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Viniculture
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Subject
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industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
30 -40 years
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
total acidity & ph
2. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
non-flavonoid phenols
< 50 degrees F
inhibits
60% free run; 70% press run
3. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
9 - 10 years
10 - 13%
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
pigments - tannins - acidity
4. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
no time in loading & discharging
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
Free run
5. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
6. What is tonnage per acre that is the break-even point for doing mechanical harvesting?
4 tons per acre
Hard-veggie or green flavor
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
blending
7. What is the preferred temperature range for red wine making?
72 - 82 degrees F
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
pigment
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
8. What occurs during racking?
clarify and aerate
Glucose and Fructose
10 - 13%
3
9. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
cane sugar / grape concentrate
cinnamic acid
10. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
Air conditioning
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Very early morning until noon
at least a month before harvest
11. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
Very early morning until noon
60% free run; 65% press run
72 - 82 degrees F
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
12. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
breaks skin's tissue
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
Traditional and Export
13. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
Chateau and Export
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
14. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
2mm inside wood's surface
blending
Traditional and Export
total acidity (concentration of acids)
15. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
3
color - tannin and body
20% - 40%
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
16. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Lactic
cool regions
pigment
17. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
40 -45 years
18. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
surplus & deficiency
beginning of fermentation
pigment
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
19. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
contributes to bouquet
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
surplus & deficiency
20. What group of compounds give wine color?
7 - 10 years
contributes to bouquet
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
21. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
< 50 degrees F
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
30 -40 years
22. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
Separate stems from must
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
23. What are the objectives of fining?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
no time in loading & discharging
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
24. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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25. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
concrete - iron
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
30 -40 years
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
26. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
at least a month before harvest
total acidity & ph
75 - 85%
27. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
10 - 14 degrees C
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
tartaric - malic - citric
28. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
cool regions
29. What are three types of toasting?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Light - medium and heavy
30. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
saccharomyces bayamus
Chardonnay
31. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
85 - 90%
32. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Acetic acid
Citric
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
33. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
blending
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
34. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
quercus suber
breaks skin's tissue
color - tannin and body
46 -57 degrees F
35. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
oxidation
9
Free run
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
36. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
20% - 40%
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Citric
37. What two container materials must be lined before they can be used to store wine?
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
concrete - iron
total acidity & ph
saccharomyces bayamus
38. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
Total acidity
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
contributes to bouquet
39. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
40. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
30 degrees C
Free run
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
41. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
total acidity & ph
cloudiness & settling of particles
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Chardonnay
42. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
30 -40 years
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
color & tannin extraction
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
43. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Tartaric and Malic
surplus & deficiency
46 -57 degrees F
44. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
60% free run; 65% press run
quercus suber
45. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
Portugal and Spain
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Lactic
85 - 90%
46. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
9
47. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
breaks skin's tissue
9 - 10 years
7 - 10 years
48. What is thermo-vinification?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
9
Total acidity
10 - 13%
49. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
saccharomyces
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
46 -57 degrees F
Fruit set - Verasion
50. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
drying grapes - noble rot
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