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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
17 - 20 degrees C
Pressing whole cluster
chaptalization
2. What are three kinds of batch presses that have historically been used in wine production?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
3. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Hard-veggie or green flavor
30 degrees C
46 -57 degrees F
4. What is the depth of toasting when it is a light toast?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
surface of interior walls
Portugal and Spain
60% free run; 65% press run
5. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
Glucose and Fructose
9
breaks skin's tissue
chaptalization
6. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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7. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
2mm inside wood's surface
Hard-veggie or green flavor
oxidation
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
8. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
Pressing whole cluster
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
blending
surplus & deficiency
9. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
Separate stems from must
Pressing whole cluster
10. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Free run
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Carbonic maceration
11. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Acetic acid
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
12. What media conditions control yeast growth?
saccharomyces bayamus
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
tannins
damage to berries is minimal
13. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
high
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
60% free run; 70% press run
14. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
concrete - iron
4 tons per acre
Citric
non-flavonoid phenols
15. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Free run
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
10 - 14 degrees C
16. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
10 - 14 degrees C
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
oxidation
17. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
cool regions
30 degrees C
drying grapes - noble rot
18. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
Chateau and Export
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
batch & continuous
pectins
19. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
oxidation
damage to berries is minimal
Acetic acid
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
20. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
Citric
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
tannins
21. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
no time in loading & discharging
85 - 90%
Break skins to allow release of juice
7 - 10 years
22. Unfermented free run makes up what % of total extractable juice?
1 - 4 hours
surplus & deficiency
75 - 85%
batch & continuous
23. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
Very early morning until noon
60% free run; 70% press run
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Muscat
24. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
saccharomyces bayamus
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
25. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
quercus suber
Pressing whole cluster
damage to berries is minimal
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
26. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
Separate stems from must
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
27. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
1 - 4 hours
color - tannin and body
acid adjustment
Pressing whole cluster
28. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
clears juice from its lees
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
29. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Portugal and Spain
46 -57 degrees F
damage to berries is minimal
30. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
clears juice from its lees
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
46 -57 degrees F
31. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
Citric
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
Total acidity
32. What is a major by-product of MLF?
Acetic acid
quercus suber
chaptalization
cool regions
33. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
inhibits
total acidity (concentration of acids)
34. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
Total acidity
'green' - 'leafy'
60% free run; 70% press run
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
35. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
no time in loading & discharging
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
9 - 10 years
36. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
non-flavonoid phenols
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
'green' - 'leafy'
saccharomyces
37. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Glucose and Fructose
60% free run; 70% press run
Break skins to allow release of juice
38. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
pigment
60% free run; 65% press run
high
batch & continuous
39. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
85 - 90%
< 50 degrees F
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
40. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
10 - 13%
batch & continuous
beginning of fermentation
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
41. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
Lactic
cane sugar / grape concentrate
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
42. What is thermo-vinification?
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
at least a month before harvest
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
10 - 14 degrees C
43. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
Leuconostoc-oenus
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
44. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
Total acidity
breaks skin's tissue
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
45. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
Lactic
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
total acidity & ph
46. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
high
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
47. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
quercus suber
cool regions
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
pigment
48. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
Traditional and Export
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
1 - 4 hours
3
49. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
clarify and aerate
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
10 - 13%
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
50. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Free run
Total acidity
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F