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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
saccharomyces
surface of interior walls
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
color & tannin extraction
2. Why is SO2 (sulfor dioxide) added to wine in modern winemaking?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
3. What are three types of toasting?
10 - 13%
Light - medium and heavy
Very early morning until noon
85 - 90%
4. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
Fruit set - Verasion
at least a month before harvest
4 tons per acre
Total acidity
5. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
non-flavonoid phenols
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
6. What is the oak used in cork production?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Citric
quercus suber
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
7. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Chardonnay
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
Leuconostoc-oenus
8. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
surplus & deficiency
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
9. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
72 - 82 degrees F
pectins
60% free run; 65% press run
10. What media conditions control yeast growth?
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
up to 24 hours
11. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
10 - 13%
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
color - tannin and body
4 tons per acre
12. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
46 -57 degrees F
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
85 - 90%
10 - 13%
13. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
no time in loading & discharging
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
14. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
clarify and aerate
15. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
inhibits
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
no time in loading & discharging
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
16. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
acid adjustment
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
tartaric - malic - citric
17. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
9
20% - 40%
beginning of fermentation
18. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
75 - 85%
surplus & deficiency
85 - 90%
7 - 10 years
19. What is the preferred temperature range for red wine making?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
72 - 82 degrees F
color - tannin and body
60% free run; 65% press run
20. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
non-flavonoid phenols
at least a month before harvest
21. What is the purpose of racking wine?
pigments - tannins - acidity
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Carbonic maceration
75 - 85%
22. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "short contact" occurs?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Muscat
72 - 82 degrees F
1 - 4 hours
23. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
oxidation
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
cinnamic acid
24. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
25. What group of compounds give wine color?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Free run
pigment
26. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
saccharomyces bayamus
pigment
up to 24 hours
27. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
17 - 20 degrees C
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
28. What is the depth of toasting when it is a light toast?
60% free run; 65% press run
tartaric
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
surface of interior walls
29. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
7 - 10 years
Carbonic maceration
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
30. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
1 - 4 hours
'green' - 'leafy'
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
31. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
32. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
pigments - tannins - acidity
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
33. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
Glucose and Fructose
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
tartaric
high
34. What are three kinds of batch presses that have historically been used in wine production?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
cool regions
saccharomyces bayamus
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
35. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Chateau and Export
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
acid adjustment
36. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
damage to berries is minimal
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Free run
37. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
clears juice from its lees
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
Very early morning until noon
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
38. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
10 - 13%
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
Hard-veggie or green flavor
39. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
blending
Portugal and Spain
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
40. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
pectins
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
2mm inside wood's surface
41. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
46 -57 degrees F
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
total acidity (concentration of acids)
42. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
85 - 90%
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Leuconostoc-oenus
7 - 10 years
43. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
30 degrees C
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
clarify and aerate
44. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
tannins
saccharomyces bayamus
Carbonic maceration
10 - 14 degrees C
45. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
Total acidity
total acidity & ph
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
46. What is tonnage per acre that is the break-even point for doing mechanical harvesting?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
4 tons per acre
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
47. Define lees.
inhibits
batch & continuous
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
48. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
pigments - tannins - acidity
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
49. Unfermented free run makes up what % of total extractable juice?
20% - 40%
75 - 85%
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
cool regions
50. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
tartaric