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Viniculture
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Subject
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industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
Portugal and Spain
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
at least a month before harvest
2. Below what temperature F should white wine must be kept to avoid the absorption of oxygen?
< 50 degrees F
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
total acidity & ph
3. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
cane sugar / grape concentrate
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
4. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
10 - 14 degrees C
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
5. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
saccharomyces
Separate stems from must
cool regions
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
6. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
7. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging below 60% RH?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
quercus suber
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Fruit set - Verasion
8. What is tonnage per acre that is the break-even point for doing mechanical harvesting?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
4 tons per acre
beginning of fermentation
9. What are common techniques to reduce the acidity of must?
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Fruit set - Verasion
72 - 82 degrees F
clarify and aerate
10. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
no time in loading & discharging
< 50 degrees F
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
11. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
cool regions
cloudiness & settling of particles
'green' - 'leafy'
Total acidity
12. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
color - tannin and body
up to 24 hours
Tartaric and Malic
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
13. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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14. For how many years can compounds be extracted from a barrel?
7 - 10 years
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
20% - 40%
15. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "short contact" occurs?
1 - 4 hours
clarify and aerate
Citric
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
16. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
cool regions
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
oxidation
17. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
oxidation
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
18. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
46 -57 degrees F
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
10 - 13%
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
19. How does the production of late harvest wine differ from normal still wine?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
higher pressure and more cycles of pressing
30 degrees C
Lactic
20. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
Portugal and Spain
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
cool regions
21. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
clears juice from its lees
surface of interior walls
Portugal and Spain
Lactic
22. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
Tartaric and Malic
60% free run; 70% press run
cane sugar / grape concentrate
breaks skin's tissue
23. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
damage to berries is minimal
pectins
pigment
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
24. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
Very early morning until noon
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
25. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
surplus & deficiency
Citric
non-flavonoid phenols
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
26. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
up to 24 hours
at least a month before harvest
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
Break skins to allow release of juice
27. Cold stabilization removes what acid in must?
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
30 degrees C
tartaric
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
28. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
oxidation
damage to berries is minimal
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
29. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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30. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
Chardonnay
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
surplus & deficiency
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
31. What is the common method of controlling the fermentation temperature when barrel fermentation is employed?
contributes to bouquet
Light - medium and heavy
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
Air conditioning
32. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
7 - 10 years
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
Free run
inhibits
33. What is the oak used in cork production?
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
quercus suber
17 - 20 degrees C
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
34. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
chaptalization
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Tartaric and Malic
35. What are the two key sugars in grapes?
Glucose and Fructose
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
1 - 4 hours
36. What is the desirable bacteria genus for starting MLF in wine?
Break skins to allow release of juice
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
color & tannin extraction
Leuconostoc-oenus
37. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
batch & continuous
38. What are the objectives of fining?
4 tons per acre
85 - 90%
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
39. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Chateau and Export
30 -40 years
40. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
total acidity (concentration of acids)
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
tartaric - malic - citric
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
41. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
7 - 10 years
75 - 85%
cane sugar / grape concentrate
inhibits
42. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Break skins to allow release of juice
inhibits
chemicals or blend with low acid/high ph must
43. What is a major advantage and disadvantage to mechanical harvesting?
clears juice from its lees
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
3
tannins
44. What yeast will remain active at high alcohol levels?
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
saccharomyces bayamus
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
45. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
contributes to bouquet
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
10 - 13%
tannins
46. After the first harvest - how often can the bark be stripped from the oak trees?
9 - 10 years
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
batch & continuous
total acidity & ph
47. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Chardonnay
color & tannin extraction
acid adjustment
48. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
9
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
total acidity (concentration of acids)
49. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
non-flavonoid phenols
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
Citric
drying grapes - noble rot
50. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Free run
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
acid adjustment
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