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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is thermo-vinification?
Pressing whole cluster
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
2. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
20% - 40%
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
Acetic acid
3. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
tartaric
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
4. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
color - tannin and body
Chateau and Export
30 degrees C
blending
5. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
Citric
cool regions
Acetic acid
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
6. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
damage to berries is minimal
contributes to bouquet
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
cinnamic acid
7. What are three kinds of batch presses that have historically been used in wine production?
saccharomyces bayamus
drying grapes - noble rot
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
8. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
20% - 40%
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
9. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
batch & continuous
tartaric
Muscat
Free run
10. What are the main acids in grapes?
Tartaric and Malic
46 -57 degrees F
pectins
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
11. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
non-flavonoid phenols
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Light - medium and heavy
12. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
no time in loading & discharging
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
pectins
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
13. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
high
Chardonnay
oxidation
2mm inside wood's surface
14. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
batch & continuous
up to 24 hours
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
tannins
15. What occurs during racking?
clarify and aerate
clears juice from its lees
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
46 -57 degrees F
16. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
surplus & deficiency
pigment
Acetic acid
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
17. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
Total acidity
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
non-flavonoid phenols
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
18. Cold stabilization removes what acid in must?
pectins
tartaric
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
85 - 90%
19. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
Glucose and Fructose
total acidity (concentration of acids)
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
oxidation
20. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
17 - 20 degrees C
quercus suber
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
21. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
clears juice from its lees
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
'green' - 'leafy'
oxidation
22. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
9 - 10 years
total acidity & ph
color & tannin extraction
4 tons per acre
23. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
60% free run; 70% press run
30 degrees C
drying grapes - noble rot
Air conditioning
24. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
cloudiness & settling of particles
Total acidity
surplus & deficiency
25. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
cinnamic acid
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
pigments - tannins - acidity
26. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
saccharomyces bayamus
3
Air conditioning
27. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Separate stems from must
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
28. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
no time in loading & discharging
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
total acidity & ph
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
29. What group of compounds give wine color?
clears juice from its lees
tartaric - malic - citric
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
contributes to bouquet
30. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
Fruit set - Verasion
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
31. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
30 degrees C
non-flavonoid phenols
Air conditioning
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
32. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
'green' - 'leafy'
acid adjustment
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
60% free run; 70% press run
33. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
non-flavonoid phenols
up to 24 hours
contributes to bouquet
34. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
30 -40 years
72 - 82 degrees F
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
35. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Acetic acid
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
36. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
72 - 82 degrees F
37. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
40 -45 years
breaks skin's tissue
9 - 10 years
pigments - tannins - acidity
38. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
10 - 14 degrees C
damage to berries is minimal
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
39. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
up to 24 hours
60% free run; 65% press run
Very early morning until noon
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
40. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
41. What is the common name for a fermentation technique that does not require crushing or de-stemming?
Carbonic maceration
10 - 13%
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
tannins
42. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
pigment
blending
9 - 10 years
no time in loading & discharging
43. What is a major by-product of MLF?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Chateau and Export
Acetic acid
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
44. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
surplus & deficiency
Break skins to allow release of juice
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
45. What is the depth of toasting when it is a light toast?
Lactic
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
surface of interior walls
72 - 82 degrees F
46. What function does a capsule serve?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
up to 24 hours
Acetic acid
47. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
Leuconostoc-oenus
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
saccharomyces
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
48. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
at least a month before harvest
cinnamic acid
1 - 4 hours
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
49. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
pigment
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
surplus & deficiency
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
50. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
surplus & deficiency
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)