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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is the common name for a fermentation technique that does not require crushing or de-stemming?
drying grapes - noble rot
Carbonic maceration
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
2. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
Carbonic maceration
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Separate stems from must
3. What are the main French oak regions?
surface of interior walls
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
4. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
Lactic
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
5. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
non-flavonoid phenols
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
9 - 10 years
Lactic
6. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Break skins to allow release of juice
7. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
batch & continuous
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
8. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
up to 24 hours
85 - 90%
tartaric - malic - citric
9. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
breaks skin's tissue
saccharomyces
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
30 degrees C
10. What are the objectives of fining?
Fruit set - Verasion
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
85 - 90%
Break skins to allow release of juice
11. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
10 - 14 degrees C
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Pressing whole cluster
12. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
cloudiness & settling of particles
beginning of fermentation
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
13. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
clears juice from its lees
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
color & tannin extraction
14. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
contributes to bouquet
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
blending
15. What is the purpose of racking wine?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
drying grapes - noble rot
16. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
total acidity & ph
at least a month before harvest
Traditional and Export
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
17. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
18. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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19. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
color - tannin and body
non-flavonoid phenols
high
20. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Citric
Leuconostoc-oenus
21. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
tartaric - malic - citric
Portugal and Spain
22. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
3
color & tannin extraction
23. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
Air conditioning
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
7 - 10 years
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
24. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
acid adjustment
saccharomyces
46 -57 degrees F
25. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
Fruit set - Verasion
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
inhibits
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
26. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
9 - 10 years
Separate stems from must
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
27. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
cool regions
28. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
Lactic
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
'green' - 'leafy'
30 -40 years
29. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
Tartaric and Malic
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
damage to berries is minimal
40 -45 years
30. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
cinnamic acid
Air conditioning
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
31. What occurs during racking?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
clarify and aerate
32. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
9 - 10 years
< 50 degrees F
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
33. What 3 major components of wine are stored in skin of the grapes? These compounds are correctly called what?
Citric
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
chaptalization
34. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
Hard-veggie or green flavor
damage to berries is minimal
35. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
Pressing whole cluster
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
36. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
Chardonnay
Air conditioning
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
37. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
up to 24 hours
Separate stems from must
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
38. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
inhibits
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
high
Citric
39. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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40. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
20% - 40%
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
41. What is the preferred temperature range for red wine making?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
72 - 82 degrees F
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
42. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
cinnamic acid
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
color - tannin and body
at least a month before harvest
43. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
< 50 degrees F
40 -45 years
concrete - iron
10 - 13%
44. What two container materials must be lined before they can be used to store wine?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
concrete - iron
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
non-flavonoid phenols
45. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
17 - 20 degrees C
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
acid adjustment
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
46. What are the two keys stages of berry development?
Free run
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Fruit set - Verasion
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
47. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
quercus suber
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Light - medium and heavy
48. What group of compounds give wine color?
Carbonic maceration
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Portugal and Spain
contributes to bouquet
49. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
Separate stems from must
breaks skin's tissue
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
contributes to bouquet
50. What are three types of toasting?
20% - 40%
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Light - medium and heavy