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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
85 - 90%
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
2. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
tartaric - malic - citric
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Air conditioning
10 - 14 degrees C
3. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
non-flavonoid phenols
batch & continuous
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
4. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Portugal and Spain
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
5. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
Free run
Total acidity
breaks skin's tissue
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
6. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
10 - 13%
7. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
contributes to bouquet
saccharomyces bayamus
7 - 10 years
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
8. Sugar addition is also known by what name?
concrete - iron
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
chaptalization
1 - 4 hours
9. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
concrete - iron
clears juice from its lees
oxidation
Hard-veggie or green flavor
10. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
drying grapes - noble rot
Free run
9
tartaric - malic - citric
11. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
batch & continuous
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
acid adjustment
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
12. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
beginning of fermentation
30 -40 years
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
13. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
oxidation
Citric
cloudiness & settling of particles
14. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
85 - 90%
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Chardonnay
15. What is the oak used in cork production?
contributes to bouquet
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
quercus suber
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
16. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
Carbonic maceration
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
30 -40 years
2mm inside wood's surface
17. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
clarify and aerate
46 -57 degrees F
Total acidity
7 - 10 years
18. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
no time in loading & discharging
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Hard-veggie or green flavor
19. What media conditions control yeast growth?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
Air conditioning
drying grapes - noble rot
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
20. What is a major by-product of MLF?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Acetic acid
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
21. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
saccharomyces bayamus
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
no time in loading & discharging
4 tons per acre
22. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
acid adjustment
Traditional and Export
Chateau and Export
23. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
7 - 10 years
color & tannin extraction
24. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
Leuconostoc-oenus
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
17 - 20 degrees C
25. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
saccharomyces
Total acidity
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
26. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
blending
Air conditioning
Very early morning until noon
tartaric
27. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
saccharomyces bayamus
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
Total acidity
at least a month before harvest
28. What are the objectives of fining?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
29. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
Chardonnay
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
17 - 20 degrees C
30. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
40 -45 years
31. What is the depth of toasting when it is a light toast?
surface of interior walls
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
Carbonic maceration
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
32. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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33. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
oxidation
tannins
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
34. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
72 - 82 degrees F
10 - 13%
Free run
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
35. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
Total acidity
2mm inside wood's surface
drying grapes - noble rot
batch & continuous
36. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
Tartaric and Malic
Chateau and Export
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Traditional and Export
37. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Leuconostoc-oenus
30 degrees C
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
38. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Portugal and Spain
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
39. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
40 -45 years
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
up to 24 hours
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
40. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
< 50 degrees F
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
41. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Lactic
pigments - tannins - acidity
Citric
42. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
batch & continuous
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Citric
43. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
concrete - iron
40 -45 years
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
44. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
color - tannin and body
10 - 14 degrees C
46 -57 degrees F
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
45. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
Leuconostoc-oenus
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Muscat
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
46. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
inhibits
Fruit set - Verasion
20% - 40%
60% free run; 65% press run
47. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
Portugal and Spain
cool regions
Separate stems from must
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
48. What is thermo-vinification?
clarify and aerate
chaptalization
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
49. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
Leuconostoc-oenus
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
50. What is the purpose of racking wine?
color & tannin extraction
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
Glucose and Fructose
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids