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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is tonnage per acre that is the break-even point for doing mechanical harvesting?
4 tons per acre
tartaric - malic - citric
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
2. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
saccharomyces bayamus
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
Free run
3. What are the objectives of fining?
Citric
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
cloudiness & settling of particles
inhibits
4. What 3 major components of wine are stored in skin of the grapes? These compounds are correctly called what?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Portugal and Spain
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
5. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
beginning of fermentation
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
40 -45 years
6. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
9 - 10 years
surplus & deficiency
Chardonnay
7. Define lees.
concrete - iron
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
60% free run; 70% press run
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
8. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
30 degrees C
inhibits
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
17 - 20 degrees C
9. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
total acidity (concentration of acids)
10. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
blending
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
4 tons per acre
11. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
tartaric - malic - citric
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
Separate stems from must
12. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
tartaric - malic - citric
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
13. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
cinnamic acid
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
batch & continuous
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
14. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
30 -40 years
30 degrees C
Fruit set - Verasion
breaks skin's tissue
15. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
16. How does the production of late harvest wine differ from normal still wine?
Leuconostoc-oenus
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
up to 24 hours
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
17. What are the main acids in grapes?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
Tartaric and Malic
no time in loading & discharging
18. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "short contact" occurs?
total acidity & ph
Pressing whole cluster
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
1 - 4 hours
19. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
no time in loading & discharging
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
20. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
4 tons per acre
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
21. What is a major by-product of MLF?
no time in loading & discharging
Acetic acid
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
at least a month before harvest
22. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Tartaric and Malic
Very early morning until noon
23. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
cloudiness & settling of particles
Hard-veggie or green flavor
pigments - tannins - acidity
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
24. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
pectins
inhibits
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
25. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Citric
46 -57 degrees F
60% free run; 70% press run
26. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
27. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
7 - 10 years
batch & continuous
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
60% free run; 65% press run
28. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
high
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
29. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
9
Pressing whole cluster
30. What are the names of the main barrel shapes?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
up to 24 hours
concrete - iron
31. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
46 -57 degrees F
pectins
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
cloudiness & settling of particles
32. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
up to 24 hours
cool regions
Light - medium and heavy
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
33. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
34. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
non-flavonoid phenols
total acidity & ph
35. What are three types of toasting?
1 - 4 hours
Break skins to allow release of juice
Light - medium and heavy
Chardonnay
36. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
9 - 10 years
46 -57 degrees F
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
beginning of fermentation
37. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
total acidity (concentration of acids)
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
non-flavonoid phenols
38. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
Citric
17 - 20 degrees C
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
Chateau and Export
39. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
total acidity & ph
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Light - medium and heavy
40. What is the oak used in cork production?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
30 -40 years
quercus suber
Citric
41. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
20% - 40%
Lactic
Tartaric and Malic
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
42. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Hard-veggie or green flavor
20% - 40%
43. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
at least a month before harvest
contributes to bouquet
Lactic
color - tannin and body
44. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
9 - 10 years
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
quercus suber
acid adjustment
45. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
total acidity & ph
non-flavonoid phenols
46. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
tartaric - malic - citric
Chardonnay
47. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
beginning of fermentation
Hard-veggie or green flavor
48. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
10 - 14 degrees C
total acidity (concentration of acids)
3
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
49. What is the purpose of the crush?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
7 - 10 years
Break skins to allow release of juice
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
50. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
quercus suber
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather