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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What two container materials must be lined before they can be used to store wine?
Chardonnay
10 - 13%
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
concrete - iron
2. What is the depth of toasting when it is a light toast?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
surface of interior walls
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
3. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
Pressing whole cluster
Chateau and Export
Break skins to allow release of juice
60% free run; 65% press run
4. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
inhibits
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
cool regions
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
5. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Separate stems from must
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
color & tannin extraction
6. What is the purpose of the crush?
Break skins to allow release of juice
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Fruit set - Verasion
7. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
40 -45 years
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
8. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Pressing whole cluster
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
9. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
10. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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11. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
contributes to bouquet
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
cane sugar / grape concentrate
blending
12. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Carbonic maceration
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
color - tannin and body
13. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
85 - 90%
Pressing whole cluster
damage to berries is minimal
14. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
saccharomyces
at least a month before harvest
breaks skin's tissue
15. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
surplus & deficiency
60% free run; 70% press run
cloudiness & settling of particles
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
16. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Acetic acid
17. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
9 - 10 years
pigment
contributes to bouquet
18. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
30 -40 years
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
10 - 13%
19. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
clears juice from its lees
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
beginning of fermentation
Citric
20. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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21. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
blending
color & tannin extraction
contributes to bouquet
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
22. What function does a capsule serve?
chaptalization
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
23. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Hard-veggie or green flavor
cloudiness & settling of particles
24. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
total acidity & ph
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
25. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
saccharomyces bayamus
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
beginning of fermentation
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
26. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
acid adjustment
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
batch & continuous
27. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
inhibits
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
28. What media conditions control yeast growth?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Separate stems from must
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
29. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
cool regions
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
30. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
9 - 10 years
up to 24 hours
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
breaks skin's tissue
31. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
Acetic acid
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
high
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
32. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
Lactic
Glucose and Fructose
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
7 - 10 years
33. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
72 - 82 degrees F
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
34. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Portugal and Spain
surplus & deficiency
35. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Break skins to allow release of juice
20% - 40%
36. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
non-flavonoid phenols
surface of interior walls
pigment
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
37. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
drying grapes - noble rot
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Leuconostoc-oenus
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
38. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
tannins
pectins
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
39. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
non-flavonoid phenols
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
40. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Citric
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
tannins
41. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
up to 24 hours
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
Citric
42. How does the production of late harvest wine differ from normal still wine?
high
30 degrees C
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
43. What are the two keys stages of berry development?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Fruit set - Verasion
pectins
color & tannin extraction
44. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Total acidity
up to 24 hours
85 - 90%
45. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
Chardonnay
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
< 50 degrees F
46. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
7 - 10 years
30 degrees C
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
47. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
Fruit set - Verasion
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Total acidity
tartaric
48. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
Citric
total acidity & ph
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
49. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
surplus & deficiency
60% free run; 65% press run
50. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
beginning of fermentation
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
cool regions
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp