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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What are the two styles of a Bordeaux barrel?
46 -57 degrees F
Tartaric and Malic
saccharomyces
Chateau and Export
2. Cold stabilization removes what acid in must?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
tartaric
85 - 90%
breaks skin's tissue
3. What is thermo-vinification?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
no time in loading & discharging
4. Phenolic extraction is greatest at low or high must temperatures?
quercus suber
high
color - tannin and body
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
5. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
clarify and aerate
surplus & deficiency
color - tannin and body
40 -45 years
6. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
damage to berries is minimal
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Tartaric and Malic
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
7. What acid should not be used to correct acid deficiencies if a MLF is planned?
3
Citric
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
8. What is the preferred temperature range for red wine making?
Pressing whole cluster
72 - 82 degrees F
Light - medium and heavy
cloudiness & settling of particles
9. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
batch & continuous
9
Light - medium and heavy
Hard-veggie or green flavor
10. What are the two styles of Burgundy barrels?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
Traditional and Export
Glucose and Fructose
clarify and aerate
11. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
7 - 10 years
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
< 50 degrees F
12. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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13. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
< 50 degrees F
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
46 -57 degrees F
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
14. What function does a capsule serve?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
clarify and aerate
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
damage to berries is minimal
15. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
high
Total acidity
pigment
Citric
16. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
at least a month before harvest
tartaric - malic - citric
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
17. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
Citric
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
clears juice from its lees
Pressing whole cluster
18. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
30 degrees C
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
19. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
2mm inside wood's surface
Leuconostoc-oenus
20. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
oxidation
4 tons per acre
tannins
Hard-veggie or green flavor
21. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
pigment
Carbonic maceration
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
10 - 13%
22. Define lees.
7 - 10 years
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
Air conditioning
23. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
40 -45 years
Air conditioning
cinnamic acid
Carbonic maceration
24. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
pigments - tannins - acidity
cinnamic acid
10 - 13%
non-flavonoid phenols
25. What is the minimum starting temperature for white wine must to start fermentation?
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
10 - 14 degrees C
tartaric - malic - citric
26. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
inhibits
tannins
Very early morning until noon
27. What is the purpose of racking wine?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
chaptalization
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
28. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
Leuconostoc-oenus
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Muscat
Acetic acid
29. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
cloudiness & settling of particles
tannins
Light - medium and heavy
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
30. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
20% - 40%
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
31. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
saccharomyces bayamus
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
9 - 10 years
total acidity (concentration of acids)
32. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
color - tannin and body
up to 24 hours
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
33. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
Chardonnay
no time in loading & discharging
34. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
cool regions
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
35. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
3
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
beginning of fermentation
36. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
Pressing whole cluster
37. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
Citric
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
Hard-veggie or green flavor
38. Unfermented free run makes up what % of total extractable juice?
tartaric - malic - citric
inhibits
75 - 85%
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
39. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
color & tannin extraction
60% free run; 70% press run
40. What is the best method to reduce the acidity of must?
3
'green' - 'leafy'
total acidity (concentration of acids)
blending
41. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
2mm inside wood's surface
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
42. What are the main French oak regions?
contributes to bouquet
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
cool regions
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
43. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
tartaric - malic - citric
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
44. Sugar addition is also known by what name?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
Hard-veggie or green flavor
inhibits
chaptalization
45. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Total acidity
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
46. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
Pressing whole cluster
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
20% - 40%
47. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
Glucose and Fructose
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
cinnamic acid
48. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
Hard-veggie or green flavor
20% - 40%
49. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
75 - 85%
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Total acidity
saccharomyces bayamus
50. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
oxidation
pectins
batch & continuous
beginning of fermentation