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Dairy Cattle And Reproduction

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Sperm production
sow gestation
spermatogenesis
urethra
urethra

2. (male) Primary sex organ - produces sperm (male gamete) and male sex hormones - 2 total
Bull's fibro-elastic penis
4 major reasons for culling dairy cows
dry matter and water
testis (gonads)

3. 16-20 hours
cow estrus
penis proper
dry matter and water
estrus

4. Duct which connects epididymis to urethra of the penis. transports sperm at ejaculation. cut to sterilize male.
humans: stress level vs sperm
van deferens
dry-off time in dairy cattle
organs used in spermatogenesis

5. FEED
#1 cost in production
castration
Jersey Cow
Avg. bull specs

6. 10-37 (21) days
hormones
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
colostrum
mare estrus cycle

7. Days which have decreasing daylight hours

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8. (male) pushes the testes upward toward the body for warmth or protection
Lutinizing Hormone in males
ewe estrus cycle
rectal palpation (BSE)
dartos muscle

9. What makes the milk flow through the mammary glands?
Blood
Avg. bull specs
spermatogenesis
epididymis: definition - 3 parts - 4 functions

10. ~305 days (altough often longer due to breeding difficulties)
vagina
dairy cattle pregnancy check
Follical Stimulating in females
Dairy Cattle Lactation (standard)

11. Not under a timeline - cow can not be sold as steak
dairy cattle pregnancy check
Dairy Cattle Lactation (standard)
Grading choice
pelvis

12. (male) definition: duct located outside of the testes. 3 parts: head - body - tail. 4 Functions:concentrate sperm - store sperm - transport sperm - site of sperm maturation. entire process takes ~40-60 days
epididymis: definition - 3 parts - 4 functions
what has to happen for males for copulation to occur
Blood
van deferens

13. Hold the penis in the bulls body when not in use. releases penis before ejaculation or urination.
feeding a high producing dairy cow
Sperm growth rate
Holstein Cow
retractor muscles

14. Not being bred back into herd. horses are seasonal breeders vs. cows as anytime breeders
cow ovulation
Mares
testosterone
urethra

15. (from Jersey Islands in Great Britain) Smallest cow - least milk - highest butterfat %
femininity of a heifer
mare estrus
Jersey Cow
retractor muscles

16. Knife-loose ~1wk of growth. band-loose ~2wks of growth.
Follical Stimulating in females
ewe estrus cycle
growth lost from castration methods (knife & band)
Where livelihood is in agriculture

17. 14-19 (17) days
Lutinizing Hormone in females
humans: stress level vs sperm
mare estrus cycle
ewe estrus cycle

18. 336 days
Reasons for gestation length being affected
stag
feeding a high producing dairy cow
mare gestation

19. 147 days
why does the cow need fat deposits during pregnancy?
Dairy Cattle milking schedule
ewe gestation
you want as much sperm as possible to come in contact with the egg before ovulation. the main idea is to have the sperm already in the oviduct when the egg passes through

20. Supply nutrients for the sperm following ejaculation and deposition into the female reproductive tract
effects of BST
urethra
eminal vesicles
polyestrous

21. Examine accessory glands - also to know how big the pelvic opening is->heritable->relates to how much dystocia that bull's daughter has
Hormones from both the fetus and the mom.
cremaster muscle
van deferens
rectal palpation (BSE)

22. (LH) stimulates the Leydig cells to produce testosterone
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
castration
Lutinizing Hormone in males
sertoli cells

23. Why does estrus happen before ovulation?
you want as much sperm as possible to come in contact with the egg before ovulation. the main idea is to have the sperm already in the oviduct when the egg passes through
Lutinizing Hormone in females
1. more cost effective - 2. powdered milk is in excess production
mare ovulation

24. (male) pushes the testes outward toward the legs for a cool-down off of the body
you want as much sperm as possible to come in contact with the egg before ovulation. the main idea is to have the sperm already in the oviduct when the egg passes through
sow estrus cycle
cremaster muscle
Testicles will produce testosterone but not sperm. Bull will attempt to mate - but will be sterile

25. Look for infection - split - and rupture of the penis
pelvis
penis sizes vs delivering methods
penis and prepuce observation (BSE)
purpose of Breeding Soundness Exam (BSE) for males

26. Urinary calculi.
vulva
cow estrus cycle
things to check for in a breeding soundness exam (BSE)
kidney stones also called ________ ___________ can develop in the sigmoid flexure

27. Contains and regulates the temp of the testes for sperm production
cow estrus cycle
femininity of a heifer
scrotum
ewe gestation

28. 1. bring in new genes - 2. replace males with leg problems (difficulty breeding) Note: culling has a much greater emphasis in the dairy industry vs the beef industry.
monestrous
things to check for in a breeding soundness exam (BSE)
Culls bulls earlier (2 reasons)
Dairy Cattle Gestation

29. Can produce 200 calves naturally (~100 bulls) - top 1-2% will grade like him. everything left to chance if no AI performed
#1 cost in production
retractor muscles
cryptorchid
Avg. bull specs

30. Largest dairy cow - largest udder - highly vascular - eat 40-50% dry matter (eat alot) - most total butterfat
Holstein Cow
femininity of a heifer
mare ovulation
Dairy Cattle milking schedule

31. (FSH) causes egg to mature in females
estrus
reason for seasonal breeding periods
Lutinizing Hormone in females
Follical Stimulating in females

32. What helps regulate spermatogenesis?
Hard
ewe estrus
Hormones from both the fetus and the mom.
testosterone

33. 1. sperm is not implanted in egg until hours after breeding. 2. fetal growth has not yet finished.
Reasons for gestation length being affected
semen evaluation (BSE)
you want as much sperm as possible to come in contact with the egg before ovulation. the main idea is to have the sperm already in the oviduct when the egg passes through
seminiferous tubules

34. 1-3 days
visual evaluation (BSE)
sow estrus
Follical Stimulating in males
why does the cow need fat deposits during pregnancy?

35. What helps regulate spermatogenesis?
leydid or interstitial cells
penis and prepuce observation (BSE)
Sperm survival specs
testosterone

36. Constitute 50-90% of the volume of the ejaculate. (3 glands total: seminal vesicles - prostate gland - cowper's gland)
accessory sex glands
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Holstein Cow
1. more cost effective - 2. powdered milk is in excess production

37. 19-23 (21) days
dartos muscle
cow estrus cycle
dry-off time in dairy cattle
Size of cow in relation to the amount of milk produced

38. 283 days
leydid or interstitial cells
cow gestation
estrus
cow estrus cycle

39. Urinary calculi.
Brown Swiss Cow
humans: stress level vs sperm
Grading choice
kidney stones also called ________ ___________ can develop in the sigmoid flexure

40. Implies the amount of estrogen production
effects of estrogen
Testicles will produce testosterone but not sperm. Bull will attempt to mate - but will be sterile
vagina
femininity of a heifer

41. Milk ~305 days - dry 60 days prior to calving
stag
things to check for in a breeding soundness exam (BSE)
4 major reasons for culling dairy cows
Dairy Cattle milking schedule

42. Actual heat cycle (period)
1. more cost effective - 2. powdered milk is in excess production
sow ovulation
estrus
Jersey Cow

43. Days which have increasing daylight hours

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44. Serves as a bone cradle for the reproductive system. used greatly in palpation as a 'landmark'.
pelvis
retractor muscles
dry-off time in dairy cattle
Follical Stimulating in males

45. Can survive ~7 days in cow. vast majority <48 hours
you want as much sperm as possible to come in contact with the egg before ovulation. the main idea is to have the sperm already in the oviduct when the egg passes through
Sperm survival specs
mare gestation
penis and prepuce observation (BSE)

46. Microscopic - make sure not sterile - very few bulls are actually tested
prostaglandin
semen evaluation (BSE)
ewe estrus
castration

47. Sperm is produced here
Avg. bull specs
uterus
seminiferous tubules
growth lost from castration methods (knife & band)

48. 1. reproduction - 2. mastitis/udder problems - 3. low milk production - 4. soundness/poor feet and legs (living on concrete)
4 major reasons for culling dairy cows
Parturition
mare estrus
visual evaluation (BSE)

49. Animal which has been castrated after puberty
stag
why does the cow need fat deposits during pregnancy?
humans: stress level vs sperm
reasons for castration

50. Reproduction. more offspring leads to more feed costs - but is offset by reproduction numbers
ewe estrus
scrotum
Where livelihood is in agriculture
sperm cell