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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Light - medium and heavy
Separate stems from must
Citric
2. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
drying grapes - noble rot
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
Glucose and Fructose
high
3. What 3 major components of wine are stored in skin of the grapes? These compounds are correctly called what?
surplus & deficiency
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
Portugal and Spain
4. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
Light - medium and heavy
Citric
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
60% free run; 65% press run
5. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
cloudiness & settling of particles
pectins
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
6. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Citric
2mm inside wood's surface
surplus & deficiency
7. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
cool regions
pectins
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
7 - 10 years
8. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
total acidity & ph
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
9. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
tartaric
Chardonnay
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
saccharomyces
10. What are the main acids in grapes?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
Muscat
oxidation
Tartaric and Malic
11. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
batch & continuous
pectins
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
12. What group of compounds give wine color?
Air conditioning
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Citric
tannins
13. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Fruit set - Verasion
total acidity & ph
14. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
Total acidity
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
15. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
quercus suber
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
16. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
3
9 - 10 years
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
Glucose and Fructose
17. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
18. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
no time in loading & discharging
1 - 4 hours
Light - medium and heavy
19. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
20. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
acid adjustment
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
9 - 10 years
21. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
4 tons per acre
pectins
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
22. What is the oak used in cork production?
quercus suber
oxidation
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
Tartaric and Malic
23. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
Lactic
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
24. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
surplus & deficiency
cinnamic acid
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
25. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
46 -57 degrees F
total acidity (concentration of acids)
26. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Glucose and Fructose
concrete - iron
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
27. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
9
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Muscat
28. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
29. What are the names of the main barrel shapes?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
4 tons per acre
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
30. What are the objectives of fining?
Carbonic maceration
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
pectins
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
31. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
30 -40 years
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
7 - 10 years
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
32. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Hard-veggie or green flavor
3
7 - 10 years
33. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
20% - 40%
34. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
Carbonic maceration
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Muscat
85 - 90%
35. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
30 degrees C
saccharomyces
17 - 20 degrees C
30 -40 years
36. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
clarify and aerate
Portugal and Spain
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
3
37. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
clears juice from its lees
concrete - iron
38. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
40 -45 years
Hard-veggie or green flavor
39. What is tonnage per acre that is the break-even point for doing mechanical harvesting?
4 tons per acre
17 - 20 degrees C
batch & continuous
at least a month before harvest
40. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
41. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
46 -57 degrees F
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
2mm inside wood's surface
42. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
20% - 40%
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
quercus suber
4 tons per acre
43. What are the two keys stages of berry development?
10 - 13%
Separate stems from must
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Fruit set - Verasion
44. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
40 -45 years
pigments - tannins - acidity
no time in loading & discharging
45. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
tartaric
30 -40 years
Free run
46. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Lactic
Separate stems from must
47. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
Fruit set - Verasion
17 - 20 degrees C
total acidity & ph
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
48. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
inhibits
Fruit set - Verasion
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
49. What are the main French oak regions?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
< 50 degrees F
clears juice from its lees
50. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
Chateau and Export
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
46 -57 degrees F
saccharomyces