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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
beginning of fermentation
Light - medium and heavy
Break skins to allow release of juice
2. Define lees.
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
3. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
4. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
cool regions
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
10 - 14 degrees C
5. What is the purpose of the crush?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Break skins to allow release of juice
20% - 40%
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
6. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
Separate stems from must
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
7. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
Separate stems from must
batch & continuous
drying grapes - noble rot
blending
8. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
9
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
9. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
color - tannin and body
4 tons per acre
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
Chateau and Export
10. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
40 -45 years
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
contributes to bouquet
11. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
saccharomyces
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Separate stems from must
12. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
40 -45 years
cinnamic acid
Portugal and Spain
13. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
2mm inside wood's surface
14. What are three types of toasting?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
cloudiness & settling of particles
Light - medium and heavy
85 - 90%
15. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
damage to berries is minimal
7 - 10 years
high
16. Sugar addition is also known by what name?
clears juice from its lees
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
chaptalization
inhibits
17. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Traditional and Export
Break skins to allow release of juice
18. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
Break skins to allow release of juice
9 - 10 years
Traditional and Export
4 tons per acre
19. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Total acidity
Free run
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
20. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
Break skins to allow release of juice
oxidation
9
color - tannin and body
21. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
pigment
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
2mm inside wood's surface
22. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
cloudiness & settling of particles
< 50 degrees F
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
'green' - 'leafy'
23. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
total acidity & ph
non-flavonoid phenols
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
10 - 13%
24. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
saccharomyces
46 -57 degrees F
Chardonnay
Carbonic maceration
25. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
Very early morning until noon
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
Chateau and Export
26. Unfermented free run makes up what % of total extractable juice?
75 - 85%
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Citric
4 tons per acre
27. What are the main French oak regions?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
drying grapes - noble rot
28. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
10 - 14 degrees C
3
29. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
pigment
Total acidity
1 - 4 hours
Glucose and Fructose
30. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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31. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
Citric
60% free run; 65% press run
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
32. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
drying grapes - noble rot
Fruit set - Verasion
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
33. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
batch & continuous
saccharomyces bayamus
34. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
blending
9 - 10 years
< 50 degrees F
damage to berries is minimal
35. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
7 - 10 years
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
chaptalization
36. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
tannins
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
75 - 85%
37. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
10 - 13%
Lactic
Carbonic maceration
Very early morning until noon
38. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
3
total acidity & ph
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
39. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Pressing whole cluster
up to 24 hours
cool regions
40. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
Pressing whole cluster
Portugal and Spain
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
40 -45 years
41. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
contributes to bouquet
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
42. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
tannins
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
43. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
72 - 82 degrees F
60% free run; 70% press run
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
44. What is the purpose of racking wine?
30 degrees C
blending
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
45. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
tannins
Citric
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
46. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
'green' - 'leafy'
85 - 90%
tartaric - malic - citric
47. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
9 - 10 years
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
48. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
pigment
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
49. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
20% - 40%
surplus & deficiency
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
50. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
cool regions
oxidation
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.