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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
85 - 90%
20% - 40%
Tartaric and Malic
tartaric - malic - citric
2. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
drying grapes - noble rot
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
3. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
< 50 degrees F
pigments - tannins - acidity
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
4. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
cool regions
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
'green' - 'leafy'
oxidation
5. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Portugal and Spain
clears juice from its lees
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
6. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
color - tannin and body
Pressing whole cluster
72 - 82 degrees F
contributes to bouquet
7. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
cinnamic acid
acid adjustment
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
beginning of fermentation
8. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Chateau and Export
clarify and aerate
3
9. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
chaptalization
total acidity & ph
40 -45 years
10. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
11. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
oxidation
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
12. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Lactic
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
color & tannin extraction
13. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
tartaric - malic - citric
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
20% - 40%
14. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
tartaric - malic - citric
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
contributes to bouquet
Fruit set - Verasion
15. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
10 - 14 degrees C
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
7 - 10 years
tartaric
16. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "short contact" occurs?
9
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
1 - 4 hours
17. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Portugal and Spain
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
18. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
19. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
Break skins to allow release of juice
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
quercus suber
pigments - tannins - acidity
20. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
color - tannin and body
damage to berries is minimal
Citric
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
21. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
10 - 14 degrees C
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
chaptalization
22. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
high
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
72 - 82 degrees F
23. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
24. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
acid adjustment
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
pigment
25. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
Glucose and Fructose
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
26. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Pressing whole cluster
cool regions
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
27. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
28. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
29. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
Portugal and Spain
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
30. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
17 - 20 degrees C
cinnamic acid
31. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
32. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
17 - 20 degrees C
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
33. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
30 degrees C
10 - 13%
saccharomyces
34. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
beginning of fermentation
30 -40 years
no time in loading & discharging
contributes to bouquet
35. What are the objectives of fining?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
36. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
saccharomyces
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
high
40 -45 years
37. Why is SO2 (sulfor dioxide) added to wine in modern winemaking?
cool regions
10 - 13%
Acetic acid
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
38. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
cool regions
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
39. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
drying grapes - noble rot
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
40. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
tannins
Tartaric and Malic
Lactic
41. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
tartaric
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
42. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
Leuconostoc-oenus
2mm inside wood's surface
acid adjustment
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
43. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
high
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
Tartaric and Malic
Separate stems from must
44. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
oxidation
at least a month before harvest
60% free run; 70% press run
45. Define lees.
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
up to 24 hours
46. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
3
inhibits
9
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
47. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
acid adjustment
cinnamic acid
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
48. What is the purpose of the crush?
Break skins to allow release of juice
4 tons per acre
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
cinnamic acid
49. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
batch & continuous
3
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
30 degrees C
50. Cold stabilization removes what acid in must?
Chardonnay
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
tartaric