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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
beginning of fermentation
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
pectins
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
2. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Lactic
3. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
saccharomyces
Fruit set - Verasion
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
tannins
4. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
4 tons per acre
color - tannin and body
up to 24 hours
5. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Air conditioning
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
6. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
saccharomyces
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
60% free run; 70% press run
7. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
8. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Citric
Separate stems from must
blending
9. What are the two keys stages of berry development?
Portugal and Spain
10 - 14 degrees C
surface of interior walls
Fruit set - Verasion
10. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
beginning of fermentation
Very early morning until noon
Hard-veggie or green flavor
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
11. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
60% free run; 70% press run
9 - 10 years
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
12. What are the objectives of fining?
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
beginning of fermentation
30 degrees C
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
13. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
Acetic acid
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
7 - 10 years
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
14. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
30 -40 years
85 - 90%
Chardonnay
15. What two container materials must be lined before they can be used to store wine?
color & tannin extraction
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
7 - 10 years
concrete - iron
16. What are the main acids in grapes?
Tartaric and Malic
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
9
17. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
75 - 85%
Glucose and Fructose
18. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
19. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
at least a month before harvest
cloudiness & settling of particles
17 - 20 degrees C
72 - 82 degrees F
20. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
up to 24 hours
Light - medium and heavy
30 -40 years
10 - 14 degrees C
21. What occurs during racking?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
clarify and aerate
22. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
Traditional and Export
10 - 14 degrees C
Chardonnay
Acetic acid
23. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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24. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
contributes to bouquet
Pressing whole cluster
75 - 85%
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
25. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
72 - 82 degrees F
beginning of fermentation
surplus & deficiency
Free run
26. Why is SO2 (sulfor dioxide) added to wine in modern winemaking?
surface of interior walls
oxidation
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
27. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
10 - 13%
surplus & deficiency
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
28. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
cloudiness & settling of particles
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
tannins
1 - 4 hours
29. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
drying grapes - noble rot
pigment
2mm inside wood's surface
30. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "short contact" occurs?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
1 - 4 hours
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
31. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
60% free run; 65% press run
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
32. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
Muscat
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
clears juice from its lees
33. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
60% free run; 65% press run
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Pressing whole cluster
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
34. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
35. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Traditional and Export
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
36. What is the common name for a fermentation technique that does not require crushing or de-stemming?
saccharomyces bayamus
Traditional and Export
Carbonic maceration
60% free run; 65% press run
37. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
at least a month before harvest
contributes to bouquet
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
38. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
7 - 10 years
beginning of fermentation
1 - 4 hours
39. Sugar addition is also known by what name?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
chaptalization
75 - 85%
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
40. What is a major by-product of MLF?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Acetic acid
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
41. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
Total acidity
pigment
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
Air conditioning
42. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
60% free run; 70% press run
oxidation
acid adjustment
43. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Break skins to allow release of juice
color - tannin and body
44. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
7 - 10 years
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
3
Hard-veggie or green flavor
45. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
'green' - 'leafy'
46 -57 degrees F
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
pigments - tannins - acidity
46. What group of compounds give wine color?
3
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
up to 24 hours
47. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
color - tannin and body
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
pectins
saccharomyces bayamus
48. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
tartaric - malic - citric
Total acidity
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
49. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
10 - 13%
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
acid adjustment
Lactic
50. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Pressing whole cluster
damage to berries is minimal