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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
30 degrees C
Glucose and Fructose
3
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
2. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
cloudiness & settling of particles
quercus suber
color & tannin extraction
at least a month before harvest
3. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Air conditioning
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
cinnamic acid
4. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
high
up to 24 hours
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
contributes to bouquet
5. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
< 50 degrees F
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Glucose and Fructose
high
6. Sugar addition is also known by what name?
72 - 82 degrees F
chaptalization
60% free run; 70% press run
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
7. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
Chateau and Export
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Traditional and Export
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
8. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
beginning of fermentation
Lactic
9. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
60% free run; 65% press run
contributes to bouquet
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Carbonic maceration
10. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
chaptalization
surplus & deficiency
Chateau and Export
Citric
11. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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12. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
Glucose and Fructose
46 -57 degrees F
13. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
cool regions
10 - 14 degrees C
7 - 10 years
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
14. What is a major by-product of MLF?
Acetic acid
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
15. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
20% - 40%
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
16. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
20% - 40%
Glucose and Fructose
Portugal and Spain
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
17. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
clarify and aerate
chaptalization
18. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
saccharomyces
30 degrees C
drying grapes - noble rot
Fruit set - Verasion
19. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "short contact" occurs?
Very early morning until noon
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
1 - 4 hours
20. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
clarify and aerate
Muscat
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
21. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
damage to berries is minimal
Break skins to allow release of juice
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
Muscat
22. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
72 - 82 degrees F
Air conditioning
Free run
total acidity & ph
23. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
surplus & deficiency
24. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
no time in loading & discharging
Carbonic maceration
saccharomyces bayamus
25. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Total acidity
26. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
beginning of fermentation
Total acidity
27. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
72 - 82 degrees F
28. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
7 - 10 years
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
total acidity (concentration of acids)
color - tannin and body
29. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
pectins
Fruit set - Verasion
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
30. Define lees.
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
31. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
'green' - 'leafy'
Free run
Leuconostoc-oenus
32. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
Fruit set - Verasion
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
33. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
Chardonnay
Lactic
85 - 90%
72 - 82 degrees F
34. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
46 -57 degrees F
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
contributes to bouquet
35. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
Citric
beginning of fermentation
saccharomyces
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
36. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
Citric
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
saccharomyces bayamus
37. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
pectins
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
30 -40 years
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
38. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
Free run
pigments - tannins - acidity
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
39. What is the purpose of the crush?
Glucose and Fructose
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Break skins to allow release of juice
cinnamic acid
40. What is the depth of toasting when it is a light toast?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
surface of interior walls
at least a month before harvest
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
41. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
cane sugar / grape concentrate
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
42. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
30 degrees C
no time in loading & discharging
clarify and aerate
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
43. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
4 tons per acre
acid adjustment
60% free run; 65% press run
44. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
45. What group of compounds give wine color?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
60% free run; 70% press run
46. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
beginning of fermentation
47. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
clears juice from its lees
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
48. How does the production of late harvest wine differ from normal still wine?
Free run
3
Traditional and Export
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
49. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
up to 24 hours
60% free run; 65% press run
damage to berries is minimal
high
50. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
1 - 4 hours
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness