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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
Pressing whole cluster
contributes to bouquet
total acidity & ph
2mm inside wood's surface
2. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
3
contributes to bouquet
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
3. What is the oak used in cork production?
quercus suber
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
4. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
Muscat
tartaric - malic - citric
Chardonnay
cane sugar / grape concentrate
5. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
85 - 90%
4 tons per acre
6. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
saccharomyces
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Traditional and Export
Lactic
7. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
10 - 14 degrees C
60% free run; 70% press run
8. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
saccharomyces bayamus
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Pressing whole cluster
breaks skin's tissue
9. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
blending
9
Fruit set - Verasion
drying grapes - noble rot
10. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
Free run
color - tannin and body
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
'green' - 'leafy'
11. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
Chateau and Export
72 - 82 degrees F
20% - 40%
total acidity (concentration of acids)
12. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
pigments - tannins - acidity
drying grapes - noble rot
30 -40 years
no time in loading & discharging
13. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
cane sugar / grape concentrate
14. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
high
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
cane sugar / grape concentrate
15. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
< 50 degrees F
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
40 -45 years
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
16. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Hard-veggie or green flavor
17. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
non-flavonoid phenols
contributes to bouquet
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
18. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
10 - 13%
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
60% free run; 65% press run
19. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
cool regions
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
20. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
pectins
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
21. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
no time in loading & discharging
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
17 - 20 degrees C
Acetic acid
22. What is the purpose of racking wine?
46 -57 degrees F
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Portugal and Spain
23. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
Light - medium and heavy
Lactic
24. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
saccharomyces bayamus
60% free run; 65% press run
pigments - tannins - acidity
25. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Acetic acid
3
26. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Fruit set - Verasion
72 - 82 degrees F
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
27. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
blending
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Acetic acid
28. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
Chardonnay
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
17 - 20 degrees C
29. What is thermo-vinification?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
color - tannin and body
30. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
tannins
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
31. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
Very early morning until noon
Separate stems from must
46 -57 degrees F
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
32. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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33. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
inhibits
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
30 degrees C
9 - 10 years
34. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
85 - 90%
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
35. What is the common name for a fermentation technique that does not require crushing or de-stemming?
Carbonic maceration
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
non-flavonoid phenols
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
36. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Portugal and Spain
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
37. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
batch & continuous
60% free run; 65% press run
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
Chardonnay
38. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
85 - 90%
damage to berries is minimal
39. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
total acidity & ph
Pressing whole cluster
Portugal and Spain
9
40. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
no time in loading & discharging
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
acid adjustment
41. What is a major by-product of MLF?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Acetic acid
10 - 14 degrees C
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
42. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
quercus suber
43. What is the preferred temperature range for red wine making?
7 - 10 years
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
46 -57 degrees F
72 - 82 degrees F
44. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
Pressing whole cluster
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
cinnamic acid
surplus & deficiency
45. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
total acidity & ph
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Muscat
46. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
tartaric
9 - 10 years
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
Acetic acid
47. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
Very early morning until noon
Leuconostoc-oenus
Citric
Chateau and Export
48. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
concrete - iron
chaptalization
4 tons per acre
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
49. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
pigments - tannins - acidity
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Pressing whole cluster
50. What occurs during racking?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
20% - 40%
clarify and aerate