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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Define lees.
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
surface of interior walls
2. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
9
7 - 10 years
Light - medium and heavy
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
3. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
cane sugar / grape concentrate
10 - 14 degrees C
Chardonnay
4. What is the depth of toasting when it is a light toast?
pigments - tannins - acidity
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
surface of interior walls
breaks skin's tissue
5. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
Carbonic maceration
Chardonnay
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
6. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
damage to berries is minimal
oxidation
Leuconostoc-oenus
7. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
20% - 40%
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Light - medium and heavy
total acidity (concentration of acids)
8. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
20% - 40%
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Muscat
9. What is a major by-product of MLF?
Acetic acid
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
concrete - iron
cool regions
10. What is the purpose of racking wine?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
9
7 - 10 years
Light - medium and heavy
11. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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12. What is thermo-vinification?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
pigment
Lactic
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
13. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
Lactic
concrete - iron
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
14. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Hard-veggie or green flavor
inhibits
1 - 4 hours
15. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Portugal and Spain
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
16. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
1 - 4 hours
Light - medium and heavy
Glucose and Fructose
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
17. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
18. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
cane sugar / grape concentrate
19. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
Air conditioning
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
cane sugar / grape concentrate
85 - 90%
20. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
Glucose and Fructose
saccharomyces bayamus
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
21. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
Chateau and Export
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Citric
22. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
< 50 degrees F
pigment
Citric
23. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
Very early morning until noon
oxidation
cinnamic acid
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
24. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
Portugal and Spain
Leuconostoc-oenus
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
breaks skin's tissue
25. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
clarify and aerate
drying grapes - noble rot
26. Sugar addition is also known by what name?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
clarify and aerate
chaptalization
color - tannin and body
27. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
9 - 10 years
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Air conditioning
28. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
cool regions
pectins
29. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
batch & continuous
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
17 - 20 degrees C
30. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
Tartaric and Malic
no time in loading & discharging
Lactic
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
31. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
damage to berries is minimal
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
cinnamic acid
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
32. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
40 -45 years
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
33. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
Acetic acid
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Citric
34. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
Fruit set - Verasion
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
35. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
acid adjustment
< 50 degrees F
pectins
color & tannin extraction
36. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
30 degrees C
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
37. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
30 degrees C
38. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
color - tannin and body
pectins
Free run
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
39. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
Leuconostoc-oenus
Chateau and Export
Fruit set - Verasion
40. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
acid adjustment
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
41. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Citric
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
42. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
17 - 20 degrees C
acid adjustment
pigments - tannins - acidity
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
43. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
Break skins to allow release of juice
Pressing whole cluster
blending
Tartaric and Malic
44. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
4 tons per acre
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
'green' - 'leafy'
beginning of fermentation
45. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
up to 24 hours
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Free run
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
46. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
75 - 85%
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
no time in loading & discharging
47. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
cloudiness & settling of particles
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
40 -45 years
48. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
drying grapes - noble rot
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
< 50 degrees F
breaks skin's tissue
49. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
1 - 4 hours
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Total acidity
saccharomyces
50. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
total acidity & ph
7 - 10 years
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP