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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
saccharomyces
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Total acidity
Citric
2. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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3. How does the production of late harvest wine differ from normal still wine?
cinnamic acid
non-flavonoid phenols
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
3
4. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
tannins
Tartaric and Malic
5. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
pectins
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
6. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
non-flavonoid phenols
tartaric - malic - citric
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
7. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
drying grapes - noble rot
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
oxidation
Air conditioning
8. What occurs during racking?
inhibits
Leuconostoc-oenus
drying grapes - noble rot
clarify and aerate
9. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
cool regions
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
10 - 13%
10. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
pectins
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
11. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
30 degrees C
Citric
saccharomyces
high
12. Unfermented free run makes up what % of total extractable juice?
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
4 tons per acre
75 - 85%
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
13. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
30 -40 years
cinnamic acid
14. What is a major by-product of MLF?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
Total acidity
Acetic acid
tannins
15. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
oxidation
16. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
pigment
< 50 degrees F
1 - 4 hours
17. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
total acidity & ph
60% free run; 65% press run
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
1 - 4 hours
18. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
saccharomyces bayamus
10 - 13%
Free run
breaks skin's tissue
19. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
Portugal and Spain
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
40 -45 years
Muscat
20. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
tartaric - malic - citric
tartaric
85 - 90%
Portugal and Spain
21. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
22. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
concrete - iron
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Chateau and Export
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
23. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
drying grapes - noble rot
24. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Carbonic maceration
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
25. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
surface of interior walls
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
color - tannin and body
26. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
17 - 20 degrees C
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
27. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
9
< 50 degrees F
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Very early morning until noon
28. Why is SO2 (sulfor dioxide) added to wine in modern winemaking?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Air conditioning
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
29. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
breaks skin's tissue
Traditional and Export
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
inhibits
30. What group of compounds give wine color?
at least a month before harvest
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
cloudiness & settling of particles
31. What two container materials must be lined before they can be used to store wine?
oxidation
concrete - iron
9
damage to berries is minimal
32. What is thermo-vinification?
breaks skin's tissue
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
cool regions
Break skins to allow release of juice
33. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Leuconostoc-oenus
4 tons per acre
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
34. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
blending
breaks skin's tissue
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
pigment
35. What 3 major components of wine are stored in skin of the grapes? These compounds are correctly called what?
Chateau and Export
concrete - iron
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
36. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
Leuconostoc-oenus
up to 24 hours
Free run
tartaric
37. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
pigments - tannins - acidity
38. What is the oak used in cork production?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
up to 24 hours
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
quercus suber
39. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
'green' - 'leafy'
30 -40 years
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
40. What are three types of toasting?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Light - medium and heavy
pectins
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
41. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
30 degrees C
cinnamic acid
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Tartaric and Malic
42. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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43. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
75 - 85%
concrete - iron
Free run
acid adjustment
44. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
beginning of fermentation
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Lactic
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
45. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
Chardonnay
9
clarify and aerate
pigment
46. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
Light - medium and heavy
damage to berries is minimal
surface of interior walls
inhibits
47. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
9 - 10 years
< 50 degrees F
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
48. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
4 tons per acre
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
tartaric - malic - citric
color - tannin and body
49. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Total acidity
Very early morning until noon
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
50. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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