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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
Portugal and Spain
Total acidity
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
tannins
2. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
high
at least a month before harvest
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
3. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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4. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
Separate stems from must
total acidity & ph
acid adjustment
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
5. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
chaptalization
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Citric
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
6. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Leuconostoc-oenus
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Pressing whole cluster
7. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
Separate stems from must
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
saccharomyces bayamus
concrete - iron
8. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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9. What is a major by-product of MLF?
Acetic acid
30 -40 years
chaptalization
tartaric - malic - citric
10. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
< 50 degrees F
Separate stems from must
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
beginning of fermentation
11. What is the common name for a fermentation technique that does not require crushing or de-stemming?
Carbonic maceration
cane sugar / grape concentrate
surplus & deficiency
quercus suber
12. What is tonnage per acre that is the break-even point for doing mechanical harvesting?
4 tons per acre
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
30 -40 years
13. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
9
Muscat
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
14. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
3
saccharomyces
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
inhibits
15. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
Total acidity
Free run
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
16. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
saccharomyces bayamus
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
cinnamic acid
Separate stems from must
17. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "short contact" occurs?
saccharomyces bayamus
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
1 - 4 hours
pigment
18. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
up to 24 hours
72 - 82 degrees F
Chardonnay
19. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Separate stems from must
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
20. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
blending
20% - 40%
Citric
75 - 85%
21. How does the production of late harvest wine differ from normal still wine?
Traditional and Export
30 degrees C
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
22. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
Tartaric and Malic
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
10 - 13%
23. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
drying grapes - noble rot
tartaric
cane sugar / grape concentrate
cloudiness & settling of particles
24. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
acid adjustment
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
color & tannin extraction
25. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
total acidity (concentration of acids)
17 - 20 degrees C
26. What are the objectives of fining?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
30 degrees C
Chardonnay
27. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
quercus suber
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
saccharomyces
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
28. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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29. What is the purpose of racking wine?
46 -57 degrees F
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
cane sugar / grape concentrate
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
30. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
Carbonic maceration
Hard-veggie or green flavor
pigment
beginning of fermentation
31. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
chaptalization
Separate stems from must
Traditional and Export
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
32. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
no time in loading & discharging
surplus & deficiency
Chardonnay
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
33. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
2mm inside wood's surface
Chateau and Export
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
34. What two container materials must be lined before they can be used to store wine?
'green' - 'leafy'
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
concrete - iron
Very early morning until noon
35. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
tartaric - malic - citric
up to 24 hours
clears juice from its lees
36. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
72 - 82 degrees F
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
cane sugar / grape concentrate
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
37. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
clarify and aerate
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
tartaric - malic - citric
38. What is thermo-vinification?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
< 50 degrees F
Hard-veggie or green flavor
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
39. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
1 - 4 hours
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
cloudiness & settling of particles
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
40. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
85 - 90%
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
total acidity (concentration of acids)
41. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
drying grapes - noble rot
Chateau and Export
3
42. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Separate stems from must
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
Pressing whole cluster
43. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
20% - 40%
concrete - iron
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Lactic
44. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
46 -57 degrees F
Free run
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Muscat
45. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
46 -57 degrees F
< 50 degrees F
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
85 - 90%
46. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
30 -40 years
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Citric
47. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
concrete - iron
Chateau and Export
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
48. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
pigments - tannins - acidity
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
60% free run; 70% press run
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
49. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
50. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
breaks skin's tissue
Light - medium and heavy
saccharomyces bayamus