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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
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Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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2. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Tartaric and Malic
tartaric
85 - 90%
3. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
Pressing whole cluster
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
non-flavonoid phenols
4. What are the main acids in grapes?
Tartaric and Malic
2mm inside wood's surface
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
surface of interior walls
5. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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6. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
damage to berries is minimal
Chateau and Export
7. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
Chardonnay
up to 24 hours
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
8. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
color - tannin and body
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
9. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
batch & continuous
color & tannin extraction
Free run
drying grapes - noble rot
10. How does the production of late harvest wine differ from normal still wine?
cool regions
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
10 - 14 degrees C
Free run
11. What is a major by-product of MLF?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Citric
Muscat
Acetic acid
12. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
Citric
blending
Muscat
saccharomyces bayamus
13. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
40 -45 years
beginning of fermentation
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
14. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Chateau and Export
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
60% free run; 65% press run
15. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
< 50 degrees F
30 -40 years
tartaric - malic - citric
blending
16. Why is SO2 (sulfor dioxide) added to wine in modern winemaking?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
< 50 degrees F
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
17. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
Traditional and Export
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
40 -45 years
18. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
no time in loading & discharging
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
19. What is the common name for a fermentation technique that does not require crushing or de-stemming?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Carbonic maceration
Free run
Light - medium and heavy
20. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Carbonic maceration
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
10 - 13%
21. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
Break skins to allow release of juice
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
cool regions
22. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
beginning of fermentation
up to 24 hours
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
cane sugar / grape concentrate
23. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
75 - 85%
beginning of fermentation
24. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
cloudiness & settling of particles
Chardonnay
10 - 13%
25. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Break skins to allow release of juice
Pressing whole cluster
inhibits
26. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
damage to berries is minimal
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
concrete - iron
27. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
60% free run; 70% press run
28. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
high
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
29. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Lactic
Glucose and Fructose
9 - 10 years
30. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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31. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
breaks skin's tissue
Free run
Citric
1 - 4 hours
32. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
up to 24 hours
Tartaric and Malic
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
saccharomyces
33. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
quercus suber
9
inhibits
34. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
clarify and aerate
75 - 85%
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
breaks skin's tissue
35. What occurs during racking?
clarify and aerate
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
10 - 13%
36. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
clears juice from its lees
chaptalization
37. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
10 - 14 degrees C
Separate stems from must
oxidation
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
38. What are the names of the main barrel shapes?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
4 tons per acre
7 - 10 years
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
39. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Lactic
saccharomyces bayamus
40. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
contributes to bouquet
Separate stems from must
surface of interior walls
Total acidity
41. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
42. What group of compounds give wine color?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
total acidity & ph
Lactic
43. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Acetic acid
at least a month before harvest
44. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
breaks skin's tissue
concrete - iron
10 - 13%
3
45. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
9
Glucose and Fructose
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
Air conditioning
46. Sugar addition is also known by what name?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
chaptalization
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
47. What function does a capsule serve?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
Citric
Leuconostoc-oenus
48. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
chaptalization
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Air conditioning
inhibits
49. What 3 major components of wine are stored in skin of the grapes? These compounds are correctly called what?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
chaptalization
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
10 - 14 degrees C
50. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
oxidation
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Very early morning until noon
9 - 10 years
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