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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is a major by-product of MLF?
Acetic acid
Muscat
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
cinnamic acid
2. What is the depth of toasting when it is a light toast?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
up to 24 hours
surface of interior walls
3. How does the production of late harvest wine differ from normal still wine?
10 - 14 degrees C
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
4. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
Chateau and Export
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
5. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
beginning of fermentation
damage to berries is minimal
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
6. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
46 -57 degrees F
7. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
breaks skin's tissue
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Leuconostoc-oenus
8. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
3
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
breaks skin's tissue
9. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
batch & continuous
color & tannin extraction
3
10. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
acid adjustment
contributes to bouquet
11. What are the two keys stages of berry development?
Fruit set - Verasion
7 - 10 years
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
40 -45 years
12. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
Separate stems from must
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Hard-veggie or green flavor
13. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
14. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Traditional and Export
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
3
15. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
batch & continuous
acid adjustment
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
16. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
inhibits
Fruit set - Verasion
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
17. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
< 50 degrees F
cloudiness & settling of particles
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
concrete - iron
18. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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19. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
10 - 14 degrees C
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
20. What is the oak used in cork production?
quercus suber
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
46 -57 degrees F
21. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
30 -40 years
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
30 degrees C
22. What are three types of toasting?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
Light - medium and heavy
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
pigment
23. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
9
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
chaptalization
24. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
inhibits
saccharomyces bayamus
25. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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26. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
color - tannin and body
Citric
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
27. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
9
clears juice from its lees
high
28. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
surplus & deficiency
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Hard-veggie or green flavor
29. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
Glucose and Fructose
inhibits
non-flavonoid phenols
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
30. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Glucose and Fructose
31. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
Lactic
30 -40 years
Citric
pigments - tannins - acidity
32. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
breaks skin's tissue
Portugal and Spain
33. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
oxidation
Very early morning until noon
saccharomyces bayamus
total acidity & ph
34. What is the purpose of the crush?
Break skins to allow release of juice
Free run
non-flavonoid phenols
tartaric
35. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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36. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
2mm inside wood's surface
Citric
Total acidity
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
37. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
3
tannins
oxidation
38. What is the preferred temperature range for red wine making?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
2mm inside wood's surface
72 - 82 degrees F
39. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
Portugal and Spain
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
chaptalization
no time in loading & discharging
40. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
'green' - 'leafy'
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
41. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
Air conditioning
color - tannin and body
Total acidity
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
42. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
beginning of fermentation
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
high
43. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
blending
Fruit set - Verasion
Total acidity
44. What media conditions control yeast growth?
no time in loading & discharging
total acidity (concentration of acids)
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
45. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
non-flavonoid phenols
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
46. Unfermented free run makes up what % of total extractable juice?
40 -45 years
75 - 85%
60% free run; 65% press run
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
47. Cold stabilization removes what acid in must?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
tartaric
concrete - iron
surplus & deficiency
48. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Separate stems from must
Lactic
surplus & deficiency
49. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
Separate stems from must
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
50. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
quercus suber
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
cool regions
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period