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AP Chemistry 2

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What kind of bonding structure does benzene have?
?G is zero at equilibrium when spontaneity is the same in either direction (K=1)
benzene has a delocalized pi ring structure
O2 needs 4F/mol H2 needs 2F/mol
Ppt will NOT form (unsaturated)

2. What is Ksp in terms of molar solubility ('s') for an electrolyte AB?
[A?]/[HA] x 100 or [BH?]/[B] x 100
Meth - eth - prop - but - pent - hex - hept - oct - non - dec
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
Ksp = s²

3. Ca - Sr - Ba
Purple
At half equivalence - pH=pKa
hydroxides (ex: Ba(OH)2)
Equivalence point is the titrant volume when the moles of acid and base are stoichiometrically equal; end point is the titrant volume when the color of the indicator permanently changes. If you choose the correct indicator - they should occur at the

4. What is the formula for alkynes?
CnH2n-2
Anode - oxygen. Cathode - hydrogen
?H-kJ - ?S-J - ?G-kJ
The dilution effect when the solutions mix. M1V1 = M2V2

5. What are the bond angles and hybridization for a carbon with 4 sigma bonds? one double bond? two double bonds? one triple bond?
4 sigma bonds-109° - sp³ - one double bond-120° - sp² two double bonds-180° - sp one triple bond-180° - sp
Soluble
Acid rain - dissolves marble buildings/statues and kills trees.
Reverse most negative E° and add voltages to get Ecell (or take absolute difference between Ered values)

6. What is the general formula of an alkane?
?G is zero at equilibrium when spontaneity is the same in either direction (K=1)
Ignore 'x' if its K is very small compared to [reactant] (5% rule)
CnH(2n+2)
A) any range. b) 8-10 c) 4-6

7. What process do you use to obtain the precipitate from a solution?
White precipitate
Filtration
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask
H+

8. What is the slope of the graph of lnk vs. 1/T?
Sulfur
CnH2n
Soluble except Ag - Pb - Ca - Sr Ba)
-Ea/R

9. If ?S is positive - are the products more or less chaotic than the reactants?
acids
How grouped results are
More chaotic (ex: gases made)
Good catalysts - form multiple oxidation states - often paramagnetic - good structural metals - form a host of alloys (similar sized atoms) - have similar I energies (inner filling)

10. How does group 1 metals' density compare to water's?
an oxidized and reduced substance
are less dense than water
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.

11. Which would cause the bulb in a conductivity apparatus to be brightest?
K2
CO (poisonous)
0.10M HCl (more ions)
Group I metals (soft metals) are stored under oil

12. BaSO4
Insoluble
Anode
States related to IMF magnitude (dispersion) - iodine-silvery grey solid - chlorine-yellowish green gas - bromine-brown volatile liquid - poisonous and reactive - good oxidizing agents -
Monomer + monomer = polymer product + a simple molecule such as water or HCl

13. What is the formula of copper (II) phosphate?
ROR
no - they're written undissociated (HAaq)
Cu3(PO4)2
Nothing

14. How are more active metals reduced?
O2 needs 4F/mol H2 needs 2F/mol
An active metal.
by electrolysis
CnH(2n+2)

15. State whether K is high or low and whether H2O a product or reactant for the following reactions: a) neutralization. b) dissociation in water.
zero
oxidizing - (F2 is the best) - reducing (ex: Li - Na).
no - they're written undissociated (HAaq)
neutralization: high K - H2O product dissociation: low K - H2O reactant

16. What shape is carbon dioxide?
linear
Pale purple - (orange)-yellow - red - blue - green.
Insoluble except nitrate and acetate
Acid rain - dissolves marble buildings/statues and kills trees.

17. What are two allotropes of carbon?
Current - time and charge on ion (moles of e used in half cell reaction)
diamond and graphite
0.10M HCl (more ions)
O2 needs 4F/mol H2 needs 2F/mol

18. What is the energy you must put into a reaction to make it start called?
Initiation energy (NOT Ea)
Good catalysts - form multiple oxidation states - often paramagnetic - good structural metals - form a host of alloys (similar sized atoms) - have similar I energies (inner filling)
0 and 14
Clear

19. What type of compounds are almost always colored?
No - NH3 and HCl gases are extremely soluble
Transition element compounds (except if it has a full or empty d shell)
do not change
R=8.31 J/mol/K

20. What are the prefixes used to name organic alkanes with varying number of carbon atoms? (Up to ten carbons)
Ksp = 27s4
RCOR
Meth - eth - prop - but - pent - hex - hept - oct - non - dec
ClO2?

21. Where are group I metals stored?
Hg²?
Group I metals (soft metals) are stored under oil
CO (poisonous)
Most INsoluble except group 1 and ammonium

22. Is the standard entropy (S°) of an element zero?
atoms
No - NH3 and HCl gases are extremely soluble
Q=It (time in seconds)
But S° of element is not zero (except at 0K)

23. What are allotropes?
E=q + w (negative is by system - positive is on system)
different forms of the same element
Acidic solutions (Ex: [Fe(H2O)6]³? + H2O = Fe(H2O)5OH]²? + H3O?)
brown volatile liquid

24. How many normal boiling points and boiling points are there?

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25. What is the general formula for alkyl halides?
C4H10
RX
Concentration
blue

26. What is the relationship between Rate and Molar Mass for two gases? Velocity and Temperature? Energy and Temperature?
are less dense than water
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
[A?]/[HA] x 100 or [BH?]/[B] x 100
blue glass - it filters UV

27. dihydrogen phosphate
Insoluble except for nitrate and acetate
bent
H2PO4?
Increases down group 1 decreases down group 17

28. One mole of electrons carries 96500Coulombs - what is this quantity called?

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29. The oxidation numbers of the metals or nonmetals ___________ during such a reaction
How close results are to the accepted value
hydroxides (ex: Ba(OH)2)
do not change
An active metal.

30. What is the hybridization for a given atom with four single bonds? one double and two single bonds? two double bonds? one triple and one single bond? two single bonds and two lone pairs? three single bonds and one lone pair?
Soluble except Ag - Pb - Ca - Sr Ba)
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.
All single: sp³ - one double: sp² - two doubles: sp - one triple: sp - two single and two lone pairs: sp³ - three single and one lone pair: sp³
Selective absorption

31. phosphates
Most INsoluble except group 1 and ammonium
Acids; HCOOCH3 is an ester
K1 x K2
RCOOH

32. mercury (II) ion
Acidic solutions (Ex: [Fe(H2O)6]³? + H2O = Fe(H2O)5OH]²? + H3O?)
Suniverse increases for spontaneous processes
Hg²?
RNH2

33. What do group I/II metal oxides plus water form?
Acidified
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
bases
Salt and water

34. What is the relationship between Rate and Molar Mass for two gases? Velocity and Temperature? Energy and Temperature?
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
RX
0.10M HCl (more ions)
K2

35. What measuring device would you use for very small volumes of liquids?
Ppt will NOT form (unsaturated)
Pipette (burette if need repetition)
proton donor base
Ksp = s²

36. hydroxides
Temperature increase the endothermic k more (hence increasing T moves equilibrium in the endothermic direction)
Salts (ex: CaO + SO2 ? CaSO3)
Optical isomers contain at least one chiral (asymmetric) C atom which is a C atom that has four different groups attached to it.
Insoluble (except group 1 ammonium and Ba)

37. What part of a liquid do you look at to measure its volume?
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
CH3COO?
Increases for endo - (becomes more soluble) decreases (becomes less soluble) for exo.
Read the bottom of the meniscus

38. acetates
Ksp = 27s4
'non-active' metals such as Cu - Ag - Au - Pt - etc.
Soluble
benzene has a delocalized pi ring structure

39. hydroxide
Check for air bubbles in the buret and remove the buret funnel from the buret
All except for lithium
Initiation energy (NOT Ea)
OH?

40. What can form during the combustion of hydrocarbons in a limited supply of oxygen?
CO (poisonous)
H3PO4
linear
Group 1 hydroxides (ex: NaOH)

41. For what types of substances does the solid/liquid equilibrium line on a phase diagram slope LEFT?
ethers
ion pairing
water and substances with (s) less dense than
Soluble except Ag - Pb - Ca - Sr Ba)

42. halides
Most are soluble except Ag - Pb
Hg2²?
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
Acids; HCOOCH3 is an ester

43. What is the general formula for an amine?
RNH2
non-metal oxides and hydrides are covalently bonded and are acidic.
Meth - eth - prop - but - pent - hex - hept - oct - non - dec
Increases down group 1 decreases down group 17

44. What do metal oxides plus non- metal oxides form?
do not change
Salts (ex: CaO + SO2 ? CaSO3)
WA/SB: pH>7 SA/WB: pH<7 SA/SB: pH=7
Hg²?

45. Which of the rates changes more when temperature is increased?
Temperature increase the endothermic k more (hence increasing T moves equilibrium in the endothermic direction)
Salts (ex: CaO + SO2 ? CaSO3)
Heat a test tube at an angle at the side of the tube (not bottom)
Lack of rotation of groups around a double bond. (cis has groups on same side - trans on opposite sides)

46. What apparatus do you use to pour liquids?
HClO4
NH4?
#ligands=charge x2
Pour liquids using a funnel or down a glass rod

47. What two compounds are great oxidizing agents?

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48. What equipment do you need for a titration?
Purple
Tetrahedral
S2O3²?
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask

49. What things should you remember to do when collecting gas over water?
look for changes in oxidation # - the one that goes up is oxidized and is the RA
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
Most INsoluble except group 1 and ammonium
water and substances with (s) less dense than

50. How many normal boiling points and boiling points are there?

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