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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
batch & continuous
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
2. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
oxidation
< 50 degrees F
10 - 14 degrees C
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
3. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
breaks skin's tissue
Chardonnay
30 -40 years
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
4. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
75 - 85%
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Separate stems from must
5. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
tartaric - malic - citric
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
clarify and aerate
6. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
drying grapes - noble rot
Leuconostoc-oenus
Fruit set - Verasion
60% free run; 70% press run
7. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
Break skins to allow release of juice
up to 24 hours
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
8. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
10 - 14 degrees C
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
9. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
acid adjustment
breaks skin's tissue
no time in loading & discharging
beginning of fermentation
10. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
Citric
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
saccharomyces bayamus
11. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
high
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
12. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
Hard-veggie or green flavor
non-flavonoid phenols
72 - 82 degrees F
13. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
40 -45 years
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
14. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
Citric
75 - 85%
total acidity (concentration of acids)
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
15. What two container materials must be lined before they can be used to store wine?
concrete - iron
40 -45 years
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
9
16. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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17. What is the common name for a fermentation technique that does not require crushing or de-stemming?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Separate stems from must
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Carbonic maceration
18. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
surplus & deficiency
pigments - tannins - acidity
drying grapes - noble rot
19. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
20. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
total acidity (concentration of acids)
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
21. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
Acetic acid
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
7 - 10 years
22. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
surplus & deficiency
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Pressing whole cluster
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
23. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
no time in loading & discharging
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Citric
24. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
2mm inside wood's surface
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Carbonic maceration
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
25. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
30 degrees C
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
drying grapes - noble rot
26. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
3
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
27. What 3 major components of wine are stored in skin of the grapes? These compounds are correctly called what?
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
28. What is a major by-product of MLF?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Acetic acid
17 - 20 degrees C
damage to berries is minimal
29. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
30. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
'green' - 'leafy'
color - tannin and body
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
31. What is the preferred temperature range for red wine making?
72 - 82 degrees F
Very early morning until noon
17 - 20 degrees C
acid adjustment
32. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
33. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
< 50 degrees F
7 - 10 years
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
34. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
inhibits
17 - 20 degrees C
30 -40 years
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
35. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
46 -57 degrees F
cool regions
17 - 20 degrees C
36. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
damage to berries is minimal
40 -45 years
37. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "short contact" occurs?
Muscat
1 - 4 hours
drying grapes - noble rot
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
38. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
60% free run; 65% press run
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
pigment
39. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Leuconostoc-oenus
Traditional and Export
40. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
total acidity & ph
cloudiness & settling of particles
Light - medium and heavy
clears juice from its lees
41. What function does a capsule serve?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
Tartaric and Malic
Light - medium and heavy
Separate stems from must
42. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
total acidity & ph
Muscat
contributes to bouquet
cinnamic acid
43. What is the purpose of racking wine?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
tartaric - malic - citric
Very early morning until noon
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
44. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
concrete - iron
Leuconostoc-oenus
45. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
tannins
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
non-flavonoid phenols
46. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
60% free run; 70% press run
60% free run; 65% press run
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Citric
47. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
tartaric - malic - citric
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
48. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
cool regions
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Lactic
Glucose and Fructose
49. What media conditions control yeast growth?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
50. What are the objectives of fining?
Total acidity
cool regions
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
Glucose and Fructose