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USMLE Embryo

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What can vit A in excess cause in the fetus?
Thyroglossal duct; persists as pyramidal lobe of thyroid; foramen cecum on tongue is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct
4th arch; 6th arch
Lots - cleft palate/lip
Apical ectodermal ridge; limb lengthening; stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm

2. What three components make up the branchial/pharyngeal apparatus?
After; extrinsic
Deformation
Grooves/clefts; arches; pouches
All 3

3. Which branchial derivative accounts for the posterior 2/3 of the tongue?
3rd and 4th arches
Fetal kidney; fetal swallows - absorbs - and then removed from placental blood
hypertrophy
Endocardial cushions

4. _____________is common in 1st born males
Renal artery stenosis;
1st branchial arch
pyloric stenosis
Dorsal ventral axis

5. Which branchial apparatus develops into the inferior parathyroids?
3rd pouch
Mesoderm; nucleous pulposos
Increase in oxygen concentration which decreases prostaglandin concentration
6th aortic arch

6. Which part of the chorionic villi can make cells?
The caudal end mesonephros; the ureter - pelvis - calyces - collecting ducts
Umbilical artery - vein; and whartons jelly (mucus connective tissue) - urachus
Prenatal and perinatal
Cytotrophoblast

7. From What embryonic layer do CNS neurons arise?
Neuroectoderm
Cleft lip/palate
Polyhydramnios
Common carotid and internal carotid

8. From What embryonic layer does the adenohypophysis arise?
Fetal and maternal
Surface ectoderm
From teh lung;blood from IVC in RA to LA; fossa ovalis
Obliterated

9. Name two endocardial cushion defects.
Where the epiblast and hypoblast fuse
Primitive ventricle
VACTERL- vertebral defect - anal atresia - cardiac defects - tracheo - esophageal fistula - renal defects - limb defects
Ebsteins anomaly; tricuspid atresia

10. From What embryonic layer are the cardiovascular - lymphatics and blood from?
Polyhydramnios - Down syndrome - Esophageal/duodenal atresia - Imperforate anus - Meckel diverticulum
Neural plate; closes by week 4
Mesonephros; male genital system
Mesoderm

11. By what week is there fetal movement?
Turners; inferior
Upper 1/3; urogenital sinus
Week 8
Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches; t cell def (thymic aplasia) - hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development) - CF and CV defects

12. Where is the most common ectopic thyroid tissue?
Rhombencephalon
secondary palate
Lithium; valve leaflets attach to domain down low in RV- 'atrialized RV'
Tongue

13. From where is amniotic fluid produced? other than electrolytes and carbs - what else does it contain?
Aortic arch and prox part of subclavian
Maternally derived; meconium
Decreases
Ebsteins anomaly; tricuspid atresia

14. From What embryonic lare are the odontoblasts from?
Ectoderm
Neural crest cells
Surface ectoderm
2nd pouch

15. From What embryonic layer do the salivary - sweat and mammary glands arise?
Ectoderm
4th week
Surface ectoderm
After; extrinsic

16. In anencephaly you see...
Dorsal and ventral buds
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
Neural crest cells
elevated AFP

17. From what region does the midbrain form from?
Nicotine; preterm labor
Decidual basalis
Female; paramesonephric; mesonephric
Mesencephalon

18. From What embryonic layer is the vagina from? testes? ovaries?
Tongue
Greater horn of hyoid; CN IX (styloPharyngeus)
Polyhydramnios
Mesoderm

19. As a horseshoe kidney ascends during kidney development - What do they get trapped under?
Palpable olive mass in epigastric region; nonbilious projectile vomitting @around 2 weeks
IMA
Week 8
Aortic arch (from left side); right subclavian (on the right)

20. What does DHT turn the urogenital sinus into? estrogen?
Valproate acid
Endoderm
Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper) and Prostate gland; greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) and Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene)
Endocardial cushions

21. What does DHT turn the genital tubercle into? estrogen?
Embryonic period; 1st trimester
Glans penis and corpus cavernosum and spongiosum; glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs
Muscles and arteries
Occiptal

22. what happens in hydrocele?
Tunica vaginalis not fully fused
Persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal; low folic acid
Failure of bony spinal canal to fuse; no; lower vertebral levels
Neural crest cells

23. What are the two components of the fetal component of the placenta?
ACE inhibitors - HCTZ
Obliterated
Blastocyst; epiblast and hypoblast; synctiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast

24. From What embryonic layer do the astrocytes arise?
Blastocyst; epiblast and hypoblast; synctiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
Tongue
Week 8
Neuroectoderm

25. From What embryonic layer does bone arise ?
Dorsal; sensory
Mesoderm
Prosencephalon - mesencephalon - rhombencephalon
Rostral fold closure ; lateral fold closure; lateral fold closure; caudal fold closure

26. Which branchial derivative creates the middle ear cavity - eustachian tube and mastoid air cells?
First branchial pouch
is no longer intact
6-30
Hemorrhage - bone deformities

27. what invaginates to form the primitive streak?
3
Physiologic incomplete muscular ventricular septum
Epiblast
Embryonic period; 1st trimester

28. Before birth - blood entering the LA is less than...
blood entering the RA
Decreased pulmonary resistance in the pulmonary vasculature
Epispadias
Thyroglossal duct; persists as pyramidal lobe of thyroid; foramen cecum on tongue is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct

29. When does the blastocyst split into two disks? What is this disk called? What are the two germ layers called?
pyloric stenosis
Week 2; bilaminar disk; epiblast and hypoblast
Amniotic epithelium
Cerebral hemisphere - thalami

30. what else is the caudal regression known as? What two teratogen can cause this in the fetus?
...
Failure of the urachus to obliterate
VACTERL; OCPs and maternal diabetes
Synctiotrophoblast; outer; no

31. What does DHT turn the urogenital folds into? estrogen?
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
Tongue
Ring of pancreatic tissue can cause duodenal narrowing; ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles 2nd part of duodenum
Increase in oxygen concentration which decreases prostaglandin concentration

32. What is a zygote?
2; 1
Cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast
Sperm plus egg
VSD

33. What gene is produced in the zone of polarizing activity?
Ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm; epiblast - primitive streak - hypoblast; week 3
Neural crest cells
Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches; t cell def (thymic aplasia) - hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development) - CF and CV defects
Sonic Hedgehog

34. What is hypoplasia? is primordial tissue present?
Sonic Hedgehog
Neuroectoderm
Incomplete; yes
V3; VII

35. From What embryonic layer are the dorsal root and celiac ganglion from?
Polyhydramnios
Neural crest cells
Right horn of the SV
LH

36. What is a teratogen that causes Ebsteins anomaly? What is ebsteins anomaly?

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37. Where is Wnt 7 gene produced?
First branchial pouch
Vascular accident intra uterine; apple peel atresia
Apical ectodermal ridge
Pronephros - mesonephros - metanephros; pronephros; most cranially

38. The spinal cord is made from...
Scrotum; labia majora
Week 3-8
T neuroectoderm
Endocardial cushions

39. what muscles are derived from branchial arch 6? CN?
Thickened ectoderm at end of each developing limb
Dorsal; sensory
All intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid; CN X (recurrent laryngeal nerve - speaking)
Neuroectoderm

40. From where does the pulmonary arteries and the ductus arteriosus arise?
Duodenum to transverse colon; distal transverse colon to rectum
Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities with preservation of touch sensation
No more umbilical circulation emptying into RA
6th aortic arch

41. From where does the signal come from to suppress paramesonephric ducts? what stimulates development of the mesonephric ducts?
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
Persistance of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord covered by peritoneum; 13 - 18
Week 4
Mullerian inhibitory factor from Sertoli cells; increased androgen from Leydig cells

42. What artery is derived branchial (aortic) arch 3?
Lacunae in between the chorionic villi
Mesencephalon
Common carotid and internal carotid
DHT; estrogen

43. What causes the transposition of the great vessels? What does it result in?
Endometrium
3rd pouch
Failure to spiral (aorta coming out of RV and PA coming out of left ventricle)- two completely separate systems
Day 6; with implantation

44. From What embryonic layer do chromaffin cells arise?
When the AP septum meets and fuses with the muscular ventricular septum to form membranous intraventricular septum - closing interventricular foramen
Oligohydramnios
septum primum and/or secundum
Neural crest cells

45. On what side is the abnormal opening in epispadias? What causes it?
Neuroectoderm
Neural plate; closes by week 4
Dorsal; faulty positioning of genital tubercle
Initial left to right shunting - then switches

46. Where is sonic hedgehog gene produced? What axis is it responsible in patterning?
Ventral bud
Base of limbs in the zone of polarizing activity; ant - post
Neural crest migration - they then cause spiral
Surface ectoderm

47. Which branchial derivative accounts for taste in the ant 2/3?
1st cleft/groove (Ectoderm)
Branchial arch 2
Neural crest cells
XII

48. What are the aspects of fetal alcohol syndrome?
Mesdoerm
Mental retardation - holoprosencephaly - facial features - fistulas
Fluid filled cavity in spinal cord; C8- T1; arnold chiari II
3 -4 -6

49. Which is more common - epispadias or hypospadias?
All or none
3
...
Hypospadias

50. What do membranous interventricular septal defect cause? What does this lead to?
Upper 1/3; urogenital sinus
A vitelline fistula - failure of vitelline duct to close
Initial left to right shunting - then switches
No more umbilical circulation emptying into RA

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USMLE Embryo

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