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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
10 - 14 degrees C
75 - 85%
Citric
Very early morning until noon
2. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
color & tannin extraction
tannins
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
3. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
Citric
7 - 10 years
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
4. What is the oak used in cork production?
saccharomyces bayamus
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
at least a month before harvest
quercus suber
5. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
high
Lactic
drying grapes - noble rot
6. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
clarify and aerate
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
9
7. What is tonnage per acre that is the break-even point for doing mechanical harvesting?
4 tons per acre
cinnamic acid
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
at least a month before harvest
8. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
Lactic
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
46 -57 degrees F
Tartaric and Malic
9. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
acid adjustment
beginning of fermentation
Chardonnay
10. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
Carbonic maceration
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Total acidity
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
11. What occurs during racking?
clarify and aerate
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Separate stems from must
10 - 13%
12. What is the purpose of the crush?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
10 - 14 degrees C
Break skins to allow release of juice
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
13. What two container materials must be lined before they can be used to store wine?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
cool regions
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
concrete - iron
14. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
46 -57 degrees F
9
1 - 4 hours
15. What 3 major components of wine are stored in skin of the grapes? These compounds are correctly called what?
30 degrees C
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
Chardonnay
7 - 10 years
16. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
17. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
color & tannin extraction
Acetic acid
Hard-veggie or green flavor
acid adjustment
18. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
9
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
cane sugar / grape concentrate
beginning of fermentation
19. Cold stabilization removes what acid in must?
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
tartaric
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Hard-veggie or green flavor
20. What function does a capsule serve?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
21. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
tannins
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
22. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
Chateau and Export
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
2mm inside wood's surface
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
23. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
color - tannin and body
saccharomyces bayamus
60% free run; 65% press run
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
24. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Acetic acid
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
25. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
72 - 82 degrees F
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
60% free run; 70% press run
26. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
cloudiness & settling of particles
30 degrees C
60% free run; 70% press run
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
27. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
oxidation
28. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
17 - 20 degrees C
non-flavonoid phenols
29. What are the objectives of fining?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
oxidation
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
4 tons per acre
30. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
Light - medium and heavy
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
30 degrees C
saccharomyces bayamus
31. What is the purpose of racking wine?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
up to 24 hours
beginning of fermentation
Tartaric and Malic
32. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
10 - 13%
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
damage to berries is minimal
Very early morning until noon
33. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
non-flavonoid phenols
Leuconostoc-oenus
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
34. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Citric
Separate stems from must
35. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
cool regions
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
40 -45 years
36. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
at least a month before harvest
4 tons per acre
Fruit set - Verasion
cool regions
37. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
inhibits
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
9
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
38. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
2mm inside wood's surface
pigment
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
39. What are the main acids in grapes?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Chardonnay
Tartaric and Malic
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
40. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
total acidity & ph
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
batch & continuous
Traditional and Export
41. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
3
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
contributes to bouquet
10 - 14 degrees C
42. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
pigment
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
43. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Leuconostoc-oenus
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
cloudiness & settling of particles
44. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
contributes to bouquet
cool regions
color - tannin and body
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
45. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
20% - 40%
saccharomyces bayamus
cane sugar / grape concentrate
4 tons per acre
46. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
30 degrees C
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
cloudiness & settling of particles
47. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
Free run
Glucose and Fructose
48. What are the two keys stages of berry development?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Fruit set - Verasion
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
49. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
clarify and aerate
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
surplus & deficiency
50. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
10 - 13%
'green' - 'leafy'
tartaric