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AP Chemistry 2

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What does the solubility of organic compounds depend on?
Insoluble except nitrate and acetate
K2
Whether or not they can form H-bonds with water (ex: Ethyl alcohol is soluble but dimethyl ether is not)
atoms

2. What are amphoteric oxides?
left - ppt will form
Oxides that react with both acids (make salts + water) AND bases (forms complex ion - ex: ZnO and Al2O3 in bases make Zn(OH)4²? and Al(OH)4? or Al(OH)6³?)
Heat to constant mass-weigh - reheat - cool - and weigh again until mass is constant
There's one normal boiling point (1 atm) - but many boiling points (P dependent)

3. How do you compute % dissociation?
[A?]/[HA] x 100 or [BH?]/[B] x 100
Ksp = 108s5
zero-th: decreases - first: constant - second: increases
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask

4. What things should you remember to do when collecting gas over water?
0 and 14
+4 and +2 (+4 dominates top of group and +2 at bottom of group)
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
blue (BTB)

5. What type of compounds are almost always colored?
Hydrogen (active metals are metals with more negative reduction potentials in E° chart)
Pale yellow
Transition element compounds (except if it has a full or empty d shell)
MnO4?

6. Generally - which oxy acid is strongest?
The one with most oxygen atoms (highest oxidation number)
Transition element compounds (except if it has a full or empty d shell)
do not change
it is lower and occurs over less sharp a range

7. What process do you use to separate two liquids with different boiling points?
The benzene ring (or more correctly the phenyl group - C6H5)
fractional distillation
RCHO (carbonyl at end)
Salt - Carbon dioxide and water.(latter also known as carbonic acid H2CO3)

8. What is the word equation for addition polymerisation?
Salt + water
blue
Saturated - Substitution (which requires more radical conditions)
n(unsaturated monomer) = polymer (no loss in material) ex. n(C2H4) = (C2H4)n (polyethylene)

9. If an electrolyte has an endothermic heat of solution - what will happen to its Ksp value when the temperature is raised? What about exothermic?
They decrease (or could be the same if the solid has ONLY JUST disappeared)
red - green - blue
Increases for endo - (becomes more soluble) decreases (becomes less soluble) for exo.
AgF-soluble in water - other silver halides insoluble in water - AgCl-soluble in excess ammonia - AgBr-somewhat soluble - AgI (yellow)-somewhat soluble in excess ammonia

10. What do you need to make a polymer?
CnH2n+1 often designated 'R' ex C3H7 is propyl
MnO4?
SO4²?
A monomer with a double bond OR two monomers with an arrangement of FGs that allows them to react repeatedly with one another (ex. OH and COOH)

11. What type of polymer is nylon?
Synthetic condensation polymer (aka a polyamide)
Combine the equations for the half reactions in the non-spontaneous direction
?H-kJ - ?S-J - ?G-kJ
RX

12. What shape is carbon dioxide?
linear
small size and high charge
boiling without losing volatile solvents/reactants
zero-th: decreases - first: constant - second: increases

13. A geometric (or cis-trans) isomer exists due to.....
Lack of rotation of groups around a double bond. (cis has groups on same side - trans on opposite sides)
NH2?
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
Soluble except Ag - Pb - Ca - Sr Ba)

14. bromothymol
To ensure Ptot = Plab and that Pgas = Ptot-PH2O
?G is zero at equilibrium when spontaneity is the same in either direction (K=1)
blue (BTB)
They have high ionization energies (due to high nuclear charge and no shielding) and cannot add electrons due to full valence shell

15. Give an example of a concentrated weak acid.
Tetrahedral
Glacial acetic acid
acid + alcohol
S2O3²?

16. carbonates
Group I metals (soft metals) are stored under oil
Insoluble except group 1 and ammonium
do not change
?G= -ve - E°= +ve

17. If a free element is involved - what type of reaction must be involved?
OH- and NH3
A salt solution.
redox reaction
boiling without losing volatile solvents/reactants

18. What complex ion does ammonia form with silver? copper? cadmium? zinc?
Soluble
Increase - the dissociation of water is endothermic so increasing T favors forward direction - thus more ions.
H+
[Ag(NH3)2]? - [Cu(NH3)4]²? - [Cd(NH3)4]²? - [Zn(NH3)4]²?

19. What effect does increasing the size/surface area of a voltaic cell have on the cell?
A substance that can act as an acid or a base. ex. water - HCO3? ion etc.
Only temperature
No effect on Voltage (hetero) but will increase current possible (surface area increases rate of reaction)
There's one normal boiling point (1 atm) - but many boiling points (P dependent)

20. phosphates
Experimental mass/theoretical mass X 100
ionic and form hydrogen and hydroxide
Most INsoluble except group 1 and ammonium
left - ppt will form

21. What two types of substances are present in all redox reactions?
Nothing
Add acid to water so that the acid doesn't boil and spit
Graduated cylinder
an oxidized and reduced substance

22. What is the pH of 1.0M HCl? 1M NaOH?
A monomer with a double bond OR two monomers with an arrangement of FGs that allows them to react repeatedly with one another (ex. OH and COOH)
Monomer + monomer = polymer product + a simple molecule such as water or HCl
No - NH3 and HCl gases are extremely soluble
0 and 14

23. Alkenes are ________ and react by __________
bent
10?8
Unsaturated - addition (ex: decolorize bromine solution)
ion pairing

24. What kind of bonding structure does benzene have?
?H-kJ - ?S-J - ?G-kJ
All except for lithium
benzene has a delocalized pi ring structure
methyl formate

25. Name C7H16
Heptane
No - it depends on the number of ions produced on dissolving.
NO2 and SO2 are very soluble - CO2 and O2 are somewhat soluble
Initiation energy (NOT Ea)

26. What are the products of the reaction between group 1 metals and water?

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27. What device would you use to measure a volume of gas?
But S° of element is not zero (except at 0K)
Separating funnel
Ksp = 4s³
Eudiometer

28. What is the word equation for condensation polymerisation ?
Monomer + monomer = polymer product + a simple molecule such as water or HCl
A) any range. b) 8-10 c) 4-6
Orange
water and substances with (s) less dense than

29. What is the general formula of an alkane?
CnH(2n+2)
Two amino acids joined together; many amino acids joined together; lots of amino acids joined together
Most INsoluble except group 1 and ammonium
look for changes in oxidation # - the one that goes up is oxidized and is the RA

30. lead compounds
Insoluble except nitrate and acetate
ClO4?
left - ppt will form
Increases.

31. What is the general formula for an ester?
RCOOR
Acids; HCOOCH3 is an ester
Orange
ROR

32. Which alkali metals float on water?
it is lower and occurs over less sharp a range
?G is zero at equilibrium when spontaneity is the same in either direction (K=1)
All except for lithium
blue (BTB)

33. chlorite
Salt - Carbon dioxide and water.(latter also known as carbonic acid H2CO3)
ClO2?
Disulfur dichloride
To ensure Ptot = Plab and that Pgas = Ptot-PH2O

34. How does benzene compare in reactivity to alkenes?
OH?
benzene is less reactive than alkenes
1. Rinse the buret/pipette with deionized water - 2. Rinse the buret/pipette with the solution you plan on filling the buret/pipette with.
H3PO4

35. For a weak acid solution in water - Ka = 10?6 what is Kb for its conjugate base?
H3PO4
Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds
brown volatile liquid
10?8

36. What two compounds are great oxidizing agents?

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37. ammonium/ammonium compounds
?G=negative - E° must be positive
Soluble
it reacts by substitution NOT addition
diamond and graphite

38. What is the charge on a chlorine atom?
zero
Most INsoluble except group 1 and ammonium
blue
Two amino acids joined together; many amino acids joined together; lots of amino acids joined together

39. What apparatus do you use to separate 2 immiscible liquids?
Separating funnel
atoms
Most are soluble except Ag - Pb
Oxides that react with both acids (make salts + water) AND bases (forms complex ion - ex: ZnO and Al2O3 in bases make Zn(OH)4²? and Al(OH)4? or Al(OH)6³?)

40. What is the formula of butane?
C4H10
?G=negative - E° must be positive
Combine: multiply Keq - reverse: 1/Keq - Halve coefficients: Keq^(1/2)
Increases for endo - (becomes more soluble) decreases (becomes less soluble) for exo.

41. Buffer capacity must contain decent amounts of a ________ ________
Conjugate pair (one must be a weak base or acid)
Equivalence point is the titrant volume when the moles of acid and base are stoichiometrically equal; end point is the titrant volume when the color of the indicator permanently changes. If you choose the correct indicator - they should occur at the
zero
C2O4²?

42. What is the general formula for an acid?
RCOOH
4 sigma bonds-109° - sp³ - one double bond-120° - sp² two double bonds-180° - sp one triple bond-180° - sp
H2O + CO2 (it decomposes readily)
Acid rain - dissolves marble buildings/statues and kills trees.

43. What do acids plus active metals form?
Hg²?
SO4²?
The benzene ring (or more correctly the phenyl group - C6H5)
Hydrogen (active metals are metals with more negative reduction potentials in E° chart)

44. sulfates
Soluble except Ag - Pb - Ca - Sr Ba)
Graduated cylinder
Filtration
Combine: multiply Keq - reverse: 1/Keq - Halve coefficients: Keq^(1/2)

45. What is the relationship between Kc and Kp if there's no ?n (gaseous molecules)?
Soluble except Ag - Pb - Ca - Sr Ba)
zero-th: decreases - first: constant - second: increases
Kc=Kp
More chaotic (ex: gases made)

46. What shape is ammonia?
A substance that can act as an acid or a base. ex. water - HCO3? ion etc.
O2 needs 4F/mol H2 needs 2F/mol
Trigonal pyramidal
Selective absorption

47. What gases usually come off during the 'electrolysis of water?' At the anode? At the cathode?
Add acid to water so that the acid doesn't boil and spit
Anode - oxygen. Cathode - hydrogen
No effect on Voltage (hetero) but will increase current possible (surface area increases rate of reaction)
Oxides that react with both acids (make salts + water) AND bases (forms complex ion - ex: ZnO and Al2O3 in bases make Zn(OH)4²? and Al(OH)4? or Al(OH)6³?)

48. For a dibasic acid (H2A) - [A²?]= ____ ?
Both electrons come from the same atom (just as good as a regular bond)
CO3²?
K2
Anode

49. Is the ?H formation of an element in standard state zero?
ClO3?
K2
?H formation of an element in standard state=0
Selective absorption

50. Name six characteristics of transition elements (or their compounds)
Acid spill-NaHCO3 (baking soda) base spill-acetic acid (vinegar)
hydroxides (ex: Ba(OH)2)
Soluble
Good catalysts - form multiple oxidation states - often paramagnetic - good structural metals - form a host of alloys (similar sized atoms) - have similar I energies (inner filling)

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AP Chemistry 2

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