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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is a major by-product of MLF?
inhibits
'green' - 'leafy'
Acetic acid
2mm inside wood's surface
2. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
chaptalization
Hard-veggie or green flavor
contributes to bouquet
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
3. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
46 -57 degrees F
contributes to bouquet
Air conditioning
concrete - iron
4. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
Free run
Carbonic maceration
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Traditional and Export
5. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
Muscat
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
9
color & tannin extraction
6. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
30 -40 years
concrete - iron
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
7. Why is SO2 (sulfor dioxide) added to wine in modern winemaking?
Glucose and Fructose
30 degrees C
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
8. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
beginning of fermentation
tartaric - malic - citric
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
9. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
Very early morning until noon
concrete - iron
Portugal and Spain
breaks skin's tissue
10. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
Glucose and Fructose
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Separate stems from must
11. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
2mm inside wood's surface
Pressing whole cluster
12. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
at least a month before harvest
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
13. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Citric
14. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
total acidity & ph
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
30 -40 years
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
15. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
46 -57 degrees F
Very early morning until noon
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
16. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
46 -57 degrees F
Citric
cool regions
17. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
oxidation
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
18. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
high
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Hard-veggie or green flavor
19. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
drying grapes - noble rot
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
1 - 4 hours
20. What is the purpose of racking wine?
high
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
21. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
color & tannin extraction
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
20% - 40%
22. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Light - medium and heavy
23. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
cloudiness & settling of particles
blending
24. What 3 major components of wine are stored in skin of the grapes? These compounds are correctly called what?
10 - 14 degrees C
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
pigments - tannins - acidity
25. What are the two keys stages of berry development?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Fruit set - Verasion
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
9 - 10 years
26. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
Very early morning until noon
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
60% free run; 70% press run
27. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
up to 24 hours
clarify and aerate
tartaric - malic - citric
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
28. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Carbonic maceration
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
Very early morning until noon
29. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
beginning of fermentation
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Citric
30. What function does a capsule serve?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
tartaric
85 - 90%
31. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
7 - 10 years
color & tannin extraction
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
32. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
Portugal and Spain
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
Hard-veggie or green flavor
33. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
Citric
30 degrees C
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
40 -45 years
34. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
Carbonic maceration
beginning of fermentation
cloudiness & settling of particles
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
35. Cold stabilization removes what acid in must?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
cinnamic acid
tartaric
Separate stems from must
36. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
17 - 20 degrees C
60% free run; 70% press run
46 -57 degrees F
Air conditioning
37. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
clears juice from its lees
up to 24 hours
4 tons per acre
Chardonnay
38. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
saccharomyces bayamus
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
drying grapes - noble rot
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
39. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
surplus & deficiency
75 - 85%
cool regions
Chardonnay
40. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
pectins
surplus & deficiency
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
41. What are the main French oak regions?
tannins
7 - 10 years
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
< 50 degrees F
42. What is the oak used in cork production?
10 - 14 degrees C
Glucose and Fructose
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
quercus suber
43. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
damage to berries is minimal
Portugal and Spain
44. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
Light - medium and heavy
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
up to 24 hours
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
45. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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46. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
pectins
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
47. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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48. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
cinnamic acid
acid adjustment
cloudiness & settling of particles
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
49. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
no time in loading & discharging
30 degrees C
60% free run; 70% press run
50. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
tannins
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc