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AP Chemistry 2

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. For a dibasic acid (H2A) - [A²?]= ____ ?
Heat a test tube at an angle at the side of the tube (not bottom)
Group 1 hydroxides (ex: NaOH)
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.
K2

2. Does Benzene react by addition or substitution?
ClO2?
?H-kJ - ?S-J - ?G-kJ
Suniverse increases for spontaneous processes
it reacts by substitution NOT addition

3. bromine
Ions go through the salt bridge - electrons go through metal wires in the external circuit
ROH
brown volatile liquid
Molecules with the same molecular formulas - but different structural formulas

4. Alcohols and _______ are FG isomers
Molecules with the same molecular formulas - but different structural formulas
All single: sp³ - one double: sp² - two doubles: sp - one triple: sp - two single and two lone pairs: sp³ - three single and one lone pair: sp³
CnH2n
ethers

5. How many faradays of electric charge do you need to produce one mole of O2? H2?
Check for air bubbles in the buret and remove the buret funnel from the buret
Ions go through the salt bridge - electrons go through metal wires in the external circuit
O2 needs 4F/mol H2 needs 2F/mol
They stay the same.

6. What is the first law of thermodynamics?
But S° of element is not zero (except at 0K)
E=q + w (negative is by system - positive is on system)
fractional distillation
Trigonal pyramidal

7. oxalate
Primary alcohols are partially oxidized to aldehydes and then totally oxidized to acids (wine to vinegar)
A substance that can act as an acid or a base. ex. water - HCO3? ion etc.
HClO4
C2O4²?

8. What are two substances that sublime at 1 atm when heated?
zero-th: decreases - first: constant - second: increases
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
HClO4
#ligands=charge x2

9. What are amphoteric oxides?
Oxides that react with both acids (make salts + water) AND bases (forms complex ion - ex: ZnO and Al2O3 in bases make Zn(OH)4²? and Al(OH)4? or Al(OH)6³?)
Insoluble except for nitrate and acetate
T increases exponentially the proportion of molecules with E > Ea
Thermo: R=8.31J/mol/K - gas calculations: R=.0821 L atm/mol/K or 62.4L mmHg/mol/K

10. What is the pH of a salt made from a WA/SB? SA/WB? SA/SB?
Acidified
WA/SB: pH>7 SA/WB: pH<7 SA/SB: pH=7
blue (BTB)
H2O + CO2 (it decomposes readily)

11. Give an example of a dilute strong acid.
Molecules with the same molecular formulas - but different structural formulas
HClO4
More chaotic (ex: gases made)
RCOOH

12. Are weak acids (and bases) written dissociated?

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13. A Bronsted-Lowry acid is...
Most INsoluble except group 1 and ammonium
PO4³?
proton donor base
Ksp = 4s³

14. What is the formula for percent error?
Distillation
Greenish-yellow gas
|experimental - accepted|/accepted X 100
Ions go through the salt bridge - electrons go through metal wires in the external circuit

15. What is the formula of copper (II) phosphate?
MnO4?
Cu3(PO4)2
Kc=Kp
ClO?

16. If Q < Ksp a ppt ______
Saturated - Substitution (which requires more radical conditions)
Ppt will NOT form (unsaturated)
Group 1 hydroxides (ex: NaOH)
CnH2n

17. What are the common strong bases?
The benzene ring (or more correctly the phenyl group - C6H5)
Reverse most negative E° and add voltages to get Ecell (or take absolute difference between Ered values)
Group 1 hydroxides (ex: NaOH)
Salt - Carbon dioxide and water.(latter also known as carbonic acid H2CO3)

18. What measuring device would you use for very small volumes of liquids?
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
Acidified
How close results are to the accepted value
Pipette (burette if need repetition)

19. What causes the dramatic effect of T on rate?
T increases exponentially the proportion of molecules with E > Ea
atoms
Current - time and charge on ion (moles of e used in half cell reaction)
CnH2n+1 often designated 'R' ex C3H7 is propyl

20. What is the sign of the cathode in voltaic cells? in electrolytic cells?
Ksp = s²
voltaic: + electrolytic: -
OH?
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.

21. What type of compounds are almost always colored?
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
White precipitate
All except for lithium
Transition element compounds (except if it has a full or empty d shell)

22. Do anions flow to the cathode or anode?
CnH(2n+2)
H2O + CO2 (it decomposes readily)
Anode
Whether or not they can form H-bonds with water (ex: Ethyl alcohol is soluble but dimethyl ether is not)

23. Esters smell like _______ and amines smell like _______ and are ______.
Reduction always takes place at the cathode (RED CAT) In both types of cell!
Insoluble
fruit - fish - bases
Products - reactants (except for BDE when it's reactants - products)

24. What equipment do you need for a titration?
Synthesis - separation and purification of the product and its identification.
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask
Salt + water
non-metal oxides and hydrides are covalently bonded and are acidic.

25. What apparatus do you use to pour liquids?
Meth - eth - prop - but - pent - hex - hept - oct - non - dec
Trigonal pyramidal
Pour liquids using a funnel or down a glass rod
Anode

26. nitrate
But S° of element is not zero (except at 0K)
Insoluble except for nitrate and acetate
NO3?
Check for air bubbles in the buret and remove the buret funnel from the buret

27. To decide if a ppt forms when solutions are mixed - what is the first thing you have to remember?
CO3²?
The dilution effect when the solutions mix. M1V1 = M2V2
RNH2
bases

28. A geometric (or cis-trans) isomer exists due to.....
Lack of rotation of groups around a double bond. (cis has groups on same side - trans on opposite sides)
?H formation of an element in standard state=0
OH- and NH3
There's one normal boiling point (1 atm) - but many boiling points (P dependent)

29. What is the slope of the graph of lnk vs. 1/T?
-Ea/R
Sulfur
All except for lithium
Anode - oxygen. Cathode - hydrogen

30. BaSO4
Insoluble
Anode
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
Conjugate pair (one must be a weak base or acid)

31. What process do you use to obtain the precipitate from a solution?
Filtration
Anode
proton donor base
bent

32. What is H2CO3 (carbonate acid) usually written as?
Mention effective nuclear charge (shielding) and distance of outer electrons from the nucleus
Combine the equations for the half reactions in the non-spontaneous direction
H2O + CO2 (it decomposes readily)
zero

33. What is the formula for obtaining charge flowing in a cell?
methyl formate
Read the bottom of the meniscus
Q=It (time in seconds)
Hydrogen (active metals are metals with more negative reduction potentials in E° chart)

34. What apparatus do you use to separate 2 immiscible liquids?
Separating funnel
OH- and NH3
Heptane
water and substances with (s) less dense than

35. Nonmetals are good _____ agents. Metals are good _______ agents.
Add acid to water so that the acid doesn't boil and spit
blue (BTB)
oxidizing - (F2 is the best) - reducing (ex: Li - Na).
atoms

36. How does benzene compare in reactivity to alkenes?
blue (BTB)
ionic and form hydrogen and hydroxide
Two forms of the same element (same Z) with different # of neutrons and similar chemical properties
benzene is less reactive than alkenes

37. What do group I/II metal oxides and acids form?
T increases exponentially the proportion of molecules with E > Ea
S2O3²?
Orange
Salt and water

38. What are allotropes?
ion pairing
S2O3²?
different forms of the same element
diamond and graphite

39. What is the general formula for an alcohol?
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
S crystal at 0K=0
ROH
Good catalysts - form multiple oxidation states - often paramagnetic - good structural metals - form a host of alloys (similar sized atoms) - have similar I energies (inner filling)

40. What is the word equation for condensation polymerisation ?
methyl formate
Group 1 hydroxides (ex: NaOH)
HNO3 - (nitric) H2SO4 -(sulfuric) HCl -(hydrochloric) HBr -(hydrobromic) HI - (hydroiodic) HClO4 (perchloric)
Monomer + monomer = polymer product + a simple molecule such as water or HCl

41. barium sulfate
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
T increases exponentially the proportion of molecules with E > Ea
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
White precipitate

42. dichromate
Equivalence point is the titrant volume when the moles of acid and base are stoichiometrically equal; end point is the titrant volume when the color of the indicator permanently changes. If you choose the correct indicator - they should occur at the
atoms
Cr2O7²?
it reacts by substitution NOT addition

43. What are isotopes?
Nothing
ethers
S crystal at 0K=0
Two forms of the same element (same Z) with different # of neutrons and similar chemical properties

44. How are non-metal oxides and hydrides bonded? are they acidic or basic?
Mono; di; tri; tetra; penta; hexa.
Pale yellow
non-metal oxides and hydrides are covalently bonded and are acidic.
Nothing

45. When combining half equations - what do you do to E° values when multiplying coefficients?
small size and high charge
Orange
Synthetic condensation polymer (aka a polyamide)
Nothing

46. What is the relationship between Rate and Molar Mass for two gases? Velocity and Temperature? Energy and Temperature?
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
Exothermic (?H for ANY sa/sb = -57kJ/mol)
?H formation of an element in standard state=0
CnH2n-2

47. acetates
Saturated - Substitution (which requires more radical conditions)
bright yellow
Soluble
All single: sp³ - one double: sp² - two doubles: sp - one triple: sp - two single and two lone pairs: sp³ - three single and one lone pair: sp³

48. Is the standard entropy (S°) of an element zero?
K2
ClO2?
Monomer + monomer = polymer product + a simple molecule such as water or HCl
But S° of element is not zero (except at 0K)

49. What effect does increasing the size/surface area of a voltaic cell have on the cell?
proton donor base
No effect on Voltage (hetero) but will increase current possible (surface area increases rate of reaction)
Pipette (burette if need repetition)
Insoluble

50. If Q > Ksp - then system shifts _______ and ppt ______
Whether or not they can form H-bonds with water (ex: Ethyl alcohol is soluble but dimethyl ether is not)
left - ppt will form
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
look for changes in oxidation # - the one that goes up is oxidized and is the RA