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AP Chemistry 2

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the general formula for an amine?
Ksp = 4s³
Both electrons come from the same atom (just as good as a regular bond)
lighted splint (positive result=pop)
RNH2

2. What is the general formula of an alkane?
Decant
WA/SB: pH>7 SA/WB: pH<7 SA/SB: pH=7
Increases.
CnH(2n+2)

3. What is Ksp in terms of molar solubility ('s') for an electrolyte AB?
zero
look for changes in oxidation # - the one that goes up is oxidized and is the RA
metal oxides and hydrides are ionically bonded and basic
Ksp = s²

4. What do you need to make a polymer?
A monomer with a double bond OR two monomers with an arrangement of FGs that allows them to react repeatedly with one another (ex. OH and COOH)
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.
Transition element compounds (except if it has a full or empty d shell)
Ksp = 27s4

5. What do metal oxides plus non- metal oxides form?
Ksp = 108s5
Hg²?
Salts (ex: CaO + SO2 ? CaSO3)
Molecules with the same molecular formulas - but different structural formulas

6. What are the products for these common oxidizing agents? MnO4? - CrO4²? - Cr2O7²?
Mn²? - Cr³? - Cr³
Cold beaker=endothermic - ?H=positive (hot beaker=exothermic - ?H=negative)
Purple
Increases.

7. What steps do organic labs consist of?
Hg2²?
Thermo: R=8.31J/mol/K - gas calculations: R=.0821 L atm/mol/K or 62.4L mmHg/mol/K
Synthesis - separation and purification of the product and its identification.
ionic and form hydrogen and hydroxide

8. What things should you remember to do when collecting gas over water?
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
Alkali ion - OH? - and H2 (phenolphthalein goes pink - thus 'alkali' metals)
[Ag(NH3)2]? - [Cu(NH3)4]²? - [Cd(NH3)4]²? - [Zn(NH3)4]²?
Reverse most negative E° and add voltages to get Ecell (or take absolute difference between Ered values)

9. What is precision?
blue (BTB)
How grouped results are
?H-kJ - ?S-J - ?G-kJ
Acids; HCOOCH3 is an ester

10. dichromate
CrO4²?
Cr2O7²?
Potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate (they're clues that a reaction will be redox)
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.

11. How does benzene compare in reactivity to alkenes?
benzene is less reactive than alkenes
RNH2
Heat to constant mass-weigh - reheat - cool - and weigh again until mass is constant
Ionic compounds

12. State whether K is high or low and whether H2O a product or reactant for the following reactions: a) neutralization. b) dissociation in water.
Salts (ex: CaO + SO2 ? CaSO3)
Anode
Soluble except Ag - Pb - Ca - Sr Ba)
neutralization: high K - H2O product dissociation: low K - H2O reactant

13. What can form during the combustion of hydrocarbons in a limited supply of oxygen?
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
CO (poisonous)
Evaporation
Pour liquids using a funnel or down a glass rod

14. What does a short - sharp melting point indicate?
fractional distillation
Identity and purity (impure compounds usually have broad & low melting points)
Insoluble
ROH

15. What do the 'a' and 'b' in Van Der Waal's equation allow for?
-Ea/R
K2
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
water and substances with (s) less dense than

16. What is Ksp in terms of molar solubility ('s') for an electrolyte A2B3 A3B2?
basic
Ksp = 108s5
H2PO4?
Disulfur dichloride

17. Acid plus base make?
Salt + water.
Heat to constant mass-weigh - reheat - cool - and weigh again until mass is constant
Insoluble except group 1 and ammonium
Time?¹ - (ex. s?¹ - hr?¹ - etc)

18. Which alkali metals float on water?
Acid rain - dissolves marble buildings/statues and kills trees.
All except for lithium
Anode
Two forms of the same element (same Z) with different # of neutrons and similar chemical properties

19. Do you use J or kJ for ?H - ?S - and ?G?
CH3COO?
?H-kJ - ?S-J - ?G-kJ
Ksp = 108s5
RCOR

20. carbonates
hydroxides (ex: Ba(OH)2)
Insoluble except group 1 and ammonium
Disulfur dichloride
Meth - eth - prop - but - pent - hex - hept - oct - non - dec

21. What is the relationship between Rate and Molar Mass for two gases? Velocity and Temperature? Energy and Temperature?
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
Hg²?
Increases.

22. When the salt bridge is removed what happens to the cell reaction?
an oxidized and reduced substance
H3PO4
It ceases - the circuit is broken.
Ignore 'x' if its K is very small compared to [reactant] (5% rule)

23. What are amphoteric oxides?
Alkali ion - OH? - and H2 (phenolphthalein goes pink - thus 'alkali' metals)
Oxides that react with both acids (make salts + water) AND bases (forms complex ion - ex: ZnO and Al2O3 in bases make Zn(OH)4²? and Al(OH)4? or Al(OH)6³?)
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
Trigonal pyramidal

24. Name six characteristics of transition elements (or their compounds)
Good catalysts - form multiple oxidation states - often paramagnetic - good structural metals - form a host of alloys (similar sized atoms) - have similar I energies (inner filling)
Read the bottom of the meniscus
Concentration
PO4³?

25. What apparatus do you use to separate 2 immiscible liquids?
Separating funnel
Disulfur dichloride
it reacts by substitution NOT addition
Potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate (they're clues that a reaction will be redox)

26. Alkenes are ________ and react by __________
Unsaturated - addition (ex: decolorize bromine solution)
Pale purple - (orange)-yellow - red - blue - green.
The Faraday or Faraday's constant.
Group 1 hydroxides (ex: NaOH)

27. ammonium/ammonium compounds
Soluble
benzene has a delocalized pi ring structure
ClO3?
RCHO (carbonyl at end)

28. What measuring device would you use for very small volumes of liquids?
Two amino acids joined together; many amino acids joined together; lots of amino acids joined together
Pipette (burette if need repetition)
Synthesis - separation and purification of the product and its identification.
Pale yellow

29. What is the general formula for alkyl halides?
K2
RX
Salts (ex: CaO + SO2 ? CaSO3)
same KE - but PEice<PEwater

30. What do the 'a' and 'b' in Van Der Waal's equation allow for?
Salts (ex: CaO + SO2 ? CaSO3)
#ligands=charge x2
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
'non-active' metals such as Cu - Ag - Au - Pt - etc.

31. bromine
But S° of element is not zero (except at 0K)
RCOOR
Cr2O7²?
brown volatile liquid

32. What shape is water?
Soluble
bent
Meth - eth - prop - but - pent - hex - hept - oct - non - dec
acids

33. What does the solubility of organic compounds depend on?
Most INsoluble except group 1 and ammonium
Whether or not they can form H-bonds with water (ex: Ethyl alcohol is soluble but dimethyl ether is not)
?G=negative - E° must be positive
benzene has a delocalized pi ring structure

34. What type of compounds do Group 14 form?
Cr2O7²?
Big K=kf/kr
atoms
+4-covalent - +2-ionic

35. What process do you use to obtain the solute from a solution?
Filtration
Evaporation
basic
AgF-soluble in water - other silver halides insoluble in water - AgCl-soluble in excess ammonia - AgBr-somewhat soluble - AgI (yellow)-somewhat soluble in excess ammonia

36. lead iodide
basic
blue (BTB)
bright yellow
'non-active' metals such as Cu - Ag - Au - Pt - etc.

37. A geometric (or cis-trans) isomer exists due to.....
Concentration
Lack of rotation of groups around a double bond. (cis has groups on same side - trans on opposite sides)
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
WA/SB: pH>7 SA/WB: pH<7 SA/SB: pH=7

38. How do you dilute an acid?

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39. In equilibrium calculations for weak acids/bases - when should you ignore 'x' with respect to initial concentration of acid or base

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40. Esterification is...
yellow
acid + alcohol
Hydrogen (active metals are metals with more negative reduction potentials in E° chart)
Acid rain - dissolves marble buildings/statues and kills trees.

41. What type of compounds are almost always colored?
ROH
Identity and purity (impure compounds usually have broad & low melting points)
Transition element compounds (except if it has a full or empty d shell)
H2PO4?

42. When combining half equations - what do you do to E° values when multiplying coefficients?
Both electrons come from the same atom (just as good as a regular bond)
Nothing
At half equivalence - pH=pKa
Molecules with the same molecular formulas - but different structural formulas

43. How do you clean a buret/pipette for a titration?
Optical isomers contain at least one chiral (asymmetric) C atom which is a C atom that has four different groups attached to it.
1. Rinse the buret/pipette with deionized water - 2. Rinse the buret/pipette with the solution you plan on filling the buret/pipette with.
non-metal oxides and hydrides are covalently bonded and are acidic.
RNH2

44. Neutralization is an ________ reaction.
it reacts by substitution NOT addition
Exothermic (?H for ANY sa/sb = -57kJ/mol)
CnH2n
A) any range. b) 8-10 c) 4-6

45. What apparatus do you use to pour liquids?
States related to IMF magnitude (dispersion) - iodine-silvery grey solid - chlorine-yellowish green gas - bromine-brown volatile liquid - poisonous and reactive - good oxidizing agents -
Pour liquids using a funnel or down a glass rod
Anode - oxygen. Cathode - hydrogen
HClO4

46. What is the difference between equivalence point and end point of a titration.
Ksp = 108s5
Cold beaker=endothermic - ?H=positive (hot beaker=exothermic - ?H=negative)
Equivalence point is the titrant volume when the moles of acid and base are stoichiometrically equal; end point is the titrant volume when the color of the indicator permanently changes. If you choose the correct indicator - they should occur at the
Concentration

47. What is the general formula for an alcohol?
ROH
Separating funnel
Ppt will NOT form (unsaturated)
Hydrogen (active metals are metals with more negative reduction potentials in E° chart)

48. What is Ksp in terms of molar solubility ('s') for an electrolyte AB3 or A3B?
left - ppt will form
Ksp = 27s4
look for changes in oxidation # - the one that goes up is oxidized and is the RA
Separating funnel

49. How are non-metal oxides and hydrides bonded? are they acidic or basic?
#ligands=charge x2
NO2 and SO2 are very soluble - CO2 and O2 are somewhat soluble
non-metal oxides and hydrides are covalently bonded and are acidic.
?H-kJ - ?S-J - ?G-kJ

50. For what types of substances does the solid/liquid equilibrium line on a phase diagram slope LEFT?
10?8
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
Unsaturated - addition (ex: decolorize bromine solution)
water and substances with (s) less dense than