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USMLE Embryo
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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usmle
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. From What embryonic lare are the odontoblasts from?
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
Neural crest cells
Partial closure of vitelline duct so that the patent portion is attached to ileum; ectopic gastric mucosa; melena and periumbilical pain
Hepatic circulation; ligamentum venosum
2. What is duodenal atresia usually due to? What trisomy is it most often seen in?
Failure to recanalize; 21
Neuroectoderm
Mesoderm
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
3. How many umbilical arteries are there? How many umbilical veins?
Thyroglossal duct cysts will move with swallowing while persistent cervical sinuses in lateral neck wont
2; 1
Epiblast
not covered
4. From What embryonic layer does the olfactory epithelium arise?
Mesoderm
Surface ectoderm
Foregut; dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)
Common carotid and internal carotid
5. What produces testis determining factor? what cells are produced from this? and What do they secrete? does this result in?
Most pharyngeal constrictors - Cricothyroid - levator veli palatini; CN X (superior laryngeal branch - swallowing)
SRY gene on Y chromosomes; sertoli and leydi; MIF and androgens; suppression of paramesonephric ducts and dev. of mesonephric (all respectively)
...
Maxillary
6. what week do the genitalia start to have male/female characteristics? What trimester is that?
Mesoderm; epiblast
Ectoderm
Week 10-12; end of 1st trimester
Mesoderm
7. When does hcG get secreted? What does it do?up until when ?
primary palate
Increased AFP and acetycholinesterase (not ACh!) in CSF
Ectoderm
Day 6; maintains corpus luteum; 1st trimester
8. What embryological structure gives rise to the trabeculated part of the left and right atrium?
Persistance of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord covered by peritoneum; 13 - 18
6th aortic arch
Primitive atrium
Bones - cartilage - and nerves
9. which genital embryology is default? From what duct? what duct degenerates without signal to stay?
3rd and 4th arches
Female; paramesonephric; mesonephric
Allantois
Week 8
10. From What embryonic layer does the inner arise?
Ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm; epiblast - primitive streak - hypoblast; week 3
hypertrophy
...
Right horn of the SV
11. WithIn what week does gastrulation occur? What is gastrulation?
Decreased separation of hemispheres across midline; cyclopia
Week 4; week 3
Week 3; primitive streak formation from the epiblast makes the three layers
Arches 3 and 4
12. Name two endocardial cushion defects.
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
Ebsteins anomaly; tricuspid atresia
Mesencephalon
SRY gene on Y chromosomes; sertoli and leydi; MIF and androgens; suppression of paramesonephric ducts and dev. of mesonephric (all respectively)
13. What teratogen can cause IUGR and ADHD in a fetus? what else can this teratogen cause?
Surface ectoderm
Nicotine; preterm labor
Gastric outlet obstruction (bilious vomiting - feeding intolerance - abdominal distention)
Deoxygenated blood; fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta
14. From What embryonic layer do CNS neurons arise?
Neuroectoderm
Epispadias
6-30
Thalidomide; nausea
15. What teratogens can cause renal damage in the fetus?
Ring of pancreatic tissue can cause duodenal narrowing; ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles 2nd part of duodenum
ACE inhibitors - HCTZ
Deoxygenated blood; fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta
Hypospadias
16. Only _______________________________ are associated with neural tube defects
Amniotic epithelium
Persistance of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord covered by peritoneum; 13 - 18
arnold chiari associated with thoraclumbar myelomeningocele
Muscles and arteries
17. What causes the increase in left atrial pressure to close the fossa ovale?
Partial AP septum development; one large vessel leaves the heart - Right to left shunt
Allantois
Decreased pulmonary resistance in the pulmonary vasculature
Fetal kidney; fetal swallows - absorbs - and then removed from placental blood
18. Which branchial derivative creates the middle ear cavity - eustachian tube and mastoid air cells?
First branchial pouch
Neuroectoderm
8
Blastocyst; epiblast and hypoblast; synctiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
19. What is the most common autopsy finding in brains of premature infants?
Neural crest cells
elevated AFP
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
All 3
20. What connects the thyroid to the tongue? when happens if it doesnt obliterate?
Meckels cartilage: mandible - malleus - INCUS - sphenoMandibular ligament; CN V2 and V3
Neuroectoderm
Thyroglossal duct; persists as pyramidal lobe of thyroid; foramen cecum on tongue is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum; glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
21. From What embryonic layer does the adenohypophysis arise?
Endoderm
3 -4 -6
Surface ectoderm
2nd pouch
22. Which arches form the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Arches 3 and 4
Cerebral hemisphere - thalami
Fetal and maternal
Endocardial cushions
23. What does the mullerian duct develop into? wollffian?
Pronephros - mesonephros - metanephros; pronephros; most cranially
Thalidomide; nausea
Neuroectoderm
Fallopian tube - uterus - upper 1/3 of vagina
24. What does the ductus venosus shunt blood away from? What is its remnant?
Mesoderm
Mental retardation - holoprosencephaly - facial features - fistulas
LH
Hepatic circulation; ligamentum venosum
25. From which myotomes are muscles of the tongue derived from?
Occiptal
Arnold chiari; syringomyelia
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
Meckels cartilage: mandible - malleus - INCUS - sphenoMandibular ligament; CN V2 and V3
26. What embryologic structure provides the aorticpulmonary septum?
Ventral ; motor
Neural crest migration - they then cause spiral
Temporary cervical sinus
Week 8
27. Which branchial derivative accounts for the posterior 2/3 of the tongue?
3rd and 4th arches
Lots - cleft palate/lip
Arnold chiari; syringomyelia
Lacunae in between the chorionic villi
28. From What embryonic layer does the parathyroid arise ?
Ventral; failure of urogenital folds to close
Epiblast
Endoderm
2; 1
29. what muscles are derived from branchial arch 6? CN?
Tongue
Duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
Decreased separation of hemispheres across midline; cyclopia
All intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid; CN X (recurrent laryngeal nerve - speaking)
30. What type of blood do umbilical veins carry? From where to where?
Oxygenated; placenta to fetus (IVC)
Lithium
Fluid filled cavity in spinal cord; C8- T1; arnold chiari II
ACE inhibitors - HCTZ
31. Where is sonic hedgehog gene produced? What axis is it responsible in patterning?
Synctiotrophoblast; outer; no
IMA
Base of limbs in the zone of polarizing activity; ant - post
Prosencephalon - mesencephalon - rhombencephalon
32. What causes persistent Truncus Arteriosus? What does it result in?
Yolk sac; 3rd week
A vitelline fistula - failure of vitelline duct to close
Dorsal and ventral buds
Partial AP septum development; one large vessel leaves the heart - Right to left shunt
33. From What embryonic layer is the kidney and the adrenal cortex from?
Rhombencephalon
Surface ectoderm
Mesoderm
Neuroectoderm
34. From What embryonic layer does the spinal cord arise?
Neuroectoderm
Cranio - caudal; segmental
Sperm plus egg
Decidual basalis
35. During what months is the fetus most susceptible to teratogens? What trimester?
secondary palate
Truncus arteriosus; pulmonary trunk
Embryonic period; 1st trimester
Prostaglandins
36. What causes the decrease in Right atrial pressure to close the fossa ovale?
Mental retardation - holoprosencephaly - facial features - fistulas
Maxillary
Endometrium
No more umbilical circulation emptying into RA
37. What artery is derived branchial (aortic) arch 3?
All or none
Common carotid and internal carotid
Failure to recanalize; 21
Ring of pancreatic tissue can cause duodenal narrowing; ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles 2nd part of duodenum
38. what structures are the derivatives of the neural crest cells in branchial arches?
2nd; 2nd
Bone/cartilage and nerves
Surface ectoderm
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
39. From where does the pulmonary arteries and the ductus arteriosus arise?
Persistence of 3rd cleft (groove) and pouch causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
hypospadias
6th aortic arch
Most pharyngeal constrictors - Cricothyroid - levator veli palatini; CN X (superior laryngeal branch - swallowing)
40. From What embryonic layer does the skin dermis arise?
Indomethacin; blocks PG production
The caudal end mesonephros; the ureter - pelvis - calyces - collecting ducts
Mesoderm
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum; glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
41. What embryologic structure gives rise to the smooth outflow tracts of the ventricles? what else does it give rise to?
From the the lung; blood from SVC that went into RV gets shunted from pulm artery to aorta; ligamentum arteriosum
Neural crest cells
Bulbos Cordis; right ventricle entirely
Outgrowth of mesonephric as ureteric bud; most caudal
42. When does the blastocyst split into two disks? What is this disk called? What are the two germ layers called?
Endoderm
Thickened ectoderm at end of each developing limb
Week 2; bilaminar disk; epiblast and hypoblast
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
43. In both meningocele and myelomeningocele the dura...
Surface ectoderm
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum; glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
Metencephalon; cerebellum
is no longer intact
44. From what region of the brain does the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle form?
Epispadias
Prosencephalon
Endocardial cushions
Mental retardation - holoprosencephaly - facial features - fistulas
45. From where is the allantois formed? During what week?
Neural crest cells
Surface ectoderm
Yolk sac; 3rd week
Ventral ; motor
46. From what region does the midbrain form from?
First branchial pouch
Absent cerebellar vermis; cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
Mesencephalon
3
47. What causes the transposition of the great vessels? What does it result in?
Bone/cartilage and nerves
Neural crest cells
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
Surface ectoderm
48. From where to Where is the foregut derivative? midgut? hindgut?
All or none
Membrane - all 3 from 1st appartus
Mental retardation - holoprosencephaly - facial features - fistulas
Pharynx to duodenum; duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
49. What is the difference between agenesis and aplasia?
Fluid filled syrinx causes expansion and degeneration of cord tracts
No organ in each; agenesis no primordial tissue
3
hypertrophy
50. What is the memranous interventricular formaen made from?
Neural crest cells
When the AP septum meets and fuses with the muscular ventricular septum to form membranous intraventricular septum - closing interventricular foramen
Pulm art (prox) and ductus arteriosus
Rhombencephalon
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