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Viniculture
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Subject
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industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
Very early morning until noon
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
17 - 20 degrees C
clears juice from its lees
2. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Lactic
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Acetic acid
3. What are the names of the main barrel shapes?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
color & tannin extraction
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
4. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
total acidity & ph
cinnamic acid
Separate stems from must
9
5. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
4 tons per acre
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Carbonic maceration
9
6. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
high
Tartaric and Malic
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
7. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
Acetic acid
batch & continuous
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
8. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
60% free run; 65% press run
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
Chardonnay
9. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
breaks skin's tissue
17 - 20 degrees C
10. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
no time in loading & discharging
Muscat
11. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
drying grapes - noble rot
12. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
batch & continuous
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
13. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Separate stems from must
Portugal and Spain
pigments - tannins - acidity
14. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
Pressing whole cluster
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
< 50 degrees F
15. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
acid adjustment
saccharomyces
85 - 90%
16. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
Citric
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Total acidity
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
17. What is the purpose of the crush?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Break skins to allow release of juice
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
saccharomyces bayamus
18. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Citric
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
19. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
40 -45 years
'green' - 'leafy'
quercus suber
at least a month before harvest
20. Unfermented free run makes up what % of total extractable juice?
Separate stems from must
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
color - tannin and body
75 - 85%
21. What are the two keys stages of berry development?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
10 - 13%
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Fruit set - Verasion
22. What are three kinds of batch presses that have historically been used in wine production?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
total acidity (concentration of acids)
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
23. Sugar addition is also known by what name?
blending
chaptalization
Lactic
surface of interior walls
24. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Traditional and Export
25. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
Chardonnay
26. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
total acidity & ph
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
pigments - tannins - acidity
9 - 10 years
27. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
non-flavonoid phenols
< 50 degrees F
blending
surplus & deficiency
28. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
Acetic acid
acid adjustment
color & tannin extraction
Carbonic maceration
29. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
Very early morning until noon
inhibits
10 - 14 degrees C
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
30. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
Glucose and Fructose
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Air conditioning
60% free run; 70% press run
31. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
tannins
Air conditioning
quercus suber
20% - 40%
32. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
total acidity & ph
33. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
Chardonnay
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
34. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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35. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
high
at least a month before harvest
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Fruit set - Verasion
36. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
cinnamic acid
Air conditioning
pectins
37. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
Light - medium and heavy
pigments - tannins - acidity
10 - 13%
pectins
38. What is the depth of toasting when it is a light toast?
surface of interior walls
total acidity & ph
20% - 40%
cinnamic acid
39. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "short contact" occurs?
Lactic
17 - 20 degrees C
up to 24 hours
1 - 4 hours
40. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
high
up to 24 hours
1 - 4 hours
at least a month before harvest
41. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
Acetic acid
20% - 40%
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
42. What is a major by-product of MLF?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
Acetic acid
43. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
10 - 14 degrees C
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
saccharomyces bayamus
44. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
surplus & deficiency
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
Glucose and Fructose
45. What occurs during racking?
Portugal and Spain
drying grapes - noble rot
clarify and aerate
7 - 10 years
46. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
batch & continuous
pigments - tannins - acidity
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
47. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
1 - 4 hours
Total acidity
total acidity & ph
48. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
tannins
batch & continuous
49. What is thermo-vinification?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
50. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
contributes to bouquet
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
chaptalization
drying grapes - noble rot
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