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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
7 - 10 years
Tartaric and Malic
drying grapes - noble rot
clarify and aerate
2. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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3. Sugar addition is also known by what name?
chaptalization
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
beginning of fermentation
'green' - 'leafy'
4. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
Very early morning until noon
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
up to 24 hours
blending
5. What are three kinds of batch presses that have historically been used in wine production?
Citric
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
6. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
damage to berries is minimal
Free run
Citric
4 tons per acre
7. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
total acidity & ph
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
9
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
8. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
40 -45 years
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
drying grapes - noble rot
pigment
9. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
3
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Very early morning until noon
10. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
clears juice from its lees
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
Muscat
11. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
Pressing whole cluster
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
color & tannin extraction
75 - 85%
12. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
60% free run; 70% press run
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
17 - 20 degrees C
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
13. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
pigment
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Leuconostoc-oenus
total acidity (concentration of acids)
14. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
cool regions
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Separate stems from must
15. What function does a capsule serve?
Portugal and Spain
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
cane sugar / grape concentrate
16. Why is SO2 (sulfor dioxide) added to wine in modern winemaking?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
17. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
10 - 14 degrees C
clears juice from its lees
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
18. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
30 degrees C
inhibits
batch & continuous
19. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
non-flavonoid phenols
high
20. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
pigments - tannins - acidity
cloudiness & settling of particles
pectins
2mm inside wood's surface
21. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
clears juice from its lees
22. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
23. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
contributes to bouquet
oxidation
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
24. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
30 -40 years
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
high
25. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
20% - 40%
Total acidity
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
46 -57 degrees F
26. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
high
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Glucose and Fructose
27. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
20% - 40%
28. Unfermented free run makes up what % of total extractable juice?
clarify and aerate
75 - 85%
Glucose and Fructose
tannins
29. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
75 - 85%
2mm inside wood's surface
saccharomyces
Leuconostoc-oenus
30. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Glucose and Fructose
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
31. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
32. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
tartaric
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
33. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
drying grapes - noble rot
saccharomyces bayamus
34. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
clarify and aerate
Chardonnay
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
35. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
Citric
Total acidity
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
blending
36. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
4 tons per acre
10 - 13%
37. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
Leuconostoc-oenus
inhibits
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
Hard-veggie or green flavor
38. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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39. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
Glucose and Fructose
surplus & deficiency
tartaric
40. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
1 - 4 hours
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
41. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
30 -40 years
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
Portugal and Spain
Fruit set - Verasion
42. What is thermo-vinification?
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
43. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
Air conditioning
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
pectins
Portugal and Spain
44. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
color - tannin and body
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Traditional and Export
Tartaric and Malic
45. What is the common name for a fermentation technique that does not require crushing or de-stemming?
surplus & deficiency
drying grapes - noble rot
Carbonic maceration
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
46. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
< 50 degrees F
tartaric - malic - citric
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
47. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
9 - 10 years
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Acetic acid
48. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
1 - 4 hours
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
75 - 85%
'green' - 'leafy'
49. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
Muscat
surface of interior walls
'green' - 'leafy'
total acidity (concentration of acids)
50. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
drying grapes - noble rot
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
color - tannin and body