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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
60% free run; 65% press run
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
blending
2. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
cloudiness & settling of particles
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
beginning of fermentation
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
3. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
46 -57 degrees F
no time in loading & discharging
4. Cold stabilization removes what acid in must?
tartaric
damage to berries is minimal
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
5. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
non-flavonoid phenols
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
pectins
6. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
saccharomyces
20% - 40%
blending
7. What is the preferred temperature range for red wine making?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
2mm inside wood's surface
72 - 82 degrees F
40 -45 years
8. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Tartaric and Malic
Chateau and Export
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
9. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
total acidity (concentration of acids)
60% free run; 70% press run
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
10. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
Citric
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
pigments - tannins - acidity
Acetic acid
11. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
surface of interior walls
12. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
damage to berries is minimal
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
10 - 14 degrees C
13. Unfermented free run makes up what % of total extractable juice?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
75 - 85%
85 - 90%
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
14. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
tannins
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
Muscat
15. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
17 - 20 degrees C
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
tartaric
Muscat
16. What 3 major components of wine are stored in skin of the grapes? These compounds are correctly called what?
10 - 13%
9
cloudiness & settling of particles
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
17. What are the main acids in grapes?
Tartaric and Malic
9 - 10 years
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
18. What are three types of toasting?
Light - medium and heavy
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
tannins
19. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
beginning of fermentation
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
20. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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21. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
clarify and aerate
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
contributes to bouquet
22. What group of compounds give wine color?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
23. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
40 -45 years
at least a month before harvest
60% free run; 65% press run
24. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Portugal and Spain
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
high
25. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
Portugal and Spain
26. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
cinnamic acid
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
20% - 40%
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
27. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
46 -57 degrees F
no time in loading & discharging
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
Very early morning until noon
28. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
30 degrees C
up to 24 hours
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
29. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
batch & continuous
chaptalization
30. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
cinnamic acid
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
Fruit set - Verasion
30 degrees C
31. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
high
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
85 - 90%
non-flavonoid phenols
32. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
Chateau and Export
damage to berries is minimal
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
33. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Chateau and Export
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
cool regions
34. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
beginning of fermentation
4 tons per acre
pigments - tannins - acidity
color - tannin and body
35. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
10 - 13%
tartaric - malic - citric
batch & continuous
36. What is the common name for a fermentation technique that does not require crushing or de-stemming?
Separate stems from must
10 - 13%
Carbonic maceration
pectins
37. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
20% - 40%
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
38. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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39. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
60% free run; 65% press run
Fruit set - Verasion
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
40. What are the names of the main barrel shapes?
85 - 90%
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
40 -45 years
41. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
< 50 degrees F
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
drying grapes - noble rot
42. What occurs during racking?
color - tannin and body
clarify and aerate
Portugal and Spain
Chateau and Export
43. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
30 degrees C
saccharomyces
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Air conditioning
44. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
concrete - iron
Total acidity
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
clarify and aerate
45. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
clears juice from its lees
Total acidity
Chardonnay
contributes to bouquet
46. Sugar addition is also known by what name?
breaks skin's tissue
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
chaptalization
3
47. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
at least a month before harvest
high
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
pectins
48. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
acid adjustment
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
Acetic acid
49. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
quercus suber
Carbonic maceration
50. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
75 - 85%
damage to berries is minimal
pigment
saccharomyces bayamus