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AP Chemistry 2

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does half life change for zero-th order - first order - and second order processes?
zero-th: decreases - first: constant - second: increases
H3PO4
WA/SB: pH>7 SA/WB: pH<7 SA/SB: pH=7
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume

2. thiosulfate
CnH2n
Concentration
S2O3²?
by electrolysis

3. Colorless doesn't mean ______
Oxides that react with both acids (make salts + water) AND bases (forms complex ion - ex: ZnO and Al2O3 in bases make Zn(OH)4²? and Al(OH)4? or Al(OH)6³?)
0 and 14
Clear
Increases.

4. What are the signs for ?G and E° for spontaneous reactions?
blue
?G= -ve - E°= +ve
?H formation of an element in standard state=0
Acid spill-NaHCO3 (baking soda) base spill-acetic acid (vinegar)

5. What is the general formula for an ether?
ROR
P2O5
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
Concentration

6. What do the 'a' and 'b' in Van Der Waal's equation allow for?
NO2 and SO2 are very soluble - CO2 and O2 are somewhat soluble
Big K=kf/kr
The compound with the lowest Ksp value.
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume

7. Is the standard entropy (S°) of an element zero?
But S° of element is not zero (except at 0K)
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
No effect on Voltage (hetero) but will increase current possible (surface area increases rate of reaction)
Decant

8. acetates
Soluble
It ceases - the circuit is broken.
Read the bottom of the meniscus
do not change

9. What is the relationship in strength between sigma and pi bonds?
NO2 and SO2 are very soluble - CO2 and O2 are somewhat soluble
Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds
All except for lithium
Anode

10. oxalate
CnH2n+1 often designated 'R' ex C3H7 is propyl
Increase - the dissociation of water is endothermic so increasing T favors forward direction - thus more ions.
lighted splint (positive result=pop)
C2O4²?

11. lead compounds
Insoluble except nitrate and acetate
Distillation
Most are soluble except Ag - Pb
Unsaturated - addition (ex: decolorize bromine solution)

12. lead iodide
Tetrahedral
RNH2
Clear
bright yellow

13. How are metal oxides and hydrides bonded? are they acidic or basic?
acid + alcohol
Potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate (they're clues that a reaction will be redox)
HClO4
metal oxides and hydrides are ionically bonded and basic

14. What is the general formula for alkyl halides?
RX
H2PO4?
SO4²?
it reacts by substitution NOT addition

15. How many faradays of electric charge do you need to produce one mole of O2? H2?
Cr2O7²?
O2 needs 4F/mol H2 needs 2F/mol
neutralization: high K - H2O product dissociation: low K - H2O reactant
?G= -ve - E°= +ve

16. silver compounds
Insoluble except for nitrate and acetate
Acidic solutions (Ex: [Fe(H2O)6]³? + H2O = Fe(H2O)5OH]²? + H3O?)
Good catalysts - form multiple oxidation states - often paramagnetic - good structural metals - form a host of alloys (similar sized atoms) - have similar I energies (inner filling)
benzene is less reactive than alkenes

17. How are more active metals reduced?
by electrolysis
SO4²?
Primary alcohols are partially oxidized to aldehydes and then totally oxidized to acids (wine to vinegar)
Thermo: R=8.31J/mol/K - gas calculations: R=.0821 L atm/mol/K or 62.4L mmHg/mol/K

18. What is the general formula for an alcohol?
Primary alcohols are partially oxidized to aldehydes and then totally oxidized to acids (wine to vinegar)
ROH
They have high ionization energies (due to high nuclear charge and no shielding) and cannot add electrons due to full valence shell
Soluble except Ag - Pb - Ca - Sr Ba)

19. What do group I/II metal oxides and acids form?
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
SO4²?
H2PO4?
Salt and water

20. BaSO4
White precipitate
Check for air bubbles in the buret and remove the buret funnel from the buret
blue glass - it filters UV
Insoluble

21. When AB(s) and AC(s) are formed by adding A? ions to a mixture of 0.10M B? & 0.10M C? ions - which will precipitate first?
0.10M HCl (more ions)
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
zero
The compound with the lowest Ksp value.

22. What are two substances that sublime at 1 atm when heated?
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
Increases down group 1 decreases down group 17
Pale purple - (orange)-yellow - red - blue - green.
The benzene ring (or more correctly the phenyl group - C6H5)

23. If Q > Ksp - then system shifts _______ and ppt ______
left - ppt will form
Pale yellow
ClO?
CnH2n+1 often designated 'R' ex C3H7 is propyl

24. permanganate
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
MnO4?
Pipette (burette if need repetition)
H2PO4?

25. What do you do to get rid of most of the solution from a precipitate?
Decant
A substance that can act as an acid or a base. ex. water - HCO3? ion etc.
ns² electrons (first in-first out)
look for changes in oxidation # - the one that goes up is oxidized and is the RA

26. What is the general formula for an amine?
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
Insoluble except group 1 and ammonium
Identity and purity (impure compounds usually have broad & low melting points)
RNH2

27. What do metal oxides plus acids form?
Trigonal pyramidal
A substance that can act as an acid or a base. ex. water - HCO3? ion etc.
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
Salt + water

28. What type of polymer is nylon?
left - ppt will form
R=8.31 J/mol/K
Synthetic condensation polymer (aka a polyamide)
Soluble

29. What do you use to look at burning magnesium? why?
brown volatile liquid
A) any range. b) 8-10 c) 4-6
blue glass - it filters UV
Insoluble (except group 1 ammonium and Ba)

30. What shape is methane?
0 and 14
basic
Tetrahedral
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask

31. A Bronsted-Lowry acid is...
Pipette (burette if need repetition)
zero-th: decreases - first: constant - second: increases
More chaotic (ex: gases made)
proton donor base

32. What is the solubility of AgF - AgCl - AgBr - and AgI in water and ammonia?
All single: sp³ - one double: sp² - two doubles: sp - one triple: sp - two single and two lone pairs: sp³ - three single and one lone pair: sp³
CO (poisonous)
AgF-soluble in water - other silver halides insoluble in water - AgCl-soluble in excess ammonia - AgBr-somewhat soluble - AgI (yellow)-somewhat soluble in excess ammonia
blue

33. What device would you use to measure a volume of gas?
Salt and water
Exothermic
S crystal at 0K=0
Eudiometer

34. primary colors
ethers
Filtration
Soluble
red - green - blue

35. How does the KE and PE of ice at 0°C compare to the KE and PE of water at 0°C?
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
Insoluble
NO3?
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask

36. Alcohols and _______ are FG isomers
ethers
Mention effective nuclear charge (shielding) and distance of outer electrons from the nucleus
RCOOH
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume

37. chlorite
Clear
Both electrons come from the same atom (just as good as a regular bond)
ClO2?
Acidified

38. bromothymol
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
blue (BTB)
Glacial acetic acid
Ions go through the salt bridge - electrons go through metal wires in the external circuit

39. What are the bond angles and hybridization for a carbon with 4 sigma bonds? one double bond? two double bonds? one triple bond?
4 sigma bonds-109° - sp³ - one double bond-120° - sp² two double bonds-180° - sp one triple bond-180° - sp
Acids; HCOOCH3 is an ester
small size and high charge
Ksp = s²

40. What is the general formula for an acid?
O2 needs 4F/mol H2 needs 2F/mol
But S° of element is not zero (except at 0K)
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.
RCOOH

41. Do anions flow to the cathode or anode?
4 sigma bonds-109° - sp³ - one double bond-120° - sp² two double bonds-180° - sp one triple bond-180° - sp
Anode
Insoluble except for nitrate and acetate
CO2 and H2O

42. What is the general formula of an alkane?
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
Anode
voltaic: + electrolytic: -
CnH(2n+2)

43. chromate
ion pairing
OH?
CrO4²?
neutralization: high K - H2O product dissociation: low K - H2O reactant

44. How do you find the pH for a dibasic acid? (H2A)?
Perform ICE BOX calculation based on K1
Mention effective nuclear charge (shielding) and distance of outer electrons from the nucleus
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
Ignore 'x' if its K is very small compared to [reactant] (5% rule)

45. potassium permanganate
Filtration
MnO4?
Purple
They have high ionization energies (due to high nuclear charge and no shielding) and cannot add electrons due to full valence shell

46. What are the prefixes used to name organic alkanes with varying number of carbon atoms? (Up to ten carbons)
At half equivalence - pH=pKa
ClO3?
Meth - eth - prop - but - pent - hex - hept - oct - non - dec
RNH2

47. Which alkali metals float on water?
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.
RCOOR
All except for lithium
Filtration

48. acetate
left - ppt will form
bright yellow
CH3COO?
E=q + w (negative is by system - positive is on system)

49. mercury (I) ion
different forms of the same element
NO3?
Hg2²?
Ions go through the salt bridge - electrons go through metal wires in the external circuit

50. What is the formula for alkanes?
CnH2n+2
Synthesis - separation and purification of the product and its identification.
Molecules with the same molecular formulas - but different structural formulas
RNH2