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Viniculture
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Subject
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industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
clarify and aerate
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
contributes to bouquet
2. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
inhibits
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
3. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
85 - 90%
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Glucose and Fructose
cinnamic acid
4. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
Chateau and Export
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Pressing whole cluster
surplus & deficiency
5. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "short contact" occurs?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
surface of interior walls
Light - medium and heavy
1 - 4 hours
6. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
no time in loading & discharging
Fruit set - Verasion
oxidation
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
7. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
tartaric - malic - citric
8. What are the two keys stages of berry development?
Fruit set - Verasion
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
total acidity & ph
9. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
pectins
Lactic
10. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
Pressing whole cluster
color - tannin and body
acid adjustment
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
11. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
1 - 4 hours
cool regions
12. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
high
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
pectins
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
13. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Air conditioning
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
14. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
20% - 40%
Lactic
color & tannin extraction
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
15. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
batch & continuous
9 - 10 years
cane sugar / grape concentrate
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
16. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
17 - 20 degrees C
30 degrees C
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
17. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
beginning of fermentation
pigment
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
18. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
total acidity (concentration of acids)
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
19. What are three types of toasting?
Fruit set - Verasion
Break skins to allow release of juice
Tartaric and Malic
Light - medium and heavy
20. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
85 - 90%
total acidity & ph
saccharomyces bayamus
up to 24 hours
21. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
Tartaric and Malic
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
9 - 10 years
22. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
Citric
tartaric - malic - citric
< 50 degrees F
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
23. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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24. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
color & tannin extraction
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
25. What are three kinds of batch presses that have historically been used in wine production?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
30 -40 years
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
26. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
acid adjustment
inhibits
75 - 85%
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
27. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
3
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Glucose and Fructose
60% free run; 65% press run
28. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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29. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
Carbonic maceration
9 - 10 years
cinnamic acid
high
30. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
10 - 14 degrees C
surface of interior walls
Lactic
31. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
saccharomyces bayamus
Traditional and Export
Muscat
32. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Very early morning until noon
Light - medium and heavy
33. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
30 degrees C
34. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
40 -45 years
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
35. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
clarify and aerate
Total acidity
Air conditioning
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
36. What is the oak used in cork production?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
quercus suber
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
37. What are the main acids in grapes?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Tartaric and Malic
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
38. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
39. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
40 -45 years
1 - 4 hours
Pressing whole cluster
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
40. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
tannins
batch & continuous
Leuconostoc-oenus
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
41. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
saccharomyces bayamus
20% - 40%
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
42. What function does a capsule serve?
Very early morning until noon
Muscat
Chardonnay
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
43. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
2mm inside wood's surface
Lactic
< 50 degrees F
44. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
Portugal and Spain
20% - 40%
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
45. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
Chateau and Export
Carbonic maceration
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
46. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
4 tons per acre
Pressing whole cluster
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
40 -45 years
47. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
10 - 14 degrees C
Air conditioning
Pressing whole cluster
cloudiness & settling of particles
48. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
cinnamic acid
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
49. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
7 - 10 years
breaks skin's tissue
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
cloudiness & settling of particles
50. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
< 50 degrees F
2mm inside wood's surface
total acidity (concentration of acids)
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
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