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USMLE Embryo
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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usmle
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. From What embryonic layer are the serous linings of the body cavities from? for ex - peritoneum?
Mesoderm
...
Ectoderm
Turners; inferior
2. What is annular pancreas associated with in infants?
Where the epiblast and hypoblast fuse
Polyhydramnios - Down syndrome - Esophageal/duodenal atresia - Imperforate anus - Meckel diverticulum
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
mesoderm
3. What artery is derived branchial (aortic) arch 1?
Maxillary
Pharynx to duodenum; duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
Telencephalon
Primitive atrium
4. what drug is used to help close a PDA? what else does this drug treat?
A vitelline fistula - failure of vitelline duct to close
Duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
Neuroectoderm
Indomethacin; blocks PG production
5. In order to survive tricuspid atresia - What do you need?
Endoderm
Muscles and arteries
Persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal; low folic acid
VSD
6. At what week does the fetus look like a baby?
Surface ectoderm
Nicotine; preterm labor
Sperm plus egg
Week 8
7. what bone/cartilage and nerves are derived from branchial arch 1?
Tetracyclines
Meckels cartilage: mandible - malleus - INCUS - sphenoMandibular ligament; CN V2 and V3
Uretopelvis; most common site for obstruction (hydronephrosis) in fetus
Rostral fold closure ; lateral fold closure; lateral fold closure; caudal fold closure
8. What does the ductus venosus shunt blood away from? What is its remnant?
Neuroectoderm
Polyhydramnios
Arnold chiari; syringomyelia
Hepatic circulation; ligamentum venosum
9. Which branchial apparatus develops into the inferior parathyroids?
3rd pouch
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
Ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus; anchors testes within scrotum
They are the edge of neural plate folding; all over the body
10. Where is the FGF gene produced? What is it responsible for - How does it do this?
Mesoderm
Mesoderm
Apical ectodermal ridge; limb lengthening; stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm
Maxillary and medial nasal processes
11. From where is the allantois formed? During what week?
Maxillary and medial nasal processes
Thyroglossal duct cysts will move with swallowing while persistent cervical sinuses in lateral neck wont
Yolk sac; 3rd week
8
12. Cleft palate is a failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes - the nasal septum and or the ________?
Mesoderm
From the the lung; blood from SVC that went into RV gets shunted from pulm artery to aorta; ligamentum arteriosum
DiGeorge
Medial palatine processes
13. What does DHT turn the labioscrotal swelling into? estrogen?
Arnold Chiari and Dandy Walker; Arnold Chiari; Dandy Walker; Arnold Chiari
6th aortic arch
V3; VII
Scrotum; labia majora
14. What two cavities also form during the second week?
Amniotic cavity and yolk sac
Muscles and arteries
Ventral bud
Decidual basalis
15. When is most important to take folic acid to prevent neural tube defects?
Surface ectoderm
Before getting pregnant!
Endoderm
4th week
16. Which branchial apparatus makes the external auditory meatus?
Renal artery stenosis;
Found in lateral neck; from no obliteration of 2-4th clefts
1st cleft/groove (Ectoderm)
Meckels cartilage: mandible - malleus - INCUS - sphenoMandibular ligament; CN V2 and V3
17. What artery is derived branchial (aortic) arch 3?
Blind upper esophagus with lower esophagus connected to trachea; cyanosis - choking and vomiting with feeding; air bubble on CXR; polyhydramnios; failure to pass NG tube; pneumonitis
Tetracyclines
Incomplete; yes
Common carotid and internal carotid
18. Which part of the chorionic villi can make cells?
Fetal and maternal
Cytotrophoblast
Sperm plus egg
VACTERL- vertebral defect - anal atresia - cardiac defects - tracheo - esophageal fistula - renal defects - limb defects
19. From What embryonic layer do the parafollicular cells of the thyroid arise?
Sperm plus egg
Hypospadias
Ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus; anchors testes within scrotum
Neural crest cells
20. What does the first cleft/groove of the branchial apparatus develop into?
Pataus; fetal alcohol syndrome
Mullerian inhibitory factor from Sertoli cells; increased androgen from Leydig cells
Mesoderm
External auditory meatus
21. What day is the amnion formed?
Cleft lip/palate
28 week onward
8
XII
22. From what aortic arch does the common carotid artery arise? what else arises from this arch?
Pronephros - mesonephros - metanephros; pronephros; most cranially
Surface ectoderm
Valproate acid
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
23. what muscles are derived from branchial arch 2?
Muscles of facial expression - stapedius - stylohyoid - posterior belly of the digastric
Metencephalon; cerebellum
Primitive atrium
Decreases
24. From What embryonic layer do CNS neurons arise?
Lots - cleft palate/lip
Neuroectoderm
Primitive atrium
Surface ectoderm
25. From What embryonic layer does the gut tube derivatives arise (lungs liver - pancreas - parathryroid - thyroid follicular cells - thymus)?
Neuroectoderm
Endoderm
3rd and 4th arches
Apical ectodermal ridge
26. what closes the ductus arteriousus?
Outgrowth of mesonephric as ureteric bud; most caudal
Cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast
Increase in oxygen concentration which decreases prostaglandin concentration
Obliterated; forms tunica vaginalis
27. What causes the obstruction in pyloric stenosis? treatment?
Hypertrophy of muscularis externis of pylorus; surgical incision
Neuroectoderm
Tunica vaginalis not fully fused
Bone/cartilage and nerves
28. What role does the placenta have?
Oligohydramnios
Tunica vaginalis not fully fused
Obliterated; forms tunica vaginalis
Nutrient and gas exchange
29. From What embryonic layer does a craniopharygioma arise?
Decidual basalis
Mesoderm
Truncus arteriosus; pulmonary trunk
Surface ectoderm
30. In anencephaly you see...
Hemorrhage - bone deformities
All 3
elevated AFP
When the AP septum meets and fuses with the muscular ventricular septum to form membranous intraventricular septum - closing interventricular foramen
31. What germ layer correlates with the branchial pouches?
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
Tunica vaginalis not fully fused
Week 10-12; end of 1st trimester
Endoderm
32. What causes a patent foramen ovale?
Neural crest cells
Duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
Excessive resorption of septum primum or secondum (or both)
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
33. From what branchial derivative do the parafollicular cells arise?
Rhombencephalon
elevated AFP
4th/5th branchial pouches
Uretopelvis; most common site for obstruction (hydronephrosis) in fetus
34. From What embryonic layer do the salivary - sweat and mammary glands arise?
Neuroectoderm
Neural crest cells
Mental retardation - holoprosencephaly - facial features - fistulas
Surface ectoderm
35. what structures are the derivatives of the neural crest cells in branchial arches?
Week 8
Bone/cartilage and nerves
1st cleft/groove (Ectoderm)
Stapedius and hyoid artery
36. From what does bicornuate uterus arise? What is it associated with?
Uretopelvis; most common site for obstruction (hydronephrosis) in fetus
Cranio - caudal; segmental
Decreases
Incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts; UT abnormalities and infertility
37. What are the three regions of the brain (in order of cranial to caudal)?
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
DiGeorge
Obliterated
Prosencephalon - mesencephalon - rhombencephalon
38. What are the aspects of fetal alcohol syndrome?
1st cleft/groove (Ectoderm)
Dorsal and ventral buds
3
Mental retardation - holoprosencephaly - facial features - fistulas
39. What is the primitive streak? From what layer does it form?
Turners; inferior
Mesoderm
Respiratory distress syndrome
Mesoderm; epiblast
40. From what region do the thalami form?
Blastocyst; epiblast and hypoblast; synctiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
Endocardial cushions
Oxygenated; placenta to fetus (IVC)
Diencephalon
41. Where is Wnt 7 gene produced?
Mental retardation - holoprosencephaly - facial features - fistulas
Apical ectodermal ridge
The caudal end mesonephros; the ureter - pelvis - calyces - collecting ducts
Mesoderm
42. failure to close of what fold results in sternal defects? omphalocele? gastrochisis? bladder extrosphy?
Physiologic incomplete muscular ventricular septum
Rostral fold closure ; lateral fold closure; lateral fold closure; caudal fold closure
Respiratory distress syndrome
5th
43. From What embryonic layer is the bladder and urethra from?
Mesoderm
Transposition of great vessels (failure to spiral)- right to left shunt; tetralogy of Fallout (right to left shunt caused by skewed development of septum); persistent TA (partial septum development - also right to left shunt)
Apical ectodermal ridge
Endoderm
44. What is the allantois become? What is this duct connected to ( on both ends)?
Mesoderm
Amniotic cavity and yolk sac
OCPS and maternal diabetes
Urachus/median umbilical ligament; bladder and yolk sac
45. From where is the pancreas derived? the spleen?
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum
Fallopian tube - uterus - upper 1/3 of vagina
Foregut; dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)
Decidual basalis
46. From where do the three different kidneys come from? Which is the earliest one? is it located most cranially or caudally?
Turners; inferior
Mesoderm
3
Pronephros - mesonephros - metanephros; pronephros; most cranially
47. Which branchial apparatus develops into the thymus?
Ectoderm
elevated AFP
3rd pouch
Fluid filled cavity in spinal cord; C8- T1; arnold chiari II
48. From What embryonic layer are the cardiovascular - lymphatics and blood from?
Surface ectoderm
Mesoderm
Surface ectoderm
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
49. How does annular pancreas present in children?
Gastric outlet obstruction (bilious vomiting - feeding intolerance - abdominal distention)
Decreases
Neural crest cells
Ampulla
50. what muscles are derived from branchial arch 4? CN?
They are the edge of neural plate folding; all over the body
Neural crest cells
Embryonic period; 1st trimester
Most pharyngeal constrictors - Cricothyroid - levator veli palatini; CN X (superior laryngeal branch - swallowing)
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