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Viniculture
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Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
3
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
2. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Lactic
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
3. How does the production of late harvest wine differ from normal still wine?
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
up to 24 hours
clarify and aerate
4. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
pigment
7 - 10 years
5. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
17 - 20 degrees C
Pressing whole cluster
6. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
Citric
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Acetic acid
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
7. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
damage to berries is minimal
10 - 14 degrees C
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
8. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
pigments - tannins - acidity
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
concrete - iron
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
9. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
9
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
10. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
surplus & deficiency
tartaric
saccharomyces bayamus
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
11. What are the main French oak regions?
breaks skin's tissue
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Break skins to allow release of juice
7 - 10 years
12. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
no time in loading & discharging
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
clarify and aerate
saccharomyces
13. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
9 - 10 years
up to 24 hours
no time in loading & discharging
'green' - 'leafy'
14. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
Chardonnay
contributes to bouquet
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
10 - 14 degrees C
15. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
72 - 82 degrees F
85 - 90%
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Separate stems from must
16. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
quercus suber
tannins
17. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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18. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
Carbonic maceration
Chateau and Export
Free run
color & tannin extraction
19. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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20. What is tonnage per acre that is the break-even point for doing mechanical harvesting?
46 -57 degrees F
saccharomyces bayamus
85 - 90%
4 tons per acre
21. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
saccharomyces
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Chateau and Export
22. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
total acidity & ph
tartaric - malic - citric
Chateau and Export
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
23. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
tartaric - malic - citric
60% free run; 65% press run
surface of interior walls
Hard-veggie or green flavor
24. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
chaptalization
concrete - iron
9
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
25. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
quercus suber
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
26. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
contributes to bouquet
27. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
color - tannin and body
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
60% free run; 65% press run
28. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
Air conditioning
tartaric - malic - citric
Traditional and Export
cool regions
29. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
Chardonnay
Light - medium and heavy
75 - 85%
Pressing whole cluster
30. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
10 - 13%
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
31. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
total acidity & ph
blending
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
Hard-veggie or green flavor
32. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Chardonnay
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
33. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
Pressing whole cluster
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
Very early morning until noon
34. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
60% free run; 70% press run
cane sugar / grape concentrate
cloudiness & settling of particles
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
35. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Leuconostoc-oenus
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
36. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
quercus suber
Muscat
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
batch & continuous
37. What group of compounds give wine color?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
60% free run; 70% press run
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
beginning of fermentation
38. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
oxidation
cinnamic acid
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
39. What are the names of the main barrel shapes?
drying grapes - noble rot
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
40. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
Acetic acid
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
41. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
cinnamic acid
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
30 -40 years
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
42. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
color & tannin extraction
Hard-veggie or green flavor
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
43. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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44. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
45. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
blending
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Pressing whole cluster
46. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
40 -45 years
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
47. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
Acetic acid
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
9
Fruit set - Verasion
48. What are the objectives of fining?
75 - 85%
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
Acetic acid
72 - 82 degrees F
49. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Citric
cloudiness & settling of particles
clears juice from its lees
50. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Leuconostoc-oenus
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
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