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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
9 - 10 years
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
'green' - 'leafy'
2. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
blending
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
clears juice from its lees
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
3. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Separate stems from must
46 -57 degrees F
tartaric
4. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
'green' - 'leafy'
Portugal and Spain
acid adjustment
Pressing whole cluster
5. Sugar addition is also known by what name?
1 - 4 hours
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Glucose and Fructose
chaptalization
6. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
30 degrees C
46 -57 degrees F
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
10 - 13%
7. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
8. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
9
Break skins to allow release of juice
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
contributes to bouquet
9. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
high
damage to berries is minimal
Portugal and Spain
Hard-veggie or green flavor
10. What are three kinds of batch presses that have historically been used in wine production?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
Muscat
Very early morning until noon
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
11. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
85 - 90%
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
contributes to bouquet
Glucose and Fructose
12. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
30 degrees C
30 -40 years
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
tannins
13. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
7 - 10 years
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Break skins to allow release of juice
14. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
9
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
chaptalization
15. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
concrete - iron
high
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
Lactic
16. Why is SO2 (sulfor dioxide) added to wine in modern winemaking?
cinnamic acid
drying grapes - noble rot
7 - 10 years
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
17. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
pigments - tannins - acidity
total acidity & ph
60% free run; 70% press run
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
18. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Chardonnay
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
high
19. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
no time in loading & discharging
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
cool regions
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
20. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
< 50 degrees F
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
21. What is the purpose of the crush?
Tartaric and Malic
quercus suber
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Break skins to allow release of juice
22. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
30 -40 years
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
46 -57 degrees F
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
23. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
Separate stems from must
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
acid adjustment
24. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
Citric
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
clarify and aerate
25. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
10 - 14 degrees C
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
26. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
surplus & deficiency
17 - 20 degrees C
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
40 -45 years
27. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
17 - 20 degrees C
inhibits
28. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
cloudiness & settling of particles
72 - 82 degrees F
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
clarify and aerate
29. What are the objectives of fining?
pigment
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
chaptalization
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
30. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
Citric
pigments - tannins - acidity
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
9 - 10 years
31. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
85 - 90%
10 - 13%
surplus & deficiency
9
32. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
tartaric
17 - 20 degrees C
33. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
tartaric
tannins
30 -40 years
Glucose and Fructose
34. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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35. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
surface of interior walls
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
40 -45 years
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
36. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
surplus & deficiency
pigments - tannins - acidity
total acidity (concentration of acids)
30 -40 years
37. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
cool regions
38. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
10 - 14 degrees C
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
39. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Very early morning until noon
40. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Muscat
Air conditioning
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
41. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
pectins
quercus suber
contributes to bouquet
42. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
surface of interior walls
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
cane sugar / grape concentrate
43. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
75 - 85%
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
85 - 90%
44. What group of compounds give wine color?
total acidity & ph
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
surface of interior walls
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
45. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
cinnamic acid
3
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
46. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
total acidity & ph
Pressing whole cluster
tartaric
47. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
chaptalization
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
batch & continuous
48. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
Separate stems from must
cool regions
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
color - tannin and body
49. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
Acetic acid
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
50. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
Glucose and Fructose
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%