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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Define lees.
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
2. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
cool regions
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
clears juice from its lees
Separate stems from must
3. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Total acidity
Break skins to allow release of juice
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
4. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
60% free run; 65% press run
5. What is the preferred temperature range for red wine making?
85 - 90%
72 - 82 degrees F
Free run
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
6. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Leuconostoc-oenus
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Total acidity
7. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
30 -40 years
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
color - tannin and body
4 tons per acre
8. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
acid adjustment
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
cinnamic acid
9. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
Very early morning until noon
85 - 90%
color & tannin extraction
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
10. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
Chateau and Export
pectins
total acidity & ph
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
11. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
85 - 90%
10 - 14 degrees C
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
12. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
color & tannin extraction
13. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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14. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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15. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
cloudiness & settling of particles
Muscat
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
non-flavonoid phenols
16. Unfermented free run makes up what % of total extractable juice?
75 - 85%
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
non-flavonoid phenols
17. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
20% - 40%
Total acidity
pigments - tannins - acidity
up to 24 hours
18. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
9 - 10 years
damage to berries is minimal
Lactic
7 - 10 years
19. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
46 -57 degrees F
batch & continuous
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
10 - 13%
20. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
Pressing whole cluster
acid adjustment
chaptalization
40 -45 years
21. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
clears juice from its lees
60% free run; 70% press run
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
at least a month before harvest
22. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
23. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
contributes to bouquet
46 -57 degrees F
total acidity & ph
24. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
oxidation
up to 24 hours
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
25. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
cloudiness & settling of particles
1 - 4 hours
contributes to bouquet
26. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
total acidity & ph
high
pigment
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
27. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
drying grapes - noble rot
batch & continuous
28. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
total acidity & ph
pigment
surface of interior walls
Glucose and Fructose
29. Cold stabilization removes what acid in must?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Acetic acid
1 - 4 hours
tartaric
30. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
30 degrees C
tannins
up to 24 hours
drying grapes - noble rot
31. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Carbonic maceration
Free run
tartaric
32. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
color - tannin and body
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
40 -45 years
drying grapes - noble rot
33. What are three types of toasting?
Light - medium and heavy
10 - 13%
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
Muscat
34. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
surface of interior walls
60% free run; 70% press run
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
inhibits
35. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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36. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
Very early morning until noon
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
37. What is a major by-product of MLF?
Acetic acid
clarify and aerate
Pressing whole cluster
surplus & deficiency
38. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
Air conditioning
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
46 -57 degrees F
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
39. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
Lactic
tannins
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
Carbonic maceration
40. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
Traditional and Export
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
9
41. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
9 - 10 years
cloudiness & settling of particles
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
42. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Very early morning until noon
saccharomyces
43. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
saccharomyces
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Pressing whole cluster
Total acidity
44. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
10 - 13%
Portugal and Spain
beginning of fermentation
cane sugar / grape concentrate
45. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
color - tannin and body
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
1 - 4 hours
clears juice from its lees
46. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
Leuconostoc-oenus
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
10 - 14 degrees C
47. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
surface of interior walls
saccharomyces bayamus
damage to berries is minimal
48. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
75 - 85%
49. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
40 -45 years
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
2mm inside wood's surface
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
50. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
contributes to bouquet