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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Pressing whole cluster
high
2. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
3
tartaric - malic - citric
3. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
surface of interior walls
color & tannin extraction
clears juice from its lees
72 - 82 degrees F
4. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
5. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
tannins
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
cane sugar / grape concentrate
6. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
30 -40 years
Very early morning until noon
no time in loading & discharging
7. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
oxidation
up to 24 hours
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
8. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
pigments - tannins - acidity
9. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
clears juice from its lees
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Total acidity
60% free run; 65% press run
10. What is the common name for a fermentation technique that does not require crushing or de-stemming?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Carbonic maceration
no time in loading & discharging
Acetic acid
11. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
surface of interior walls
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
12. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
Muscat
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
60% free run; 65% press run
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
13. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
inhibits
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
saccharomyces
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
14. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
tartaric
10 - 14 degrees C
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
15. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
pigments - tannins - acidity
30 degrees C
Very early morning until noon
16. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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17. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
concrete - iron
color - tannin and body
Light - medium and heavy
18. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Glucose and Fructose
19. What occurs during racking?
clarify and aerate
Acetic acid
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
20. What are three types of toasting?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Light - medium and heavy
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
non-flavonoid phenols
21. What is a major by-product of MLF?
Acetic acid
acid adjustment
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
22. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
Separate stems from must
contributes to bouquet
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
blending
23. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
Carbonic maceration
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
17 - 20 degrees C
pigment
24. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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25. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
damage to berries is minimal
drying grapes - noble rot
Citric
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
26. What are three kinds of batch presses that have historically been used in wine production?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
27. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
tannins
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Chateau and Export
Tartaric and Malic
28. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
saccharomyces
tannins
pectins
85 - 90%
29. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
Tartaric and Malic
up to 24 hours
Break skins to allow release of juice
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
30. What is tonnage per acre that is the break-even point for doing mechanical harvesting?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
75 - 85%
4 tons per acre
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
31. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
46 -57 degrees F
Air conditioning
quercus suber
32. What is the oak used in cork production?
20% - 40%
quercus suber
72 - 82 degrees F
Pressing whole cluster
33. What by-products of fermentation - in addition to alcohol - have a major impact on a wines flavor and quality?
60% free run; 65% press run
damage to berries is minimal
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
34. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
color & tannin extraction
Chateau and Export
non-flavonoid phenols
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
35. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
color & tannin extraction
< 50 degrees F
36. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Free run
Pressing whole cluster
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
37. What is thermo-vinification?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
3
38. What family of grapes can typically develop bitterness if there is skin contact?
Muscat
oxidation
cloudiness & settling of particles
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
39. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
total acidity (concentration of acids)
40. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
46 -57 degrees F
at least a month before harvest
41. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
saccharomyces
non-flavonoid phenols
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
42. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Air conditioning
40 -45 years
60% free run; 65% press run
43. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
color - tannin and body
total acidity & ph
4 tons per acre
44. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
4 tons per acre
3
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
45. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
60% free run; 65% press run
pigment
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
2mm inside wood's surface
46. What 3 major components of wine are stored in skin of the grapes? These compounds are correctly called what?
'green' - 'leafy'
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
47. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
Tartaric and Malic
Traditional and Export
pigments - tannins - acidity
7 - 10 years
48. Define lees.
Separate stems from must
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
9
cloudiness & settling of particles
49. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
surplus & deficiency
Traditional and Export
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
50. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
20% - 40%