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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
2. Cold stabilization removes what acid in must?
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Acetic acid
clarify and aerate
tartaric
3. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
beginning of fermentation
clears juice from its lees
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Muscat
4. What function does a capsule serve?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
10 - 13%
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
5. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
3
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
75 - 85%
6. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
30 degrees C
'green' - 'leafy'
7. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Free run
8. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
no time in loading & discharging
tannins
4 tons per acre
2mm inside wood's surface
9. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
clarify and aerate
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
75 - 85%
10. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
surface of interior walls
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
11. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Tartaric and Malic
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
12. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
inhibits
cinnamic acid
85 - 90%
13. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
high
tartaric - malic - citric
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
14. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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15. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
Break skins to allow release of juice
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
at least a month before harvest
16. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
damage to berries is minimal
40 -45 years
17. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Total acidity
pigments - tannins - acidity
18. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
batch & continuous
Lactic
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
pectins
19. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
Very early morning until noon
Tartaric and Malic
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Traditional and Export
20. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
Tartaric and Malic
Break skins to allow release of juice
72 - 82 degrees F
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
21. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
tannins
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
beginning of fermentation
chaptalization
22. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
saccharomyces bayamus
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
tartaric - malic - citric
23. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
9
quercus suber
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
60% free run; 70% press run
24. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
25. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
blending
Chardonnay
30 degrees C
beginning of fermentation
26. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
10 - 14 degrees C
breaks skin's tissue
7 - 10 years
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
27. What occurs during racking?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
clarify and aerate
30 degrees C
28. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
quercus suber
10 - 13%
concrete - iron
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
29. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
Fruit set - Verasion
cloudiness & settling of particles
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
30. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
Chardonnay
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Break skins to allow release of juice
31. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
< 50 degrees F
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
32. What is the purpose of racking wine?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
20% - 40%
clarify and aerate
33. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
cloudiness & settling of particles
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
'green' - 'leafy'
34. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
46 -57 degrees F
35. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
46 -57 degrees F
Fruit set - Verasion
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
36. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
Separate stems from must
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
total acidity & ph
37. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
tartaric - malic - citric
Muscat
Portugal and Spain
38. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
contributes to bouquet
60% free run; 70% press run
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
clears juice from its lees
39. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
quercus suber
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
30 -40 years
40. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
85 - 90%
clarify and aerate
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
10 - 14 degrees C
41. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
Tartaric and Malic
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
7 - 10 years
no time in loading & discharging
42. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
Carbonic maceration
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
tartaric - malic - citric
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
43. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
cinnamic acid
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Chardonnay
44. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
pectins
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Tartaric and Malic
75 - 85%
45. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
< 50 degrees F
breaks skin's tissue
30 -40 years
Total acidity
46. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
Citric
cloudiness & settling of particles
surface of interior walls
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
47. Define lees.
total acidity & ph
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
48. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
60% free run; 65% press run
Chateau and Export
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Lactic
49. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
Tartaric and Malic
Break skins to allow release of juice
clears juice from its lees
breaks skin's tissue
50. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
cinnamic acid
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Total acidity
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat