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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is the purpose of the crush?
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
Break skins to allow release of juice
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
2. What are the goals of oak aging wine?
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
2mm inside wood's surface
surface of interior walls
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
3. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
'green' - 'leafy'
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
color & tannin extraction
7 - 10 years
4. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
acid adjustment
3
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
5. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
46 -57 degrees F
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
6. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
Free run
Leuconostoc-oenus
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
concrete - iron
7. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
acid adjustment
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Muscat
8. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
3
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
9. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
30 degrees C
60% free run; 65% press run
total acidity & ph
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
10. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
high
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
11. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
cane sugar / grape concentrate
blending
pectins
12. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
10 - 13%
drying grapes - noble rot
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
13. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
30 -40 years
high
10 - 13%
color - tannin and body
14. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
cinnamic acid
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
15. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
75 - 85%
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
16. Cold stabilization removes what acid in must?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
tartaric
Portugal and Spain
17. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Chateau and Export
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Leuconostoc-oenus
18. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
Muscat
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
no time in loading & discharging
19. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
40 -45 years
saccharomyces
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
Lactic
20. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Citric
21. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
color - tannin and body
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
22. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
10 - 13%
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
9
concrete - iron
23. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
Lactic
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Citric
saccharomyces bayamus
24. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
9 - 10 years
cinnamic acid
25. What are the names of the main barrel shapes?
2mm inside wood's surface
72 - 82 degrees F
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
26. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
tartaric - malic - citric
concrete - iron
Traditional and Export
pigments - tannins - acidity
27. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
Break skins to allow release of juice
chaptalization
total acidity (concentration of acids)
total acidity & ph
28. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
30 degrees C
72 - 82 degrees F
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
29. How does the production of late harvest wine differ from normal still wine?
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Hard-veggie or green flavor
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
30. When is the best time of day to hand harvest?
Very early morning until noon
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
7 - 10 years
total acidity & ph
31. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
2mm inside wood's surface
32. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
46 -57 degrees F
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
33. Define lees.
non-flavonoid phenols
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
Leuconostoc-oenus
34. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
Acetic acid
Lactic
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Total acidity
35. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
Total acidity
60% free run; 65% press run
pigments - tannins - acidity
oxidation
36. What are the two acidity parameters that are used to describe the acidity of must?
total acidity & ph
Citric
oxidation
color - tannin and body
37. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
cloudiness & settling of particles
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
quercus suber
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
38. What are the main French oak regions?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
39. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
20% - 40%
damage to berries is minimal
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
cloudiness & settling of particles
40. What are three kinds of batch presses that have historically been used in wine production?
9
Light - medium and heavy
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
41. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
clears juice from its lees
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Lactic
contributes to bouquet
42. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
85 - 90%
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
30 degrees C
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
43. What is tonnage per acre that is the break-even point for doing mechanical harvesting?
1 - 4 hours
4 tons per acre
tartaric
batch & continuous
44. What occurs during racking?
9 - 10 years
clarify and aerate
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
60% free run; 65% press run
45. What are the main acids in grapes?
damage to berries is minimal
Carbonic maceration
Tartaric and Malic
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
46. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
clears juice from its lees
Free run
1 - 4 hours
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
47. Name three of the most common methods for stopping fermentation or to allow for later re-fermentation.
Tartaric and Malic
damage to berries is minimal
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
no time in loading & discharging
48. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
60% free run; 65% press run
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
49. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
60% free run; 70% press run
50. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
10 - 13%
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
damage to berries is minimal
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat