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Viniculture
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Subject
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industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What group of compounds give wine color?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
high
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
2. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
Tartaric and Malic
85 - 90%
3. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
< 50 degrees F
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
tannins
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
4. What are the main acids in grapes?
Tartaric and Malic
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
5. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
6. What are the two keys stages of berry development?
40 -45 years
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Fruit set - Verasion
Separate stems from must
7. What two container materials must be lined before they can be used to store wine?
46 -57 degrees F
Citric
cinnamic acid
concrete - iron
8. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
10 - 13%
7 - 10 years
breaks skin's tissue
9. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
20% - 40%
Air conditioning
30 degrees C
Light - medium and heavy
10. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
acid adjustment
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
blending
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
11. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
1 - 4 hours
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
12. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
Separate stems from must
surplus & deficiency
10 - 13%
Citric
13. What is the preferred temperature range for red wine making?
non-flavonoid phenols
72 - 82 degrees F
4 tons per acre
9
14. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
color & tannin extraction
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Leuconostoc-oenus
Pressing whole cluster
15. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
60% free run; 70% press run
Light - medium and heavy
16. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
batch & continuous
< 50 degrees F
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
17. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
chaptalization
10 - 13%
Lactic
color & tannin extraction
18. What is the depth of toasting when it is a light toast?
Break skins to allow release of juice
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
surface of interior walls
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
19. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
total acidity & ph
40 -45 years
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
20. What are the names of the main barrel shapes?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
4 tons per acre
damage to berries is minimal
21. How does the production of late harvest wine differ from normal still wine?
tannins
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
total acidity & ph
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
22. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
color & tannin extraction
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
23. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
24. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
inhibits
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
saccharomyces bayamus
25. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
4 tons per acre
Total acidity
acid adjustment
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
26. What are three kinds of batch presses that have historically been used in wine production?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
9 - 10 years
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
27. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
Chateau and Export
up to 24 hours
tannins
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
28. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
tannins
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
Pressing whole cluster
color - tannin and body
29. What is tonnage per acre that is the break-even point for doing mechanical harvesting?
4 tons per acre
total acidity (concentration of acids)
7 - 10 years
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
30. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
oxidation
31. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
damage to berries is minimal
pigments - tannins - acidity
Hard-veggie or green flavor
32. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
17 - 20 degrees C
tartaric
Tartaric and Malic
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
33. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
pigments - tannins - acidity
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
tartaric - malic - citric
34. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
total acidity & ph
damage to berries is minimal
35. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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36. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
surplus & deficiency
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
46 -57 degrees F
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
37. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
Tartaric and Malic
Acetic acid
total acidity (concentration of acids)
60% free run; 70% press run
38. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
Light - medium and heavy
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
85 - 90%
39. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
85 - 90%
drying grapes - noble rot
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
60% free run; 65% press run
40. Define lees.
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
2mm inside wood's surface
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Leuconostoc-oenus
41. Cold stabilization removes what acid in must?
tartaric
Light - medium and heavy
75 - 85%
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
42. What function does a capsule serve?
breaks skin's tissue
pigment
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
43. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
color & tannin extraction
60% free run; 65% press run
44. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
color - tannin and body
75 - 85%
Citric
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
45. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
clears juice from its lees
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Portugal and Spain
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
46. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
total acidity & ph
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
47. What is the oak used in cork production?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
10 - 14 degrees C
Glucose and Fructose
quercus suber
48. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
cool regions
49. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
3
color - tannin and body
damage to berries is minimal
surplus & deficiency
50. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
60% free run; 70% press run
10 - 14 degrees C
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
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