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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
46 -57 degrees F
concrete - iron
2. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
saccharomyces
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
3. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
Pressing whole cluster
Citric
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
up to 24 hours
4. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
85 - 90%
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
pigments - tannins - acidity
5. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
Total acidity
Hard-veggie or green flavor
damage to berries is minimal
Muscat
6. What are three types of toasting?
Light - medium and heavy
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
7. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
10 - 13%
tannins
color & tannin extraction
Light - medium and heavy
8. What 3 major components of wine are stored in skin of the grapes? These compounds are correctly called what?
Light - medium and heavy
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
pectins
9. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
Free run
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
tartaric
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
10. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
10 - 14 degrees C
Very early morning until noon
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
11. What are three kinds of batch presses that have historically been used in wine production?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
85 - 90%
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
12. What function does a capsule serve?
at least a month before harvest
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
10 - 14 degrees C
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
13. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
beginning of fermentation
damage to berries is minimal
acid adjustment
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
14. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
clears juice from its lees
Hard-veggie or green flavor
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
no time in loading & discharging
15. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
4 tons per acre
16. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
10 - 14 degrees C
Lactic
< 50 degrees F
drying grapes - noble rot
17. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
color & tannin extraction
at least a month before harvest
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
18. What are the two keys stages of berry development?
60% free run; 70% press run
Fruit set - Verasion
no time in loading & discharging
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
19. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
cool regions
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
20% - 40%
no time in loading & discharging
20. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
Citric
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
saccharomyces
4 tons per acre
21. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
20% - 40%
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
22. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
23. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
cinnamic acid
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
Very early morning until noon
24. What is a major by-product of MLF?
Acetic acid
breaks skin's tissue
pigment
Break skins to allow release of juice
25. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
beginning of fermentation
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
26. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
quercus suber
clarify and aerate
tartaric
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
27. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
Chateau and Export
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Glucose and Fructose
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
28. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
2mm inside wood's surface
quercus suber
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
cane sugar / grape concentrate
29. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
clarify and aerate
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
30. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
Glucose and Fructose
no time in loading & discharging
tannins
Air conditioning
31. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
17 - 20 degrees C
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
9 - 10 years
blending
32. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
33. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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34. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
60% free run; 70% press run
contributes to bouquet
clears juice from its lees
35. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
drying grapes - noble rot
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
17 - 20 degrees C
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
36. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
85 - 90%
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
17 - 20 degrees C
4 tons per acre
37. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
60% free run; 65% press run
inhibits
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
38. How does the production of late harvest wine differ from normal still wine?
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
tartaric - malic - citric
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Chateau and Export
39. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
10 - 13%
beginning of fermentation
4 tons per acre
drying grapes - noble rot
40. What is the preferred temperature range for red wine making?
clears juice from its lees
72 - 82 degrees F
pigment
acid adjustment
41. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Separate stems from must
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
cane sugar / grape concentrate
42. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
Leuconostoc-oenus
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
saccharomyces
43. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
up to 24 hours
60% free run; 70% press run
10 - 13%
7 - 10 years
44. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
cool regions
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
total acidity & ph
45. What are the main French oak regions?
'green' - 'leafy'
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
46. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
acid adjustment
30 degrees C
clarify and aerate
47. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
2mm inside wood's surface
pigments - tannins - acidity
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Pressing whole cluster
48. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
saccharomyces bayamus
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Carbonic maceration
inhibits
49. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
Total acidity
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
surface of interior walls
50. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
4 tons per acre
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
total acidity (concentration of acids)