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AP Chemistry 2

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How are strong ones written?
Most are soluble except Ag - Pb
strong acids/bases are written as H+ or OH- ions
Whether or not they can form H-bonds with water (ex: Ethyl alcohol is soluble but dimethyl ether is not)
They stay the same.

2. What is the general formula for an alcohol?
Pipette (burette if need repetition)
acids
ROH
zero

3. Alkenes are ________ and react by __________
Unsaturated - addition (ex: decolorize bromine solution)
Acid rain - dissolves marble buildings/statues and kills trees.
Purple
lighted splint (positive result=pop)

4. What shape is ammonia?
Group I metals (soft metals) are stored under oil
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
Meth - eth - prop - but - pent - hex - hept - oct - non - dec
Trigonal pyramidal

5. What causes the dramatic effect of T on rate?
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
T increases exponentially the proportion of molecules with E > Ea
brown volatile liquid
Soluble

6. What can form during the combustion of hydrocarbons in a limited supply of oxygen?
S2O3²?
CO (poisonous)
0 and 14
More chaotic (ex: gases made)

7. To decide if a ppt forms when solutions are mixed - what is the first thing you have to remember?
ClO?
T increases exponentially the proportion of molecules with E > Ea
methyl formate
The dilution effect when the solutions mix. M1V1 = M2V2

8. Color is due to ______ _______ of light.
Selective absorption
The compound with the lowest Ksp value.
Oxides that react with both acids (make salts + water) AND bases (forms complex ion - ex: ZnO and Al2O3 in bases make Zn(OH)4²? and Al(OH)4? or Al(OH)6³?)
No effect on Voltage (hetero) but will increase current possible (surface area increases rate of reaction)

9. What do you use for an acid spill? base spill?
Concentration
They decrease (or could be the same if the solid has ONLY JUST disappeared)
Acid spill-NaHCO3 (baking soda) base spill-acetic acid (vinegar)
Orange

10. How do you identify which is oxidized or otherwise?
look for changes in oxidation # - the one that goes up is oxidized and is the RA
fractional distillation
No effect on Voltage (hetero) but will increase current possible (surface area increases rate of reaction)
A monomer with a double bond OR two monomers with an arrangement of FGs that allows them to react repeatedly with one another (ex. OH and COOH)

11. What is the conjugate acid of H2PO4?
H3PO4
non-metal oxides and hydrides are covalently bonded and are acidic.
Primary alcohols are partially oxidized to aldehydes and then totally oxidized to acids (wine to vinegar)
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2

12. ammonium
Distillation
Most INsoluble except group 1 and ammonium
Ignore 'x' if its K is very small compared to [reactant] (5% rule)
NH4?

13. If Q < Ksp a ppt ______
Ppt will NOT form (unsaturated)
it's lower and occurs over less sharp a range
bent
NO3?

14. lead iodide
bright yellow
ClO4?
How grouped results are
0.10M HCl (more ions)

15. acetate
Increases down group 1 decreases down group 17
Products - reactants (except for BDE when it's reactants - products)
C2O4²?
CH3COO?

16. Where are group I metals stored?
Monomer + monomer = polymer product + a simple molecule such as water or HCl
Group I metals (soft metals) are stored under oil
|experimental - accepted|/accepted X 100
States related to IMF magnitude (dispersion) - iodine-silvery grey solid - chlorine-yellowish green gas - bromine-brown volatile liquid - poisonous and reactive - good oxidizing agents -

17. Which of the rates changes more when temperature is increased?
Temperature increase the endothermic k more (hence increasing T moves equilibrium in the endothermic direction)
S crystal at 0K=0
Distillation
Reverse most negative E° and add voltages to get Ecell (or take absolute difference between Ered values)

18. chlorite
it's lower and occurs over less sharp a range
ClO2?
Big K=kf/kr
by electrolysis

19. Nonmetals are good _____ agents. Metals are good _______ agents.
-Ea/R
oxidizing - (F2 is the best) - reducing (ex: Li - Na).
red - green - blue
Suniverse increases for spontaneous processes

20. What do you need to make a polymer?
H2O + CO2 (it decomposes readily)
Acids; HCOOCH3 is an ester
A monomer with a double bond OR two monomers with an arrangement of FGs that allows them to react repeatedly with one another (ex. OH and COOH)
Synthesis - separation and purification of the product and its identification.

21. Do you use J or kJ for ?H - ?S - and ?G?
Nothing
?H-kJ - ?S-J - ?G-kJ
basic
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask

22. How do you explain trends in atomic properties using Coulomb's Law?
Mention effective nuclear charge (shielding) and distance of outer electrons from the nucleus
They stay the same.
Thermo: R=8.31J/mol/K - gas calculations: R=.0821 L atm/mol/K or 62.4L mmHg/mol/K
0.10M HCl (more ions)

23. oxalate
SO4²?
Acidified
Sulfur
C2O4²?

24. What are the names and formulas of the 6 strong acids?
Most INsoluble except group 1 and ammonium
HNO3 - (nitric) H2SO4 -(sulfuric) HCl -(hydrochloric) HBr -(hydrobromic) HI - (hydroiodic) HClO4 (perchloric)
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask
|experimental - accepted|/accepted X 100

25. What element is used to vulcanize rubber?
ROH
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
Sulfur
blue

26. What is the formula for summation?

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27. What measuring device would you use for very small volumes of liquids?
Glacial acetic acid
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
Pipette (burette if need repetition)
Heat a test tube at an angle at the side of the tube (not bottom)

28. An amphiprotic (amphoteric) species is...
Q=It (time in seconds)
A substance that can act as an acid or a base. ex. water - HCO3? ion etc.
an oxidized and reduced substance
A monomer with a double bond OR two monomers with an arrangement of FGs that allows them to react repeatedly with one another (ex. OH and COOH)

29. bromothymol
blue (BTB)
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
-Ea/R
OH?

30. carbonate
Add acid to water so that the acid doesn't boil and spit
Monomer + monomer = polymer product + a simple molecule such as water or HCl
water and substances with (s) less dense than
CO3²?

31. What do metal oxides plus acids form?
are less dense than water
Soluble
Salt + water
HNO3 - (nitric) H2SO4 -(sulfuric) HCl -(hydrochloric) HBr -(hydrobromic) HI - (hydroiodic) HClO4 (perchloric)

32. BaSO4
The compound with the lowest Ksp value.
Insoluble
MnO4?
Acid spill-NaHCO3 (baking soda) base spill-acetic acid (vinegar)

33. What does a short - sharp melting point indicate?
Identity and purity (impure compounds usually have broad & low melting points)
R=8.31 J/mol/K
Acidified
Disulfur dichloride

34. Esters smell like _______ and amines smell like _______ and are ______.
Group 1 hydroxides (ex: NaOH)
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
fruit - fish - bases
0 and 14

35. Does Kw increase or decrease with T? Why?
Increase - the dissociation of water is endothermic so increasing T favors forward direction - thus more ions.
water and substances with (s) less dense than
Ksp = 4s³
0.10M HCl (more ions)

36. What do acids plus active metals form?
Hydrogen (active metals are metals with more negative reduction potentials in E° chart)
Acid spill-NaHCO3 (baking soda) base spill-acetic acid (vinegar)
metal oxides and hydrides are ionically bonded and basic
Kc=Kp

37. What is the general formula for a ketone?
Salt + water
Salt and water
RCOR
All except for lithium

38. What process do you use to separate two liquids with different boiling points?
ROH
fractional distillation
boiling without losing volatile solvents/reactants
are less dense than water

39. What is the word equation for condensation polymerisation ?
Big K=kf/kr
RCOOR
Monomer + monomer = polymer product + a simple molecule such as water or HCl
bases

40. A geometric (or cis-trans) isomer exists due to.....
Lack of rotation of groups around a double bond. (cis has groups on same side - trans on opposite sides)
Most are soluble except Ag - Pb
Alkali ion - OH? - and H2 (phenolphthalein goes pink - thus 'alkali' metals)
Selective absorption

41. What is precision?
A substance that can act as an acid or a base. ex. water - HCO3? ion etc.
Combine the equations for the half reactions in the non-spontaneous direction
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)
How grouped results are

42. potassium permanganate
Purple
0.10M HCl (more ions)
Time?¹ - (ex. s?¹ - hr?¹ - etc)
Tetrahedral

43. What are the products for these common oxidizing agents? MnO4? - CrO4²? - Cr2O7²?
Hydrogen (active metals are metals with more negative reduction potentials in E° chart)
ClO?
Mn²? - Cr³? - Cr³
neutralization: high K - H2O product dissociation: low K - H2O reactant

44. Does the electrolyte with the lowest Ksp value have to be the least soluble? Why?
strong acids/bases are written as H+ or OH- ions
Perform ICE BOX calculation based on K1
No - it depends on the number of ions produced on dissolving.
Iodine and CO2 (dry ice)

45. If a beaker gets cold - is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? is ?H positive or negative?
look for changes in oxidation # - the one that goes up is oxidized and is the RA
Read the bottom of the meniscus
C4H10
Cold beaker=endothermic - ?H=positive (hot beaker=exothermic - ?H=negative)

46. What is accuracy?
Suniverse increases for spontaneous processes
Salt + water
How close results are to the accepted value
10?8

47. How does the KE and PE of ice at 0°C compare to the KE and PE of water at 0°C?
HNO3 - (nitric) H2SO4 -(sulfuric) HCl -(hydrochloric) HBr -(hydrobromic) HI - (hydroiodic) HClO4 (perchloric)
voltaic: - electrolytic: +
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
hydroxides (ex: Ba(OH)2)

48. Give an example of a concentrated weak acid.
Salt + water.
Glacial acetic acid
Soluble except Ag - Pb - Ca - Sr Ba)
Products - reactants (except for BDE when it's reactants - products)

49. What does the solubility of organic compounds depend on?
Whether or not they can form H-bonds with water (ex: Ethyl alcohol is soluble but dimethyl ether is not)
Both electrons come from the same atom (just as good as a regular bond)
benzene is less reactive than alkenes
do not change

50. What type of metals don't react with water or acids to form H2?

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