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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
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Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
clears juice from its lees
Chateau and Export
2. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
< 50 degrees F
9
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
3. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
85 - 90%
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
Portugal and Spain
4. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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5. What are three kinds of batch presses that have historically been used in wine production?
17 - 20 degrees C
total acidity & ph
high
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
6. What two container materials must be lined before they can be used to store wine?
Break skins to allow release of juice
concrete - iron
72 - 82 degrees F
saccharomyces bayamus
7. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
breaks skin's tissue
Lactic
pigments - tannins - acidity
Muscat
8. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
no time in loading & discharging
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
60% free run; 70% press run
9. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
85 - 90%
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
Very early morning until noon
Chateau and Export
10. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
Chateau and Export
drying grapes - noble rot
at least a month before harvest
9 - 10 years
11. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
tartaric - malic - citric
beginning of fermentation
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
quercus suber
12. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Chardonnay
Traditional and Export
13. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
3
30 degrees C
Separate stems from must
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
14. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
damage to berries is minimal
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
15. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
cloudiness & settling of particles
Free run
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Air conditioning
16. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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17. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Separate stems from must
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
18. What are three types of toasting?
Light - medium and heavy
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Citric
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
19. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
up to 24 hours
Citric
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
20. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
Light - medium and heavy
saccharomyces bayamus
60% free run; 65% press run
damage to berries is minimal
21. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
tartaric
cloudiness & settling of particles
Light - medium and heavy
20% - 40%
22. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
acid adjustment
tartaric
Break skins to allow release of juice
high
23. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
40 -45 years
Carbonic maceration
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
pigment
24. What are the main acids in grapes?
Tartaric and Malic
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
25. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
blending
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
26. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
up to 24 hours
Leuconostoc-oenus
9
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
27. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
batch & continuous
60% free run; 70% press run
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
28. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
drying grapes - noble rot
breaks skin's tissue
pigment
'green' - 'leafy'
29. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
non-flavonoid phenols
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
30. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
31. What is the purpose of the crush?
color & tannin extraction
Pressing whole cluster
Break skins to allow release of juice
drying grapes - noble rot
32. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "short contact" occurs?
1 - 4 hours
non-flavonoid phenols
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
33. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
34. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
damage to berries is minimal
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
concrete - iron
35. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
saccharomyces
Portugal and Spain
46 -57 degrees F
quercus suber
36. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
60% free run; 65% press run
60% free run; 70% press run
batch & continuous
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
37. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
7 - 10 years
contributes to bouquet
drying grapes - noble rot
30 degrees C
38. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
7 - 10 years
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
inhibits
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
39. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
1 - 4 hours
10 - 14 degrees C
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Traditional and Export
40. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
9
41. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
surface of interior walls
pectins
60% free run; 70% press run
42. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
non-flavonoid phenols
damage to berries is minimal
cinnamic acid
color - tannin and body
43. What is the purpose of racking wine?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
44. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
Portugal and Spain
color - tannin and body
Total acidity
Chateau and Export
45. How does the production of late harvest wine differ from normal still wine?
pectins
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
46. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
Carbonic maceration
Glucose and Fructose
blending
Separate stems from must
47. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
pigments - tannins - acidity
Tartaric and Malic
Fruit set - Verasion
48. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
Chardonnay
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
49. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
Leuconostoc-oenus
Separate stems from must
30 -40 years
damage to berries is minimal
50. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
30 -40 years
Citric
surplus & deficiency
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