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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is thermo-vinification?
inhibits
total acidity & ph
Lactic
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
2. What is the common name for a fermentation technique that does not require crushing or de-stemming?
Traditional and Export
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Carbonic maceration
3. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
Chateau and Export
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
4. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
color - tannin and body
85 - 90%
total acidity (concentration of acids)
cane sugar / grape concentrate
5. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
batch & continuous
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
30 -40 years
6. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
cloudiness & settling of particles
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
7. How does the production of late harvest wine differ from normal still wine?
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
tartaric - malic - citric
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
8. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
drying grapes - noble rot
clarify and aerate
saccharomyces bayamus
Portugal and Spain
9. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
cinnamic acid
oxidation
Hard-veggie or green flavor
non-flavonoid phenols
10. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
tartaric
10 - 13%
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
85 - 90%
11. What media conditions control yeast growth?
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
tannins
Glucose and Fructose
12. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
contributes to bouquet
cane sugar / grape concentrate
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
13. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
85 - 90%
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
14. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
4 tons per acre
cinnamic acid
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Free run
15. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
1 - 4 hours
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Tartaric and Malic
Separate stems from must
16. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
total acidity & ph
Light - medium and heavy
17. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
cool regions
< 50 degrees F
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
18. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
damage to berries is minimal
pectins
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
19. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
quercus suber
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
< 50 degrees F
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
20. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
30 degrees C
Very early morning until noon
Portugal and Spain
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
21. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
2mm inside wood's surface
1 - 4 hours
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
22. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
acid adjustment
Break skins to allow release of juice
high
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
23. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
contributes to bouquet
cloudiness & settling of particles
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
24. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
Portugal and Spain
25. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
60% free run; 70% press run
Chardonnay
no time in loading & discharging
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
26. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
clarify and aerate
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
clears juice from its lees
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
27. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
9 - 10 years
quercus suber
7 - 10 years
Pressing whole cluster
28. What are the main acids in grapes?
beginning of fermentation
Tartaric and Malic
drying grapes - noble rot
clarify and aerate
29. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
10 - 14 degrees C
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
2mm inside wood's surface
30. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
batch & continuous
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
72 - 82 degrees F
Air conditioning
31. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Fruit set - Verasion
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Lactic
32. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
surface of interior walls
cloudiness & settling of particles
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
85 - 90%
33. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
drying grapes - noble rot
chaptalization
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
surface of interior walls
34. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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35. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "short contact" occurs?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
saccharomyces
1 - 4 hours
36. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
75 - 85%
Free run
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
Leuconostoc-oenus
37. What 3 major components of wine are stored in skin of the grapes? These compounds are correctly called what?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
acid adjustment
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
Muscat
38. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
pigments - tannins - acidity
46 -57 degrees F
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
39. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
40 -45 years
40. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
acid adjustment
oxidation
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
41. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
9 - 10 years
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
clarify and aerate
42. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
oxidation
concrete - iron
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
43. Since the fermentation of white wine is done without skins - what two methods are employed to prepare the white grape must for fermentation?
quercus suber
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
clears juice from its lees
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
44. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
17 - 20 degrees C
pigments - tannins - acidity
Air conditioning
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
45. What is the preferred temperature range for red wine making?
inhibits
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
72 - 82 degrees F
Traditional and Export
46. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
60% free run; 70% press run
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
color - tannin and body
1 - 4 hours
47. How often should long termed cellar wines be re-corked?
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
30 -40 years
48. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
Chateau and Export
chaptalization
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
30 degrees C
49. What are the objectives of fining?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
Acetic acid
oxidation
50. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
Chardonnay