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AP Chemistry 2

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Which would cause the bulb in a conductivity apparatus to be brightest?
How close results are to the accepted value
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
It ceases - the circuit is broken.
0.10M HCl (more ions)

2. Do anions flow to the cathode or anode?
Anode
CH3COO?
bent
Disulfur dichloride

3. What do you need to make a polymer?
ClO3?
Read the bottom of the meniscus
S crystal at 0K=0
A monomer with a double bond OR two monomers with an arrangement of FGs that allows them to react repeatedly with one another (ex. OH and COOH)

4. What are the bond angles and hybridization for a carbon with 4 sigma bonds? one double bond? two double bonds? one triple bond?
ROH
4 sigma bonds-109° - sp³ - one double bond-120° - sp² two double bonds-180° - sp one triple bond-180° - sp
voltaic: + electrolytic: -
Acid spill-NaHCO3 (baking soda) base spill-acetic acid (vinegar)

5. What range of indicator would you use for the following titrations. a) s.a. + s.b. b) w.a. + s.b. c) w.b. + s.a.
it reacts by substitution NOT addition
redox reaction
A) any range. b) 8-10 c) 4-6
At half equivalence - pH=pKa

6. Which value of R do you use for all energy and kinetics calculations?
Trigonal pyramidal
R=8.31 J/mol/K
methyl formate
An active metal.

7. What is a dipeptide? polypeptide? protein?
n(unsaturated monomer) = polymer (no loss in material) ex. n(C2H4) = (C2H4)n (polyethylene)
Hg2²?
Increases for endo - (becomes more soluble) decreases (becomes less soluble) for exo.
Two amino acids joined together; many amino acids joined together; lots of amino acids joined together

8. acetates
Hg2²?
No effect on Voltage (hetero) but will increase current possible (surface area increases rate of reaction)
Soluble
Conjugate pair (one must be a weak base or acid)

9. What apparatus do you use to separate 2 immiscible liquids?
Separating funnel
Unsaturated - addition (ex: decolorize bromine solution)
Molecules with the same molecular formulas - but different structural formulas
Insoluble except for nitrate and acetate

10. Name six characteristics of transition elements (or their compounds)
Good catalysts - form multiple oxidation states - often paramagnetic - good structural metals - form a host of alloys (similar sized atoms) - have similar I energies (inner filling)
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
0 and 14

11. silver iodide
Pale yellow
non-metal oxides and hydrides are covalently bonded and are acidic.
10?8
Salt - Carbon dioxide and water.(latter also known as carbonic acid H2CO3)

12. What is the formula of butane?
C4H10
Graduated cylinder
CN?
Combine: multiply Keq - reverse: 1/Keq - Halve coefficients: Keq^(1/2)

13. A geometric (or cis-trans) isomer exists due to.....
Saturated organic compounds contain single bonds in their carbon skeleton. Unsaturated have at least one double or triple bond.
Ksp = 27s4
Lack of rotation of groups around a double bond. (cis has groups on same side - trans on opposite sides)
Kc=Kp

14. What is a coordinate covalent bond?
Both electrons come from the same atom (just as good as a regular bond)
No - it depends on the number of ions produced on dissolving.
No - NH3 and HCl gases are extremely soluble
zero

15. chlorine
H2PO4?
Experimental mass/theoretical mass X 100
Graduated cylinder
Greenish-yellow gas

16. What is the charge on a chlorine atom?
Two amino acids joined together; many amino acids joined together; lots of amino acids joined together
Perform ICE BOX calculation based on K1
zero
Silvery gray solid - brown - purple

17. Which alkali metals float on water?
E=q + w (negative is by system - positive is on system)
All except for lithium
Acids; HCOOCH3 is an ester
Initiation energy (NOT Ea)

18. What value of R do you use for thermo calculations? gas calculations?
White precipitate
Transition element compounds (except if it has a full or empty d shell)
Thermo: R=8.31J/mol/K - gas calculations: R=.0821 L atm/mol/K or 62.4L mmHg/mol/K
But S° of element is not zero (except at 0K)

19. How are primary alcohols turned into acids?
Pale yellow
S2O3²?
Primary alcohols are partially oxidized to aldehydes and then totally oxidized to acids (wine to vinegar)
benzene is less reactive than alkenes

20. What things should you remember to do when collecting gas over water?
Read the bottom of the meniscus
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
Eudiometer
Experimental mass/theoretical mass X 100

21. What is Ksp in terms of molar solubility ('s') for an electrolyte AB?
Acidic is when [H?] > [OH?] - basic is when [H?] < [OH?] - acidic is when [H?] = [OH?]
linear
Ksp = s²
Oxides that react with both acids (make salts + water) AND bases (forms complex ion - ex: ZnO and Al2O3 in bases make Zn(OH)4²? and Al(OH)4? or Al(OH)6³?)

22. Acid plus base make?
Salt + water.
Hydrogen (active metals are metals with more negative reduction potentials in E° chart)
Two forms of the same element (same Z) with different # of neutrons and similar chemical properties
E=q + w (negative is by system - positive is on system)

23. One mole of electrons carries 96500Coulombs - what is this quantity called?

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24. What is the second law of thermodynamics?
blue (BTB)
A) any range. b) 8-10 c) 4-6
At half equivalence - pH=pKa
Suniverse increases for spontaneous processes

25. If Q > Ksp - then system shifts _______ and ppt ______
atoms
left - ppt will form
blue glass - it filters UV
Synthesis - separation and purification of the product and its identification.

26. What are the signs of ?G and E° for spontaneous reactions?
CnH2n+2
?G=negative - E° must be positive
benzene is less reactive than alkenes
small size and high charge

27. How do you get the equation for a net electrolysis reaction?
#ligands=charge x2
Combine the equations for the half reactions in the non-spontaneous direction
They have high ionization energies (due to high nuclear charge and no shielding) and cannot add electrons due to full valence shell
methyl formate

28. How are metal oxides and hydrides bonded? are they acidic or basic?
metal oxides and hydrides are ionically bonded and basic
CN?
ClO?
Ionic compounds

29. What do metal oxides plus acids form?
Ions go through the salt bridge - electrons go through metal wires in the external circuit
Eudiometer
Only temperature
Salt + water

30. What does a short - sharp melting point indicate?
zero
Tetrahedral
Identity and purity (impure compounds usually have broad & low melting points)
MnO4?

31. When AB(s) and AC(s) are formed by adding A? ions to a mixture of 0.10M B? & 0.10M C? ions - which will precipitate first?
Most INsoluble except group 1 and ammonium
The compound with the lowest Ksp value.
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask
1) Add together a weak base with a salt of that base made with a strong acid. (or visa versa) 2) by partially neutralizing a weak base with a strong acid or weak acid with a strong base. (Ex: 0.2 mol NH3 + 0.1 mol HCl)

32. What is the test for hydrogen?
lighted splint (positive result=pop)
E=q + w (negative is by system - positive is on system)
Ksp = 4s³
Most INsoluble except group 1 and ammonium

33. hydroxides
Mention effective nuclear charge (shielding) and distance of outer electrons from the nucleus
ns² electrons (first in-first out)
P2O5
Insoluble (except group 1 ammonium and Ba)

34. What type of solutions do small - highly charged cations tend to form?
A salt solution.
?G is zero at equilibrium when spontaneity is the same in either direction (K=1)
redox reaction
Acidic solutions (Ex: [Fe(H2O)6]³? + H2O = Fe(H2O)5OH]²? + H3O?)

35. What are the signs for ?G and E° for spontaneous reactions?
Check for air bubbles in the buret and remove the buret funnel from the buret
?G= -ve - E°= +ve
oxidizing - (F2 is the best) - reducing (ex: Li - Na).
Separating funnel

36. What device would you use to measure a volume of gas?
Nothing
Eudiometer
NH4?
brown volatile liquid

37. Are weak acids (and bases) written dissociated?

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38. What is the relationship between Rate and Molar Mass for two gases? Velocity and Temperature? Energy and Temperature?
Evaporation
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
RCOOR
Insoluble

39. Why are i factors (Van't Hoff factors) often less than ideal?
Kc=Kp
ClO4?
ion pairing
NH2?

40. What two compounds are great oxidizing agents?

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41. What is the formula for obtaining charge flowing in a cell?
Ksp = 4s³
Add acid to water so that the acid doesn't boil and spit
Q=It (time in seconds)
-Ea/R

42. What is Big K in terms of kf and kr?
Ksp = 4s³
Filtration
Big K=kf/kr
Heat to constant mass-weigh - reheat - cool - and weigh again until mass is constant

43. What are two substances that sublime at 1 atm when heated?
Primary alcohols are partially oxidized to aldehydes and then totally oxidized to acids (wine to vinegar)
Suniverse increases for spontaneous processes
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)

44. What are isotopes?
Graduated cylinder
?H formation of an element in standard state=0
Cr2O7²?
Two forms of the same element (same Z) with different # of neutrons and similar chemical properties

45. acetate
Good catalysts - form multiple oxidation states - often paramagnetic - good structural metals - form a host of alloys (similar sized atoms) - have similar I energies (inner filling)
ClO?
CO3²?
CH3COO?

46. What complex ion does ammonia form with silver? copper? cadmium? zinc?
[Ag(NH3)2]? - [Cu(NH3)4]²? - [Cd(NH3)4]²? - [Zn(NH3)4]²?
by electrolysis
The Faraday or Faraday's constant.
ion pairing

47. Alkenes are ________ and react by __________
RCOOH
blue
Unsaturated - addition (ex: decolorize bromine solution)
Temperature increase the endothermic k more (hence increasing T moves equilibrium in the endothermic direction)

48. At what point during titration do you have the perfect buffer - and what is the pH at this point?
T increases exponentially the proportion of molecules with E > Ea
bent
At half equivalence - pH=pKa
They have high ionization energies (due to high nuclear charge and no shielding) and cannot add electrons due to full valence shell

49. What is Ksp in terms of molar solubility ('s') for an electrolyte AB3 or A3B?
+4 and +2 (+4 dominates top of group and +2 at bottom of group)
Ksp = 27s4
Perform ICE BOX calculation based on K1
The dilution effect when the solutions mix. M1V1 = M2V2

50. Neutralization is an ________ reaction.
Exothermic (?H for ANY sa/sb = -57kJ/mol)
MnO4?
Current - time and charge on ion (moles of e used in half cell reaction)
Good catalysts - form multiple oxidation states - often paramagnetic - good structural metals - form a host of alloys (similar sized atoms) - have similar I energies (inner filling)