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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
blending
Air conditioning
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
2. What occurs during racking?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
clarify and aerate
'green' - 'leafy'
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
3. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
3
acid adjustment
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
17 - 20 degrees C
4. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
46 -57 degrees F
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
up to 24 hours
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
5. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
Traditional and Export
batch & continuous
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
75 - 85%
6. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
batch & continuous
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
7. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
saccharomyces
damage to berries is minimal
8. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
oxidation
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
inhibits
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
9. What group of compounds give wine color?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
20% - 40%
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
10. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
1 - 4 hours
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
11. What is the purpose of the crush?
cloudiness & settling of particles
Break skins to allow release of juice
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
pectins
12. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
Break skins to allow release of juice
non-flavonoid phenols
13. Sugar addition is also known by what name?
Pressing whole cluster
Portugal and Spain
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
chaptalization
14. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
Portugal and Spain
60% free run; 65% press run
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
quercus suber
15. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
cloudiness & settling of particles
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
16. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
Total acidity
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
at least a month before harvest
17. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
clears juice from its lees
pectins
color - tannin and body
40 -45 years
18. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
cinnamic acid
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
40 -45 years
19. What are the main acids in grapes?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Citric
Tartaric and Malic
batch & continuous
20. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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21. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
3
Citric
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
total acidity (concentration of acids)
22. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
2mm inside wood's surface
non-flavonoid phenols
23. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
Citric
pigment
at least a month before harvest
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
24. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
batch & continuous
Total acidity
Chardonnay
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
25. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
85 - 90%
contributes to bouquet
chaptalization
26. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
2mm inside wood's surface
27. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
7 - 10 years
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
28. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
surface of interior walls
46 -57 degrees F
85 - 90%
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
29. What are the main French oak regions?
40 -45 years
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Pressing whole cluster
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
30. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
31. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
Air conditioning
damage to berries is minimal
Leuconostoc-oenus
oxidation
32. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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33. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
cool regions
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
7 - 10 years
contributes to bouquet
34. What function does a capsule serve?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
batch & continuous
35. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
cool regions
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
36. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
inhibits
Muscat
pigments - tannins - acidity
37. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
30 -40 years
oxidation
Hard-veggie or green flavor
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
38. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
oxidation
Glucose and Fructose
tartaric
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
39. What are three kinds of batch presses that have historically been used in wine production?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
2mm inside wood's surface
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Air conditioning
40. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
Break skins to allow release of juice
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
75 - 85%
41. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
clarify and aerate
inhibits
Lactic
9
42. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
chaptalization
Glucose and Fructose
43. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
Tartaric and Malic
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
44. What is the oak used in cork production?
quercus suber
inhibits
Chardonnay
< 50 degrees F
45. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
color & tannin extraction
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
46. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
tartaric - malic - citric
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
72 - 82 degrees F
47. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
cinnamic acid
high
Glucose and Fructose
pigments - tannins - acidity
48. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
up to 24 hours
pigments - tannins - acidity
4 tons per acre
46 -57 degrees F
49. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
46 -57 degrees F
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
tannins
3
50. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
tartaric - malic - citric
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
start at verasion and repeat when necessary