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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
7 - 10 years
total acidity & ph
batch & continuous
2. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
damage to berries is minimal
3
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
3. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
total acidity & ph
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
4. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
Chardonnay
2mm inside wood's surface
72 - 82 degrees F
pigments - tannins - acidity
5. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
total acidity & ph
Muscat
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
6. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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7. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
Separate stems from must
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Air conditioning
46 -57 degrees F
8. What are three types of toasting?
Light - medium and heavy
tartaric
Lactic
surface of interior walls
9. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
oxidation
85 - 90%
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
batch & continuous
10. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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11. What is the preferred temperature range for red wine making?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
color - tannin and body
72 - 82 degrees F
4 tons per acre
12. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
Glucose and Fructose
color & tannin extraction
quercus suber
Chateau and Export
13. Define lees.
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
14. What is the purpose of the crush?
9 - 10 years
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
concrete - iron
Break skins to allow release of juice
15. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
drying grapes - noble rot
batch & continuous
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
16. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
beginning of fermentation
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
17. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
Glucose and Fructose
10 - 13%
damage to berries is minimal
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
18. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
Tartaric and Malic
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Portugal and Spain
19. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
Very early morning until noon
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Traditional and Export
20. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
21. How does the production of late harvest wine differ from normal still wine?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
Pressing whole cluster
contributes to bouquet
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
22. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Break skins to allow release of juice
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
23. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
tannins
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
24. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
color & tannin extraction
Lactic
Pressing whole cluster
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
25. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
85 - 90%
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
saccharomyces bayamus
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
26. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
4 tons per acre
batch & continuous
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
27. What media conditions control yeast growth?
10 - 13%
'green' - 'leafy'
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
28. What is thermo-vinification?
Total acidity
Pressing whole cluster
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
29. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
damage to berries is minimal
contributes to bouquet
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
30. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
Chateau and Export
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
9 - 10 years
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
31. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
cloudiness & settling of particles
cane sugar / grape concentrate
non-flavonoid phenols
color & tannin extraction
32. Unfermented free run makes up what % of total extractable juice?
pigments - tannins - acidity
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
75 - 85%
72 - 82 degrees F
33. Sugar addition is also known by what name?
chaptalization
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
tartaric - malic - citric
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
34. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
cloudiness & settling of particles
clarify and aerate
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
35. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
Hard-veggie or green flavor
batch & continuous
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
36. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
contributes to bouquet
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
37. What occurs during racking?
Carbonic maceration
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
clarify and aerate
38. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
9 - 10 years
20% - 40%
tannins
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
39. The higher compound levels from the press run are related to what action during the making of the press run?
cinnamic acid
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
40. What are the two types of acidity problems commonly found in wine?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
surplus & deficiency
up to 24 hours
color - tannin and body
41. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
7 - 10 years
Total acidity
42. High acid concentrations in fruit are usually caused by what common occurrence?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
tartaric
43. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
Citric
cane sugar / grape concentrate
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
44. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
inhibits
9
< 50 degrees F
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
45. What is a major by-product of MLF?
17 - 20 degrees C
Acetic acid
cool regions
Portugal and Spain
46. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
Air conditioning
3
Very early morning until noon
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
47. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
color - tannin and body
17 - 20 degrees C
no time in loading & discharging
4 tons per acre
48. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
surplus & deficiency
cinnamic acid
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Free run
49. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
3
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
50. What group of compounds give wine color?
60% free run; 70% press run
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
beginning of fermentation
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters