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Test your basic knowledge |
USMLE Embryo
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
health-sciences
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usmle
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What causes the transposition of the great vessels? What does it result in?
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
Telencephalon
Endoderm
2. From where does the pulmonary arteries and the ductus arteriosus arise?
Neuroectoderm
6th aortic arch
Aminoglycosides
...
3. When is most important to take folic acid to prevent neural tube defects?
Greater horn of hyoid; CN IX (styloPharyngeus)
Before getting pregnant!
Lithium; valve leaflets attach to domain down low in RV- 'atrialized RV'
Hemorrhage - bone deformities
4. What causes persistent Truncus Arteriosus? What does it result in?
Partial AP septum development; one large vessel leaves the heart - Right to left shunt
Left horn of the sinus venosus
From the the lung; blood from SVC that went into RV gets shunted from pulm artery to aorta; ligamentum arteriosum
Bones - cartilage - and nerves
5. By what week is there fetal movement?
Week 8
Stapedius and hyoid artery
can make cells
Surface ectoderm
6. What hormone is hcG structurally similar too?
LH
Neuroectoderm
Endoderm - floor of primitive pharynx
Mesdoerm
7. What is omphalocele? In What trisomies is it seen?
Week 4
Ring of pancreatic tissue can cause duodenal narrowing; ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles 2nd part of duodenum
Bulbos Cordis; right ventricle entirely
Persistance of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord covered by peritoneum; 13 - 18
8. For what reason do hypospadias need to be fixed?
Yolk sac; 3rd week
Branchial arch 2
Prevent recurrent UTIs
Sonic Hedgehog
9. WithIn what week does gastrulation occur? What is gastrulation?
When left to right shunting switching to right to left shunting
Tetracyclines
Week 3; primitive streak formation from the epiblast makes the three layers
Surface ectoderm
10. To what germ layer does the branchial pouches correlate to?
Day 6; maintains corpus luteum; 1st trimester
Endoderm
Nutrient and gas for exchange; endometrium
Week 8
11. What components do the mesoderm of the branchial arches give rise to?
Muscles and arteries
can make cells
Muscles of Mastication: Temporalis - masseter - Lateral and Medila pterygoids - Mylohyoid - anterior belly of the digastric - tensor tympani - tensor veli palatini; ant 2/3 of tongue
Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper) and Prostate gland; greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) and Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene)
12. With the first breath the infant take - pulmonary vasculature resistance _______ which causes an increase in left atrial pressure
elevated AFP
Decreases
Ampulla
Mesoderm
13. Where is erythropoeisis in the weeks 3-8 of fetal development? Where does it occur after that? until when?
Apical ectodermal ridge; limb lengthening; stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm
Yolk sac; liver (weeks 6-30) and spleen (9-28 weeks)
Base of limbs in the zone of polarizing activity; ant - post
8
14. Does malformation occur during or after the embryonic period? is it due to an extrinsic or intrinsic disruption?
3 -4 -6
During; instrinsic
Where the epiblast and hypoblast fuse
Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches; t cell def (thymic aplasia) - hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development) - CF and CV defects
15. From what region of the brain does the fourth ventricle form?
Rhombencephalon
Endocardial cushions
Failure of bony spinal canal to fuse; no; lower vertebral levels
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
16. What is congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula? and How does it occur?
Maxillary and medial nasal processes
Persistence of 3rd cleft (groove) and pouch causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
Hypertrophy of muscularis externis of pylorus; surgical incision
Neural crest development; MEN 2A (pheo - PTH tumor - parafollicular cell tumor)
17. What is DiGeorge syndrome and What does it result in?
blood entering the RA
Endoderm
Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches; t cell def (thymic aplasia) - hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development) - CF and CV defects
Persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal; low folic acid
18. What teratogen can cause IUGR and ADHD in a fetus? what else can this teratogen cause?
Greater horn of hyoid; CN IX (styloPharyngeus)
Endoderm
When left to right shunting switching to right to left shunting
Nicotine; preterm labor
19. From What embryonic layer does connective tissue and muscle arise?
Synctiotrophoblast; outer; no
Muscles of Mastication: Temporalis - masseter - Lateral and Medila pterygoids - Mylohyoid - anterior belly of the digastric - tensor tympani - tensor veli palatini; ant 2/3 of tongue
Mesoderm
Yolk sac; 3rd week
20. From where does the medulla form?
3rd pouch
4th week
Myelencephalon
Pulm art (prox) and ductus arteriosus
21. What causes the obstruction in pyloric stenosis? treatment?
External auditory meatus
Week 8
Endoderm
Hypertrophy of muscularis externis of pylorus; surgical incision
22. What type of blood do umbilical veins carry? From where to where?
Surface ectoderm
Surface ectoderm
Oxygenated; placenta to fetus (IVC)
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
23. What is used to keep the PDA open?
Mesoderm
Prostaglandins
Fetal and maternal
Amniotic cavity and yolk sac
24. What embryonic structure gives rise to the ascending aorta? what else does it give rise to?
Surface ectoderm
Truncus arteriosus; pulmonary trunk
Neural crest cells
Congenital and chromosomal abnormalities
25. Where is the most common ectopic thyroid tissue?
Ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm; epiblast - primitive streak - hypoblast; week 3
Maternally derived; meconium
Tongue
2nd; 2nd
26. What embryological structure gives rise to the trabeculated part of the left and right atrium?
DiGeorge
Mesoderm
Primitive atrium
Obliterated; forms tunica vaginalis
27. What is perinauds syndrome?
2nd; 2nd
septum primum and/or secundum
Caused by compression on trocheal nerve - causes vertical gaze paralysis (associated with arnold chiari)
Fallopian tube - uterus - upper 1/3 of vagina
28. Name a syndrome cleft palate is often seen in
DiGeorge
Thyroglossal duct; persists as pyramidal lobe of thyroid; foramen cecum on tongue is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct
Ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus; anchors testes within scrotum
Ectoderm; endoderm
29. What separated myometrium of the uterus from the blastocyst?
28 week onward
Neuroectoderm
Outgrowth of mesonephric as ureteric bud; most caudal
Decidual basalis
30. What artery is derived branchial (aortic) arch 3?
Spinothalamic first
Fetal and maternal
Common carotid and internal carotid
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum
31. What type of - amnios does bilateral agenesis form? What three symptoms does this cause?
Oligohydramnios
Ventral; failure of urogenital folds to close
Day 6; maintains corpus luteum; 1st trimester
Endocardial cushions
32. From what are the umbilical arteries and veins derived from?
Truncus arteriosus; pulmonary trunk
...
Allantois
Week 8
33. From where does the signal come from to suppress paramesonephric ducts? what stimulates development of the mesonephric ducts?
Mesencephalon
Mesoderm; nucleous pulposos
No organ in each; agenesis no primordial tissue
Mullerian inhibitory factor from Sertoli cells; increased androgen from Leydig cells
34. What two cavities also form during the second week?
hypospadias
StyloPharyngeus
Mesencephalon
Amniotic cavity and yolk sac
35. what results if they dont? What can increase the risks of this?
Persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal; low folic acid
Hemorrhage - bone deformities
Fluid filled syrinx causes expansion and degeneration of cord tracts
Urachus/median umbilical ligament; bladder and yolk sac
36. From What embryonic layer is the spleen from?
3rd and 4th arches
Mesoderm
Ectoderm; endoderm
not covered
37. The inner layer of the chorionic villi...
can make cells
XII
During; instrinsic
Muscular ventricular septum; no
38. During what week do the limbs begin to form?
Mesoderm
Week 4
Ventral and dorsal parts fail to fuse at 8th week; 2 pancreatic ducts!- more prone to pancreatitis
Foregut; dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)
39. What are the two components of the fetal component of the placenta?
SRY gene on Y chromosomes; sertoli and leydi; MIF and androgens; suppression of paramesonephric ducts and dev. of mesonephric (all respectively)
No organ in each; agenesis no primordial tissue
Foregut; dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)
Cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast
40. From What embryonic layer do CNS neurons arise?
Neuroectoderm
Endoderm
Week 2; bilaminar disk; epiblast and hypoblast
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
41. What embryologic structure gives rise to the smooth outflow tracts of the ventricles? what else does it give rise to?
Mesoderm; epiblast
After; extrinsic
Urogenital sinus; wolffian duct; mullerian duct; urogenital sinus; wolffian duct; wolffian duct; mullerian; mullerian
Bulbos Cordis; right ventricle entirely
42. From what aortic arch does the stapedial artery arise? the hyoid?
2nd; 2nd
Post. sup wall; luteal phase
Maternally derived; meconium
Umbilical - midgut herniates through umbilical ring; SMA
43. What is annular pancreas associated with in infants?
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
VACTERL- vertebral defect - anal atresia - cardiac defects - tracheo - esophageal fistula - renal defects - limb defects
Where the epiblast and hypoblast fuse
Polyhydramnios - Down syndrome - Esophageal/duodenal atresia - Imperforate anus - Meckel diverticulum
44. What teratogen can cause vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in the fetus?
80%
Arches 3 and 4
DES
Week 3; primitive streak formation from the epiblast makes the three layers
45. What teratogens can cause renal damage in the fetus?
Arnold chiari; syringomyelia
ACE inhibitors - HCTZ
Muscles and arteries
Deoxygenated blood; fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta
46. When does erythropoeisis begin in the bone marow?
...
28 week onward
Hypospadias
When the AP septum meets and fuses with the muscular ventricular septum to form membranous intraventricular septum - closing interventricular foramen
47. From What embryonic layer does the gut tube epithelium arise?
Arnold Chiari and Dandy Walker; Arnold Chiari; Dandy Walker; Arnold Chiari
Surface ectoderm
Partial closure of vitelline duct so that the patent portion is attached to ileum; ectopic gastric mucosa; melena and periumbilical pain
Endoderm
48. How many components are there to the placenta? What are they called?
Telencephalon
Fetal and maternal
Valproate acid
Maternally derived; meconium
49. From what region does the cerebral hemisphere form?
Partial closure of vitelline duct so that the patent portion is attached to ileum; ectopic gastric mucosa; melena and periumbilical pain
Persistence of 3rd cleft (groove) and pouch causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
Neuroectoderm
Telencephalon
50. The spinal cord is made from...
T neuroectoderm
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
Mesoderm; 3 week
Yolk sac; 3rd week
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