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Viniculture
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Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What two container materials must be lined before they can be used to store wine?
Light - medium and heavy
saccharomyces
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
concrete - iron
2. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
concrete - iron
85 - 90%
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
3. What is the purpose of racking wine?
pigment
cool regions
30 -40 years
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
4. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
pigments - tannins - acidity
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
5. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
Fruit set - Verasion
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
breaks skin's tissue
quercus suber
6. What group of compounds give wine color?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
4 tons per acre
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
60% free run; 70% press run
7. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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8. What is a major by-product of MLF?
Acetic acid
at least a month before harvest
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
9. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
Traditional and Export
3
Acetic acid
Chardonnay
10. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
blending
Separate stems from must
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
11. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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12. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
batch & continuous
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
13. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
Light - medium and heavy
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
pigment
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
14. What is the oak used in cork production?
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
quercus suber
beginning of fermentation
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
15. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
Traditional and Export
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
concrete - iron
no time in loading & discharging
16. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
60% free run; 65% press run
up to 24 hours
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
17. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
saccharomyces
pigment
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
cool regions
18. What are three kinds of batch presses that have historically been used in wine production?
pigment
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
inhibits
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
19. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
Fruit set - Verasion
batch & continuous
60% free run; 70% press run
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
20. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
beginning of fermentation
7 - 10 years
21. What are the two keys stages of berry development?
up to 24 hours
Fruit set - Verasion
1 - 4 hours
3
22. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
46 -57 degrees F
pigments - tannins - acidity
tartaric
40 -45 years
23. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
30 -40 years
color - tannin and body
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
clears juice from its lees
24. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
drying grapes - noble rot
< 50 degrees F
surface of interior walls
25. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
total acidity & ph
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
26. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
'green' - 'leafy'
60% free run; 70% press run
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
27. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
blending
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
75 - 85%
color - tannin and body
28. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
high
oxidation
Fruit set - Verasion
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
29. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
non-flavonoid phenols
Lactic
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Very early morning until noon
30. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Citric
75 - 85%
31. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
tartaric - malic - citric
32. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
cinnamic acid
Citric
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
33. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
60% free run; 65% press run
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
30 degrees C
34. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
cane sugar / grape concentrate
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
35. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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36. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
9
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
37. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
color - tannin and body
tartaric - malic - citric
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
Citric
38. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
72 - 82 degrees F
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
pigment
39. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
Leuconostoc-oenus
at least a month before harvest
color & tannin extraction
quercus suber
40. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
surface of interior walls
batch & continuous
< 50 degrees F
41. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
30 -40 years
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
4 tons per acre
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
42. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
concrete - iron
tartaric - malic - citric
Chardonnay
Fruit set - Verasion
43. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
pigments - tannins - acidity
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
44. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
tartaric
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
4 tons per acre
non-flavonoid phenols
45. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
2mm inside wood's surface
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
Carbonic maceration
7 - 10 years
46. What is the common name for a fermentation technique that does not require crushing or de-stemming?
Carbonic maceration
acid adjustment
surplus & deficiency
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
47. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
Glucose and Fructose
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
color - tannin and body
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
48. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
cinnamic acid
blending
10 - 14 degrees C
49. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Pressing whole cluster
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
surplus & deficiency
50. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Glucose and Fructose
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
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