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USMLE Embryo
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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usmle
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. From What embryonic layer do the ependymal cells arise?
Ionizing
Physiologic incomplete muscular ventricular septum
Most pharyngeal constrictors - Cricothyroid - levator veli palatini; CN X (superior laryngeal branch - swallowing)
Neuroectoderm
2. In what chromosomal disorder is horseshoe kidney commonly seen? what poles of the kidneys fuse?
Turners; inferior
Week 3-8
Neuroectoderm
Epispadias
3. What causes meconium discharge from the umbilicus?
Amniotic epithelium
Yolk sac; liver (weeks 6-30) and spleen (9-28 weeks)
DHT; estrogen
A vitelline fistula - failure of vitelline duct to close
4. What is the most common autopsy finding in brains of premature infants?
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
Upper 1/3; urogenital sinus
1st arch neural crest fails to migrate --> mandibular hypoplasia - facial abnormalities (cleft palate - decreased slanting of palpebral fissures)
All or none
5. which tracts are damaged first in syringomelia? What tract is preserved?
Muscles and arteries
Spinothalamic first
After; extrinsic
Day 6; maintains corpus luteum; 1st trimester
6. What does DHT turn the urogenital folds into? estrogen?
Apical ectodermal ridge
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
Grooves/clefts; arches; pouches
Mesoderm
7. What axis does the alar plate form? what neural system does it become?
Dorsal; sensory
Tongue
IMA
Valproate acid
8. From What embryonic layer do the ANS arise?
No organ in each; agenesis no primordial tissue
Neural crest cells
Endoderm
Fallopian tube - uterus - upper 1/3 of vagina
9. Which branchial derivative accounts for the posterior 2/3 of the tongue?
V3; VII
...
3rd and 4th arches
Mesdoerm
10. what else is the caudal regression known as? What two teratogen can cause this in the fetus?
Diencephalon
VACTERL; OCPs and maternal diabetes
No more umbilical circulation emptying into RA
Arnold Chiari and Dandy Walker; Arnold Chiari; Dandy Walker; Arnold Chiari
11. what muscles are derived from branchial arch 1?
Mesoderm; nucleous pulposos
Vascular accident intra uterine; apple peel atresia
Muscles of Mastication: Temporalis - masseter - Lateral and Medila pterygoids - Mylohyoid - anterior belly of the digastric - tensor tympani - tensor veli palatini; ant 2/3 of tongue
Transposition of great vessels (failure to spiral)- right to left shunt; tetralogy of Fallout (right to left shunt caused by skewed development of septum); persistent TA (partial septum development - also right to left shunt)
12. From What embryonic layer is aorticopulmonary septum from ?
Neural crest cells
Renal artery stenosis;
1st cleft/groove (Ectoderm)
2; 1
13. For what reason do hypospadias need to be fixed?
Caused by compression on trocheal nerve - causes vertical gaze paralysis (associated with arnold chiari)
Truncus arteriosus; pulmonary trunk
Prevent recurrent UTIs
Maxillary and medial nasal processes
14. What congenital abnormality forms a 'double bubble' on xray?
Apical ectodermal ridge; limb lengthening; stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm
Annular pancrease
Allantois
Excessive resorption of septum primum or secondum (or both)
15. From What embryonic layer does the olfactory epithelium arise?
pyloric stenosis
Surface ectoderm
Fetal kidney; fetal swallows - absorbs - and then removed from placental blood
Scrotum; labia majora
16. What teratogen can cause IUGR and ADHD in a fetus? what else can this teratogen cause?
Neural crest cells
Week 4
Duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
Nicotine; preterm labor
17. From What embryonic layer are the pia and arachnoid from?
Neural crest cells
Endocardial cushions
Mesoderm; nucleous pulposos
Fluid filled syrinx causes expansion and degeneration of cord tracts
18. What happens in pancreas divisum? what results?
T neuroectoderm
Surface ectoderm
Ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm; epiblast - primitive streak - hypoblast; week 3
Ventral and dorsal parts fail to fuse at 8th week; 2 pancreatic ducts!- more prone to pancreatitis
19. Which arches form the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Arches 3 and 4
Before getting pregnant!
Ventral; failure of urogenital folds to close
Mesoderm
20. From where to Where is the foregut derivative? midgut? hindgut?
VSD
Pharynx to duodenum; duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
Epiblast
Neural crest cells
21. What are the clinical symptoms that present with syringomelia?
Neural crest cells
Uretopelvis; most common site for obstruction (hydronephrosis) in fetus
Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities with preservation of touch sensation
Diencephalon
22. From where is the pancreas derived? the spleen?
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
Foregut; dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)
Epiblast
Neuroectoderm
23. From What embryonic layer do CNS neurons arise?
Neuroectoderm
VACTERL; OCPs and maternal diabetes
2nd pouch
Ebsteins anomaly; tricuspid atresia
24. Gastroschisis is extrusion of abdominal contents out of abdominal folds ___________ by peritoneum
not covered
Muscular ventricular septum; no
Mesoderm; nucleous pulposos
Aminoglycosides
25. What components do the neural crest cells of the branchial arches give rise to?
Endometrium
Polyhydramnios - Down syndrome - Esophageal/duodenal atresia - Imperforate anus - Meckel diverticulum
Bones - cartilage - and nerves
lumbosacral
26. Where does the blastocyst implant in the uterus? During what phase of the menstrual cycle?
Post. sup wall; luteal phase
Day 6; with implantation
Surface ectoderm
DES
27. From What embryonic layer does the spinal cord arise?
mesoderm
8
Neuroectoderm
Mesoderm
28. Cleft lip is a failure of fusion of ________ and ______.
4th week
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
28 week onward
Maxillary and medial nasal processes
29. From What embryonic layer are the serous linings of the body cavities from? for ex - peritoneum?
Foregut; dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)
Mesoderm; epiblast
...
Polyhydramnios
30. From What embryonic layer does the lens of the eye arise?
Mesencephalon
Mesoderm
When the AP septum meets and fuses with the muscular ventricular septum to form membranous intraventricular septum - closing interventricular foramen
Surface ectoderm
31. What part of the gut rotates around the SMA? and At what point?
28 week onward
Week 4
Cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast
Midgut; 10th week
32. What are the two walls of the prosencephalon and What do they become?
Cerebral hemisphere - thalami
Folate antagonists
Left horn of the sinus venosus
can make cells
33. From what region do the thalami form?
Week 2; bilaminar disk; epiblast and hypoblast
Neural crest cells
Diencephalon
Endometrium
34. From what region of the brain does the aqueduct form?
Ionizing
Rhombencephalon
Mullerian inhibitory factor from Sertoli cells; increased androgen from Leydig cells
Dorsal and ventral buds
35. Other than not having a brain - what else is a symptom of anencephaly? why? hint: think about amniotic fluid
Neural crest cells
Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper) and Prostate gland; greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) and Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene)
Polyhydramnios
Polyhydramnios - Down syndrome - Esophageal/duodenal atresia - Imperforate anus - Meckel diverticulum
36. what other facial defect other than cyclopia is associated with holoprosencephaly?
Outgrowth of mesonephric as ureteric bud; most caudal
Cleft lip/palate
Deformation
Lithium
37. What is the primitive streak? From what layer does it form?
V3; VII
Ectoderm
Prevent recurrent UTIs
Mesoderm; epiblast
38. Where is sonic hedgehog gene produced? What axis is it responsible in patterning?
Base of limbs in the zone of polarizing activity; ant - post
Branchial arch 2
Incomplete; yes
Decreased pulmonary resistance in the pulmonary vasculature
39. What type of blood do umbilical veins carry? From where to where?
Oxygenated; placenta to fetus (IVC)
Myelencephalon
Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches; t cell def (thymic aplasia) - hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development) - CF and CV defects
Week 4
40. What is holoprosencephaly? what eye disorder does it result in?
Decreased separation of hemispheres across midline; cyclopia
All intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid; CN X (recurrent laryngeal nerve - speaking)
Decreases
pyloric stenosis
41. What causes a patent foramen ovale?
Excessive resorption of septum primum or secondum (or both)
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
1st branchial arch
Endoderm
42. What is a syrinx? Where is it found in syringomelia? What is it associated with?
Week 3-8
Week 4
Mesoderm
Fluid filled cavity in spinal cord; C8- T1; arnold chiari II
43. What artery is derived branchial (aortic) arch 1?
Fallopian tube - uterus - upper 1/3 of vagina
Maxillary
Synctiotrophoblast; outer; no
Metencephalon; cerebellum
44. What does the ductus arteriosus shunt blood away from - to where? What is its remnant?
Temporary cervical sinus
Sperm plus egg
Day 6; maintains corpus luteum; 1st trimester
From the the lung; blood from SVC that went into RV gets shunted from pulm artery to aorta; ligamentum arteriosum
45. How do you differentiate a thyroglossal duct cyst from a persistent cervical sinus?
VSD
Uretopelvis; most common site for obstruction (hydronephrosis) in fetus
The caudal end mesonephros; the ureter - pelvis - calyces - collecting ducts
Thyroglossal duct cysts will move with swallowing while persistent cervical sinuses in lateral neck wont
46. What embryological structure gives rise to the trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricle?
Persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal; low folic acid
Obliterated; forms tunica vaginalis
Primitive ventricle
Temporary cervical sinus
47. From What embryonic layer does the sensory organs of the ear arise?
blood entering the RA
Mesoderm
Surface ectoderm
VACTERL- vertebral defect - anal atresia - cardiac defects - tracheo - esophageal fistula - renal defects - limb defects
48. How many components are there to the placenta? What are they called?
Fetal and maternal
Post. sup wall; luteal phase
Neural crest development; MEN 2A (pheo - PTH tumor - parafollicular cell tumor)
Polyhydramnios
49. What is hypoplasia? is primordial tissue present?
Mesoderm; nucleous pulposos
Umbilical artery - vein; and whartons jelly (mucus connective tissue) - urachus
Incomplete; yes
External auditory meatus
50. In anencephaly you see...
Endometrium
Muscles and arteries
elevated AFP
Cerebral hemisphere - thalami
Sorry!:) No result found.
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