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USMLE Embryo
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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usmle
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What separates the ant 1/3 and post 2/3 of tongue?
Female; paramesonephric; mesonephric
Foramen cecum and terminal sulus
Decidual basalis
After; extrinsic
2. Does malformation occur during or after the embryonic period? is it due to an extrinsic or intrinsic disruption?
During; instrinsic
Ring of pancreatic tissue can cause duodenal narrowing; ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles 2nd part of duodenum
Neural crest cells
Embryonic period; 1st trimester
3. Which branchial apparatus makes the external auditory meatus?
monoamniotic
1st cleft/groove (Ectoderm)
Dorsal ventral axis
Muscular ventricular septum; no
4. From What embryonic layer are the melanocytes from?
Found in lateral neck; from no obliteration of 2-4th clefts
Neural crest cells
Where the epiblast and hypoblast fuse
Week 10-12; end of 1st trimester
5. Which CN allows for taste and sensation in the posterior 1/3 of the tongue? how about the very back ?
Prenatal and perinatal
The caudal end mesonephros; the ureter - pelvis - calyces - collecting ducts
IX; X
Neural crest cells
6. From what aortic arch does the first part of the maxillary artery arise?
Thickened ectoderm at end of each developing limb
1st
Polyhydramnios
Mesoderm
7. From where does pons form from? what else forms from there?
Decreased pulmonary resistance in the pulmonary vasculature
Metencephalon; cerebellum
Renal artery stenosis;
Day 6; maintains corpus luteum; 1st trimester
8. What embryological structure gives rise to the smooth part of the right atrium?
2nd; 2nd
Right horn of the SV
Midgut; 10th week
Myelencephalon
9. what muscles are derived from branchial arch 1?
Oligohydramnios
Neural crest cells
Muscles of Mastication: Temporalis - masseter - Lateral and Medila pterygoids - Mylohyoid - anterior belly of the digastric - tensor tympani - tensor veli palatini; ant 2/3 of tongue
Obliterated
10. From What embryonic layer is aorticopulmonary septum from ?
Alkylating agents
Neural crest cells
Obliterated
Female; paramesonephric; mesonephric
11. By what week is the neural tube supposed to be closed? when did it start forming?
Hepatic circulation; ligamentum venosum
Mesdoerm
Week 4; week 3
Week 10-12; end of 1st trimester
12. From which germlayer does the thyroid develop?? From what structure exactly?
Spinothalamic first
Yolk sac; 3rd week
Endoderm - floor of primitive pharynx
Ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm; epiblast - primitive streak - hypoblast; week 3
13. Which is more common - epispadias or hypospadias?
Thyroid - cricoid - arytenoids - corniculate cuneiform
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
Wolffian; mullerian
Hypospadias
14. What do membranous interventricular septal defect cause? What does this lead to?
Thalidomide; nausea
septum primum and/or secundum
Initial left to right shunting - then switches
DHT; estrogen
15. What separated myometrium of the uterus from the blastocyst?
Decidual basalis
Thyroglossal duct; persists as pyramidal lobe of thyroid; foramen cecum on tongue is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct
StyloPharyngeus
Branchial arch 2
16. When is most important to take folic acid to prevent neural tube defects?
Amniotic cavity and yolk sac
Bones - cartilage - and nerves
Mesoderm
Before getting pregnant!
17. What is an arnold chiari II malformation? through what hole does it herniate?
Muscles and arteries
Pronephros - mesonephros - metanephros; pronephros; most cranially
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum
Mesoderm
18. What components do the mesoderm of the branchial arches give rise to?
External auditory meatus
Muscles and arteries
Thalidomide; nausea
Incomplete; yes
19. Where is the mothers blood located in the placenta?
Before getting pregnant!
All or none
Endometrium
Lacunae in between the chorionic villi
20. From What embryonic layer is the vagina from? testes? ovaries?
A vitelline fistula - failure of vitelline duct to close
Deformation
80%
Mesoderm
21. From What embryonic layer do the astrocytes arise?
Absent cerebellar vermis; cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
Neuroectoderm
From endocardial cushions (ventral and dorsal meet each other)
Polyhydramnios - Down syndrome - Esophageal/duodenal atresia - Imperforate anus - Meckel diverticulum
22. What embryological structure gives rise to the coronary sinus?
Epiblast
Mesoderm
Muscles and arteries
Left horn of the sinus venosus
23. Where is Wnt 7 gene produced?
Apical ectodermal ridge
6-30
Endoderm
Failure to recanalize; 21
24. what bone/cartilage and nerves are derived from branchial arch 3?
Greater horn of hyoid; CN IX (styloPharyngeus)
Myelencephalon
Persistance of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord covered by peritoneum; 13 - 18
Neuroectoderm
25. What is the mnueomonic for the mesodermal defects? What does it stand for?
Deoxygenated blood; fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta
DiGeorge
...
VACTERL- vertebral defect - anal atresia - cardiac defects - tracheo - esophageal fistula - renal defects - limb defects
26. During what months is the fetus most susceptible to teratogens? What trimester?
Apical ectodermal ridge; limb lengthening; stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm
Muscles and arteries
Embryonic period; 1st trimester
Nutrient and gas exchange
27. What embryologic structure gives rise to the smooth outflow tracts of the ventricles? what else does it give rise to?
4th pouch
Mesdoerm
Bulbos Cordis; right ventricle entirely
Decreased separation of hemispheres across midline; cyclopia
28. Which parts of the pancreas contribute to the head - uncinate process and main pancreatic duct?
Dorsal and ventral buds
Maxillary and medial nasal processes
mesoderm
is no longer intact
29. What is a syrinx? Where is it found in syringomelia? What is it associated with?
Persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal; low folic acid
Sonic Hedgehog
Fluid filled cavity in spinal cord; C8- T1; arnold chiari II
Mesdoerm
30. What causes the obstruction in pyloric stenosis? treatment?
Obliterated; forms tunica vaginalis
Hypertrophy of muscularis externis of pylorus; surgical incision
Surface ectoderm
Polyhydramnios
31. What does the foramen ovale shunt blood from - to where? What is its remnant?
Mesoderm
From teh lung;blood from IVC in RA to LA; fossa ovalis
20-50yrs - Abdominal pain - Postprandial fullness - Nausea - Peptic ulcers - Pancreatitis - Rarely - biliary obstruction
Neural crest cells
32. Which branchial apparatus develops into the superior parathyroids?
4th pouch
is no longer intact
Upper 1/3; urogenital sinus
Persistence of 3rd cleft (groove) and pouch causes fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
33. From what aortic arch does the stapedial artery arise? the hyoid?
Turners; inferior
2nd; 2nd
Partial closure of vitelline duct so that the patent portion is attached to ileum; ectopic gastric mucosa; melena and periumbilical pain
Scrotum; labia majora
34. What is the Eisenmeger complex?
Fetal alcohol syndrome; mental retardation
When left to right shunting switching to right to left shunting
Endoderm lined structures of ear: middle ear cavity - eustacian tube - mastoid air cells
Nutrient and gas for exchange; endometrium
35. From What embryonic layer do chromaffin cells arise?
Pulm art (prox) and ductus arteriosus
Neural crest cells
Female; paramesonephric; mesonephric
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum
36. Where is the FGF gene produced? What is it responsible for - How does it do this?
Turners; inferior
DES
Apical ectodermal ridge; limb lengthening; stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm
All or none
37. Blood coming in the umbilical vein is ____ saturated
Aminoglycosides
Umbilical artery - vein; and whartons jelly (mucus connective tissue) - urachus
80%
Week 8
38. What do the arches of the branchial apparatus correlate to?
Polyhydramnios
No organ in each; agenesis no primordial tissue
Mesdoerm
Ventral ; motor
39. What part of the fetal comp of the placenta secretes hCG? is this part on the inner or outer layer of the chorionic villi? does it make cells?
Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra); labia minora
Thyroglossal duct; persists as pyramidal lobe of thyroid; foramen cecum on tongue is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct
Lithium
Synctiotrophoblast; outer; no
40. What causes meconium discharge from the umbilicus?
hypertrophy
ACE inhibitors - HCTZ
Ring of pancreatic tissue can cause duodenal narrowing; ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles 2nd part of duodenum
A vitelline fistula - failure of vitelline duct to close
41. What are the neural crest cells and where do they come form? where do they go?
Neural crest cells
They are the edge of neural plate folding; all over the body
Outgrowth of mesonephric as ureteric bud; most caudal
Metencephalon; cerebellum
42. What teratogens can cause discolored teeth?
Mesoderm
Tetracyclines
Primitive atrium
Valproate acid
43. From What embryonic layer does the thyroid follicular cells arise?
6th aortic arch
Branchial arch 2
Absent cerebellar vermis; cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
Endoderm
44. From What embryonic layer does the epidermis arise?
Surface ectoderm
pyloric stenosis
Umbilical artery - vein; and whartons jelly (mucus connective tissue) - urachus
Cleft lip/palate
45. What hormones are in charge of external genitalia development in the fetus? (in both male and female)
Week 2; bilaminar disk; epiblast and hypoblast
DHT; estrogen
8
4th pouch
46. Most myelomeningoceles present in the _______ region
lumbosacral
Lithium; valve leaflets attach to domain down low in RV- 'atrialized RV'
Rhombencephalon
Fetal alcohol syndrome; mental retardation
47. The inner layer of the chorionic villi...
VACTERL; OCPs and maternal diabetes
Mesoderm
can make cells
V3; VII
48. What day is the amnion formed?
8
Ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm; epiblast - primitive streak - hypoblast; week 3
Endoderm
From endocardial cushions (ventral and dorsal meet each other)
49. What type of - amnios does bilateral agenesis form? What three symptoms does this cause?
Week 3-8
Oligohydramnios
Foregut; dorsal mesentery (mesodermal)
6th aortic arch
50. what bone/cartilage and nerves are derived from branchial arch 2?
T neuroectoderm
Reicherts cartilage: Stapes - Styloid process - Lesser horn of hyloid - Stylohyoid ligament and CN VII
Pataus; fetal alcohol syndrome
1st branchial arch
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