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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
oxidation
color - tannin and body
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
2. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
3. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
pigments - tannins - acidity
Air conditioning
Free run
total acidity & ph
4. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
oxidation
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
5. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Muscat
Air conditioning
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
6. What 3 major components of wine are stored in skin of the grapes? These compounds are correctly called what?
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
Citric
9
Citric
7. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
high
Lactic
chaptalization
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
8. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
46 -57 degrees F
9
9 - 10 years
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
9. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
20% - 40%
60% free run; 70% press run
Break skins to allow release of juice
10. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Muscat
Glucose and Fructose
pigment
11. Why is SO2 (sulfor dioxide) added to wine in modern winemaking?
Leuconostoc-oenus
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
Break skins to allow release of juice
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
12. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
60% free run; 65% press run
2mm inside wood's surface
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
13. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
60% free run; 65% press run
inhibits
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
14. What are the main French oak regions?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
60% free run; 70% press run
Citric
Portugal and Spain
15. What are the objectives of fining?
9
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
16. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
no time in loading & discharging
color - tannin and body
17. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
up to 24 hours
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
Citric
18. What is thermo-vinification?
2mm inside wood's surface
oxidation
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
85 - 90%
19. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
total acidity (concentration of acids)
20. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
surplus & deficiency
7 - 10 years
Chardonnay
21. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
tannins
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
oxidation
22. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
total acidity & ph
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
17 - 20 degrees C
Very early morning until noon
23. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
< 50 degrees F
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
24. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
Citric
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
60% free run; 70% press run
25. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
drying grapes - noble rot
pigments - tannins - acidity
60% free run; 70% press run
26. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
acid adjustment
pectins
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
27. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
blending
28. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
4 tons per acre
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
29. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
oxidation
beginning of fermentation
Chardonnay
Chateau and Export
30. What is tonnage per acre that is the break-even point for doing mechanical harvesting?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
4 tons per acre
Chardonnay
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
31. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
4 tons per acre
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
32. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
saccharomyces bayamus
clears juice from its lees
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
33. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
< 50 degrees F
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
cinnamic acid
inhibits
34. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
10 - 14 degrees C
35. What is the depth of toasting when it is a light toast?
surface of interior walls
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
color & tannin extraction
40 -45 years
36. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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37. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
Air conditioning
Pressing whole cluster
inhibits
concrete - iron
38. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
pigments - tannins - acidity
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
cinnamic acid
39. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
40. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
Portugal and Spain
cinnamic acid
41. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
Portugal and Spain
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
tartaric - malic - citric
damage to berries is minimal
42. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Lactic
10 - 13%
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
43. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
drying grapes - noble rot
10 - 14 degrees C
blending
Acetic acid
44. What media conditions control yeast growth?
beginning of fermentation
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
up to 24 hours
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
45. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
saccharomyces
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
46. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
30 degrees C
acid adjustment
30 -40 years
47. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
clears juice from its lees
high
Air conditioning
48. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
beginning of fermentation
2mm inside wood's surface
Very early morning until noon
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
49. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
Free run
at least a month before harvest
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
50. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
85 - 90%
Carbonic maceration