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AP Chemistry 2

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the relationship between Rate and Molar Mass for two gases? Velocity and Temperature? Energy and Temperature?
An active metal.
Ppt will NOT form (unsaturated)
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
Cold beaker=endothermic - ?H=positive (hot beaker=exothermic - ?H=negative)

2. What shape is water?
Mono; di; tri; tetra; penta; hexa.
10?8
it's lower and occurs over less sharp a range
bent

3. What things should you remember to do when collecting gas over water?
ion pairing
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
Cold beaker=endothermic - ?H=positive (hot beaker=exothermic - ?H=negative)
Potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate (they're clues that a reaction will be redox)

4. What can form during the combustion of hydrocarbons in a limited supply of oxygen?
Insoluble (except group 1 ammonium and Ba)
Salts (ex: CaO + SO2 ? CaSO3)
Molecules with the same molecular formulas - but different structural formulas
CO (poisonous)

5. What are the units of the first order rate constant?
Unsaturated - addition (ex: decolorize bromine solution)
S2O3²?
acids
Time?¹ - (ex. s?¹ - hr?¹ - etc)

6. thiosulfate
Acidic is when [H?] > [OH?] - basic is when [H?] < [OH?] - acidic is when [H?] = [OH?]
SO4²?
CN?
S2O3²?

7. What is the relationship between Kc and Kp if there's no ?n (gaseous molecules)?
Primary alcohols are partially oxidized to aldehydes and then totally oxidized to acids (wine to vinegar)
Kc=Kp
Salt and water
H3PO4

8. What is precision?
lighted splint (positive result=pop)
How grouped results are
H+
do not change

9. What type of compounds do metals/non metals form?
NO3?
Separating funnel
Saturated - Substitution (which requires more radical conditions)
Ionic compounds

10. Color (absorbance) is proportional to ________
Concentration
RCOOR
red - green - blue
Synthesis - separation and purification of the product and its identification.

11. What is Ksp in terms of molar solubility ('s') for an electrolyte AB3 or A3B?
Ksp = 27s4
voltaic: - electrolytic: +
Molecules with the same molecular formulas - but different structural formulas
Increase - the dissociation of water is endothermic so increasing T favors forward direction - thus more ions.

12. What complex ion does ammonia form with silver? copper? cadmium? zinc?
[Ag(NH3)2]? - [Cu(NH3)4]²? - [Cd(NH3)4]²? - [Zn(NH3)4]²?
C2O4²?
?G=negative - E° must be positive
Pipette (burette if need repetition)

13. What is the formula for alkynes?
CnH2n-2
Pour liquids using a funnel or down a glass rod
O2 needs 4F/mol H2 needs 2F/mol
1) Add together a weak base with a salt of that base made with a strong acid. (or visa versa) 2) by partially neutralizing a weak base with a strong acid or weak acid with a strong base. (Ex: 0.2 mol NH3 + 0.1 mol HCl)

14. What do group I/II metal oxides and acids form?
Pale purple - (orange)-yellow - red - blue - green.
Acidic is when [H?] > [OH?] - basic is when [H?] < [OH?] - acidic is when [H?] = [OH?]
There's one normal boiling point (1 atm) - but many boiling points (P dependent)
Salt and water

15. silver compounds
Glowing splint (positive result=relights)
Filtration
diamond and graphite
Insoluble except for nitrate and acetate

16. For what types of substances does the solid/liquid equilibrium line on a phase diagram slope LEFT?
water and substances with (s) less dense than
ion pairing
[A?]/[HA] x 100 or [BH?]/[B] x 100
Salts (ex: CaO + SO2 ? CaSO3)

17. BaSO4
basic
Most INsoluble except group 1 and ammonium
Insoluble
Anode

18. What do you use to look at burning magnesium? why?
K2
Cr2O7²?
Most INsoluble except group 1 and ammonium
blue glass - it filters UV

19. What causes the dramatic effect of T on rate?
T increases exponentially the proportion of molecules with E > Ea
catalyst=conc H2SO4
C2O4²?
Salt - Carbon dioxide and water.(latter also known as carbonic acid H2CO3)

20. If Q < Ksp a ppt ______
|experimental - accepted|/accepted X 100
HClO4
Ppt will NOT form (unsaturated)
Hg²?

21. What apparatus do you use to pour liquids?
K2
The compound with the lowest Ksp value.
Pour liquids using a funnel or down a glass rod
Products - reactants (except for BDE when it's reactants - products)

22. What do you need to make a polymer?
benzene is less reactive than alkenes
A monomer with a double bond OR two monomers with an arrangement of FGs that allows them to react repeatedly with one another (ex. OH and COOH)
Acidified
Mention effective nuclear charge (shielding) and distance of outer electrons from the nucleus

23. What are the names and formulas of the 6 strong acids?
proton donor base
HNO3 - (nitric) H2SO4 -(sulfuric) HCl -(hydrochloric) HBr -(hydrobromic) HI - (hydroiodic) HClO4 (perchloric)
?G= -ve - E°= +ve
Exothermic

24. When driving off water from a hydrate - how do you tell you're done?
Time?¹ - (ex. s?¹ - hr?¹ - etc)
Heat to constant mass-weigh - reheat - cool - and weigh again until mass is constant
Experimental mass/theoretical mass X 100
Whether or not they can form H-bonds with water (ex: Ethyl alcohol is soluble but dimethyl ether is not)

25. What is the 'virtual' Ka for the complete dissociation of a dibasic acid?
ethers
Conjugate pair (one must be a weak base or acid)
water and substances with (s) less dense than
K1 x K2

26. What is a dipeptide? polypeptide? protein?
CnH(2n+2)
Transition element compounds (except if it has a full or empty d shell)
proton donor base
Two amino acids joined together; many amino acids joined together; lots of amino acids joined together

27. chlorite
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.
Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds
Sulfur
ClO2?

28. What is the pH of a salt made from a WA/SB? SA/WB? SA/SB?
blue glass - it filters UV
H2PO4?
Ionic compounds
WA/SB: pH>7 SA/WB: pH<7 SA/SB: pH=7

29. chlorine
ion pairing
The compound with the lowest Ksp value.
Perform ICE BOX calculation based on K1
Greenish-yellow gas

30. Ions are not ______.
acids
atoms
OH- and NH3
Acidic is when [H?] > [OH?] - basic is when [H?] < [OH?] - acidic is when [H?] = [OH?]

31. How does the KE and PE of ice at 0°C compare to the KE and PE of water at 0°C?
non-metal oxides and hydrides are covalently bonded and are acidic.
Hg²?
Current - time and charge on ion (moles of e used in half cell reaction)
same KE - but PEice<PEwater

32. What is the formula for percent yield?
do not change
Experimental mass/theoretical mass X 100
blue (BTB)
+4 and +2 (+4 dominates top of group and +2 at bottom of group)

33. Why are noble gases stable?
boiling without losing volatile solvents/reactants
Heat to constant mass-weigh - reheat - cool - and weigh again until mass is constant
They have high ionization energies (due to high nuclear charge and no shielding) and cannot add electrons due to full valence shell
Acids; HCOOCH3 is an ester

34. What are the formulas for q?
q=mc?T q=mL (or n x ?h)
?G=negative - E° must be positive
Tetrahedral
[Ag(NH3)2]? - [Cu(NH3)4]²? - [Cd(NH3)4]²? - [Zn(NH3)4]²?

35. Aromatic compounds contain what?
q=mc?T q=mL (or n x ?h)
Insoluble except for nitrate and acetate
The benzene ring (or more correctly the phenyl group - C6H5)
How close results are to the accepted value

36. What happens to the ion concentrations of a saturated solution when it is diluted and no solid solute remains?
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
They decrease (or could be the same if the solid has ONLY JUST disappeared)
The Faraday or Faraday's constant.
O2 needs 4F/mol H2 needs 2F/mol

37. The definition of acidic basic and neutral aqueous solutions is:
different forms of the same element
by electrolysis
Acidic is when [H?] > [OH?] - basic is when [H?] < [OH?] - acidic is when [H?] = [OH?]
Ksp = 27s4

38. What are the signs of ?G and E° for spontaneous reactions?
Acidic solutions (Ex: [Fe(H2O)6]³? + H2O = Fe(H2O)5OH]²? + H3O?)
?G=negative - E° must be positive
Glowing splint (positive result=relights)
Insoluble except for nitrate and acetate

39. Is the standard entropy (S°) of an element zero?
bent
But S° of element is not zero (except at 0K)
benzene is less reactive than alkenes
Increases for endo - (becomes more soluble) decreases (becomes less soluble) for exo.

40. What type of compounds are almost always colored?
Transition element compounds (except if it has a full or empty d shell)
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
Acidified
E=q + w (negative is by system - positive is on system)

41. What are amphoteric oxides?
Oxides that react with both acids (make salts + water) AND bases (forms complex ion - ex: ZnO and Al2O3 in bases make Zn(OH)4²? and Al(OH)4? or Al(OH)6³?)
it's lower and occurs over less sharp a range
ethers
different forms of the same element

42. dichromate (soln + most solids)
Orange
K1 x K2
CO (poisonous)
NO2 and SO2 are very soluble - CO2 and O2 are somewhat soluble

43. Metal hydrides are _____ and form _______ and _______ when added to water
10?8
diamond and graphite
Silvery gray solid - brown - purple
ionic and form hydrogen and hydroxide

44. What equipment do you need for a titration?
ClO?
AgF-soluble in water - other silver halides insoluble in water - AgCl-soluble in excess ammonia - AgBr-somewhat soluble - AgI (yellow)-somewhat soluble in excess ammonia
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask
The one with most oxygen atoms (highest oxidation number)

45. What do nonmetal oxides plus water form?
acids
Combine the equations for the half reactions in the non-spontaneous direction
by electrolysis
Clear

46. Does Benzene react by addition or substitution?
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.
it reacts by substitution NOT addition
Increases for endo - (becomes more soluble) decreases (becomes less soluble) for exo.
ns² electrons (first in-first out)

47. phosphate
Ksp = s²
PO4³?
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
Reduction always takes place at the cathode (RED CAT) In both types of cell!

48. oxalate
Conjugate pair (one must be a weak base or acid)
RCOOR
C2O4²?
H2PO4?

49. What are the signs for ?G and E° for spontaneous reactions?
acid + alcohol
?G= -ve - E°= +ve
metal oxides and hydrides are ionically bonded and basic
Silvery gray solid - brown - purple

50. Colorless doesn't mean ______
Clear
it reacts by substitution NOT addition
different forms of the same element
atoms