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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
'green' - 'leafy'
Citric
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Air conditioning
2. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
tannins
pigments - tannins - acidity
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
3. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
'green' - 'leafy'
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
4. What are the main French oak regions?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
5. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
'green' - 'leafy'
7 - 10 years
Traditional and Export
Leuconostoc-oenus
6. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
30 degrees C
30 -40 years
high
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
7. What are three kinds of batch presses that have historically been used in wine production?
Leuconostoc-oenus
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
at least a month before harvest
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
8. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
up to 24 hours
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
oxidation
9. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Total acidity
up to 24 hours
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
10. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
at least a month before harvest
cool regions
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
11. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
17 - 20 degrees C
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
color & tannin extraction
beginning of fermentation
12. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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13. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
Total acidity
pigment
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
7 - 10 years
14. What is a major by-product of MLF?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Acetic acid
Air conditioning
blending
15. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
Citric
contributes to bouquet
17 - 20 degrees C
total acidity (concentration of acids)
16. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
tartaric
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
17. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
46 -57 degrees F
Citric
9
Total acidity
18. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
Citric
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
9
30 -40 years
19. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
high
7 - 10 years
20. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
Free run
high
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
damage to berries is minimal
21. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
non-flavonoid phenols
damage to berries is minimal
pigments - tannins - acidity
batch & continuous
22. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
saccharomyces
concrete - iron
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
contributes to bouquet
23. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
10 - 13%
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
24. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
Separate stems from must
Free run
9 - 10 years
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
25. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
Air conditioning
Muscat
color & tannin extraction
9
26. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
quercus suber
batch & continuous
beginning of fermentation
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
27. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
drying grapes - noble rot
Total acidity
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
28. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
Muscat
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
Air conditioning
oxidation
29. What are the objectives of fining?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
1 - 4 hours
acid adjustment
blending
30. What is tonnage per acre that is the break-even point for doing mechanical harvesting?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
inhibits
4 tons per acre
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
31. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
Chateau and Export
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
tartaric - malic - citric
32. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
cane sugar / grape concentrate
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
33. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
Chateau and Export
up to 24 hours
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
34. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Break skins to allow release of juice
30 -40 years
35. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
Free run
10 - 13%
4 tons per acre
acid adjustment
36. What is the purpose of the crush?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Leuconostoc-oenus
Break skins to allow release of juice
37. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
Citric
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
cloudiness & settling of particles
30 -40 years
38. What media conditions control yeast growth?
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
75 - 85%
39. What is the oak used in cork production?
quercus suber
damage to berries is minimal
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
40. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
cinnamic acid
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
41. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
2mm inside wood's surface
9 - 10 years
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
42. What is the common name for a fermentation technique that does not require crushing or de-stemming?
'green' - 'leafy'
2mm inside wood's surface
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
Carbonic maceration
43. What is the purpose of racking wine?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
60% free run; 65% press run
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
44. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
beginning of fermentation
acid adjustment
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
30 -40 years
45. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
Tartaric and Malic
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
9 - 10 years
46. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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47. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Chardonnay
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
non-flavonoid phenols
48. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Hard-veggie or green flavor
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
49. What occurs during racking?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
clarify and aerate
46 -57 degrees F
3
50. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
inhibits
Glucose and Fructose