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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What media conditions control yeast growth?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
60% free run; 65% press run
cool regions
2. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
7 - 10 years
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
10 - 14 degrees C
3. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
clears juice from its lees
Portugal and Spain
4. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
blending
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
10 - 13%
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
5. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
Citric
Lactic
Acetic acid
drying grapes - noble rot
6. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
saccharomyces
Acetic acid
7. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
clears juice from its lees
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
cool regions
tannins
8. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
tartaric
no time in loading & discharging
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
beginning of fermentation
9. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
cinnamic acid
saccharomyces
10. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
tannins
11. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
12. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
46 -57 degrees F
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
cinnamic acid
4 tons per acre
13. What occurs during racking?
clarify and aerate
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
Air conditioning
cloudiness & settling of particles
14. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
Citric
beginning of fermentation
pigment
non-flavonoid phenols
15. Why is SO2 (sulfor dioxide) added to wine in modern winemaking?
saccharomyces bayamus
Fruit set - Verasion
cinnamic acid
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
16. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
Glucose and Fructose
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Break skins to allow release of juice
total acidity (concentration of acids)
17. What is a major by-product of MLF?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Glucose and Fructose
Acetic acid
18. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Total acidity
10 - 14 degrees C
beginning of fermentation
19. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
tannins
Very early morning until noon
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Air conditioning
20. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "short contact" occurs?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Chateau and Export
1 - 4 hours
21. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
color - tannin and body
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
9 - 10 years
22. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
Chardonnay
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
17 - 20 degrees C
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
23. What are three types of toasting?
46 -57 degrees F
Light - medium and heavy
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
24. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
color - tannin and body
saccharomyces bayamus
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
25. Sugar addition is also known by what name?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
chaptalization
26. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
cloudiness & settling of particles
damage to berries is minimal
75 - 85%
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
27. What function does a capsule serve?
1 - 4 hours
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
total acidity (concentration of acids)
< 50 degrees F
28. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
Total acidity
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
29. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
acid adjustment
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
2mm inside wood's surface
30. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
Air conditioning
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
tartaric
Free run
31. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
Break skins to allow release of juice
Separate stems from must
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
32. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
blending
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
Muscat
Tartaric and Malic
33. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
40 -45 years
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
batch & continuous
Tartaric and Malic
34. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
Hard-veggie or green flavor
blending
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
35. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
non-flavonoid phenols
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Muscat
Separate stems from must
36. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
20% - 40%
damage to berries is minimal
40 -45 years
37. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
Air conditioning
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
saccharomyces
38. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
chaptalization
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
saccharomyces bayamus
non-flavonoid phenols
39. What are three kinds of batch presses that have historically been used in wine production?
Separate stems from must
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
tartaric
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
40. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
tartaric - malic - citric
blending
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Muscat
41. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
non-flavonoid phenols
60% free run; 65% press run
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
42. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
color & tannin extraction
Total acidity
1 - 4 hours
43. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
high
up to 24 hours
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
44. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
17 - 20 degrees C
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
clears juice from its lees
45. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
cloudiness & settling of particles
drying grapes - noble rot
46. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
cool regions
pectins
cloudiness & settling of particles
47. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
Citric
30 -40 years
at least a month before harvest
Lactic
48. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
cinnamic acid
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Air conditioning
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
49. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
pigments - tannins - acidity
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
cool regions
50. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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