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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
concrete - iron
4 tons per acre
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
2. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
Air conditioning
3. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
clarify and aerate
Acetic acid
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
Traditional and Export
4. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
cloudiness & settling of particles
cinnamic acid
Chardonnay
40 -45 years
5. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
batch & continuous
cane sugar / grape concentrate
saccharomyces
6. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
Pressing whole cluster
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
tartaric - malic - citric
7. What is the oak used in cork production?
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
quercus suber
7 - 10 years
85 - 90%
8. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
2mm inside wood's surface
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
non-flavonoid phenols
9. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
Traditional and Export
beginning of fermentation
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
non-flavonoid phenols
10. What are the names of the main barrel shapes?
Muscat
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
color & tannin extraction
11. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Traditional and Export
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
30 degrees C
12. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Light - medium and heavy
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
beginning of fermentation
13. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
color & tannin extraction
batch & continuous
non-flavonoid phenols
cane sugar / grape concentrate
14. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Fruit set - Verasion
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
chaptalization
15. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
4 tons per acre
Free run
85 - 90%
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
16. What is the purpose of racking wine?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
17. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
oxidation
surplus & deficiency
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
18. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
pigment
60% free run; 70% press run
Portugal and Spain
Total acidity
19. What are the objectives of fining?
Carbonic maceration
blending
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
20. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
quercus suber
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
color & tannin extraction
21. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
9 - 10 years
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
1 - 4 hours
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
22. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Leuconostoc-oenus
Chardonnay
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
23. What are the main French oak regions?
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
60% free run; 70% press run
total acidity & ph
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
24. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
concrete - iron
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
40 -45 years
46 -57 degrees F
25. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
saccharomyces bayamus
26. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
up to 24 hours
Traditional and Export
10 - 14 degrees C
27. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
total acidity (concentration of acids)
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
28. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
Tartaric and Malic
up to 24 hours
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
clarify and aerate
29. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
cloudiness & settling of particles
tartaric
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
85 - 90%
30. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
surplus & deficiency
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
color - tannin and body
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
31. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
cool regions
pigment
drying grapes - noble rot
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
32. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Lactic
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
contributes to bouquet
33. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
30 degrees C
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
Separate stems from must
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
34. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
35. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
4 tons per acre
cinnamic acid
at least a month before harvest
Citric
36. What are three types of toasting?
Light - medium and heavy
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
beginning of fermentation
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
37. What is thermo-vinification?
acid adjustment
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
Acetic acid
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
38. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
Pressing whole cluster
'green' - 'leafy'
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
39. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
Separate stems from must
no time in loading & discharging
30 -40 years
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
40. What occurs during racking?
30 -40 years
pigments - tannins - acidity
clarify and aerate
46 -57 degrees F
41. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
acid adjustment
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
75 - 85%
42. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
Separate stems from must
4 tons per acre
72 - 82 degrees F
43. What is the preferred temperature range for red wine making?
40 -45 years
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
72 - 82 degrees F
44. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
cloudiness & settling of particles
45. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Traditional and Export
Glucose and Fructose
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
46. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
high
20% - 40%
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
pectins
47. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
Free run
Lactic
Pressing whole cluster
10 - 14 degrees C
48. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
drying grapes - noble rot
30 -40 years
9 - 10 years
beginning of fermentation
49. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
Very early morning until noon
60% free run; 65% press run
tannins
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
50. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
color - tannin and body
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc