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Viniculture
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Subject
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industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
color & tannin extraction
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
pigment
total acidity & ph
2. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
clears juice from its lees
inhibits
saccharomyces bayamus
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
3. What is the depth of toasting when it is a light toast?
10 - 13%
surface of interior walls
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
4. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
10 - 14 degrees C
quercus suber
color & tannin extraction
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
5. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
non-flavonoid phenols
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
pectins
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
6. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
oxidation
cool regions
surplus & deficiency
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
7. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
color - tannin and body
Chateau and Export
46 -57 degrees F
8. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
at least a month before harvest
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
surplus & deficiency
9. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
10. Unfermented free run makes up what % of total extractable juice?
30 degrees C
Fruit set - Verasion
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
75 - 85%
11. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
Glucose and Fructose
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
total acidity (concentration of acids)
blending
12. What 3 major components of wine are stored in skin of the grapes? These compounds are correctly called what?
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
20% - 40%
tartaric - malic - citric
13. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
Chardonnay
contributes to bouquet
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
14. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Air conditioning
non-flavonoid phenols
15. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Total acidity
up to 24 hours
16. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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17. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
pigments - tannins - acidity
Lactic
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
18. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
oxidation
60% free run; 65% press run
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
19. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
30 -40 years
surface of interior walls
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
20. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
total acidity & ph
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
21. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
pigment
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
concrete - iron
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
22. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Carbonic maceration
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
high
23. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
72 - 82 degrees F
inhibits
blending
24. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
30 -40 years
chaptalization
7 - 10 years
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
25. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
tartaric
10 - 13%
concrete - iron
26. What is tonnage per acre that is the break-even point for doing mechanical harvesting?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
total acidity & ph
20% - 40%
4 tons per acre
27. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
surface of interior walls
pigments - tannins - acidity
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
28. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
< 50 degrees F
3
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
color - tannin and body
29. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Pressing whole cluster
30. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
damage to berries is minimal
Light - medium and heavy
< 50 degrees F
31. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
Muscat
Traditional and Export
Hard-veggie or green flavor
non-flavonoid phenols
32. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
clears juice from its lees
blending
Muscat
Citric
33. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
72 - 82 degrees F
60% free run; 70% press run
batch & continuous
34. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Separate stems from must
Very early morning until noon
35. What is the oak used in cork production?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
quercus suber
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Chateau and Export
36. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
37. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
no time in loading & discharging
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
38. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
30 degrees C
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
1 - 4 hours
39. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
< 50 degrees F
Break skins to allow release of juice
30 -40 years
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
40. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
saccharomyces
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
41. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
beginning of fermentation
color & tannin extraction
40 -45 years
clears juice from its lees
42. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
< 50 degrees F
43. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
cinnamic acid
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
44. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
20% - 40%
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
3
45. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
10 - 13%
beginning of fermentation
46. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
drying grapes - noble rot
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
40 -45 years
47. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
cloudiness & settling of particles
at least a month before harvest
blending
high
48. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
Citric
cloudiness & settling of particles
46 -57 degrees F
acid adjustment
49. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
high
cloudiness & settling of particles
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
50. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
drying grapes - noble rot
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
tartaric - malic - citric
tannins
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