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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
2. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
pigment
Muscat
tannins
color & tannin extraction
3. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
72 - 82 degrees F
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
cool regions
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
4. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
Muscat
1 - 4 hours
pigments - tannins - acidity
clarify and aerate
5. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
6. What 3 major components of wine are stored in skin of the grapes? These compounds are correctly called what?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
30 -40 years
non-flavonoid phenols
7. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
85 - 90%
Separate stems from must
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
8. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
beginning of fermentation
9 - 10 years
Traditional and Export
Muscat
9. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
2mm inside wood's surface
30 degrees C
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
damage to berries is minimal
10. What are three types of toasting?
1 - 4 hours
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Traditional and Export
Light - medium and heavy
11. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
12. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Total acidity
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Fruit set - Verasion
13. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
Acetic acid
color - tannin and body
up to 24 hours
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
14. What two container materials must be lined before they can be used to store wine?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Hard-veggie or green flavor
chaptalization
concrete - iron
15. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
16. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
7 - 10 years
10 - 13%
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
17. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
17 - 20 degrees C
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Traditional and Export
'green' - 'leafy'
18. What are the objectives of fining?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
non-flavonoid phenols
Acetic acid
19. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
30 -40 years
drying grapes - noble rot
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
20. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
75 - 85%
total acidity (concentration of acids)
21. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
Free run
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
75 - 85%
22. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
tartaric - malic - citric
pectins
inhibits
85 - 90%
23. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
Separate stems from must
Glucose and Fructose
no time in loading & discharging
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
24. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
cloudiness & settling of particles
Break skins to allow release of juice
pigments - tannins - acidity
up to 24 hours
25. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
4 tons per acre
Break skins to allow release of juice
surplus & deficiency
10 - 13%
26. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
60% free run; 70% press run
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
40 -45 years
27. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
60% free run; 70% press run
batch & continuous
cloudiness & settling of particles
Fruit set - Verasion
28. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "short contact" occurs?
damage to berries is minimal
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
1 - 4 hours
Citric
29. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
total acidity & ph
no time in loading & discharging
clears juice from its lees
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
30. What is the oak used in cork production?
quercus suber
20% - 40%
non-flavonoid phenols
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
31. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
pigments - tannins - acidity
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
pigment
pectins
32. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
non-flavonoid phenols
clarify and aerate
33. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
saccharomyces bayamus
34. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
saccharomyces bayamus
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
60% free run; 70% press run
Chateau and Export
35. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
4 tons per acre
Free run
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
beginning of fermentation
36. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
72 - 82 degrees F
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
37. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
oxidation
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
tartaric
38. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Fruit set - Verasion
39. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
chaptalization
9 - 10 years
high
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
40. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
beginning of fermentation
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
saccharomyces bayamus
Lactic
41. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
Muscat
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
damage to berries is minimal
42. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
cool regions
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
surplus & deficiency
Lactic
43. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
tartaric - malic - citric
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Chardonnay
44. What group of compounds give wine color?
contributes to bouquet
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
45. What is the purpose of racking wine?
Glucose and Fructose
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Very early morning until noon
Break skins to allow release of juice
46. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
Separate stems from must
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
85 - 90%
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
47. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
48. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
Portugal and Spain
color - tannin and body
drying grapes - noble rot
Chateau and Export
49. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
< 50 degrees F
up to 24 hours
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
50. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
17 - 20 degrees C
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
pigment
color & tannin extraction