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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
72 - 82 degrees F
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
9
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
2. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
Chardonnay
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
cane sugar / grape concentrate
3. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
< 50 degrees F
7 - 10 years
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
4. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
color & tannin extraction
Separate stems from must
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
5. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
Muscat
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
46 -57 degrees F
6. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
75 - 85%
Citric
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
7. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Free run
total acidity (concentration of acids)
non-flavonoid phenols
8. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
tartaric - malic - citric
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
9. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
Carbonic maceration
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
color - tannin and body
10. What is the oak used in cork production?
Muscat
color - tannin and body
10 - 13%
quercus suber
11. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
up to 24 hours
pigment
batch & continuous
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
12. What is the purpose of racking wine?
tartaric
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
Fruit set - Verasion
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
13. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
Chateau and Export
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
14. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Carbonic maceration
damage to berries is minimal
30 -40 years
15. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
46 -57 degrees F
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
surplus & deficiency
16. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
30 degrees C
drying grapes - noble rot
Muscat
saccharomyces bayamus
17. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
18. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
surface of interior walls
high
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
19. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
Light - medium and heavy
9 - 10 years
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
20. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
Lactic
batch & continuous
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
clarify and aerate
21. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
contributes to bouquet
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
22. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
pigment
up to 24 hours
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Citric
23. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
Light - medium and heavy
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
oxidation
cloudiness & settling of particles
24. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
breaks skin's tissue
Separate stems from must
25. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Free run
Very early morning until noon
26. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Lactic
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
27. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Chateau and Export
7 - 10 years
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
28. Define lees.
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
30 -40 years
29. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
30. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
Carbonic maceration
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
cool regions
31. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
clarify and aerate
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
85 - 90%
2mm inside wood's surface
32. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
breaks skin's tissue
pectins
Total acidity
33. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
non-flavonoid phenols
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
cane sugar / grape concentrate
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
34. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Citric
contributes to bouquet
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
35. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
batch & continuous
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
10 - 14 degrees C
36. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
chaptalization
cool regions
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
37. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
38. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
pigments - tannins - acidity
'green' - 'leafy'
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
39. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
cloudiness & settling of particles
60% free run; 70% press run
46 -57 degrees F
Total acidity
40. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
tannins
20% - 40%
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
concrete - iron
41. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
9
85 - 90%
cool regions
contributes to bouquet
42. What are the objectives of fining?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
contributes to bouquet
Light - medium and heavy
Carbonic maceration
43. Unfermented free run makes up what % of total extractable juice?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
Citric
color & tannin extraction
75 - 85%
44. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
Leuconostoc-oenus
Lactic
45. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
9
beginning of fermentation
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
46. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
47. What is the purpose of the crush?
Break skins to allow release of juice
total acidity & ph
tartaric - malic - citric
Chateau and Export
48. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
20% - 40%
color - tannin and body
blending
pigments - tannins - acidity
49. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
Separate stems from must
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
beginning of fermentation
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
50. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
inhibits
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
10 - 14 degrees C