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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
Lactic
tannins
72 - 82 degrees F
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
2. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
surplus & deficiency
total acidity & ph
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
3. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
saccharomyces bayamus
total acidity & ph
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
4. What is thermo-vinification?
4 tons per acre
color - tannin and body
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
Tartaric and Malic
5. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
contributes to bouquet
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
6. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
pigment
7. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
total acidity (concentration of acids)
8. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
Chardonnay
10 - 14 degrees C
cool regions
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
9. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
Free run
Citric
10 - 13%
Tartaric and Malic
10. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
< 50 degrees F
pigments - tannins - acidity
Citric
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
11. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Traditional and Export
12. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
clears juice from its lees
tartaric
Chardonnay
clarify and aerate
13. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
Lactic
Pressing whole cluster
Glucose and Fructose
14. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
tannins
15. What media conditions control yeast growth?
color - tannin and body
saccharomyces bayamus
10 - 14 degrees C
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
16. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Citric
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
Air conditioning
17. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Chateau and Export
total acidity & ph
quercus suber
18. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
inhibits
Pressing whole cluster
7 - 10 years
19. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
20. Cold stabilization removes what acid in must?
tartaric
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
4 tons per acre
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
21. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
oxidation
Chardonnay
Pressing whole cluster
22. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
quercus suber
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
cinnamic acid
23. Define lees.
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
up to 24 hours
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
24. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
damage to berries is minimal
Carbonic maceration
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
25. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
tartaric
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
26. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
surface of interior walls
cloudiness & settling of particles
30 degrees C
high
27. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
Citric
Separate stems from must
85 - 90%
28. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
pectins
Glucose and Fructose
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
< 50 degrees F
29. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
no time in loading & discharging
tartaric - malic - citric
46 -57 degrees F
30. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
clears juice from its lees
cool regions
Leuconostoc-oenus
contributes to bouquet
31. What group of compounds give wine color?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
high
Tartaric and Malic
32. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
Chardonnay
pectins
blending
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
33. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
7 - 10 years
9
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
pigments - tannins - acidity
34. What are five different materials used in storage containers?
Separate stems from must
clears juice from its lees
saccharomyces bayamus
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
35. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
total acidity & ph
7 - 10 years
36. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
clarify and aerate
cool regions
color & tannin extraction
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
37. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Tartaric and Malic
damage to berries is minimal
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
38. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
inhibits
30 -40 years
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
39. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
clarify and aerate
saccharomyces
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Citric
40. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
breaks skin's tissue
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
85 - 90%
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
41. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
pectins
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
17 - 20 degrees C
42. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
'green' - 'leafy'
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
cinnamic acid
43. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Lactic
Portugal and Spain
Break skins to allow release of juice
44. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
Citric
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
breaks skin's tissue
45. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
85 - 90%
clarify and aerate
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
surplus & deficiency
46. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Pressing whole cluster
Hard-veggie or green flavor
47. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
20% - 40%
Acetic acid
saccharomyces bayamus
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
48. What occurs during racking?
Traditional and Export
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
60% free run; 65% press run
clarify and aerate
49. SO2 is added to barrel maintenance in order to protect it against what two agents?
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
chaptalization
7 - 10 years
50. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
10 - 13%
Pressing whole cluster
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%