephros; most cranially
Cerebral hemisphere - thalami
Turners; inferior
19. How do you differentiate a thyroglossal duct cyst from a persistent cervical sinus?
Thyroglossal duct cysts will move with swallowing while persistent cervical sinuses in lateral neck wont
Week 3-8
Nutrient and gas for exchange; endometrium
Aminoglycosides
20. What is an example of a syndrome that can cause abnormal neural crest migration and thus CV abnormalities?
Day 6; maintains corpus luteum; 1st trimester
DiGeorge
3rd pouch
Neuroectoderm
21. When does the blastocyst split into two disks? What is this disk called? What are the two germ layers called?
Week 2; bilaminar disk; epiblast and hypoblast
Tunica vaginalis not fully fused
Ventral and dorsal parts fail to fuse at 8th week; 2 pancreatic ducts!- more prone to pancreatitis
Myelencephalon
22. From What embryonic layer are the dorsal root and celiac ganglion from?
Foramen cecum and terminal sulus
Ampulla
Neural crest cells
not covered
23. What weeks are considered the 'embryonic period'?
Outgrowth of mesonephric as ureteric bud; most caudal
SRY gene on Y chromosomes; sertoli and leydi; MIF and androgens; suppression of paramesonephric ducts and dev. of mesonephric (all respectively)
...
Week 3-8
24. What causes urine discharge from the umbilicus?
Cleft lip/palate
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
Absent cerebellar vermis; cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
25. What are the three regions of the brain (in order of cranial to caudal)?
is no longer intact
Endoderm
Prosencephalon - mesencephalon - rhombencephalon
DiGeorge
26. What teratogens can cause flipper limbs (limb defects)? What is this drug used for?
Upper 1/3; urogenital sinus
Amniotic cavity and yolk sac
Thalidomide; nausea
Dorsal; sensory
27. what results if they dont? What can increase the risks of this?
Muscles and arteries
Persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal; low folic acid
Fluid filled syrinx causes expansion and degeneration of cord tracts
Alkylating agents
28. Where is the apical ectodermal ridge?
Thickened ectoderm at end of each developing limb
Yolk sac; liver (weeks 6-30) and spleen (9-28 weeks)
28 week onward
blood entering the RA
29. Which part of the chorionic villi can make cells?
...
Cytotrophoblast
Partial AP septum development; one large vessel leaves the heart - Right to left shunt
Endoderm
30. What can vit A in excess cause in the fetus?
Greater horn of hyoid; CN IX (styloPharyngeus)
Lots - cleft palate/lip
Maternally derived; meconium
DiGeorge
31. what invaginates to form the primitive streak?
Apical ectodermal ridge
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
Epiblast
Primitive atrium
32. From What embryonic layer do the astrocytes arise?
Decidual basalis
Apical ectodermal ridge; limb lengthening; stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm
Neuroectoderm
hypospadias
33. What is the homeobox gene responsible in developing? (What axis)
Tetracyclines
can make cells
Cranio - caudal; segmental
Ampulla
34. What part of the fetal comp of the placenta secretes hCG? is this part on the inner or outer layer of the chorionic villi? does it make cells?
Synctiotrophoblast; outer; no
Reicherts cartilage: Stapes - Styloid process - Lesser horn of hyloid - Stylohyoid ligament and CN VII
5th
Blind upper esophagus with lower esophagus connected to trachea; cyanosis - choking and vomiting with feeding; air bubble on CXR; polyhydramnios; failure to pass NG tube; pneumonitis
35. What teratogens can cause renal damage in the fetus?
ACE inhibitors - HCTZ
Dorsal and ventral buds
Absent cerebellar vermis; cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
4th/5th branchial pouches
36. What connects the thyroid to the tongue? when happens if it doesnt obliterate?
Polyhydramnios
3rd pouch
Thyroglossal duct; persists as pyramidal lobe of thyroid; foramen cecum on tongue is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct
Blastocyst; epiblast and hypoblast; synctiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
37. From What embryonic layer do the ependymal cells arise?
Midgut; 10th week
5th
Neuroectoderm
Ectoderm
38. What does the maternal component of the placenta provide? Where is it derived from?
Persistence of 3rd cleft (groove) and pouch causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
Nutrient and gas for exchange; endometrium
Incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts; UT abnormalities and infertility
1st branchial arch
39. Septum primum (patent foramen oval) caused by excessive resorption of...
secondary palate
Renal artery stenosis;
septum primum and/or secundum
Prevent recurrent UTIs
40. In what chromosomal disorder is horseshoe kidney commonly seen? what poles of the kidneys fuse?
...
Deformation
Turners; inferior
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
41. Where is sonic hedgehog gene produced? What axis is it responsible in patterning?
Neural plate; closes by week 4
Base of limbs in the zone of polarizing activity; ant - post
V3; VII
Hypospadias
42. What is an arnold chiari II malformation? through what hole does it herniate?
Ventral; failure of urogenital folds to close
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum
1st arch neural crest fails to migrate --> mandibular hypoplasia - facial abnormalities (cleft palate - decreased slanting of palpebral fissures)
During; instrinsic
43. _____________is common in 1st born males
pyloric stenosis
Foregut; dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)
Mesoderm
Medial palatine processes
44. From What embryonic layer does the gut tube derivatives arise (lungs liver - pancreas - parathryroid - thyroid follicular cells - thymus)?
Excessive resorption of septum primum or secondum (or both)
Endoderm
4th/5th branchial pouches
pyloric stenosis
45. What teratogens can cause CN VIII toxicity in the fetus?
...
Aminoglycosides
Rhombencephalon
6-30
46. What does DHT turn the urogenital folds into? estrogen?
Cerebral hemisphere - thalami
Maternally derived; meconium
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
Surface ectoderm
47. Which CN allows for taste and sensation in the posterior 1/3 of the tongue? how about the very back ?
Bone/cartilage and nerves
Where the epiblast and hypoblast fuse
IX; X
4th arch; 6th arch
48. From What embryonic layer is the vagina from? testes? ovaries?
Mesoderm
DES
During; instrinsic
Week 10-12; end of 1st trimester
49. What day is the amnion formed?
VACTERL; OCPs and maternal diabetes
VSD
8
Neural crest development; MEN 2A (pheo - PTH tumor - parafollicular cell tumor)
50. Where is Wnt 7 gene produced?
Apical ectodermal ridge
Congenital and chromosomal abnormalities
Caused by compression on trocheal nerve - causes vertical gaze paralysis (associated with arnold chiari)
80%
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