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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
'green' - 'leafy'
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
10 - 13%
2. What is the oak used in cork production?
quercus suber
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
Light - medium and heavy
tannins
3. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
acid adjustment
non-flavonoid phenols
Pressing whole cluster
Glucose and Fructose
4. Unfermented free run makes up what % of total extractable juice?
10 - 13%
75 - 85%
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Chardonnay
5. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
< 50 degrees F
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
6. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Leuconostoc-oenus
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
7. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
Chateau and Export
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
17 - 20 degrees C
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
8. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
saccharomyces bayamus
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Very early morning until noon
9. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
10 - 13%
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
60% free run; 65% press run
10. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
high
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
11. What are three kinds of batch presses that have historically been used in wine production?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
Light - medium and heavy
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
12. What media conditions control yeast growth?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
30 degrees C
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
non-flavonoid phenols
13. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
clears juice from its lees
Separate stems from must
Tartaric and Malic
3
14. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
3
15. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
16. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
30 -40 years
quercus suber
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Chateau and Export
17. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
color - tannin and body
40 -45 years
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
46 -57 degrees F
18. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
1 - 4 hours
40 -45 years
10 - 14 degrees C
19. What is thermo-vinification?
tartaric - malic - citric
color - tannin and body
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
20. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
concrete - iron
tartaric - malic - citric
21. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
saccharomyces bayamus
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Citric
Carbonic maceration
22. Define lees.
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
total acidity & ph
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
23. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
Total acidity
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Very early morning until noon
9
24. What are the main French oak regions?
cool regions
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Acetic acid
25. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Total acidity
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Citric
26. Cold stabilization removes what acid in must?
10 - 13%
tartaric
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
oxidation
27. What are the objectives of fining?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
85 - 90%
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
28. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
< 50 degrees F
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Lactic
29. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Lactic
cane sugar / grape concentrate
30. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
color - tannin and body
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
9
31. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
Pressing whole cluster
32. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
pigment
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
33. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
20% - 40%
34. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
Chardonnay
Hard-veggie or green flavor
pigment
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
35. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
10 - 14 degrees C
9 - 10 years
Chardonnay
36. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
cinnamic acid
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
10 - 14 degrees C
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
37. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
clears juice from its lees
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
tannins
38. What function does a capsule serve?
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
39. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
surface of interior walls
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
up to 24 hours
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
40. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
Citric
Muscat
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
Lactic
41. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
1 - 4 hours
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Lactic
42. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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43. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
Muscat
damage to berries is minimal
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
44. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Light - medium and heavy
Citric
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
45. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
saccharomyces bayamus
46 -57 degrees F
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Chateau and Export
46. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
blending
47. What is the depth of toasting when it is a light toast?
surface of interior walls
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
30 -40 years
chaptalization
48. Why is SO2 (sulfor dioxide) added to wine in modern winemaking?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
9 - 10 years
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
Leuconostoc-oenus
49. What are the main acids in grapes?
Total acidity
Tartaric and Malic
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
beginning of fermentation
50. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
9
batch & continuous