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AP Chemistry 2

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a coordinate covalent bond?
Saturated organic compounds contain single bonds in their carbon skeleton. Unsaturated have at least one double or triple bond.
Add acid to water so that the acid doesn't boil and spit
Both electrons come from the same atom (just as good as a regular bond)
They have high ionization energies (due to high nuclear charge and no shielding) and cannot add electrons due to full valence shell

2. Name six characteristics of transition elements (or their compounds)
Eudiometer
K2
Good catalysts - form multiple oxidation states - often paramagnetic - good structural metals - form a host of alloys (similar sized atoms) - have similar I energies (inner filling)
OH- and NH3

3. What is the general formula for an alcohol?
1) Add together a weak base with a salt of that base made with a strong acid. (or visa versa) 2) by partially neutralizing a weak base with a strong acid or weak acid with a strong base. (Ex: 0.2 mol NH3 + 0.1 mol HCl)
Exothermic
ROH
Most are soluble except Ag - Pb

4. What is the test for oxygen?
NO2 and SO2 are very soluble - CO2 and O2 are somewhat soluble
Temperature increase the endothermic k more (hence increasing T moves equilibrium in the endothermic direction)
Glowing splint (positive result=relights)
Distillation

5. How do you heat a test tube?
Heat a test tube at an angle at the side of the tube (not bottom)
ion pairing
Mono; di; tri; tetra; penta; hexa.
T increases exponentially the proportion of molecules with E > Ea

6. perchlorate
benzene is less reactive than alkenes
But S° of element is not zero (except at 0K)
Making sigma bonds and holding lone pairs
ClO4?

7. chromate
fruit - fish - bases
Insoluble
Disulfur dichloride
CrO4²?

8. What is the formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
Only temperature
hydroxides (ex: Ba(OH)2)
different forms of the same element

9. Is the ?H formation of an element in standard state zero?
linear
?H formation of an element in standard state=0
CO3²?
Both electrons come from the same atom (just as good as a regular bond)

10. How do you explain trends in atomic properties using Coulomb's Law?
Mention effective nuclear charge (shielding) and distance of outer electrons from the nucleus
Soluble
Molecules with the same molecular formulas - but different structural formulas
Hg2²?

11. Ions are not ______.
proton acceptor.
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.
atoms
CrO4²?

12. When is ?G zero?
+4 and +2 (+4 dominates top of group and +2 at bottom of group)
?G is zero at equilibrium when spontaneity is the same in either direction (K=1)
H2PO4?
Pipette (burette if need repetition)

13. What do you use to look at burning magnesium? why?
Evaporation
Meth - eth - prop - but - pent - hex - hept - oct - non - dec
blue glass - it filters UV
ClO3?

14. hydroxide
ns² electrons (first in-first out)
C4H10
S crystal at 0K=0
OH?

15. The definition of acidic basic and neutral aqueous solutions is:
Acidic is when [H?] > [OH?] - basic is when [H?] < [OH?] - acidic is when [H?] = [OH?]
methyl formate
Increases.
Unsaturated - addition (ex: decolorize bromine solution)

16. Ca - Sr - Ba
Decant
hydroxides (ex: Ba(OH)2)
States related to IMF magnitude (dispersion) - iodine-silvery grey solid - chlorine-yellowish green gas - bromine-brown volatile liquid - poisonous and reactive - good oxidizing agents -
+4-covalent - +2-ionic

17. One mole of electrons carries 96500Coulombs - what is this quantity called?

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18. What is the word equation for condensation polymerisation ?
Monomer + monomer = polymer product + a simple molecule such as water or HCl
?G=negative - E° must be positive
by electrolysis
brown volatile liquid

19. What is the energy you must put into a reaction to make it start called?
Making sigma bonds and holding lone pairs
water and substances with (s) less dense than
Initiation energy (NOT Ea)
no - they're written undissociated (HAaq)

20. Alkanes are _________ and react by _________
Saturated - Substitution (which requires more radical conditions)
it reacts by substitution NOT addition
Monomer + monomer = polymer product + a simple molecule such as water or HCl
Separating funnel

21. Name some properties of Group 17
States related to IMF magnitude (dispersion) - iodine-silvery grey solid - chlorine-yellowish green gas - bromine-brown volatile liquid - poisonous and reactive - good oxidizing agents -
1. Rinse the buret/pipette with deionized water - 2. Rinse the buret/pipette with the solution you plan on filling the buret/pipette with.
H3PO4
A) any range. b) 8-10 c) 4-6

22. What is the name of S2Cl2? (Know how to name others like this - too)
OH- and NH3
Optical isomers contain at least one chiral (asymmetric) C atom which is a C atom that has four different groups attached to it.
H3PO4
Disulfur dichloride

23. If Q < Ksp a ppt ______
zero-th: decreases - first: constant - second: increases
Ppt will NOT form (unsaturated)
blue glass - it filters UV
Insoluble (except group 1 ammonium and Ba)

24. What two types of substances are present in all redox reactions?
Soluble
Acidic is when [H?] > [OH?] - basic is when [H?] < [OH?] - acidic is when [H?] = [OH?]
an oxidized and reduced substance
bright yellow

25. Does the electrolyte with the lowest Ksp value have to be the least soluble? Why?
No - it depends on the number of ions produced on dissolving.
Acid rain - dissolves marble buildings/statues and kills trees.
Combine: multiply Keq - reverse: 1/Keq - Halve coefficients: Keq^(1/2)
Clear

26. When a cell is 'flat' a.k.a 'reached equilibrium' - what is its ?G value?
Decant
zero
SO4²?
Ksp = 27s4

27. What is the word equation for addition polymerisation?
10?8
Initiation energy (NOT Ea)
zero
n(unsaturated monomer) = polymer (no loss in material) ex. n(C2H4) = (C2H4)n (polyethylene)

28. sulfates
bright yellow
Soluble except Ag - Pb - Ca - Sr Ba)
benzene has a delocalized pi ring structure
Anode - oxygen. Cathode - hydrogen

29. What is the formula for obtaining charge flowing in a cell?
Heat a test tube at an angle at the side of the tube (not bottom)
Q=It (time in seconds)
look for changes in oxidation # - the one that goes up is oxidized and is the RA
Graduated cylinder

30. Metal hydrides are _____ and form _______ and _______ when added to water
ClO4?
Optical isomers contain at least one chiral (asymmetric) C atom which is a C atom that has four different groups attached to it.
RNH2
ionic and form hydrogen and hydroxide

31. What process do you use to obtain the solute from a solution?
Evaporation
look for changes in oxidation # - the one that goes up is oxidized and is the RA
Transition element compounds (except if it has a full or empty d shell)
Whether or not they can form H-bonds with water (ex: Ethyl alcohol is soluble but dimethyl ether is not)

32. What do group I/II metal oxides plus water form?
NO3?
Two forms of the same element (same Z) with different # of neutrons and similar chemical properties
S crystal at 0K=0
bases

33. What type of compounds do metals/non metals form?
All single: sp³ - one double: sp² - two doubles: sp - one triple: sp - two single and two lone pairs: sp³ - three single and one lone pair: sp³
Ionic compounds
zero
0 and 14

34. What process do you use to obtain the precipitate from a solution?
Ppt will NOT form (unsaturated)
The dilution effect when the solutions mix. M1V1 = M2V2
NH2?
Filtration

35. What is the general formula for an amine?
Whether or not they can form H-bonds with water (ex: Ethyl alcohol is soluble but dimethyl ether is not)
RNH2
zero
Initiation energy (NOT Ea)

36. What is the sign of the anode in voltaic cells? in electrolytic cells?
Most are soluble except Ag - Pb
voltaic: - electrolytic: +
Graduated cylinder
?G=negative - E° must be positive

37. What is Ksp in terms of molar solubility ('s') for an electrolyte AB3 or A3B?
ion pairing
ion pairing
Read the bottom of the meniscus
Ksp = 27s4

38. What are the signs for ?G and E° for spontaneous reactions?
NO3?
?G= -ve - E°= +ve
Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds
O2 needs 4F/mol H2 needs 2F/mol

39. Buffer capacity must contain decent amounts of a ________ ________
Increase - the dissociation of water is endothermic so increasing T favors forward direction - thus more ions.
ClO3?
Anode
Conjugate pair (one must be a weak base or acid)

40. primary colors
Primary alcohols are partially oxidized to aldehydes and then totally oxidized to acids (wine to vinegar)
Ksp = s²
red - green - blue
Hydrogen (active metals are metals with more negative reduction potentials in E° chart)

41. What are the products for these common oxidizing agents? MnO4? - CrO4²? - Cr2O7²?
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
Mn²? - Cr³? - Cr³
Salts (ex: CaO + SO2 ? CaSO3)
4 sigma bonds-109° - sp³ - one double bond-120° - sp² two double bonds-180° - sp one triple bond-180° - sp

42. In equilibrium calculations for weak acids/bases - when should you ignore 'x' with respect to initial concentration of acid or base

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43. silver iodide
Pale yellow
The dilution effect when the solutions mix. M1V1 = M2V2
Saturated - Substitution (which requires more radical conditions)
Optical isomers contain at least one chiral (asymmetric) C atom which is a C atom that has four different groups attached to it.

44. When combining half equations - what do you do to E° values when multiplying coefficients?
Add acid to water so that the acid doesn't boil and spit
Conjugate pair (one must be a weak base or acid)
voltaic: - electrolytic: +
Nothing

45. Name C7H16
are less dense than water
Cu3(PO4)2
do not change
Heptane

46. What are the products of the reaction between group 1 metals and water?

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47. What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Pale purple - (orange)-yellow - red - blue - green.
E=q + w (negative is by system - positive is on system)
No - NH3 and HCl gases are extremely soluble
CnH2n+1 often designated 'R' ex C3H7 is propyl

48. What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Suniverse increases for spontaneous processes
redox reaction
q=mc?T q=mL (or n x ?h)
catalyst=conc H2SO4

49. Esterification is...
Selective absorption
acid + alcohol
water and substances with (s) less dense than
A) any range. b) 8-10 c) 4-6

50. ammonium
To ensure Ptot = Plab and that Pgas = Ptot-PH2O
Greenish-yellow gas
NH4?
Soluble