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AP Chemistry 2

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is HCOOCH3?
ROR
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask
Acids; HCOOCH3 is an ester
Lack of rotation of groups around a double bond. (cis has groups on same side - trans on opposite sides)

2. What do metal oxides plus acids form?
Cu3(PO4)2
Increases down group 1 decreases down group 17
?G= -ve - E°= +ve
Salt + water

3. What is the sign of the anode in voltaic cells? in electrolytic cells?
MnO4?
Decant
voltaic: - electrolytic: +
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume

4. What device would you use to measure a volume of gas?
proton acceptor.
Eudiometer
|experimental - accepted|/accepted X 100
Separating funnel

5. What do you need to make a polymer?
A monomer with a double bond OR two monomers with an arrangement of FGs that allows them to react repeatedly with one another (ex. OH and COOH)
Exothermic
Synthesis - separation and purification of the product and its identification.
ROR

6. What is Ksp in terms of molar solubility ('s') for an electrolyte AB3 or A3B?
?H-kJ - ?S-J - ?G-kJ
Glacial acetic acid
it is lower and occurs over less sharp a range
Ksp = 27s4

7. Both Acetic acid and ____________ are also functional isomers.
methyl formate
Heat to constant mass-weigh - reheat - cool - and weigh again until mass is constant
Salt and water
OH?

8. For what types of substances does the solid/liquid equilibrium line on a phase diagram slope LEFT?
it is lower and occurs over less sharp a range
Kc=Kp
water and substances with (s) less dense than
Two amino acids joined together; many amino acids joined together; lots of amino acids joined together

9. What are the bond angles and hybridization for a carbon with 4 sigma bonds? one double bond? two double bonds? one triple bond?
4 sigma bonds-109° - sp³ - one double bond-120° - sp² two double bonds-180° - sp one triple bond-180° - sp
Primary alcohols are partially oxidized to aldehydes and then totally oxidized to acids (wine to vinegar)
P2O5
NO2 and SO2 are very soluble - CO2 and O2 are somewhat soluble

10. Does Benzene react by addition or substitution?
ion pairing
it reacts by substitution NOT addition
ROH
+4 and +2 (+4 dominates top of group and +2 at bottom of group)

11. What do metal oxides plus non- metal oxides form?
hydroxides (ex: Ba(OH)2)
Salts (ex: CaO + SO2 ? CaSO3)
T increases exponentially the proportion of molecules with E > Ea
Initiation energy (NOT Ea)

12. Nonmetals are good _____ agents. Metals are good _______ agents.
zero
oxidizing - (F2 is the best) - reducing (ex: Li - Na).
Acidic is when [H?] > [OH?] - basic is when [H?] < [OH?] - acidic is when [H?] = [OH?]
r1/r2=(M2/M1)^½ - v1/v2=(T1/T2)^½ - E1/E2=T1/T2

13. ammonium/ammonium compounds
Soluble
NH2?
bent
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume

14. When is ?G zero?
basic
Saturated - Substitution (which requires more radical conditions)
?G is zero at equilibrium when spontaneity is the same in either direction (K=1)
RCOOR

15. What is the pH of a salt made from a WA/SB? SA/WB? SA/SB?
|experimental - accepted|/accepted X 100
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
CnH2n
WA/SB: pH>7 SA/WB: pH<7 SA/SB: pH=7

16. What shape is water?
bent
Ksp = 108s5
zero-th: decreases - first: constant - second: increases
Two amino acids joined together; many amino acids joined together; lots of amino acids joined together

17. What type of compounds are almost always colored?
S crystal at 0K=0
benzene is less reactive than alkenes
Transition element compounds (except if it has a full or empty d shell)
The dilution effect when the solutions mix. M1V1 = M2V2

18. What is the sign of the cathode in voltaic cells? in electrolytic cells?
Hg2²?
blue (BTB)
1. Rinse the buret/pipette with deionized water - 2. Rinse the buret/pipette with the solution you plan on filling the buret/pipette with.
voltaic: + electrolytic: -

19. Does the electrolyte with the lowest Ksp value have to be the least soluble? Why?
No - it depends on the number of ions produced on dissolving.
fractional distillation
Anode - oxygen. Cathode - hydrogen
Identity and purity (impure compounds usually have broad & low melting points)

20. What happens to the ion concentrations of a saturated solution when it is diluted and no solid solute remains?
linear
1) Add together a weak base with a salt of that base made with a strong acid. (or visa versa) 2) by partially neutralizing a weak base with a strong acid or weak acid with a strong base. (Ex: 0.2 mol NH3 + 0.1 mol HCl)
How grouped results are
They decrease (or could be the same if the solid has ONLY JUST disappeared)

21. Ions are not ______.
E=q + w (negative is by system - positive is on system)
atoms
ClO?
Increases for endo - (becomes more soluble) decreases (becomes less soluble) for exo.

22. Ca - Sr - Ba
blue
bent
Current - time and charge on ion (moles of e used in half cell reaction)
hydroxides (ex: Ba(OH)2)

23. lead iodide
bright yellow
by electrolysis
strong acids/bases are written as H+ or OH- ions
Tetrahedral

24. Colorless doesn't mean ______
buret - pipette - pipette filler - Erlenmeyer flask - volumetric flask
Clear
To ensure Ptot = Plab and that Pgas = Ptot-PH2O
blue (BTB)

25. What are the units of the first order rate constant?
Time?¹ - (ex. s?¹ - hr?¹ - etc)
Molecules with the same molecular formulas - but different structural formulas
+4 and +2 (+4 dominates top of group and +2 at bottom of group)
ClO4?

26. How do you heat a test tube?
Good catalysts - form multiple oxidation states - often paramagnetic - good structural metals - form a host of alloys (similar sized atoms) - have similar I energies (inner filling)
Heat a test tube at an angle at the side of the tube (not bottom)
[A?]/[HA] x 100 or [BH?]/[B] x 100
Greenish-yellow gas

27. What is the difference between equivalence point and end point of a titration.
Heat a test tube at an angle at the side of the tube (not bottom)
Filtration
Equivalence point is the titrant volume when the moles of acid and base are stoichiometrically equal; end point is the titrant volume when the color of the indicator permanently changes. If you choose the correct indicator - they should occur at the
different forms of the same element

28. Acids + Carbonates (bicarbonates) make?
no - they're written undissociated (HAaq)
Salt - Carbon dioxide and water.(latter also known as carbonic acid H2CO3)
Pale purple - (orange)-yellow - red - blue - green.
R=8.31 J/mol/K

29. Why are i factors (Van't Hoff factors) often less than ideal?
bent
ion pairing
WA/SB: pH>7 SA/WB: pH<7 SA/SB: pH=7
Hg²?

30. dichromate
ethers
Cr2O7²?
Increase - the dissociation of water is endothermic so increasing T favors forward direction - thus more ions.
chemically (ex: with carbon)

31. What do you use to look at burning magnesium? why?
blue glass - it filters UV
zero
A monomer with a double bond OR two monomers with an arrangement of FGs that allows them to react repeatedly with one another (ex. OH and COOH)
RNH2

32. Do anions flow to the cathode or anode?
No - NH3 and HCl gases are extremely soluble
it is lower and occurs over less sharp a range
Anode
CrO4²?

33. What process takes place at the cathode in an electrochemical cell? In an electrolytic cell?
P2O5
Reduction always takes place at the cathode (RED CAT) In both types of cell!
Insoluble except for nitrate and acetate
RX

34. What is the relative solubility of CO2 - HCl - NH3 - NO2 - O2 - and SO2?
Hydrogen (active metals are metals with more negative reduction potentials in E° chart)
NO2 and SO2 are very soluble - CO2 and O2 are somewhat soluble
Group I metals (soft metals) are stored under oil
voltaic: - electrolytic: +

35. What is precision?
Salt + water.
Combine: multiply Keq - reverse: 1/Keq - Halve coefficients: Keq^(1/2)
Making sigma bonds and holding lone pairs
How grouped results are

36. Can you collect soluble gases over water?
Ksp = 27s4
allow for the vapor pressure of water and make sure to level levels
1) Add together a weak base with a salt of that base made with a strong acid. (or visa versa) 2) by partially neutralizing a weak base with a strong acid or weak acid with a strong base. (Ex: 0.2 mol NH3 + 0.1 mol HCl)
No - NH3 and HCl gases are extremely soluble

37. The oxidation # for acid base reactions...
OH?
Distillation
do not change
HClO4

38. For a weak acid solution in water - Ka = 10?6 what is Kb for its conjugate base?
metal oxides and hydrides are ionically bonded and basic
ns² electrons (first in-first out)
10?8
No - it depends on the number of ions produced on dissolving.

39. The definition of acidic basic and neutral aqueous solutions is:
[A?]/[HA] x 100 or [BH?]/[B] x 100
blue
Acidic is when [H?] > [OH?] - basic is when [H?] < [OH?] - acidic is when [H?] = [OH?]
Salts (ex: CaO + SO2 ? CaSO3)

40. Metal hydrides are _____ and form _______ and _______ when added to water
ionic and form hydrogen and hydroxide
Hydrogen (active metals are metals with more negative reduction potentials in E° chart)
C2O4²?
|experimental - accepted|/accepted X 100

41. What shape is ammonia?
1) Add together a weak base with a salt of that base made with a strong acid. (or visa versa) 2) by partially neutralizing a weak base with a strong acid or weak acid with a strong base. (Ex: 0.2 mol NH3 + 0.1 mol HCl)
ClO3?
Trigonal pyramidal
basic

42. What value of R do you use for thermo calculations? gas calculations?
Clear
Thermo: R=8.31J/mol/K - gas calculations: R=.0821 L atm/mol/K or 62.4L mmHg/mol/K
small size and high charge
Whether or not they can form H-bonds with water (ex: Ethyl alcohol is soluble but dimethyl ether is not)

43. How does benzene compare in reactivity to alkenes?
Greenish-yellow gas
NH4?
benzene is less reactive than alkenes
H+

44. Why are i factors (Van't Hoff factors) often less than ideal?
Insoluble except group 1 and ammonium
Time?¹ - (ex. s?¹ - hr?¹ - etc)
ion pairing
voltaic: + electrolytic: -

45. What are isomers?
Current - time and charge on ion (moles of e used in half cell reaction)
CnH2n
Molecules with the same molecular formulas - but different structural formulas
Soluble

46. Acidic gases like SO2 in the atmosphere cause what environmental problems?
At half equivalence - pH=pKa
by electrolysis
Equivalence point is the titrant volume when the moles of acid and base are stoichiometrically equal; end point is the titrant volume when the color of the indicator permanently changes. If you choose the correct indicator - they should occur at the
Acid rain - dissolves marble buildings/statues and kills trees.

47. What measuring device would you use for very small volumes of liquids?
Pipette (burette if need repetition)
Soluble
ROH
Soluble

48. nitrate
-Ea/R
Thermo: R=8.31J/mol/K - gas calculations: R=.0821 L atm/mol/K or 62.4L mmHg/mol/K
NO3?
Hydrogen (active metals are metals with more negative reduction potentials in E° chart)

49. What are allotropes?
H2O + CO2 (it decomposes readily)
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume
different forms of the same element
RNH2

50. Alkanes are _________ and react by _________
Saturated - Substitution (which requires more radical conditions)
lighted splint (positive result=pop)
S2O3²?
a-IMFs - b-molecular volume

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AP Chemistry 2

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