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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
cane sugar / grape concentrate
drying grapes - noble rot
2. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
cool regions
9 - 10 years
total acidity (concentration of acids)
3. What occurs during racking?
saccharomyces
clarify and aerate
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
4 tons per acre
4. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
contributes to bouquet
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
total acidity & ph
5. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
cinnamic acid
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
6. What media conditions control yeast growth?
chaptalization
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
at least a month before harvest
10 - 13%
7. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
Leuconostoc-oenus
Lactic
75 - 85%
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
8. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
clears juice from its lees
< 50 degrees F
9. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
cool regions
20% - 40%
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
10. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
cinnamic acid
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
saccharomyces bayamus
11. What are the main French oak regions?
Very early morning until noon
cloudiness & settling of particles
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
12. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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13. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
at least a month before harvest
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
tannins
14. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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15. What are the names of the main barrel shapes?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
cinnamic acid
16. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
saccharomyces
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
total acidity (concentration of acids)
17. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
18. What is the purpose of the crush?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Break skins to allow release of juice
19. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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20. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
pectins
total acidity (concentration of acids)
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
blending
21. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
Fruit set - Verasion
10 - 13%
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
22. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
contributes to bouquet
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Light - medium and heavy
23. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
Pressing whole cluster
Traditional and Export
24. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
cane sugar / grape concentrate
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
25. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
75 - 85%
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
9
Air conditioning
26. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
3
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
75 - 85%
tartaric - malic - citric
27. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
1 - 4 hours
tartaric
color - tannin and body
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
28. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
pigments - tannins - acidity
< 50 degrees F
Separate stems from must
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
29. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
cloudiness & settling of particles
acid adjustment
Acetic acid
75 - 85%
30. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
surplus & deficiency
acid adjustment
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
Fruit set - Verasion
31. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
clarify and aerate
Glucose and Fructose
Air conditioning
Break skins to allow release of juice
32. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
33. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
breaks skin's tissue
Lactic
72 - 82 degrees F
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
34. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
tartaric
Citric
Traditional and Export
1 - 4 hours
35. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
10 - 13%
cane sugar / grape concentrate
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
36. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
85 - 90%
high
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
37. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
60% free run; 65% press run
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
saccharomyces
3
38. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
30 degrees C
46 -57 degrees F
color & tannin extraction
39. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
9 - 10 years
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
40. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
< 50 degrees F
no time in loading & discharging
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
41. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Free run
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
42. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
Chardonnay
batch & continuous
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
43. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
pectins
Free run
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
44. Unfermented free run makes up what % of total extractable juice?
Leuconostoc-oenus
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
75 - 85%
tannins
45. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
85 - 90%
Very early morning until noon
Chateau and Export
46. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
Total acidity
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
pigment
47. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
Leuconostoc-oenus
non-flavonoid phenols
< 50 degrees F
Tartaric and Malic
48. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Glucose and Fructose
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
49. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
clarify and aerate
85 - 90%
surplus & deficiency
50. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
tartaric
46 -57 degrees F