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AP Chemistry 2

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What process takes place at the cathode in an electrochemical cell? In an electrolytic cell?
Filtration
Reduction always takes place at the cathode (RED CAT) In both types of cell!
left - ppt will form
R=8.31 J/mol/K

2. What is the formula for percent yield?
Experimental mass/theoretical mass X 100
ionic and form hydrogen and hydroxide
10?8
K2

3. How do you compute % dissociation?
[A?]/[HA] x 100 or [BH?]/[B] x 100
10?8
diamond and graphite
The benzene ring (or more correctly the phenyl group - C6H5)

4. What is the pH of 1.0M HCl? 1M NaOH?
Graduated cylinder
E=q + w (negative is by system - positive is on system)
bright yellow
0 and 14

5. What is the formula for alkynes?
Most are soluble except Ag - Pb
RX
Increases down group 1 decreases down group 17
CnH2n-2

6. What causes the dramatic effect of T on rate?
Greenish-yellow gas
T increases exponentially the proportion of molecules with E > Ea
water and substances with (s) less dense than
H3PO4

7. Colorless doesn't mean ______
Clear
C2O4²?
A monomer with a double bond OR two monomers with an arrangement of FGs that allows them to react repeatedly with one another (ex. OH and COOH)
All single: sp³ - one double: sp² - two doubles: sp - one triple: sp - two single and two lone pairs: sp³ - three single and one lone pair: sp³

8. What do the 'a' and 'b' in Van Der Waal's equation allow for?
Synthetic condensation polymer (aka a polyamide)
They decrease (or could be the same if the solid has ONLY JUST disappeared)
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
diamond and graphite

9. Is the standard entropy (S°) of an element zero?
zero
Synthetic condensation polymer (aka a polyamide)
But S° of element is not zero (except at 0K)
4 sigma bonds-109° - sp³ - one double bond-120° - sp² two double bonds-180° - sp one triple bond-180° - sp

10. When can supercooling occur? What does it look like on a cooling curve?

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11. How are metal oxides and hydrides bonded? are they acidic or basic?
No effect on Voltage (hetero) but will increase current possible (surface area increases rate of reaction)
metal oxides and hydrides are ionically bonded and basic
Making sigma bonds and holding lone pairs
They stay the same.

12. What range of indicator would you use for the following titrations. a) s.a. + s.b. b) w.a. + s.b. c) w.b. + s.a.
basic
A) any range. b) 8-10 c) 4-6
NO3?
ROR

13. What is the name of S2Cl2? (Know how to name others like this - too)
Big K=kf/kr
Increase - the dissociation of water is endothermic so increasing T favors forward direction - thus more ions.
Disulfur dichloride
Separating funnel

14. At what point during titration do you have the perfect buffer - and what is the pH at this point?
At half equivalence - pH=pKa
CO3²?
?G is zero at equilibrium when spontaneity is the same in either direction (K=1)
Acid spill-NaHCO3 (baking soda) base spill-acetic acid (vinegar)

15. Do anions flow to the cathode or anode?
n(unsaturated monomer) = polymer (no loss in material) ex. n(C2H4) = (C2H4)n (polyethylene)
oxidizing - (F2 is the best) - reducing (ex: Li - Na).
Anode
Distillation

16. Acid plus base make?
Salt + water.
CnH(2n+2)
Two amino acids joined together; many amino acids joined together; lots of amino acids joined together
K1 x K2

17. What do you use to look at burning magnesium? why?
ClO3?
Thermo: R=8.31J/mol/K - gas calculations: R=.0821 L atm/mol/K or 62.4L mmHg/mol/K
it reacts by substitution NOT addition
blue glass - it filters UV

18. Name six characteristics of transition elements (or their compounds)
catalyst=conc H2SO4
Unsaturated - addition (ex: decolorize bromine solution)
Insoluble (except group 1 ammonium and Ba)
Good catalysts - form multiple oxidation states - often paramagnetic - good structural metals - form a host of alloys (similar sized atoms) - have similar I energies (inner filling)

19. What are the prefixes used to name organic alkanes with varying number of carbon atoms? (Up to ten carbons)
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
ROR
blue (BTB)
Meth - eth - prop - but - pent - hex - hept - oct - non - dec

20. What device would you use to measure a volume of gas?
Eudiometer
linear
no - they're written undissociated (HAaq)
Soluble

21. What is the pH of a salt made from a WA/SB? SA/WB? SA/SB?
WA/SB: pH>7 SA/WB: pH<7 SA/SB: pH=7
Anode - oxygen. Cathode - hydrogen
blue (BTB)
The benzene ring (or more correctly the phenyl group - C6H5)

22. What is Big K in terms of kf and kr?
At half equivalence - pH=pKa
Soluble except Ag - Pb - Ca - Sr Ba)
zero
Big K=kf/kr

23. What do group I/II metal oxides plus water form?
[Ag(NH3)2]? - [Cu(NH3)4]²? - [Cd(NH3)4]²? - [Zn(NH3)4]²?
bases
Evaporation
Pipette (burette if need repetition)

24. Group 14 shows non-metal and metal characteristics. What two oxidation states do the elements in group 14 exist in?
An active metal.
+4 and +2 (+4 dominates top of group and +2 at bottom of group)
Acidified
voltaic: - electrolytic: +

25. What do acids plus active metals form?
Hydrogen (active metals are metals with more negative reduction potentials in E° chart)
?G= -ve - E°= +ve
K1 x K2
To ensure Ptot = Plab and that Pgas = Ptot-PH2O

26. primary colors
Big K=kf/kr
A substance that can act as an acid or a base. ex. water - HCO3? ion etc.
red - green - blue
To ensure Ptot = Plab and that Pgas = Ptot-PH2O

27. A geometric (or cis-trans) isomer exists due to.....
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.
Lack of rotation of groups around a double bond. (cis has groups on same side - trans on opposite sides)
CO3²?
NO3?

28. nitrates
SO4²?
Insoluble (except group 1 ammonium and Ba)
No - NH3 and HCl gases are extremely soluble
Soluble

29. When a cell is 'flat' What is its voltage?
Pipette (burette if need repetition)
?G is zero at equilibrium when spontaneity is the same in either direction (K=1)
No - it depends on the number of ions produced on dissolving.
zero

30. carbonate
Saturated - Substitution (which requires more radical conditions)
CO3²?
different forms of the same element
An active metal.

31. Aromatic compounds contain what?
it reacts by substitution NOT addition
1. Rinse the buret/pipette with deionized water - 2. Rinse the buret/pipette with the solution you plan on filling the buret/pipette with.
The benzene ring (or more correctly the phenyl group - C6H5)
How close results are to the accepted value

32. What is the general formula for an ester?
CnH2n+1 often designated 'R' ex C3H7 is propyl
Ppt will NOT form (unsaturated)
CnH2n-2
RCOOR

33. Why are i factors (Van't Hoff factors) often less than ideal?
ion pairing
Add acid to water so that the acid doesn't boil and spit
Nothing
Most INsoluble except group 1 and ammonium

34. How many normal boiling points and boiling points are there?

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35. What is the difference between equivalence point and end point of a titration.
NH4?
Equivalence point is the titrant volume when the moles of acid and base are stoichiometrically equal; end point is the titrant volume when the color of the indicator permanently changes. If you choose the correct indicator - they should occur at the
blue (BTB)
Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds

36. barium sulfate
They have high ionization energies (due to high nuclear charge and no shielding) and cannot add electrons due to full valence shell
water and substances with (s) less dense than
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.
White precipitate

37. What is the word equation for condensation polymerisation ?
0.10M HCl (more ions)
Monomer + monomer = polymer product + a simple molecule such as water or HCl
left - ppt will form
They have high ionization energies (due to high nuclear charge and no shielding) and cannot add electrons due to full valence shell

38. What is the relationship in strength between sigma and pi bonds?
Ksp = 4s³
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
[A?]/[HA] x 100 or [BH?]/[B] x 100
Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds

39. What does the solubility of organic compounds depend on?
Whether or not they can form H-bonds with water (ex: Ethyl alcohol is soluble but dimethyl ether is not)
Q=It (time in seconds)
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask
?G is zero at equilibrium when spontaneity is the same in either direction (K=1)

40. Which would cause the bulb in a conductivity apparatus to be brightest?
CnH2n+1 often designated 'R' ex C3H7 is propyl
Distillation
Big K=kf/kr
0.10M HCl (more ions)

41. copper sulfate
blue
Separating funnel
RCHO (carbonyl at end)
NH4?

42. When a cell is 'flat' a.k.a 'reached equilibrium' - what is its ?G value?
zero
Disulfur dichloride
Thermo: R=8.31J/mol/K - gas calculations: R=.0821 L atm/mol/K or 62.4L mmHg/mol/K
Silvery gray solid - brown - purple

43. What process do you use to obtain a solvent from a solution?
Distillation
Glowing splint (positive result=relights)
ClO2?
NH4?

44. Why are i factors (Van't Hoff factors) often less than ideal?
Decant
ion pairing
yellow
Most are soluble except Ag - Pb

45. What is the general formula for alkyl halides?
Mention effective nuclear charge (shielding) and distance of outer electrons from the nucleus
RX
water and substances with (s) less dense than
4 sigma bonds-109° - sp³ - one double bond-120° - sp² two double bonds-180° - sp one triple bond-180° - sp

46. How does the KE and PE of ice at 0°C compare to the KE and PE of water at 0°C?
Filtration
OH?
+4 and +2 (+4 dominates top of group and +2 at bottom of group)
same KE - but PEice<PEwater

47. What is the energy you must put into a reaction to make it start called?
Soluble
Initiation energy (NOT Ea)
proton acceptor.
It ceases - the circuit is broken.

48. Diphosphorus pentoxide is a typical molecular binary compound. What is its formula?
P2O5
bright yellow
Disulfur dichloride
NO3?

49. For what types of substances does the solid/liquid equilibrium line on a phase diagram slope LEFT?
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
an oxidized and reduced substance
water and substances with (s) less dense than
Two amino acids joined together; many amino acids joined together; lots of amino acids joined together

50. What happens to the ion concentrations of a saturated solution when it is diluted and allowed to reach equilibrium - with solid solute still present?
They stay the same.
Saturated organic compounds contain single bonds in their carbon skeleton. Unsaturated have at least one double or triple bond.
ionic and form hydrogen and hydroxide
Evaporation