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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
up to 24 hours
20% - 40%
color & tannin extraction
Chateau and Export
2. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
10 - 14 degrees C
damage to berries is minimal
Glucose and Fructose
breaks skin's tissue
3. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
40 -45 years
up to 24 hours
Chardonnay
4. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
tannins
Lactic
tartaric
72 - 82 degrees F
5. Why is SO2 (sulfor dioxide) added to wine in modern winemaking?
cloudiness & settling of particles
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
75 - 85%
6. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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7. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
color & tannin extraction
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
8. What function does a capsule serve?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Fruit set - Verasion
total acidity (concentration of acids)
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
9. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
up to 24 hours
10 - 13%
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Leuconostoc-oenus
10. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
color - tannin and body
pectins
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
11. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
tartaric
no time in loading & discharging
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
12. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
Muscat
Traditional and Export
Total acidity
high
13. What is a major by-product of MLF?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
inhibits
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Acetic acid
14. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Fruit set - Verasion
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
15. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Citric
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
2mm inside wood's surface
16. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
up to 24 hours
clears juice from its lees
75 - 85%
20% - 40%
17. Sugar addition is also known by what name?
Leuconostoc-oenus
chaptalization
'green' - 'leafy'
72 - 82 degrees F
18. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
quercus suber
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Pressing whole cluster
Tartaric and Malic
19. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
cloudiness & settling of particles
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
20. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
concrete - iron
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
21. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Chardonnay
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
22. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
high
10 - 14 degrees C
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
23. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
chaptalization
Light - medium and heavy
cinnamic acid
Citric
24. What group of compounds give wine color?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
oxidation
25. What is the purpose of the crush?
batch & continuous
Light - medium and heavy
Break skins to allow release of juice
Pressing whole cluster
26. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
Very early morning until noon
tartaric
10 - 14 degrees C
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
27. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
Acetic acid
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
chaptalization
28. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
tannins
Traditional and Export
non-flavonoid phenols
cool regions
29. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
40 -45 years
85 - 90%
Chardonnay
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
30. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
30 -40 years
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
drying grapes - noble rot
total acidity (concentration of acids)
31. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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32. What is the common name for a fermentation technique that does not require crushing or de-stemming?
4 tons per acre
Carbonic maceration
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Portugal and Spain
33. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
34. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
Chateau and Export
tartaric
surplus & deficiency
high
35. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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36. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
Very early morning until noon
7 - 10 years
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
high
37. What are three types of toasting?
20% - 40%
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Light - medium and heavy
Tartaric and Malic
38. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
85 - 90%
Citric
color & tannin extraction
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
39. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
17 - 20 degrees C
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
40. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
17 - 20 degrees C
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Free run
surplus & deficiency
41. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
saccharomyces
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
oxidation
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
42. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
blending
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
43. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
tartaric
clarify and aerate
pigments - tannins - acidity
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
44. What is the preferred temperature range for red wine making?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
72 - 82 degrees F
3
saccharomyces
45. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
9 - 10 years
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
46. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
9 - 10 years
beginning of fermentation
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
47. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
clears juice from its lees
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Muscat
Break skins to allow release of juice
48. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
breaks skin's tissue
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
tartaric
49. What are the objectives of fining?
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
acid adjustment
50. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Pressing whole cluster
Portugal and Spain
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation