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Test your basic knowledge |
USMLE Embryo
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
usmle
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. From what aortic arch does the common carotid artery arise? what else arises from this arch?
Neuroectoderm
Transposition of great vessels (failure to spiral)- right to left shunt; tetralogy of Fallout (right to left shunt caused by skewed development of septum); persistent TA (partial septum development - also right to left shunt)
3rd; proximal part of the internal carotid artery
After; extrinsic
2. What is hypoplasia? is primordial tissue present?
Incomplete; yes
Oxygenated; placenta to fetus (IVC)
Fallopian tube - uterus - upper 1/3 of vagina
20-50yrs - Abdominal pain - Postprandial fullness - Nausea - Peptic ulcers - Pancreatitis - Rarely - biliary obstruction
3. What does the first branchial pouch create?
Endoderm lined structures of ear: middle ear cavity - eustacian tube - mastoid air cells
Nutrient and gas exchange
Post. sup wall; luteal phase
Metanephric mesenchyme; differentiation and formation of glomerulus and renal tubules to distal convoluted tubule
4. What causes the increase in left atrial pressure to close the fossa ovale?
Decreased pulmonary resistance in the pulmonary vasculature
Failure to recanalize; 21
From endocardial cushions (ventral and dorsal meet each other)
Thyroid - cricoid - arytenoids - corniculate cuneiform
5. From What embryonic layer are the schwann cells from ?
Left horn of the sinus venosus
Ectoderm
Neural crest cells
Muscles of Mastication: Temporalis - masseter - Lateral and Medila pterygoids - Mylohyoid - anterior belly of the digastric - tensor tympani - tensor veli palatini; ant 2/3 of tongue
6. At what week does the fetus look like a baby?
Week 8
Pharynx to duodenum; duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
6-30
Endoderm
7. What embryonic structure gives rise to the ascending aorta? what else does it give rise to?
Truncus arteriosus; pulmonary trunk
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
Cranio - caudal; segmental
4th pouch
8. Cleft palate is a failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes - the nasal septum and or the ________?
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
Medial palatine processes
Fetal and maternal
Neuroectoderm
9. Where is Wnt 7 gene produced?
Fetal alcohol syndrome; mental retardation
Hypertrophy of muscularis externis of pylorus; surgical incision
Surface ectoderm
Apical ectodermal ridge
10. What is the homeobox gene responsible in developing? (What axis)
Umbilical artery - vein; and whartons jelly (mucus connective tissue) - urachus
Cranio - caudal; segmental
Mesoderm
Thalidomide; nausea
11. From what arches are the neural crest cells that form the aorticpulmonary septum derived?
3 -4 -6
Endoderm
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
Deformation
12. From where to Where is the foregut derivative? midgut? hindgut?
Week 4; week 3
Muscles of Mastication: Temporalis - masseter - Lateral and Medila pterygoids - Mylohyoid - anterior belly of the digastric - tensor tympani - tensor veli palatini; ant 2/3 of tongue
Persistence of 3rd cleft (groove) and pouch causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
Pharynx to duodenum; duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
13. What is perinauds syndrome?
Caused by compression on trocheal nerve - causes vertical gaze paralysis (associated with arnold chiari)
Amniotic cavity and yolk sac
Vascular accident intra uterine; apple peel atresia
Mental retardation - holoprosencephaly - facial features - fistulas
14. During what periods do the damages that cerebral palsy causes occur?
Alkylating agents
Decidual basalis
From the the lung; blood from SVC that went into RV gets shunted from pulm artery to aorta; ligamentum arteriosum
Prenatal and perinatal
15. Which branchial apparatus derivative makes the tympanic membrane of the ear?
Endoderm
Membrane - all 3 from 1st appartus
Bone/cartilage and nerves
4th/5th branchial pouches
16. Which branchial arch derivative is obliterated?
Cleft lip/palate
Oligohydramnios
5th
Apical ectodermal ridge
17. From what region do the thalami form?
Ampulla
Diencephalon
Cytotrophoblast
Ebsteins anomaly; tricuspid atresia
18. From What embryonic layer does the inner arise?
Surface ectoderm
Apical ectodermal ridge; limb lengthening; stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
...
19. Which branchial derivative accounts for the sensation and taste in the posterior 2/3 of the tongue? how about the very back?
4th arch; 6th arch
Thyroid - cricoid - arytenoids - corniculate cuneiform
Lithium; valve leaflets attach to domain down low in RV- 'atrialized RV'
Bulbos Cordis; right ventricle entirely
20. is epispadias or hypospadias associated with exstrophy of the bladder?
Epispadias
SRY gene on Y chromosomes; sertoli and leydi; MIF and androgens; suppression of paramesonephric ducts and dev. of mesonephric (all respectively)
Apical ectodermal ridge
Surface ectoderm
21. What does the foramen ovale shunt blood from - to where? What is its remnant?
From teh lung;blood from IVC in RA to LA; fossa ovalis
Tongue
Alkylating agents
Decreased pulmonary resistance in the pulmonary vasculature
22. What part of the fetal comp of the placenta secretes hCG? is this part on the inner or outer layer of the chorionic villi? does it make cells?
Neuroectoderm
Synctiotrophoblast; outer; no
Prenatal and perinatal
Mesdoerm
23. What day is the chorion formed?
Persistence of 3rd cleft (groove) and pouch causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
Amniotic cavity and yolk sac
3
monoamniotic
24. What do the groove/clefts of the branchial apparatus correlate to?
Upper 1/3; urogenital sinus
Ectoderm
Excessive resorption of septum primum or secondum (or both)
Fluid filled cavity in spinal cord; C8- T1; arnold chiari II
25. From What embryonic layer does the parathyroid arise ?
Mesoderm; 3 week
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
Week 8
Endoderm
26. what other facial defect other than cyclopia is associated with holoprosencephaly?
Mesencephalon
Fluid filled syrinx causes expansion and degeneration of cord tracts
Cleft lip/palate
Mullerian inhibitory factor from Sertoli cells; increased androgen from Leydig cells
27. Which is more common - epispadias or hypospadias?
Hypospadias
Alkylating agents
Ventral and dorsal parts fail to fuse at 8th week; 2 pancreatic ducts!- more prone to pancreatitis
primary palate
28. What part of the vagina does the mullerian duct form? Where does the rest come from?
Mesoderm; epiblast
Aminoglycosides
Upper 1/3; urogenital sinus
VSD
29. From What do the embryoblast and trophoblast form from? What does the embryoblast split into? the trophoblast?
Congenital and chromosomal abnormalities
Blastocyst; epiblast and hypoblast; synctiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
Nicotine; preterm labor
Left horn of the sinus venosus
30. From what aortic arch does the first part of the maxillary artery arise?
Sperm plus egg
Hepatic circulation; ligamentum venosum
Surface ectoderm
1st
31. which posterior fossa malformation results in aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephaly? what other spinal cord lesion does this malformation present with?
Neuroectoderm
3rd pouch
Metanephric mesenchyme; differentiation and formation of glomerulus and renal tubules to distal convoluted tubule
Arnold chiari; syringomyelia
32. What embryological structure gives rise to the trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricle?
Yolk sac; 3rd week
Grooves/clefts; arches; pouches
Primitive ventricle
Right horn of the SV
33. From What embryonic layer does bone arise ?
VSD
6th aortic arch
Mesoderm
Mesoderm; nucleous pulposos
34. When is most important to take folic acid to prevent neural tube defects?
IMA
Before getting pregnant!
Prosencephalon - mesencephalon - rhombencephalon
Cranio - caudal; segmental
35. From What embryonic layer are the melanocytes from?
1st arch neural crest fails to migrate --> mandibular hypoplasia - facial abnormalities (cleft palate - decreased slanting of palpebral fissures)
Arnold chiari; syringomyelia
Neural crest cells
20-50yrs - Abdominal pain - Postprandial fullness - Nausea - Peptic ulcers - Pancreatitis - Rarely - biliary obstruction
36. What causes urine discharge from the umbilicus?
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
From teh lung;blood from IVC in RA to LA; fossa ovalis
Increased AFP and acetycholinesterase (not ACh!) in CSF
Right horn of the SV
37. Blood coming in the umbilical vein is ____ saturated
80%
Sperm plus egg
Synctiotrophoblast; outer; no
Ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm; epiblast - primitive streak - hypoblast; week 3
38. From What embryonic layer is the vagina from? testes? ovaries?
Mesoderm
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
Oxygenated; placenta to fetus (IVC)
3
39. What is Treacher Collins syndrome? What is the result?
1st arch neural crest fails to migrate --> mandibular hypoplasia - facial abnormalities (cleft palate - decreased slanting of palpebral fissures)
Absent cerebellar vermis; cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
Prevent recurrent UTIs
Neural crest cells
40. What happens in pancreas divisum? what results?
From teh lung;blood from IVC in RA to LA; fossa ovalis
Ventral and dorsal parts fail to fuse at 8th week; 2 pancreatic ducts!- more prone to pancreatitis
2nd; 2nd
Arnold chiari; syringomyelia
41. Other than not having a brain - what else is a symptom of anencephaly? why? hint: think about amniotic fluid
Respiratory distress syndrome
Polyhydramnios
Oxygenated; placenta to fetus (IVC)
28 week onward
42. From What embryonic layer is the spleen from?
Neuroectoderm
Mesoderm
hypertrophy
Surface ectoderm
43. What are the neural crest cells and where do they come form? where do they go?
They are the edge of neural plate folding; all over the body
Fluid filled cavity in spinal cord; C8- T1; arnold chiari II
Base of limbs in the zone of polarizing activity; ant - post
Metencephalon; cerebellum
44. From where does the prostate develop? seminal vesicles? fallopian tube? lower 2/3 of the vagina? ejaculatory duct? epididymis? uterus? upper 1/3 of the vagina?
VACTERL- vertebral defect - anal atresia - cardiac defects - tracheo - esophageal fistula - renal defects - limb defects
Neuroectoderm
Urogenital sinus; wolffian duct; mullerian duct; urogenital sinus; wolffian duct; wolffian duct; mullerian; mullerian
Congenital and chromosomal abnormalities
45. Where is erythropoeisis in the weeks 3-8 of fetal development? Where does it occur after that? until when?
Yolk sac; liver (weeks 6-30) and spleen (9-28 weeks)
Scrotum; labia majora
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
Indomethacin; blocks PG production
46. What gene is produced in the zone of polarizing activity?
Initial left to right shunting - then switches
Decreased pulmonary resistance in the pulmonary vasculature
Sonic Hedgehog
Nutrient and gas exchange
47. What is a zygote?
Base of limbs in the zone of polarizing activity; ant - post
Sperm plus egg
Sonic Hedgehog
Tongue
48. What are the two walls of the prosencephalon and What do they become?
Apical ectodermal ridge; limb lengthening; stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm
Surface ectoderm
80%
Cerebral hemisphere - thalami
49. What is a teratogen that causes Ebsteins anomaly? What is ebsteins anomaly?
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50. What is the leading cause of birth defects in the US? what else is this perpetrator the leading cause of?
Vascular accident intra uterine; apple peel atresia
Deformation
Fetal alcohol syndrome; mental retardation
OCPS and maternal diabetes