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AP Chemistry 2

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. When gas is collected over water - we must allow for leveling the water levels and for the V.P. of water. Why?
To ensure Ptot = Plab and that Pgas = Ptot-PH2O
WA/SB: pH>7 SA/WB: pH<7 SA/SB: pH=7
Oxides that react with both acids (make salts + water) AND bases (forms complex ion - ex: ZnO and Al2O3 in bases make Zn(OH)4? and Al(OH)4? or Al(OH)6?)
benzene is less reactive than alkenes

2. Give an example of a concentrated weak acid.
Clear
Orange
An active metal.
Glacial acetic acid

3. What reacts with an acid to create hydrogen gas?
Mono; di; tri; tetra; penta; hexa.
CO3?
An active metal.
it's lower and occurs over less sharp a range

4. What does the solubility of organic compounds depend on?
1) Add together a weak base with a salt of that base made with a strong acid. (or visa versa) 2) by partially neutralizing a weak base with a strong acid or weak acid with a strong base. (Ex: 0.2 mol NH3 + 0.1 mol HCl)
Whether or not they can form H-bonds with water (ex: Ethyl alcohol is soluble but dimethyl ether is not)
Pale purple - (orange)-yellow - red - blue - green.
Only temperature

5. What type of polymer is nylon?
A substance that can act as an acid or a base. ex. water - HCO3? ion etc.
Synthetic condensation polymer (aka a polyamide)
How grouped results are
Two amino acids joined together; many amino acids joined together; lots of amino acids joined together

6. nitrates
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^ - E1/E2=T1/T2
Conjugate pair (one must be a weak base or acid)
Soluble

7. How do you find the pH for a dibasic acid? (H2A)?
Perform ICE BOX calculation based on K1
Ksp = 27s4
[Ag(NH3)2]? - [Cu(NH3)4]? - [Cd(NH3)4]? - [Zn(NH3)4]?
O2 needs 4F/mol H2 needs 2F/mol

8. What do the 'a' and 'b' in Van Der Waal's equation allow for?
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.
Salt and water
left - ppt will form

9. What is the relationship between Rate and Molar Mass for two gases? Velocity and Temperature? Energy and Temperature?
Exothermic (?H for ANY sa/sb = -57kJ/mol)
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^ - E1/E2=T1/T2
left - ppt will form
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^ - E1/E2=T1/T2

10. What is the word equation for condensation polymerisation ?
ClO4?
Insoluble except group 1 and ammonium
Monomer + monomer = polymer product + a simple molecule such as water or HCl
Decant

11. What is the formula for alkenes?
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask
CnH2n
fruit - fish - bases
CO3?

12. What is the energy you must put into a reaction to make it start called?
Initiation energy (NOT Ea)
'non-active' metals such as Cu - Ag - Au - Pt - etc.
voltaic: - electrolytic: +
Combine: multiply Keq - reverse: 1/Keq - Halve coefficients: Keq^(1/2)

13. What does a short - sharp melting point indicate?
1. Rinse the buret/pipette with deionized water - 2. Rinse the buret/pipette with the solution you plan on filling the buret/pipette with.
Add acid to water so that the acid doesn't boil and spit
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask
Identity and purity (impure compounds usually have broad & low melting points)

14. What two compounds are great oxidizing agents?
Potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate (they're clues that a reaction will be redox)
P2O5
ClO2?
Tetrahedral

15. chlorate
Salt + water.
RCOOR
ClO3?
Ions go through the salt bridge - electrons go through metal wires in the external circuit

16. Does reactivity increase/decrease going down group 1 and group 17?
Increases down group 1 decreases down group 17
PO4?
#ligands=charge x2
All single: sp - one double: sp - two doubles: sp - one triple: sp - two single and two lone pairs: sp - three single and one lone pair: sp

17. What happens to the ion concentrations of a saturated solution when it is diluted and allowed to reach equilibrium - with solid solute still present?
Insoluble except for nitrate and acetate
|experimental - accepted|/accepted X 100
They stay the same.
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)

18. Is magnesium oxide (and other main group metal oxides) likely to be acidic - basic or neutral?
Ionic compounds
basic
OH- and NH3
Add acid to water so that the acid doesn't boil and spit

19. How does benzene compare in reactivity to alkenes?
Salt and water
There's one normal boiling point (1 atm) - but many boiling points (P dependent)
benzene is less reactive than alkenes
10?8

20. What things should you remember to do when collecting gas over water?
Increases down group 1 decreases down group 17
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
ClO2?
Synthetic condensation polymer (aka a polyamide)

21. Which alkali metals float on water?
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^ - E1/E2=T1/T2
Check for air bubbles in the buret and remove the buret funnel from the buret
Filtration
All except for lithium

22. What is the pH of 1.0M HCl? 1M NaOH?
Increase - the dissociation of water is endothermic so increasing T favors forward direction - thus more ions.
Hg2?
0 and 14
water and substances with (s) less dense than

23. Generally - which oxy acid is strongest?
small size and high charge
Separating funnel
The one with most oxygen atoms (highest oxidation number)
S crystal at 0K=0

24. acetate
CnH2n+2
NO2 and SO2 are very soluble - CO2 and O2 are somewhat soluble
CH3COO?
Transition element compounds (except if it has a full or empty d shell)

25. What changes Keq?
Silvery gray solid - brown - purple
brown volatile liquid
Only temperature
P2O5

26. Color (absorbance) is proportional to ________
C2O4?
A salt solution.
Concentration
Whether or not they can form H-bonds with water (ex: Ethyl alcohol is soluble but dimethyl ether is not)

27. How does the melting point of a mixture compare to the MP of a pure substance?
Ksp = 27s4
Pale yellow
it's lower and occurs over less sharp a range
Exothermic (?H for ANY sa/sb = -57kJ/mol)

28. ammonium/ammonium compounds
look for changes in oxidation # - the one that goes up is oxidized and is the RA
Insoluble except nitrate and acetate
Soluble
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.

29. ____ is a Lewis acid - since it can accept a lone pair - completing its stable form - which requires two electrons.
Insoluble except group 1 and ammonium
H+
+4-covalent - +2-ionic
ClO4?

30. What do hydrocarbons form when they burn in air (oxygen)?
The benzene ring (or more correctly the phenyl group - C6H5)
an oxidized and reduced substance
HNO3 - (nitric) H2SO4 -(sulfuric) HCl -(hydrochloric) HBr -(hydrobromic) HI - (hydroiodic) HClO4 (perchloric)
CO2 and H2O

31. Can you collect soluble gases over water?
different forms of the same element
No - NH3 and HCl gases are extremely soluble
How grouped results are
an oxidized and reduced substance

32. What apparatus do you use to pour liquids?
All single: sp - one double: sp - two doubles: sp - one triple: sp - two single and two lone pairs: sp - three single and one lone pair: sp
ethers
Pour liquids using a funnel or down a glass rod
it's lower and occurs over less sharp a range

33. What apparatus do you use to separate 2 immiscible liquids?
Separating funnel
HClO4
CnH2n-2
CO (poisonous)

34. What are the bond angles and hybridization for a carbon with 4 sigma bonds? one double bond? two double bonds? one triple bond?
CnH2n
1. Rinse the buret/pipette with deionized water - 2. Rinse the buret/pipette with the solution you plan on filling the buret/pipette with.
4 sigma bonds-109 - sp - one double bond-120 - sp two double bonds-180 - sp one triple bond-180 - sp
Both electrons come from the same atom (just as good as a regular bond)

35. For a dibasic acid (H2A) - [A?]= ____ ?
Silvery gray solid - brown - purple
Good catalysts - form multiple oxidation states - often paramagnetic - good structural metals - form a host of alloys (similar sized atoms) - have similar I energies (inner filling)
K2
Heptane

36. hypochlorite
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
Initiation energy (NOT Ea)
Add acid to water so that the acid doesn't boil and spit
ClO?

37. iodine - iodine solution - iodine vapor
Trigonal pyramidal
fractional distillation
Silvery gray solid - brown - purple
OH?

38. What is the formula of butane?
Purple
0.10M HCl (more ions)
C4H10
They decrease (or could be the same if the solid has ONLY JUST disappeared)

39. What is the 'virtual' Ka for the complete dissociation of a dibasic acid?
do not change
K1 x K2
neutralization: high K - H2O product dissociation: low K - H2O reactant
Time? - (ex. s? - hr? - etc)

40. copper sulfate
0 and 14
blue
They have high ionization energies (due to high nuclear charge and no shielding) and cannot add electrons due to full valence shell
Exothermic

41. The oxidation numbers of the metals or nonmetals ___________ during such a reaction
S2O3?
RX
do not change
Greenish-yellow gas

42. What is the general formula for an alcohol?
ClO?
At half equivalence - pH=pKa
ROH
ion pairing

43. What electrons are lost/gained first in transition element ions?
ion pairing
Acidic is when [H?] > [OH?] - basic is when [H?] < [OH?] - acidic is when [H?] = [OH?]
yellow
ns electrons (first in-first out)

44. What is H2CO3 (carbonate acid) usually written as?
an oxidized and reduced substance
C2O4?
No - NH3 and HCl gases are extremely soluble
H2O + CO2 (it decomposes readily)

45. What things should you remember to do when collecting gas over water?
H2O + CO2 (it decomposes readily)
K2
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
NH4?

46. What type of compounds do Group 14 form?
Heat a test tube at an angle at the side of the tube (not bottom)
ethers
Check for air bubbles in the buret and remove the buret funnel from the buret
+4-covalent - +2-ionic

47. What is a dipeptide? polypeptide? protein?
q=mc?T q=mL (or n x ?h)
The one with most oxygen atoms (highest oxidation number)
Two amino acids joined together; many amino acids joined together; lots of amino acids joined together
Time? - (ex. s? - hr? - etc)

48. What is an Alkyl group?
CnH2n+1 often designated 'R' ex C3H7 is propyl
Hydrogen (active metals are metals with more negative reduction potentials in E chart)
Check for air bubbles in the buret and remove the buret funnel from the buret
bases

49. What steps do organic labs consist of?
All except for lithium
Perform ICE BOX calculation based on K1
Salts (ex: CaO + SO2 ? CaSO3)
Synthesis - separation and purification of the product and its identification.

50. What complex ion does ammonia form with silver? copper? cadmium? zinc?
CnH2n-2
bright yellow
[Ag(NH3)2]? - [Cu(NH3)4]? - [Cd(NH3)4]? - [Zn(NH3)4]?
linear

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