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AP Chemistry 2

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What word is a clue for a redox reaction?
blue (BTB)
Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds
fractional distillation
Acidified

2. How do you compute % dissociation?
[A?]/[HA] x 100 or [BH?]/[B] x 100
To ensure Ptot = Plab and that Pgas = Ptot-PH2O
it reacts by substitution NOT addition
zero

3. What is the formula of butane?
Selective absorption
Whether or not they can form H-bonds with water (ex: Ethyl alcohol is soluble but dimethyl ether is not)
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
C4H10

4. If Q < Ksp a ppt ______
R=8.31 J/mol/K
Ppt will NOT form (unsaturated)
Ksp = 27s4
Orange

5. What variables effect the moles of substance liberated in electrolysis. (a.k.a. Faraday's Laws)
K2
Current - time and charge on ion (moles of e used in half cell reaction)
They decrease (or could be the same if the solid has ONLY JUST disappeared)
+4-covalent - +2-ionic

6. For a weak acid solution in water - Ka = 10?6 what is Kb for its conjugate base?
10?8
by electrolysis
No effect on Voltage (hetero) but will increase current possible (surface area increases rate of reaction)
Soluble except Ag - Pb - Ca - Sr Ba)

7. thiosulfate
Acids; HCOOCH3 is an ester
H3PO4
S2O3²?
No effect on Voltage (hetero) but will increase current possible (surface area increases rate of reaction)

8. What causes the dramatic effect of T on rate?
CO3²?
HNO3 - (nitric) H2SO4 -(sulfuric) HCl -(hydrochloric) HBr -(hydrobromic) HI - (hydroiodic) HClO4 (perchloric)
The dilution effect when the solutions mix. M1V1 = M2V2
T increases exponentially the proportion of molecules with E > Ea

9. What are the common strong bases?
Group 1 hydroxides (ex: NaOH)
NH4?
RCHO (carbonyl at end)
'non-active' metals such as Cu - Ag - Au - Pt - etc.

10. What is the formula for alkynes?
CnH2n-2
Ignore 'x' if its K is very small compared to [reactant] (5% rule)
Sulfur
lighted splint (positive result=pop)

11. What is precision?
CO (poisonous)
Evaporation
How grouped results are
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2

12. How do you identify which is oxidized or otherwise?
Salt - Carbon dioxide and water.(latter also known as carbonic acid H2CO3)
NH4?
They stay the same.
look for changes in oxidation # - the one that goes up is oxidized and is the RA

13. What is the formula for obtaining charge flowing in a cell?
CnH2n+2
Reduction always takes place at the cathode (RED CAT) In both types of cell!
Q=It (time in seconds)
acid + alcohol

14. What are two substances that sublime at 1 atm when heated?
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
?G is zero at equilibrium when spontaneity is the same in either direction (K=1)
Two forms of the same element (same Z) with different # of neutrons and similar chemical properties
same KE - but PEice<PEwater

15. lead iodide
There's one normal boiling point (1 atm) - but many boiling points (P dependent)
bright yellow
blue
diamond and graphite

16. What is the word equation for condensation polymerisation ?
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
Insoluble except group 1 and ammonium
Monomer + monomer = polymer product + a simple molecule such as water or HCl
strong acids/bases are written as H+ or OH- ions

17. chlorine
q=mc?T q=mL (or n x ?h)
chemically (ex: with carbon)
Pale yellow
Greenish-yellow gas

18. What is the test for hydrogen?
blue glass - it filters UV
lighted splint (positive result=pop)
Temperature increase the endothermic k more (hence increasing T moves equilibrium in the endothermic direction)
The Faraday or Faraday's constant.

19. What does saturated mean? Unsaturated?
Synthetic condensation polymer (aka a polyamide)
Saturated organic compounds contain single bonds in their carbon skeleton. Unsaturated have at least one double or triple bond.
It ceases - the circuit is broken.
Most are soluble except Ag - Pb

20. What are the signs for ?G and E° for spontaneous reactions?
All single: sp³ - one double: sp² - two doubles: sp - one triple: sp - two single and two lone pairs: sp³ - three single and one lone pair: sp³
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.
?G= -ve - E°= +ve
zero-th: decreases - first: constant - second: increases

21. How are strong ones written?
Mono; di; tri; tetra; penta; hexa.
strong acids/bases are written as H+ or OH- ions
States related to IMF magnitude (dispersion) - iodine-silvery grey solid - chlorine-yellowish green gas - bromine-brown volatile liquid - poisonous and reactive - good oxidizing agents -
bright yellow

22. bromothymol
Acid rain - dissolves marble buildings/statues and kills trees.
Making sigma bonds and holding lone pairs
blue (BTB)
Primary alcohols are partially oxidized to aldehydes and then totally oxidized to acids (wine to vinegar)

23. What is a coordinate covalent bond?
'non-active' metals such as Cu - Ag - Au - Pt - etc.
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
Eudiometer
Both electrons come from the same atom (just as good as a regular bond)

24. When can supercooling occur? What does it look like on a cooling curve?

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25. How do you heat a test tube?
Heat a test tube at an angle at the side of the tube (not bottom)
Thermo: R=8.31J/mol/K - gas calculations: R=.0821 L atm/mol/K or 62.4L mmHg/mol/K
Big K=kf/kr
No effect on Voltage (hetero) but will increase current possible (surface area increases rate of reaction)

26. bromine
brown volatile liquid
How grouped results are
Big K=kf/kr
CO (poisonous)

27. What is the general formula for an amine?
The Faraday or Faraday's constant.
ROH
RNH2
Tetrahedral

28. What are the formulas for q?
by electrolysis
q=mc?T q=mL (or n x ?h)
H3PO4
The dilution effect when the solutions mix. M1V1 = M2V2

29. Can you collect soluble gases over water?
Current - time and charge on ion (moles of e used in half cell reaction)
HNO3 - (nitric) H2SO4 -(sulfuric) HCl -(hydrochloric) HBr -(hydrobromic) HI - (hydroiodic) HClO4 (perchloric)
No - NH3 and HCl gases are extremely soluble
Sulfur

30. If Q > Ksp - then system shifts _______ and ppt ______
Two forms of the same element (same Z) with different # of neutrons and similar chemical properties
are less dense than water
left - ppt will form
Trigonal pyramidal

31. What is the general formula for an alcohol?
chemically (ex: with carbon)
strong acids/bases are written as H+ or OH- ions
ROH
CH3COO?

32. How do you get Ecell for spontaneous reactions?
Acidified
Pipette (burette if need repetition)
Reverse most negative E° and add voltages to get Ecell (or take absolute difference between Ered values)
Good catalysts - form multiple oxidation states - often paramagnetic - good structural metals - form a host of alloys (similar sized atoms) - have similar I energies (inner filling)

33. Flame tests for certain metal ions (simple emission spectra) gives which colors for potassium - sodium - lithium - copper - barium
Oxides that react with both acids (make salts + water) AND bases (forms complex ion - ex: ZnO and Al2O3 in bases make Zn(OH)4²? and Al(OH)4? or Al(OH)6³?)
Pale purple - (orange)-yellow - red - blue - green.
oxidizing - (F2 is the best) - reducing (ex: Li - Na).
Acidified

34. What is the name of S2Cl2? (Know how to name others like this - too)
Kc=Kp
Disulfur dichloride
Heat to constant mass-weigh - reheat - cool - and weigh again until mass is constant
Increases down group 1 decreases down group 17

35. What are the bond angles and hybridization for a carbon with 4 sigma bonds? one double bond? two double bonds? one triple bond?
4 sigma bonds-109° - sp³ - one double bond-120° - sp² two double bonds-180° - sp one triple bond-180° - sp
zero
E=q + w (negative is by system - positive is on system)
C4H10

36. What is the general formula for a ketone?
RCOR
A) any range. b) 8-10 c) 4-6
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
Selective absorption

37. Is a graduated cylinder or beaker more accurate?
Synthetic condensation polymer (aka a polyamide)
Pale yellow
Graduated cylinder
CrO4²?

38. carbonate
CO3²?
Mono; di; tri; tetra; penta; hexa.
chemically (ex: with carbon)
O2 needs 4F/mol H2 needs 2F/mol

39. Does Benzene react by addition or substitution?
ethers
look for changes in oxidation # - the one that goes up is oxidized and is the RA
Saturated organic compounds contain single bonds in their carbon skeleton. Unsaturated have at least one double or triple bond.
it reacts by substitution NOT addition

40. What is the relationship between Rate and Molar Mass for two gases? Velocity and Temperature? Energy and Temperature?
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
it's lower and occurs over less sharp a range
Exothermic
CnH2n+2

41. chromate
CnH(2n+2)
Exothermic (?H for ANY sa/sb = -57kJ/mol)
Pale purple - (orange)-yellow - red - blue - green.
CrO4²?

42. What do you do to Keq when you combine 2 reactions - reverse an equation - or halve coefficients?
it reacts by substitution NOT addition
Combine: multiply Keq - reverse: 1/Keq - Halve coefficients: Keq^(1/2)
neutralization: high K - H2O product dissociation: low K - H2O reactant
atoms

43. What is the basic structure of an optical isomer?
Glowing splint (positive result=relights)
Increases.
blue
Optical isomers contain at least one chiral (asymmetric) C atom which is a C atom that has four different groups attached to it.

44. What is the pH of a salt made from a WA/SB? SA/WB? SA/SB?
Combine: multiply Keq - reverse: 1/Keq - Halve coefficients: Keq^(1/2)
Concentration
WA/SB: pH>7 SA/WB: pH<7 SA/SB: pH=7
same KE - but PEice<PEwater

45. When AB(s) and AC(s) are formed by adding A? ions to a mixture of 0.10M B? & 0.10M C? ions - which will precipitate first?
Nothing
Increase - the dissociation of water is endothermic so increasing T favors forward direction - thus more ions.
Soluble
The compound with the lowest Ksp value.

46. What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Mention effective nuclear charge (shielding) and distance of outer electrons from the nucleus
Suniverse increases for spontaneous processes
Saturated - Substitution (which requires more radical conditions)
Synthesis - separation and purification of the product and its identification.

47. What gases usually come off during the 'electrolysis of water?' At the anode? At the cathode?
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
Identity and purity (impure compounds usually have broad & low melting points)
Conjugate pair (one must be a weak base or acid)
Anode - oxygen. Cathode - hydrogen

48. What process do you use to obtain the precipitate from a solution?
Selective absorption
K1 x K2
acids
Filtration

49. What device would you use to measure a volume of gas?
HClO4
No - it depends on the number of ions produced on dissolving.
Eudiometer
Increases.

50. In equilibrium calculations for weak acids/bases - when should you ignore 'x' with respect to initial concentration of acid or base

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