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AP Chemistry 2

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. Name some properties of Group 17
Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds
H2PO4?
Nothing
States related to IMF magnitude (dispersion) - iodine-silvery grey solid - chlorine-yellowish green gas - bromine-brown volatile liquid - poisonous and reactive - good oxidizing agents -

2. What is the general formula of an alkane?
Hg2²?
Distillation
atoms
CnH(2n+2)

3. What process do you use to separate two liquids with different boiling points?
Graduated cylinder
fractional distillation
Greenish-yellow gas
Ppt will NOT form (unsaturated)

4. What complex ion does ammonia form with silver? copper? cadmium? zinc?
strong acids/bases are written as H+ or OH- ions
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
[Ag(NH3)2]? - [Cu(NH3)4]²? - [Cd(NH3)4]²? - [Zn(NH3)4]²?
Soluble

5. What is the 'virtual' Ka for the complete dissociation of a dibasic acid?
K1 x K2
4 sigma bonds-109° - sp³ - one double bond-120° - sp² two double bonds-180° - sp one triple bond-180° - sp
Evaporation
Distillation

6. Name 2 ways in which you can create a buffer?
Add acid to water so that the acid doesn't boil and spit
1) Add together a weak base with a salt of that base made with a strong acid. (or visa versa) 2) by partially neutralizing a weak base with a strong acid or weak acid with a strong base. (Ex: 0.2 mol NH3 + 0.1 mol HCl)
zero
Greenish-yellow gas

7. What is the test for hydrogen?
chemically (ex: with carbon)
Only temperature
lighted splint (positive result=pop)
-Ea/R

8. Is the freezing of ice endothermic or exothermic?
Exothermic
#ligands=charge x2
Both electrons come from the same atom (just as good as a regular bond)
Salt and water

9. cyanide
Big K=kf/kr
CN?
1) Add together a weak base with a salt of that base made with a strong acid. (or visa versa) 2) by partially neutralizing a weak base with a strong acid or weak acid with a strong base. (Ex: 0.2 mol NH3 + 0.1 mol HCl)
A salt solution.

10. nitrates
benzene is less reactive than alkenes
it's lower and occurs over less sharp a range
Soluble
CnH2n+1 often designated 'R' ex C3H7 is propyl

11. What is the word equation for condensation polymerisation ?
Insoluble
Monomer + monomer = polymer product + a simple molecule such as water or HCl
NO3?
ns² electrons (first in-first out)

12. Buffer capacity must contain decent amounts of a ________ ________
Conjugate pair (one must be a weak base or acid)
red - green - blue
Salt and water
CnH2n

13. What do the 'a' and 'b' in Van Der Waal's equation allow for?
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
Evaporation
Glowing splint (positive result=relights)
|experimental - accepted|/accepted X 100

14. What is Ksp in terms of molar solubility ('s') for an electrolyte A2B or AB2?
Most are soluble except Ag - Pb
Meth - eth - prop - but - pent - hex - hept - oct - non - dec
Ksp = 4s³
RCOOR

15. perchlorate
hydroxides (ex: Ba(OH)2)
ClO4?
The benzene ring (or more correctly the phenyl group - C6H5)
H2O + CO2 (it decomposes readily)

16. What is the hybridization for a given atom with four single bonds? one double and two single bonds? two double bonds? one triple and one single bond? two single bonds and two lone pairs? three single bonds and one lone pair?
Check for air bubbles in the buret and remove the buret funnel from the buret
Acid spill-NaHCO3 (baking soda) base spill-acetic acid (vinegar)
All single: sp³ - one double: sp² - two doubles: sp - one triple: sp - two single and two lone pairs: sp³ - three single and one lone pair: sp³
Synthesis - separation and purification of the product and its identification.

17. Which value of R do you use for all energy and kinetics calculations?
R=8.31 J/mol/K
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.
Nothing
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels

18. What part of a liquid do you look at to measure its volume?
Read the bottom of the meniscus
Greenish-yellow gas
No - NH3 and HCl gases are extremely soluble
ClO2?

19. Name six characteristics of transition elements (or their compounds)
But S° of element is not zero (except at 0K)
Increases down group 1 decreases down group 17
Glacial acetic acid
Good catalysts - form multiple oxidation states - often paramagnetic - good structural metals - form a host of alloys (similar sized atoms) - have similar I energies (inner filling)

20. Are weak acids (and bases) written dissociated?

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21. What do group I/II metal oxides and acids form?
Insoluble except nitrate and acetate
Products - reactants (except for BDE when it's reactants - products)
Filtration
Salt and water

22. What are the signs of ?G and E° for spontaneous reactions?
E=q + w (negative is by system - positive is on system)
A salt solution.
Check for air bubbles in the buret and remove the buret funnel from the buret
?G=negative - E° must be positive

23. How does the KE and PE of ice at 0°C compare to the KE and PE of water at 0°C?
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
ionic and form hydrogen and hydroxide
zero
H+

24. What device would you use to measure a volume of gas?
Eudiometer
CnH2n
A substance that can act as an acid or a base. ex. water - HCO3? ion etc.
Potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate (they're clues that a reaction will be redox)

25. How many faradays of electric charge do you need to produce one mole of O2? H2?
Thermo: R=8.31J/mol/K - gas calculations: R=.0821 L atm/mol/K or 62.4L mmHg/mol/K
Mention effective nuclear charge (shielding) and distance of outer electrons from the nucleus
O2 needs 4F/mol H2 needs 2F/mol
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)

26. What do you need to make a polymer?
Heptane
voltaic: + electrolytic: -
A monomer with a double bond OR two monomers with an arrangement of FGs that allows them to react repeatedly with one another (ex. OH and COOH)
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2

27. How do you clean a buret/pipette for a titration?
A substance that can act as an acid or a base. ex. water - HCO3? ion etc.
Alkali ion - OH? - and H2 (phenolphthalein goes pink - thus 'alkali' metals)
Synthesis - separation and purification of the product and its identification.
1. Rinse the buret/pipette with deionized water - 2. Rinse the buret/pipette with the solution you plan on filling the buret/pipette with.

28. What are the formulas for q?
do not change
q=mc?T q=mL (or n x ?h)
Trigonal pyramidal
no - they're written undissociated (HAaq)

29. What shape is methane?
NH4?
Tetrahedral
An active metal.
acid + alcohol

30. What is the general formula for an aldehyde?
Only temperature
RCHO (carbonyl at end)
Evaporation
?G= -ve - E°= +ve

31. How are non-metal oxides and hydrides bonded? are they acidic or basic?
Glowing splint (positive result=relights)
non-metal oxides and hydrides are covalently bonded and are acidic.
[Ag(NH3)2]? - [Cu(NH3)4]²? - [Cd(NH3)4]²? - [Zn(NH3)4]²?
Meth - eth - prop - but - pent - hex - hept - oct - non - dec

32. What is the formula for summation?

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33. When a cell is 'flat' What is its voltage?
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
Acidic solutions (Ex: [Fe(H2O)6]³? + H2O = Fe(H2O)5OH]²? + H3O?)
Ions go through the salt bridge - electrons go through metal wires in the external circuit
zero

34. hypochlorite
Saturated - Substitution (which requires more radical conditions)
Orange
ClO?
Synthetic condensation polymer (aka a polyamide)

35. sulfates
yellow
Soluble except Ag - Pb - Ca - Sr Ba)
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
E=q + w (negative is by system - positive is on system)

36. What process do you use to obtain a solvent from a solution?
Distillation
Heat a test tube at an angle at the side of the tube (not bottom)
Q=It (time in seconds)
Mention effective nuclear charge (shielding) and distance of outer electrons from the nucleus

37. What variables effect the moles of substance liberated in electrolysis. (a.k.a. Faraday's Laws)
Alkali ion - OH? - and H2 (phenolphthalein goes pink - thus 'alkali' metals)
non-metal oxides and hydrides are covalently bonded and are acidic.
benzene has a delocalized pi ring structure
Current - time and charge on ion (moles of e used in half cell reaction)

38. What is accuracy?
oxidizing - (F2 is the best) - reducing (ex: Li - Na).
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.
Unsaturated - addition (ex: decolorize bromine solution)
How close results are to the accepted value

39. What are hybrid orbitals used for?
|experimental - accepted|/accepted X 100
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
Making sigma bonds and holding lone pairs
Hg²?

40. What apparatus do you use to separate 2 immiscible liquids?
Separating funnel
blue (BTB)
K2
The benzene ring (or more correctly the phenyl group - C6H5)

41. What are amphoteric oxides?
zero-th: decreases - first: constant - second: increases
Tetrahedral
Oxides that react with both acids (make salts + water) AND bases (forms complex ion - ex: ZnO and Al2O3 in bases make Zn(OH)4²? and Al(OH)4? or Al(OH)6³?)
neutralization: high K - H2O product dissociation: low K - H2O reactant

42. How do you explain trends in atomic properties using Coulomb's Law?
Mention effective nuclear charge (shielding) and distance of outer electrons from the nucleus
They have high ionization energies (due to high nuclear charge and no shielding) and cannot add electrons due to full valence shell
Salt - Carbon dioxide and water.(latter also known as carbonic acid H2CO3)
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)

43. What are two substances that sublime at 1 atm when heated?
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
A substance that can act as an acid or a base. ex. water - HCO3? ion etc.
Monomer + monomer = polymer product + a simple molecule such as water or HCl
CrO4²?

44. What changes Keq?
Potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate (they're clues that a reaction will be redox)
RCHO (carbonyl at end)
All except for lithium
Only temperature

45. What steps do organic labs consist of?
Cr2O7²?
CH3COO?
Synthesis - separation and purification of the product and its identification.
benzene has a delocalized pi ring structure

46. What type of polymer is nylon?
The compound with the lowest Ksp value.
Trigonal pyramidal
chemically (ex: with carbon)
Synthetic condensation polymer (aka a polyamide)

47. Name C7H16
K1 x K2
Heptane
Combine the equations for the half reactions in the non-spontaneous direction
Hg2²?

48. Why are i factors (Van't Hoff factors) often less than ideal?
All single: sp³ - one double: sp² - two doubles: sp - one triple: sp - two single and two lone pairs: sp³ - three single and one lone pair: sp³
OH?
ion pairing
Hg²?

49. At what point during titration do you have the perfect buffer - and what is the pH at this point?
White precipitate
At half equivalence - pH=pKa
Saturated organic compounds contain single bonds in their carbon skeleton. Unsaturated have at least one double or triple bond.
Oxides that react with both acids (make salts + water) AND bases (forms complex ion - ex: ZnO and Al2O3 in bases make Zn(OH)4²? and Al(OH)4? or Al(OH)6³?)

50. What process takes place at the cathode in an electrochemical cell? In an electrolytic cell?
CnH2n+2
Reduction always takes place at the cathode (RED CAT) In both types of cell!
Insoluble (except group 1 ammonium and Ba)
CnH2n

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AP Chemistry 2

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