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USMLE Embryo
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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usmle
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. From What do the embryoblast and trophoblast form from? What does the embryoblast split into? the trophoblast?
1st arch neural crest fails to migrate --> mandibular hypoplasia - facial abnormalities (cleft palate - decreased slanting of palpebral fissures)
3 -4 -6
Neural crest cells
Blastocyst; epiblast and hypoblast; synctiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
2. Which CN accounts for the anterior 2/3 of the tongues sensation and pain? how about taste?
V3; VII
Synctiotrophoblast
Neural crest cells
Prostaglandins
3. Where is the most common ectopic thyroid tissue?
Lots - cleft palate/lip
Tongue
Mid gut to yolk sac; omphalomesenteric duct; 7th week
Turners; inferior
4. From What embryonic layer does the spinal cord arise?
Congenital and chromosomal abnormalities
Obliterated; forms tunica vaginalis
Persistence of 3rd cleft (groove) and pouch causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
Neuroectoderm
5. What does the ductus venosus shunt blood away from? What is its remnant?
3
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
arnold chiari associated with thoraclumbar myelomeningocele
Hepatic circulation; ligamentum venosum
6. What is Treacher Collins syndrome? What is the result?
Decreased pulmonary resistance in the pulmonary vasculature
Mental retardation - holoprosencephaly - facial features - fistulas
1st arch neural crest fails to migrate --> mandibular hypoplasia - facial abnormalities (cleft palate - decreased slanting of palpebral fissures)
DiGeorge
7. In anencephaly you see...
Thyroglossal duct; persists as pyramidal lobe of thyroid; foramen cecum on tongue is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct
elevated AFP
Oligohydramnios
4th pouch
8. From What embryonic layer does the epidermis arise?
Endoderm lined structures of ear: middle ear cavity - eustacian tube - mastoid air cells
Surface ectoderm
Muscles of Mastication: Temporalis - masseter - Lateral and Medila pterygoids - Mylohyoid - anterior belly of the digastric - tensor tympani - tensor veli palatini; ant 2/3 of tongue
Spinothalamic first
9. Which branchial apparatus develops into the superior parathyroids?
4th pouch
Mesoderm; nucleous pulposos
Telencephalon
Umbilical artery - vein; and whartons jelly (mucus connective tissue) - urachus
10. When is most important to take folic acid to prevent neural tube defects?
Truncus arteriosus; pulmonary trunk
Umbilical - midgut herniates through umbilical ring; SMA
Before getting pregnant!
After; extrinsic
11. What are the three results of having pathology in the aorticopulmonary septum?
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
Lacunae in between the chorionic villi
Transposition of great vessels (failure to spiral)- right to left shunt; tetralogy of Fallout (right to left shunt caused by skewed development of septum); persistent TA (partial septum development - also right to left shunt)
Maternally derived; meconium
12. what closes the interventricular foramen?
Physiologic incomplete muscular ventricular septum
Renal artery stenosis;
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
Week 4; week 3
13. What does the first branchial pouch create?
VACTERL; OCPs and maternal diabetes
Neuroectoderm
Endoderm lined structures of ear: middle ear cavity - eustacian tube - mastoid air cells
Congenital and chromosomal abnormalities
14. To what germ layer does the branchial pouches correlate to?
Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches; t cell def (thymic aplasia) - hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development) - CF and CV defects
Hypospadias
Endoderm
Week 8
15. From what region do the thalami form?
Increased AFP and acetycholinesterase (not ACh!) in CSF
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
Cytotrophoblast
Diencephalon
16. Pyloric stenosis is characterized by _____________ of muscularis externis in the sphincter
VACTERL; OCPs and maternal diabetes
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum; glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
hypertrophy
5th
17. What connects the thyroid to the tongue? when happens if it doesnt obliterate?
Base of limbs in the zone of polarizing activity; ant - post
Thyroglossal duct; persists as pyramidal lobe of thyroid; foramen cecum on tongue is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct
Persistence of 3rd cleft (groove) and pouch causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
Uretopelvis; most common site for obstruction (hydronephrosis) in fetus
18. What three layers form during gastrulation? From What do they form? and what week does gastrulation occur?
Week 10-12; end of 1st trimester
Telencephalon
Ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm; epiblast - primitive streak - hypoblast; week 3
Ampulla
19. Which branchial derivative creates the middle ear cavity - eustachian tube and mastoid air cells?
septum primum and/or secundum
Grooves/clefts; arches; pouches
First branchial pouch
Neural crest cells
20. which tracts are damaged first in syringomelia? What tract is preserved?
Apical ectodermal ridge; limb lengthening; stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm
Excessive resorption of septum primum or secondum (or both)
Spinothalamic first
Membrane - all 3 from 1st appartus
21. From what aortic arch does the first part of the maxillary artery arise?
1st
Dorsal; sensory
...
Maxillary
22. Where is erythropoeisis in the weeks 3-8 of fetal development? Where does it occur after that? until when?
Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches; t cell def (thymic aplasia) - hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development) - CF and CV defects
Yolk sac; liver (weeks 6-30) and spleen (9-28 weeks)
Yolk sac; 3rd week
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
23. Which part of pancreas contribute to body? tail? isthmus? accessory pancreatic duct?
Stapedius and hyoid artery
Surface ectoderm
secondary palate
Ventral bud
24. What are the clinical symptoms that present with syringomelia?
primary palate
Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities with preservation of touch sensation
Valproate acid
Mesoderm
25. Which branchial derivative accounts for the sensation and taste in the posterior 2/3 of the tongue? how about the very back?
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
4th arch; 6th arch
Primitive ventricle
26. Does malformation occur during or after the embryonic period? is it due to an extrinsic or intrinsic disruption?
During; instrinsic
Day 6; maintains corpus luteum; 1st trimester
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum; glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
Folate antagonists
27. During what week does the heart begin to beat?
Aortic arch (from left side); right subclavian (on the right)
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
Thyroglossal duct; persists as pyramidal lobe of thyroid; foramen cecum on tongue is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct
Week 4
28. Monochorionic - ___________ twins are conjoined
Common carotid and internal carotid
20-50yrs - Abdominal pain - Postprandial fullness - Nausea - Peptic ulcers - Pancreatitis - Rarely - biliary obstruction
Metencephalon; cerebellum
monoamniotic
29. On what side is the abnormal opening in epispadias? What causes it?
Neuroectoderm
Neural crest cells
Dorsal; faulty positioning of genital tubercle
Outgrowth of mesonephric as ureteric bud; most caudal
30. What does DHT turn the urogenital sinus into? estrogen?
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper) and Prostate gland; greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) and Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene)
Thyroid - cricoid - arytenoids - corniculate cuneiform
T neuroectoderm
31. From What embryonic layer does the parathyroid arise ?
Fetal alcohol syndrome; mental retardation
Endoderm
From endocardial cushions (ventral and dorsal meet each other)
Fallopian tube - uterus - upper 1/3 of vagina
32. Before birth - blood entering the LA is less than...
Cerebral hemisphere - thalami
Most pharyngeal constrictors - Cricothyroid - levator veli palatini; CN X (superior laryngeal branch - swallowing)
blood entering the RA
Neuroectoderm
33. From What embryonic layer does the neurohypophysis arise?
Neuroectoderm
Common carotid and internal carotid
20-50yrs - Abdominal pain - Postprandial fullness - Nausea - Peptic ulcers - Pancreatitis - Rarely - biliary obstruction
Dorsal; sensory
34. From where do the three different kidneys come from? Which is the earliest one? is it located most cranially or caudally?
Dorsal; faulty positioning of genital tubercle
Mesoderm
Pronephros - mesonephros - metanephros; pronephros; most cranially
2nd pouch
35. What part of the fetal comp of the placenta secretes hCG? is this part on the inner or outer layer of the chorionic villi? does it make cells?
Bones - cartilage - and nerves
Endoderm lined structures of ear: middle ear cavity - eustacian tube - mastoid air cells
Synctiotrophoblast; outer; no
From endocardial cushions (ventral and dorsal meet each other)
36. failure to close of what fold results in sternal defects? omphalocele? gastrochisis? bladder extrosphy?
Rostral fold closure ; lateral fold closure; lateral fold closure; caudal fold closure
From the the lung; blood from SVC that went into RV gets shunted from pulm artery to aorta; ligamentum arteriosum
Fallopian tube - uterus - upper 1/3 of vagina
Yolk sac; liver (weeks 6-30) and spleen (9-28 weeks)
37. What does DHT turn the genital tubercle into? estrogen?
Neuroectoderm
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum; glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
Metanephric mesenchyme; differentiation and formation of glomerulus and renal tubules to distal convoluted tubule
DES
38. From where does the signal come from to suppress paramesonephric ducts? what stimulates development of the mesonephric ducts?
Day 6; maintains corpus luteum; 1st trimester
Mullerian inhibitory factor from Sertoli cells; increased androgen from Leydig cells
1st arch neural crest fails to migrate --> mandibular hypoplasia - facial abnormalities (cleft palate - decreased slanting of palpebral fissures)
Mesoderm
39. What is jejunal - ileal - colonic atresia usually due to? What do you see on x ray?
...
Vascular accident intra uterine; apple peel atresia
Mesoderm; epiblast
mesodermal
40. What does DHT turn the urogenital folds into? estrogen?
Umbilical - midgut herniates through umbilical ring; SMA
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
First branchial pouch
VACTERL; OCPs and maternal diabetes
41. By what week is the neural tube supposed to be closed? when did it start forming?
Wolffian; mullerian
DES
80%
Week 4; week 3
42. What is the physiological herniation that occurs at the 6th week - what herniates out of the umbilical ring? when it comes back in the 10th week - What does it rotate around?
...
Umbilical - midgut herniates through umbilical ring; SMA
Mesoderm
Tunica vaginalis not fully fused
43. What are two common findings in pyloric stenosis?
Cytotrophoblast
septum primum and/or secundum
Palpable olive mass in epigastric region; nonbilious projectile vomitting @around 2 weeks
Umbilical artery - vein; and whartons jelly (mucus connective tissue) - urachus
44. From What embryonic layer are the melanocytes from?
monoamniotic
Apical ectodermal ridge
Polyhydramnios
Neural crest cells
45. _____________is common in 1st born males
Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities with preservation of touch sensation
pyloric stenosis
When the AP septum meets and fuses with the muscular ventricular septum to form membranous intraventricular septum - closing interventricular foramen
Mesoderm
46. Gastroschisis is extrusion of abdominal contents out of abdominal folds ___________ by peritoneum
Neural plate; closes by week 4
Deoxygenated blood; fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta
not covered
Dorsal; faulty positioning of genital tubercle
47. What weeks are considered the 'embryonic period'?
Dorsal; sensory
Neuroectoderm
Week 3-8
Bones - cartilage - and nerves
48. ______________ is associated with ventral curvature of the penis
Lithium
Outgrowth of mesonephric as ureteric bud; most caudal
hypospadias
The caudal end mesonephros; the ureter - pelvis - calyces - collecting ducts
49. What do the 2nd through 4th clefts of the branchial apparatus correlate to?
Branchial arch 2
Oligohydramnios
Temporary cervical sinus
Neural crest cells
50. From What embryonic layer does the gut tube epithelium arise?
Endoderm
V3; VII
Most pharyngeal constrictors - Cricothyroid - levator veli palatini; CN X (superior laryngeal branch - swallowing)
From the the lung; blood from SVC that went into RV gets shunted from pulm artery to aorta; ligamentum arteriosum
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