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USMLE Embryo
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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usmle
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What do the arches of the branchial apparatus correlate to?
Mesdoerm
monoamniotic
Decreased pulmonary resistance in the pulmonary vasculature
Urachus/median umbilical ligament; bladder and yolk sac
2. When does the notochord form? and When does the neural plate form?
Rhombencephalon
Amniotic cavity and yolk sac
Mesoderm; 3 week
Umbilical artery - vein; and whartons jelly (mucus connective tissue) - urachus
3. Which branchial derivative creates the middle ear cavity - eustachian tube and mastoid air cells?
Prenatal and perinatal
Endocardial cushions
First branchial pouch
Nicotine; preterm labor
4. From what arches are the neural crest cells that form the aorticpulmonary septum derived?
Mesoderm
3 -4 -6
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
Prenatal and perinatal
5. What causes urine discharge from the umbilicus?
Grooves/clefts; arches; pouches
septum primum and/or secundum
Mesoderm
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
6. What does the ductus venosus shunt blood away from? What is its remnant?
Right horn of the SV
mesoderm
Hepatic circulation; ligamentum venosum
Mesoderm
7. What part of the gut rotates around the SMA? and At what point?
Physiologic incomplete muscular ventricular septum
2nd; 2nd
IX; X
Midgut; 10th week
8. What axis is Wnt 7 responsible for developing?
Rhombencephalon
Decidual basalis
Bones - cartilage - and nerves
Dorsal ventral axis
9. What causes the decrease in Right atrial pressure to close the fossa ovale?
Nutrient and gas for exchange; endometrium
Initial left to right shunting - then switches
No more umbilical circulation emptying into RA
Obliterated
10. What do the groove/clefts of the branchial apparatus correlate to?
Ectoderm
XII
Lithium; valve leaflets attach to domain down low in RV- 'atrialized RV'
VACTERL; OCPs and maternal diabetes
11. What is jejunal - ileal - colonic atresia usually due to? What do you see on x ray?
Vascular accident intra uterine; apple peel atresia
Week 8
Obliterated; forms tunica vaginalis
Amniotic cavity and yolk sac
12. Name two endocardial cushion defects.
Ebsteins anomaly; tricuspid atresia
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
Endoderm
Reicherts cartilage: Stapes - Styloid process - Lesser horn of hyloid - Stylohyoid ligament and CN VII
13. What two things cause VACTERL syndrome?
Left horn of the sinus venosus
All 3
Neural crest cells
OCPS and maternal diabetes
14. With the first breath the infant take - pulmonary vasculature resistance _______ which causes an increase in left atrial pressure
Decreases
DHT; estrogen
Neural crest cells
Decreased separation of hemispheres across midline; cyclopia
15. What embryologic structure provides the aorticpulmonary septum?
Neuroectoderm
Where the epiblast and hypoblast fuse
Neural crest migration - they then cause spiral
Prosencephalon
16. What is the defect in spina bifida occulta? is there any structural herniation? where on the spinal cord is it usually seen?
Failure of bony spinal canal to fuse; no; lower vertebral levels
pyloric stenosis
hypospadias
lumbosacral
17. Weeks _______ erythropoiesis takes place in the liver
Cytotrophoblast
Where the epiblast and hypoblast fuse
Left horn of the sinus venosus
6-30
18. What surrounds the umbilical cord?
Mesencephalon
Amniotic epithelium
Mesoderm
hypospadias
19. What are markers for neural tube defects in the amniotic cavity? CSF?
Neural crest migration - they then cause spiral
Thickened ectoderm at end of each developing limb
Embryonic period; 1st trimester
Increased AFP and acetycholinesterase (not ACh!) in CSF
20. From What embryonic layer do the ANS arise?
Neuroectoderm
Endocardial cushions
T neuroectoderm
Neural crest cells
21. What is a teratogen that causes Ebsteins anomaly? What is ebsteins anomaly?
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22. what muscles are derived from branchial arch 4? CN?
Congenital and chromosomal abnormalities
Umbilical artery - vein; and whartons jelly (mucus connective tissue) - urachus
Annular pancrease
Most pharyngeal constrictors - Cricothyroid - levator veli palatini; CN X (superior laryngeal branch - swallowing)
23. From where did a branchial cleft cyst arise if it found?
Endoderm
Where the epiblast and hypoblast fuse
Neuroectoderm
Found in lateral neck; from no obliteration of 2-4th clefts
24. From What embryonic layer does the olfactory epithelium arise?
mesoderm
Surface ectoderm
2nd pouch
Neuroectoderm
25. What teratogen can cause an absence of digits amongst other things in the fetus? give an example.
Neural crest cells
Nutrient and gas exchange
Hypertrophy of muscularis externis of pylorus; surgical incision
Alkylating agents
26. From What embryonic layer does a craniopharygioma arise?
Mesdoerm
Neuroectoderm
Reicherts cartilage: Stapes - Styloid process - Lesser horn of hyloid - Stylohyoid ligament and CN VII
Surface ectoderm
27. What embryonic structure gives rise to the ascending aorta? what else does it give rise to?
Skewed development of AP septum
hypertrophy
ACE inhibitors - HCTZ
Truncus arteriosus; pulmonary trunk
28. What does DHT turn the genital tubercle into? estrogen?
They are the edge of neural plate folding; all over the body
3rd pouch
Found in lateral neck; from no obliteration of 2-4th clefts
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum; glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
29. What causes meconium discharge from the umbilicus?
Diencephalon
Tetracyclines
Prenatal and perinatal
A vitelline fistula - failure of vitelline duct to close
30. What happens in pancreas divisum? what results?
Ventral and dorsal parts fail to fuse at 8th week; 2 pancreatic ducts!- more prone to pancreatitis
Tongue
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
Midgut; 10th week
31. What artery is derived branchial (aortic) arch 4?
Mullerian inhibitory factor from Sertoli cells; increased androgen from Leydig cells
Neuroectoderm
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
Ring of pancreatic tissue can cause duodenal narrowing; ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles 2nd part of duodenum
32. Which arches form the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Arches 3 and 4
Fetal alcohol syndrome; mental retardation
Week 8
6-30
33. which posterior fossa malformation results in aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephaly? what other spinal cord lesion does this malformation present with?
Arnold chiari; syringomyelia
5th
DHT; estrogen
Hypospadias
34. What does the ductus arteriosus shunt blood away from - to where? What is its remnant?
From the the lung; blood from SVC that went into RV gets shunted from pulm artery to aorta; ligamentum arteriosum
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
Gastric outlet obstruction (bilious vomiting - feeding intolerance - abdominal distention)
Telencephalon
35. What is the effect of teratogens before week 3?
Epiblast
Mental retardation - holoprosencephaly - facial features - fistulas
All or none
mesoderm
36. From What embryonic layer is the bladder and urethra from?
Cytotrophoblast
Mesoderm
Right horn of the SV
Ventral ; motor
37. From where is amniotic fluid produced? other than electrolytes and carbs - what else does it contain?
Pharynx to duodenum; duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
Maternally derived; meconium
Bone/cartilage and nerves
Metencephalon; cerebellum
38. When does hcG get secreted? What does it do?up until when ?
Occiptal
Day 6; maintains corpus luteum; 1st trimester
20-50yrs - Abdominal pain - Postprandial fullness - Nausea - Peptic ulcers - Pancreatitis - Rarely - biliary obstruction
Mid gut to yolk sac; omphalomesenteric duct; 7th week
39. When does the neural tube form and From what does it form?
Wolffian; mullerian
Neural plate; closes by week 4
All intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid; CN X (recurrent laryngeal nerve - speaking)
V3; VII
40. By what week is there fetal movement?
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
Week 8
Where the epiblast and hypoblast fuse
blood entering the RA
41. Cleft lip is a failure of fusion of ________ and ______.
Apical ectodermal ridge; limb lengthening; stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm
Neural crest cells
Embryonic period; 1st trimester
Maxillary and medial nasal processes
42. What artery is derived branchial (aortic) arch 2?
From endocardial cushions (ventral and dorsal meet each other)
Stapedius and hyoid artery
Week 10-12; end of 1st trimester
Mesoderm
43. How does annular pancreas present in children?
Week 3-8
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
Mesoderm; nucleous pulposos
Gastric outlet obstruction (bilious vomiting - feeding intolerance - abdominal distention)
44. Which branchial apparatus derivative makes the tympanic membrane of the ear?
The caudal end mesonephros; the ureter - pelvis - calyces - collecting ducts
Failure of the urachus to obliterate; outpouching of the bladder
First branchial pouch
Membrane - all 3 from 1st appartus
45. Where does the blastocyst implant in the uterus? During what phase of the menstrual cycle?
Muscular ventricular septum; no
Post. sup wall; luteal phase
Fluid filled syrinx causes expansion and degeneration of cord tracts
monoamniotic
46. What is the mcc of renovascular hypertension in children? What does this predispose to?
Neural crest cells
First branchial pouch
Renal artery stenosis;
Obliterated; forms tunica vaginalis
47. How do you differentiate a thyroglossal duct cyst from a persistent cervical sinus?
Decreased separation of hemispheres across midline; cyclopia
No more umbilical circulation emptying into RA
Thyroglossal duct cysts will move with swallowing while persistent cervical sinuses in lateral neck wont
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
48. What is the mnueomonic for the mesodermal defects? What does it stand for?
Left horn of the sinus venosus
Endoderm lined structures of ear: middle ear cavity - eustacian tube - mastoid air cells
VACTERL- vertebral defect - anal atresia - cardiac defects - tracheo - esophageal fistula - renal defects - limb defects
Transposition of great vessels (failure to spiral)- right to left shunt; tetralogy of Fallout (right to left shunt caused by skewed development of septum); persistent TA (partial septum development - also right to left shunt)
49. In order to survive tricuspid atresia - What do you need?
Week 4
VSD
Increase in oxygen concentration which decreases prostaglandin concentration
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
50. what muscles are derived from branchial arch 3?
3 -4 -6
1st cleft/groove (Ectoderm)
StyloPharyngeus
From the the lung; blood from SVC that went into RV gets shunted from pulm artery to aorta; ligamentum arteriosum
Sorry!:) No result found.
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