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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Carbonic maceration
at least a month before harvest
quercus suber
2. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
Traditional and Export
breaks skin's tissue
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
non-flavonoid phenols
3. What function does a capsule serve?
drying grapes - noble rot
30 -40 years
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
4. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
cloudiness & settling of particles
Citric
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
< 50 degrees F
5. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
Fruit set - Verasion
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
6. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
damage to berries is minimal
quercus suber
beginning of fermentation
7. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
color & tannin extraction
10 - 14 degrees C
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
8. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
10 - 13%
9. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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10. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
60% free run; 70% press run
< 50 degrees F
9 - 10 years
11. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
pectins
46 -57 degrees F
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
3
12. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
no time in loading & discharging
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Air conditioning
< 50 degrees F
13. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
Citric
color - tannin and body
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
14. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
concrete - iron
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
'green' - 'leafy'
15. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
'green' - 'leafy'
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
acid adjustment
16. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
Chateau and Export
concrete - iron
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
17. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
damage to berries is minimal
Carbonic maceration
surface of interior walls
18. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
4 tons per acre
3
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
19. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
tannins
clears juice from its lees
blending
20. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
72 - 82 degrees F
high
oxidation
21. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Fruit set - Verasion
30 degrees C
20% - 40%
22. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
color - tannin and body
no time in loading & discharging
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Air conditioning
23. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
up to 24 hours
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
'green' - 'leafy'
Light - medium and heavy
24. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
Free run
high
Portugal and Spain
at least a month before harvest
25. What are the names of the main barrel shapes?
tannins
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
30 degrees C
26. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
clears juice from its lees
cane sugar / grape concentrate
tartaric
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
27. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
total acidity & ph
pectins
cane sugar / grape concentrate
drying grapes - noble rot
28. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
Citric
drying grapes - noble rot
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
29. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
Citric
10 - 14 degrees C
Air conditioning
pigment
30. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
pectins
Carbonic maceration
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
31. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "short contact" occurs?
1 - 4 hours
Lactic
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
high
32. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Citric
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
33. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
no time in loading & discharging
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
34. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
60% free run; 70% press run
20% - 40%
Portugal and Spain
35. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
tannins
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Citric
breaks skin's tissue
36. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
37. What are the main French oak regions?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
surplus & deficiency
38. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
drying grapes - noble rot
'green' - 'leafy'
acid adjustment
39. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
contributes to bouquet
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
color & tannin extraction
40. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
up to 24 hours
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
cloudiness & settling of particles
Light - medium and heavy
41. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
cloudiness & settling of particles
3
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
42. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Very early morning until noon
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
10 - 14 degrees C
43. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
chaptalization
Portugal and Spain
damage to berries is minimal
44. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
46 -57 degrees F
pectins
Lactic
clears juice from its lees
45. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Very early morning until noon
46. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
non-flavonoid phenols
72 - 82 degrees F
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
acid adjustment
47. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
saccharomyces bayamus
tartaric
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
48. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
Leuconostoc-oenus
concrete - iron
chaptalization
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
49. What is the purpose of racking wine?
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
high
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
20% - 40%
50. What is the purpose of the crush?
Muscat
Break skins to allow release of juice
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
non-flavonoid phenols