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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
9
Acetic acid
Separate stems from must
60% free run; 65% press run
2. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
saccharomyces
pectins
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
3. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
oxidation
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
4. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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5. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
blending
6. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
46 -57 degrees F
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
60% free run; 70% press run
7. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Citric
batch & continuous
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
8. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Muscat
9. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
7 - 10 years
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
10 - 14 degrees C
10. What are the main acids in grapes?
10 - 14 degrees C
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Citric
Tartaric and Malic
11. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
non-flavonoid phenols
3
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
12. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
saccharomyces
color & tannin extraction
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
13. Cold stabilization removes what acid in must?
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
tartaric
14. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
pigments - tannins - acidity
non-flavonoid phenols
high
15. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
Pressing whole cluster
drying grapes - noble rot
damage to berries is minimal
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
16. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
Very early morning until noon
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
cinnamic acid
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
17. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
total acidity (concentration of acids)
18. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
tartaric - malic - citric
tannins
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Hard-veggie or green flavor
19. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
'green' - 'leafy'
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
9
20. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
total acidity (concentration of acids)
21. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
high
Chardonnay
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Lactic
22. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
23. What is tonnage per acre that is the break-even point for doing mechanical harvesting?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
contributes to bouquet
4 tons per acre
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
24. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
batch & continuous
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
25. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
acid adjustment
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
2mm inside wood's surface
Very early morning until noon
26. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
high
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Traditional and Export
27. What are the main French oak regions?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
oxidation
28. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
drying grapes - noble rot
inhibits
clarify and aerate
29. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
Light - medium and heavy
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
high
chaptalization
30. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
saccharomyces bayamus
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
31. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
Separate stems from must
Muscat
Citric
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
32. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
46 -57 degrees F
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
33. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
non-flavonoid phenols
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
Free run
surplus & deficiency
34. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
at least a month before harvest
85 - 90%
35. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Citric
30 degrees C
saccharomyces bayamus
36. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
1 - 4 hours
total acidity & ph
contributes to bouquet
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
37. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
Total acidity
Citric
10 - 14 degrees C
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
38. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
Free run
4 tons per acre
17 - 20 degrees C
breaks skin's tissue
39. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
17 - 20 degrees C
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
40. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Citric
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
75 - 85%
41. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
beginning of fermentation
10 - 14 degrees C
75 - 85%
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
42. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
10 - 13%
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
non-flavonoid phenols
chaptalization
43. What is the oak used in cork production?
no time in loading & discharging
total acidity (concentration of acids)
quercus suber
contributes to bouquet
44. What two container materials must be lined before they can be used to store wine?
acid adjustment
concrete - iron
cinnamic acid
surplus & deficiency
45. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
3
batch & continuous
2mm inside wood's surface
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
46. What group of compounds give wine color?
Tartaric and Malic
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
damage to berries is minimal
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
47. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
high
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
quercus suber
48. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
breaks skin's tissue
Chardonnay
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
cane sugar / grape concentrate
49. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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50. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
Glucose and Fructose
blending
total acidity & ph
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay