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AP Chemistry 2

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A Bronsted-Lowry base is...
q=mc?T q=mL (or n x ?h)
proton acceptor.
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
4 sigma bonds-109° - sp³ - one double bond-120° - sp² two double bonds-180° - sp one triple bond-180° - sp

2. What is the general formula for an aldehyde?
Increases down group 1 decreases down group 17
Mono; di; tri; tetra; penta; hexa.
RCHO (carbonyl at end)
CO (poisonous)

3. What are allotropes?
RCOR
different forms of the same element
RX
are less dense than water

4. What is accuracy?
oxidizing - (F2 is the best) - reducing (ex: Li - Na).
look for changes in oxidation # - the one that goes up is oxidized and is the RA
Soluble except Ag - Pb - Ca - Sr Ba)
How close results are to the accepted value

5. hydroxide
acid + alcohol
OH?
Molecules with the same molecular formulas - but different structural formulas
S crystal at 0K=0

6. How do you explain trends in atomic properties using Coulomb's Law?
Mention effective nuclear charge (shielding) and distance of outer electrons from the nucleus
Potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate (they're clues that a reaction will be redox)
H2PO4?
Insoluble

7. Does reactivity increase/decrease going down group 1 and group 17?
10?8
Increases down group 1 decreases down group 17
NH4?
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels

8. What changes Keq?
Purple
small size and high charge
?G=negative - E° must be positive
Only temperature

9. Esters smell like _______ and amines smell like _______ and are ______.
fruit - fish - bases
More chaotic (ex: gases made)
benzene is less reactive than alkenes
H3PO4

10. What causes the dramatic effect of T on rate?
are less dense than water
Cr2O7²?
Nothing
T increases exponentially the proportion of molecules with E > Ea

11. ____ is a Lewis acid - since it can accept a lone pair - completing its stable form - which requires two electrons.
Evaporation
H+
water and substances with (s) less dense than
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.

12. A geometric (or cis-trans) isomer exists due to.....
10?8
Acidic is when [H?] > [OH?] - basic is when [H?] < [OH?] - acidic is when [H?] = [OH?]
K2
Lack of rotation of groups around a double bond. (cis has groups on same side - trans on opposite sides)

13. What is H2CO3 (carbonate acid) usually written as?
CnH2n+2
Anode
'non-active' metals such as Cu - Ag - Au - Pt - etc.
H2O + CO2 (it decomposes readily)

14. What is the catalyst for this reaction Ester + ?
linear
an oxidized and reduced substance
catalyst=conc H2SO4
Acidic is when [H?] > [OH?] - basic is when [H?] < [OH?] - acidic is when [H?] = [OH?]

15. chlorite
same KE - but PEice<PEwater
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
ClO2?
Group I metals (soft metals) are stored under oil

16. What measuring device would you use for very small volumes of liquids?
An active metal.
ns² electrons (first in-first out)
Pipette (burette if need repetition)
Ppt will NOT form (unsaturated)

17. If ?S is positive - are the products more or less chaotic than the reactants?
More chaotic (ex: gases made)
States related to IMF magnitude (dispersion) - iodine-silvery grey solid - chlorine-yellowish green gas - bromine-brown volatile liquid - poisonous and reactive - good oxidizing agents -
atoms
ethers

18. Which of the rates changes more when temperature is increased?
Molecules with the same molecular formulas - but different structural formulas
Temperature increase the endothermic k more (hence increasing T moves equilibrium in the endothermic direction)
H3PO4
Eudiometer

19. What is the relationship between Kc and Kp if there's no ?n (gaseous molecules)?
MnO4?
But S° of element is not zero (except at 0K)
Kc=Kp
it reacts by substitution NOT addition

20. When combining half equations - what do you do to E° values when multiplying coefficients?
+4-covalent - +2-ionic
To ensure Ptot = Plab and that Pgas = Ptot-PH2O
Decant
Nothing

21. How many faradays of electric charge do you need to produce one mole of O2? H2?
[A?]/[HA] x 100 or [BH?]/[B] x 100
RX
O2 needs 4F/mol H2 needs 2F/mol
4 sigma bonds-109° - sp³ - one double bond-120° - sp² two double bonds-180° - sp one triple bond-180° - sp

22. How does the melting point of a mixture compare to the MP of a pure substance?

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23. What is the formula of copper (II) phosphate?
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
Cu3(PO4)2
'non-active' metals such as Cu - Ag - Au - Pt - etc.
bright yellow

24. What equipment do you need for a titration?
No - NH3 and HCl gases are extremely soluble
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask
1. Rinse the buret/pipette with deionized water - 2. Rinse the buret/pipette with the solution you plan on filling the buret/pipette with.
Ksp = 27s4

25. copper sulfate
by electrolysis
Cu3(PO4)2
Heat a test tube at an angle at the side of the tube (not bottom)
blue

26. What are the products for these common oxidizing agents? MnO4? - CrO4²? - Cr2O7²?
CnH2n+1 often designated 'R' ex C3H7 is propyl
Mn²? - Cr³? - Cr³
NH2?
ethers

27. What do ions and electrons travel through in a voltaic/electrolytic cell?
0.10M HCl (more ions)
Salt - Carbon dioxide and water.(latter also known as carbonic acid H2CO3)
Ions go through the salt bridge - electrons go through metal wires in the external circuit
ROH

28. Name C7H16
Heptane
Thermo: R=8.31J/mol/K - gas calculations: R=.0821 L atm/mol/K or 62.4L mmHg/mol/K
CH3COO?
Insoluble except group 1 and ammonium

29. Metal hydrides are _____ and form _______ and _______ when added to water
Meth - eth - prop - but - pent - hex - hept - oct - non - dec
Cr2O7²?
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
ionic and form hydrogen and hydroxide

30. bromine
brown volatile liquid
do not change
voltaic: + electrolytic: -
ClO3?

31. What process takes place at the cathode in an electrochemical cell? In an electrolytic cell?
0.10M HCl (more ions)
Reduction always takes place at the cathode (RED CAT) In both types of cell!
A) any range. b) 8-10 c) 4-6
CN?

32. What is the conjugate base of NH3?
Ksp = 108s5
NH2?
Unsaturated - addition (ex: decolorize bromine solution)
Q=It (time in seconds)

33. dihydrogen phosphate
C2O4²?
H2PO4?
do not change
Increases down group 1 decreases down group 17

34. A Bronsted-Lowry acid is...
Soluble
proton donor base
ns² electrons (first in-first out)
Perform ICE BOX calculation based on K1

35. What is the relationship between Rate and Molar Mass for two gases? Velocity and Temperature? Energy and Temperature?
CnH(2n+2)
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2
The one with most oxygen atoms (highest oxidation number)
H2O + CO2 (it decomposes readily)

36. Alcohols and _______ are FG isomers
ethers
CH3COO?
Supercooling can occur when cooling a solvent or solution. It occurs when there's a dip and then a rise back up to the melting point on a cooling curve.
ion pairing

37. Group 14 shows non-metal and metal characteristics. What two oxidation states do the elements in group 14 exist in?
Kc=Kp
+4 and +2 (+4 dominates top of group and +2 at bottom of group)
Molecules with the same molecular formulas - but different structural formulas
0.10M HCl (more ions)

38. What is the formula for alkenes?
HNO3 - (nitric) H2SO4 -(sulfuric) HCl -(hydrochloric) HBr -(hydrobromic) HI - (hydroiodic) HClO4 (perchloric)
Lack of rotation of groups around a double bond. (cis has groups on same side - trans on opposite sides)
acid + alcohol
CnH2n

39. lead compounds
There's one normal boiling point (1 atm) - but many boiling points (P dependent)
Insoluble except nitrate and acetate
CnH2n
OH?

40. What is the formula for percent error?
|experimental - accepted|/accepted X 100
The Faraday or Faraday's constant.
CN?
No - it depends on the number of ions produced on dissolving.

41. What do metal oxides plus acids form?
Glowing splint (positive result=relights)
The compound with the lowest Ksp value.
Salt + water
Heat a test tube at an angle at the side of the tube (not bottom)

42. iodine - iodine solution - iodine vapor
White precipitate
Products - reactants (except for BDE when it's reactants - products)
Silvery gray solid - brown - purple
ClO4?

43. How many normal boiling points and boiling points are there?

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44. Is the ?H formation of an element in standard state zero?
zero
CnH2n+1 often designated 'R' ex C3H7 is propyl
?H formation of an element in standard state=0
by electrolysis

45. lead iodide
bright yellow
Synthesis - separation and purification of the product and its identification.
ionic and form hydrogen and hydroxide
Unsaturated - addition (ex: decolorize bromine solution)

46. Esterification is...
fruit - fish - bases
All except for lithium
acid + alcohol
1) Add together a weak base with a salt of that base made with a strong acid. (or visa versa) 2) by partially neutralizing a weak base with a strong acid or weak acid with a strong base. (Ex: 0.2 mol NH3 + 0.1 mol HCl)

47. permanganate
MnO4?
basic
Two forms of the same element (same Z) with different # of neutrons and similar chemical properties
Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds

48. How are strong ones written?
Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds
strong acids/bases are written as H+ or OH- ions
RCOOH
Salt and water

49. What do metal oxides plus non- metal oxides form?
boiling without losing volatile solvents/reactants
Exothermic
Salts (ex: CaO + SO2 ? CaSO3)
Acidic is when [H?] > [OH?] - basic is when [H?] < [OH?] - acidic is when [H?] = [OH?]

50. Why are i factors (Van't Hoff factors) often less than ideal?
yellow
ClO?
ion pairing
+4 and +2 (+4 dominates top of group and +2 at bottom of group)