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AP Chemistry 2

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the relationship between Rate and Molar Mass for two gases? Velocity and Temperature? Energy and Temperature?
Combine: multiply Keq - reverse: 1/Keq - Halve coefficients: Keq^(1/2)
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
Ppt will NOT form (unsaturated)
Oxides that react with both acids (make salts + water) AND bases (forms complex ion - ex: ZnO and Al2O3 in bases make Zn(OH)4²? and Al(OH)4? or Al(OH)6³?)

2. What measuring device would you use for very small volumes of liquids?
Initiation energy (NOT Ea)
ethers
Pipette (burette if need repetition)
it reacts by substitution NOT addition

3. Acids + Carbonates (bicarbonates) make?
Pale yellow
RCHO (carbonyl at end)
Pale purple - (orange)-yellow - red - blue - green.
Salt - Carbon dioxide and water.(latter also known as carbonic acid H2CO3)

4. What are the signs for ?G and E° for spontaneous reactions?
No effect on Voltage (hetero) but will increase current possible (surface area increases rate of reaction)
Pipette (burette if need repetition)
basic
?G= -ve - E°= +ve

5. What do group I/II metal oxides plus water form?
blue (BTB)
q=mc?T q=mL (or n x ?h)
yellow
bases

6. A Bronsted-Lowry acid is...
proton donor base
Current - time and charge on ion (moles of e used in half cell reaction)
RCOOR
boiling without losing volatile solvents/reactants

7. What type of polymer is nylon?
Synthetic condensation polymer (aka a polyamide)
To ensure Ptot = Plab and that Pgas = Ptot-PH2O
T increases exponentially the proportion of molecules with E > Ea
are less dense than water

8. What is the relationship in strength between sigma and pi bonds?
zero-th: decreases - first: constant - second: increases
Salt + water
O2 needs 4F/mol H2 needs 2F/mol
Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds

9. Ions are not ______.
[Ag(NH3)2]? - [Cu(NH3)4]²? - [Cd(NH3)4]²? - [Zn(NH3)4]²?
Heat to constant mass-weigh - reheat - cool - and weigh again until mass is constant
atoms
Salt and water

10. What range of indicator would you use for the following titrations. a) s.a. + s.b. b) w.a. + s.b. c) w.b. + s.a.
A) any range. b) 8-10 c) 4-6
Salt and water
left - ppt will form
Exothermic

11. How do you explain trends in atomic properties using Coulomb's Law?
States related to IMF magnitude (dispersion) - iodine-silvery grey solid - chlorine-yellowish green gas - bromine-brown volatile liquid - poisonous and reactive - good oxidizing agents -
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
H+
Mention effective nuclear charge (shielding) and distance of outer electrons from the nucleus

12. How many faradays of electric charge do you need to produce one mole of O2? H2?
zero
Increases down group 1 decreases down group 17
O2 needs 4F/mol H2 needs 2F/mol
Transition element compounds (except if it has a full or empty d shell)

13. What is the 'virtual' Ka for the complete dissociation of a dibasic acid?
Separating funnel
H2O + CO2 (it decomposes readily)
catalyst=conc H2SO4
K1 x K2

14. What is the pH of 1.0M HCl? 1M NaOH?
redox reaction
0 and 14
Soluble
Saturated organic compounds contain single bonds in their carbon skeleton. Unsaturated have at least one double or triple bond.

15. What do you use to look at burning magnesium? why?
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
'non-active' metals such as Cu - Ag - Au - Pt - etc.
hydroxides (ex: Ba(OH)2)
blue glass - it filters UV

16. A geometric (or cis-trans) isomer exists due to.....
Salt + water.
Lack of rotation of groups around a double bond. (cis has groups on same side - trans on opposite sides)
do not change
Pale yellow

17. What happens to the ion concentrations of a saturated solution when it is diluted and allowed to reach equilibrium - with solid solute still present?
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
They stay the same.
acids
Saturated organic compounds contain single bonds in their carbon skeleton. Unsaturated have at least one double or triple bond.

18. What are the products for these common oxidizing agents? MnO4? - CrO4²? - Cr2O7²?
Ksp = 27s4
Mn²? - Cr³? - Cr³
Soluble
CH3COO?

19. What shape is carbon dioxide?
ClO?
Insoluble (except group 1 ammonium and Ba)
linear
water and substances with (s) less dense than

20. phosphates
Products - reactants (except for BDE when it's reactants - products)
Ksp = s²
Saturated - Substitution (which requires more radical conditions)
Most INsoluble except group 1 and ammonium

21. How does the melting point of a mixture compare to the MP of a pure substance?
HNO3 - (nitric) H2SO4 -(sulfuric) HCl -(hydrochloric) HBr -(hydrobromic) HI - (hydroiodic) HClO4 (perchloric)
it is lower and occurs over less sharp a range
Distillation
Salt and water

22. What is the formula for obtaining charge flowing in a cell?
Soluble
Q=It (time in seconds)
it reacts by substitution NOT addition
hydroxides (ex: Ba(OH)2)

23. ____ is a Lewis acid - since it can accept a lone pair - completing its stable form - which requires two electrons.
H+
Soluble except Ag - Pb - Ca - Sr Ba)
Molecules with the same molecular formulas - but different structural formulas
Suniverse increases for spontaneous processes

24. mercury (I) ion
Hg2²?
Separating funnel
Primary alcohols are partially oxidized to aldehydes and then totally oxidized to acids (wine to vinegar)
-Ea/R

25. What is the general formula for an ether?
Only temperature
ROR
Acids; HCOOCH3 is an ester
Pale purple - (orange)-yellow - red - blue - green.

26. perchlorate
ClO4?
zero
Heat to constant mass-weigh - reheat - cool - and weigh again until mass is constant
Insoluble except for nitrate and acetate

27. If a beaker gets cold - is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? is ?H positive or negative?
CO3²?
bright yellow
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
Cold beaker=endothermic - ?H=positive (hot beaker=exothermic - ?H=negative)

28. What is the pH of a salt made from a WA/SB? SA/WB? SA/SB?
Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds
WA/SB: pH>7 SA/WB: pH<7 SA/SB: pH=7
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
Whether or not they can form H-bonds with water (ex: Ethyl alcohol is soluble but dimethyl ether is not)

29. What are the prefixes used to name organic alkanes with varying number of carbon atoms? (Up to ten carbons)
Meth - eth - prop - but - pent - hex - hept - oct - non - dec
Equivalence point is the titrant volume when the moles of acid and base are stoichiometrically equal; end point is the titrant volume when the color of the indicator permanently changes. If you choose the correct indicator - they should occur at the
Cr2O7²?
Add acid to water so that the acid doesn't boil and spit

30. The oxidation numbers of the metals or nonmetals ___________ during such a reaction
do not change
Soluble
RCOR
ionic and form hydrogen and hydroxide

31. What is the test for oxygen?
CnH2n-2
are less dense than water
C4H10
Glowing splint (positive result=relights)

32. How are primary alcohols turned into acids?
Distillation
1. Rinse the buret/pipette with deionized water - 2. Rinse the buret/pipette with the solution you plan on filling the buret/pipette with.
bases
Primary alcohols are partially oxidized to aldehydes and then totally oxidized to acids (wine to vinegar)

33. Alkenes are ________ and react by __________
Anode
The benzene ring (or more correctly the phenyl group - C6H5)
Unsaturated - addition (ex: decolorize bromine solution)
Salts (ex: CaO + SO2 ? CaSO3)

34. Which value of R do you use for all energy and kinetics calculations?
They decrease (or could be the same if the solid has ONLY JUST disappeared)
Salt and water
R=8.31 J/mol/K
Silvery gray solid - brown - purple

35. cyanide
CN?
Salt + water
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
No effect on Voltage (hetero) but will increase current possible (surface area increases rate of reaction)

36. Does reactivity increase/decrease going down group 1 and group 17?
White precipitate
Most INsoluble except group 1 and ammonium
Increases down group 1 decreases down group 17
CnH2n-2

37. What is the test for hydrogen?
voltaic: - electrolytic: +
K2
Graduated cylinder
lighted splint (positive result=pop)

38. Is the standard entropy (S°) of an element zero?
Graduated cylinder
To ensure Ptot = Plab and that Pgas = Ptot-PH2O
Clear
But S° of element is not zero (except at 0K)

39. Is magnesium oxide (and other main group metal oxides) likely to be acidic - basic or neutral?
Group 1 hydroxides (ex: NaOH)
basic
bases
Concentration

40. What do metal oxides plus acids form?
Insoluble
Add acid to water so that the acid doesn't boil and spit
Salt + water
non-metal oxides and hydrides are covalently bonded and are acidic.

41. For what types of substances does the solid/liquid equilibrium line on a phase diagram slope LEFT?
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
water and substances with (s) less dense than
S2O3²?
NO3?

42. What is HCOOCH3?
ClO2?
Acids; HCOOCH3 is an ester
More chaotic (ex: gases made)
The Faraday or Faraday's constant.

43. One mole of electrons carries 96500Coulombs - what is this quantity called?

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44. Name six characteristics of transition elements (or their compounds)
bent
Good catalysts - form multiple oxidation states - often paramagnetic - good structural metals - form a host of alloys (similar sized atoms) - have similar I energies (inner filling)
no - they're written undissociated (HAaq)
Products - reactants (except for BDE when it's reactants - products)

45. What is the word equation for addition polymerisation?
n(unsaturated monomer) = polymer (no loss in material) ex. n(C2H4) = (C2H4)n (polyethylene)
Pour liquids using a funnel or down a glass rod
?H-kJ - ?S-J - ?G-kJ
diamond and graphite

46. What is the formula of copper (II) phosphate?
Insoluble
Synthesis - separation and purification of the product and its identification.
Cu3(PO4)2
C4H10

47. What are isomers?
Disulfur dichloride
Molecules with the same molecular formulas - but different structural formulas
0.10M HCl (more ions)
A) any range. b) 8-10 c) 4-6

48. What shape is ammonia?
OH?
Trigonal pyramidal
an oxidized and reduced substance
?G is zero at equilibrium when spontaneity is the same in either direction (K=1)

49. chlorite
basic
Ksp = 27s4
zero
ClO2?

50. What equipment do you need for a titration?
chemically (ex: with carbon)
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask
Insoluble
?H-kJ - ?S-J - ?G-kJ