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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What media conditions control yeast growth?
< 50 degrees F
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
2. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
Acetic acid
Leuconostoc-oenus
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
up to 24 hours
3. What are the objectives of fining?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Hard-veggie or green flavor
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
oxidation
4. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
72 - 82 degrees F
damage to berries is minimal
Air conditioning
5. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Leuconostoc-oenus
85 - 90%
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
6. What 3 major components of wine are stored in skin of the grapes? These compounds are correctly called what?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
7. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
4 tons per acre
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
cane sugar / grape concentrate
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
8. What is the common name for a fermentation technique that does not require crushing or de-stemming?
Glucose and Fructose
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
surface of interior walls
Carbonic maceration
9. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
4 tons per acre
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
10 - 14 degrees C
7 - 10 years
10. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
batch & continuous
11. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
< 50 degrees F
9 - 10 years
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
12. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Carbonic maceration
at least a month before harvest
60% free run; 70% press run
13. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Acetic acid
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
14. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Chateau and Export
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
15. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
total acidity & ph
pigment
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
surface of interior walls
16. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
17. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Citric
Glucose and Fructose
18. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
blending
Chateau and Export
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
19. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
Lactic
total acidity & ph
3
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
20. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
< 50 degrees F
inhibits
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
21. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
30 degrees C
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
Carbonic maceration
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
22. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Citric
breaks skin's tissue
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
23. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Traditional and Export
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
24. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
25. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
Fruit set - Verasion
pectins
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
26. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
tannins
inhibits
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
30 degrees C
27. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
75 - 85%
non-flavonoid phenols
20% - 40%
28. What is the purpose of the crush?
Carbonic maceration
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
Break skins to allow release of juice
29. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
cool regions
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
30. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
breaks skin's tissue
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
inhibits
Air conditioning
31. What are the main French oak regions?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
46 -57 degrees F
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
blending
32. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
'green' - 'leafy'
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
33. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
9 - 10 years
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Chardonnay
high
34. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
60% free run; 65% press run
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
Separate stems from must
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
35. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
17 - 20 degrees C
Citric
batch & continuous
color & tannin extraction
36. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
Total acidity
saccharomyces bayamus
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Pressing whole cluster
37. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
up to 24 hours
clears juice from its lees
Lactic
Citric
38. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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39. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
2mm inside wood's surface
40 -45 years
total acidity (concentration of acids)
40. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
cinnamic acid
Carbonic maceration
30 degrees C
41. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
20% - 40%
high
Fruit set - Verasion
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
42. How does the production of late harvest wine differ from normal still wine?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
tartaric - malic - citric
Pressing whole cluster
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
43. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
drying grapes - noble rot
75 - 85%
30 -40 years
44. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
acid adjustment
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Chateau and Export
inhibits
45. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Free run
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
batch & continuous
46. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
Portugal and Spain
Very early morning until noon
concrete - iron
Carbonic maceration
47. Define lees.
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
4 tons per acre
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
drying grapes - noble rot
48. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
pigment
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
oxidation
inhibits
49. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
inhibits
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Total acidity
pigments - tannins - acidity
50. Unfermented free run makes up what % of total extractable juice?
30 -40 years
75 - 85%
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
drying grapes - noble rot