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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
pectins
2. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
Light - medium and heavy
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
9 - 10 years
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
3. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Chateau and Export
40 -45 years
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
4. What are the main acids in grapes?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
Glucose and Fructose
Tartaric and Malic
surplus & deficiency
5. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
Traditional and Export
clears juice from its lees
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
cloudiness & settling of particles
6. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
cloudiness & settling of particles
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
clarify and aerate
high
7. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
10 - 14 degrees C
high
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Pressing whole cluster
8. What are the two keys stages of berry development?
high
Tartaric and Malic
Fruit set - Verasion
Light - medium and heavy
9. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
concrete - iron
saccharomyces
cool regions
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
10. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
40 -45 years
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Chardonnay
11. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
concrete - iron
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
12. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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13. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
46 -57 degrees F
Chateau and Export
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
85 - 90%
14. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
cloudiness & settling of particles
Carbonic maceration
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
15. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
75 - 85%
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
10 - 14 degrees C
oxidation
16. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
oxidation
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
saccharomyces
17. Why is SO2 (sulfor dioxide) added to wine in modern winemaking?
non-flavonoid phenols
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
Acetic acid
color & tannin extraction
18. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
saccharomyces
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
damage to berries is minimal
acid adjustment
19. Cold stabilization removes what acid in must?
tartaric
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
saccharomyces bayamus
cool regions
20. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
tartaric
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
21. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
clarify and aerate
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
no time in loading & discharging
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
22. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
Chardonnay
85 - 90%
3
Very early morning until noon
23. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Separate stems from must
30 -40 years
24. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
Tartaric and Malic
acid adjustment
at least a month before harvest
1 - 4 hours
25. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Very early morning until noon
Traditional and Export
Citric
26. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
beginning of fermentation
pigment
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
saccharomyces bayamus
27. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
cinnamic acid
chaptalization
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
28. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
Leuconostoc-oenus
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
drying grapes - noble rot
up to 24 hours
29. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
saccharomyces
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
30. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
up to 24 hours
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
Total acidity
31. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
2mm inside wood's surface
drying grapes - noble rot
cool regions
Citric
32. What media conditions control yeast growth?
Muscat
tannins
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
33. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
no time in loading & discharging
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
34. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
non-flavonoid phenols
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
35. What is the common name for a fermentation technique that does not require crushing or de-stemming?
surplus & deficiency
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
damage to berries is minimal
Carbonic maceration
36. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
Traditional and Export
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
chaptalization
< 50 degrees F
37. What is thermo-vinification?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
30 -40 years
38. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
inhibits
39. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
2mm inside wood's surface
cinnamic acid
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
40 -45 years
40. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
41. What is the depth of toasting when it is a light toast?
Light - medium and heavy
surface of interior walls
'green' - 'leafy'
Hard-veggie or green flavor
42. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Muscat
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
43. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
oxidation
44. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
saccharomyces bayamus
up to 24 hours
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
color - tannin and body
45. What are the names of the main barrel shapes?
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
at least a month before harvest
46. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
9
cool regions
pigments - tannins - acidity
47. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
batch & continuous
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
48. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
non-flavonoid phenols
high
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
49. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
7 - 10 years
up to 24 hours
50. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
Muscat
Traditional and Export
tannins
beginning of fermentation