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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
Citric
9 - 10 years
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
75 - 85%
2. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
contributes to bouquet
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
3. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
tannins
1 - 4 hours
quercus suber
color - tannin and body
4. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
damage to berries is minimal
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
5. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
oxidation
color & tannin extraction
no time in loading & discharging
total acidity (concentration of acids)
6. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
< 50 degrees F
breaks skin's tissue
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
7. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
concrete - iron
contributes to bouquet
Separate stems from must
Citric
8. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
17 - 20 degrees C
Separate stems from must
no time in loading & discharging
10 - 14 degrees C
9. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
Tartaric and Malic
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Carbonic maceration
40 -45 years
10. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
3
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Total acidity
2mm inside wood's surface
11. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
total acidity & ph
non-flavonoid phenols
Air conditioning
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
12. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
cinnamic acid
13. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
Glucose and Fructose
Citric
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
Light - medium and heavy
14. What are the objectives of fining?
breaks skin's tissue
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
Traditional and Export
15. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
7 - 10 years
color - tannin and body
16. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
tartaric - malic - citric
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
17. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
Free run
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
drying grapes - noble rot
18. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
tannins
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
19. What are the names of the main barrel shapes?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
30 -40 years
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
20. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Fruit set - Verasion
tannins
60% free run; 70% press run
21. What are the main French oak regions?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
contributes to bouquet
10 - 14 degrees C
Traditional and Export
22. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
Air conditioning
color - tannin and body
pectins
batch & continuous
23. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
cinnamic acid
beginning of fermentation
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
24. How does the production of late harvest wine differ from normal still wine?
Citric
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
9 - 10 years
25. What is the purpose of racking wine?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
pigments - tannins - acidity
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
26. What 3 major components of wine are stored in skin of the grapes? These compounds are correctly called what?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
9 - 10 years
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
27. Sugar addition is also known by what name?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Very early morning until noon
chaptalization
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
28. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
30 degrees C
4 tons per acre
pigments - tannins - acidity
Portugal and Spain
29. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
Separate stems from must
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
7 - 10 years
tannins
30. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
clarify and aerate
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
damage to berries is minimal
Chateau and Export
31. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
surplus & deficiency
batch & continuous
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
32. What are the two keys stages of berry development?
non-flavonoid phenols
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Fruit set - Verasion
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
33. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
at least a month before harvest
beginning of fermentation
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
total acidity (concentration of acids)
34. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
< 50 degrees F
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
35. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
72 - 82 degrees F
3
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
color & tannin extraction
36. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
37. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
tartaric - malic - citric
cool regions
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
tartaric
38. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
contributes to bouquet
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
85 - 90%
39. What are three types of toasting?
Light - medium and heavy
Citric
Air conditioning
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
40. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
oxidation
total acidity & ph
up to 24 hours
41. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
tartaric
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Citric
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
42. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
pigments - tannins - acidity
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
cane sugar / grape concentrate
43. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
tartaric - malic - citric
10 - 14 degrees C
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
44. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
72 - 82 degrees F
Lactic
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
45. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
saccharomyces bayamus
Total acidity
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
46. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
acid adjustment
47. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
3
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
48. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
Leuconostoc-oenus
10 - 14 degrees C
49. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
drying grapes - noble rot
Glucose and Fructose
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
50. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Break skins to allow release of juice
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation