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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
damage to berries is minimal
cinnamic acid
Fruit set - Verasion
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
2. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
60% free run; 65% press run
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Carbonic maceration
Break skins to allow release of juice
3. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
cloudiness & settling of particles
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
4. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
pigments - tannins - acidity
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
30 degrees C
surface of interior walls
5. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
Traditional and Export
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Light - medium and heavy
inhibits
6. What is the purpose of racking wine?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
total acidity & ph
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
7. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
1 - 4 hours
color - tannin and body
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
pigment
8. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
color & tannin extraction
inhibits
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
9. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
1 - 4 hours
batch & continuous
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
10. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Free run
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
oxidation
11. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
Glucose and Fructose
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Carbonic maceration
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
12. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
9 - 10 years
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Very early morning until noon
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
13. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
surface of interior walls
non-flavonoid phenols
Lactic
14. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
saccharomyces
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Pressing whole cluster
15. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
3
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
20% - 40%
16. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
17 - 20 degrees C
75 - 85%
Carbonic maceration
non-flavonoid phenols
17. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
17 - 20 degrees C
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
18. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
Muscat
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
'green' - 'leafy'
19. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
tartaric
saccharomyces bayamus
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
20. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
pigment
Portugal and Spain
Hard-veggie or green flavor
9
21. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
Traditional and Export
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
batch & continuous
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
22. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
no time in loading & discharging
Leuconostoc-oenus
drying grapes - noble rot
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
23. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
clarify and aerate
3
no time in loading & discharging
Air conditioning
24. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
non-flavonoid phenols
25. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
Very early morning until noon
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Portugal and Spain
26. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Citric
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
27. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
pectins
1 - 4 hours
10 - 14 degrees C
up to 24 hours
28. What are the main French oak regions?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
at least a month before harvest
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
9
29. What are the two keys stages of berry development?
cinnamic acid
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
46 -57 degrees F
Fruit set - Verasion
30. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
Lactic
Break skins to allow release of juice
Citric
31. What is a major by-product of MLF?
tartaric - malic - citric
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Acetic acid
17 - 20 degrees C
32. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Break skins to allow release of juice
cool regions
contributes to bouquet
33. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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34. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
clears juice from its lees
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
quercus suber
35. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
oxidation
60% free run; 65% press run
batch & continuous
36. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
7 - 10 years
9 - 10 years
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Citric
37. What function does a capsule serve?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
chaptalization
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Leuconostoc-oenus
38. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
damage to berries is minimal
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
total acidity (concentration of acids)
39. Cold stabilization removes what acid in must?
batch & continuous
tartaric
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
high
40. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
tartaric
'green' - 'leafy'
pigment
41. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
breaks skin's tissue
40 -45 years
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
9
42. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
10 - 14 degrees C
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Glucose and Fructose
Tartaric and Malic
43. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
Leuconostoc-oenus
tartaric - malic - citric
Free run
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
44. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
tannins
Chateau and Export
1 - 4 hours
45. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "short contact" occurs?
1 - 4 hours
Portugal and Spain
7 - 10 years
2mm inside wood's surface
46. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
drying grapes - noble rot
17 - 20 degrees C
Acetic acid
47. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
saccharomyces bayamus
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
48. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
high
blending
Hard-veggie or green flavor
17 - 20 degrees C
49. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
3
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
tannins
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
50. What are the main acids in grapes?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
oxidation
Traditional and Export
Tartaric and Malic
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