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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What two container materials must be lined before they can be used to store wine?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
concrete - iron
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
2. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
60% free run; 65% press run
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Very early morning until noon
3. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
cinnamic acid
30 -40 years
saccharomyces bayamus
beginning of fermentation
4. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
color & tannin extraction
Carbonic maceration
clarify and aerate
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
5. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
damage to berries is minimal
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
at least a month before harvest
Portugal and Spain
6. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
7 - 10 years
drying grapes - noble rot
beginning of fermentation
7. What function does a capsule serve?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
saccharomyces
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
8. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
Chardonnay
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
tartaric - malic - citric
9. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
46 -57 degrees F
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
60% free run; 65% press run
10. What is the purpose of the crush?
Break skins to allow release of juice
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
batch & continuous
Acetic acid
11. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
high
contributes to bouquet
Chardonnay
non-flavonoid phenols
12. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
13. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
20% - 40%
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
14. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
9 - 10 years
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
15. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
beginning of fermentation
85 - 90%
Chateau and Export
16. What are three types of toasting?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
9 - 10 years
Light - medium and heavy
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
17. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
30 degrees C
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
18. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
contributes to bouquet
19. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
10 - 14 degrees C
Acetic acid
60% free run; 70% press run
batch & continuous
20. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
tannins
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
72 - 82 degrees F
21. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
Pressing whole cluster
'green' - 'leafy'
color - tannin and body
pigment
22. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
40 -45 years
tartaric
no time in loading & discharging
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
23. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
7 - 10 years
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
24. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
breaks skin's tissue
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
batch & continuous
tannins
25. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
20% - 40%
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
26. What is the oak used in cork production?
quercus suber
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
saccharomyces bayamus
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
27. What is the purpose of racking wine?
Total acidity
Fruit set - Verasion
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
28. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
Total acidity
10 - 14 degrees C
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
tannins
29. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
pectins
Traditional and Export
total acidity (concentration of acids)
'green' - 'leafy'
30. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
beginning of fermentation
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Citric
inhibits
31. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
'green' - 'leafy'
color - tannin and body
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
32. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
Traditional and Export
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
tartaric
33. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
Total acidity
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
clears juice from its lees
34. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
cloudiness & settling of particles
tannins
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
35. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
10 - 13%
total acidity & ph
36. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
Lactic
damage to berries is minimal
60% free run; 65% press run
non-flavonoid phenols
37. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
cloudiness & settling of particles
46 -57 degrees F
38. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
concrete - iron
damage to berries is minimal
Chardonnay
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
39. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
pigment
surplus & deficiency
cloudiness & settling of particles
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
40. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
41. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
cinnamic acid
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Free run
Break skins to allow release of juice
42. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
85 - 90%
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
43. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
no time in loading & discharging
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
75 - 85%
inhibits
44. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
45. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
Carbonic maceration
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Fruit set - Verasion
Pressing whole cluster
46. What is thermo-vinification?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
blending
surface of interior walls
30 -40 years
47. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
damage to berries is minimal
10 - 14 degrees C
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
48. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
30 degrees C
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Lactic
49. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
pigment
Citric
Muscat
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
50. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
high
Portugal and Spain
damage to berries is minimal
saccharomyces