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Test your basic knowledge |
Viniculture
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Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What are the objectives of fining?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
3
breaks skin's tissue
2. What is the main reason for acid deficiency in must?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
46 -57 degrees F
3. Why is SO2 (sulfor dioxide) added to wine in modern winemaking?
color & tannin extraction
7 - 10 years
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
9 - 10 years
4. What function does a capsule serve?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
total acidity (concentration of acids)
tannins
pigment
5. When is the best time to add sugar to the must?
cinnamic acid
10 - 14 degrees C
beginning of fermentation
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
6. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
Acetic acid
concrete - iron
Muscat
7. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
color & tannin extraction
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
8. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
no time in loading & discharging
75 - 85%
< 50 degrees F
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
9. What group of compounds give wine color?
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Citric
batch & continuous
7 - 10 years
10. What occurs during racking?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
clarify and aerate
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
oxidation
11. Polymeric forms of anthocyanins and benzoic acid derivates are the basis for what common group of compounds in wine?
46 -57 degrees F
Carbonic maceration
tannins
quercus suber
12. What chemical structure is responsible for the "dry" feeling - or astringency of red wine?
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
75 - 85%
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
13. If the Brix measurement is 24B and the desnsity is 1.12 - what is the % of alcohol if the wine is fermented completely?
Free run
10 - 13%
% alcohol = 0.58 x (Brix - 2.1) x density - 0.58 x (24 - 2.1) x 1.12 = 14.22%
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
14. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
Separate stems from must
Muscat
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
clarify and aerate
15. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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16. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
acid adjustment
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
17. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
quercus suber
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
18. Titratable acidity is better known by what name?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
total acidity (concentration of acids)
up to 24 hours
19. Theoretically - how many degrees can a fermentation rise during fermentation?
Total acidity
total acidity & ph
30 degrees C
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
20. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
quercus suber
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
46 -57 degrees F
Chardonnay
21. What is the preferred temperature range for red wine making?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
Pressing whole cluster
72 - 82 degrees F
Break skins to allow release of juice
22. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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23. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
17 - 20 degrees C
75 - 85%
24. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
cool regions
Citric
20% - 40%
pigment
25. What are 3 methods to control temperature in wine making?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
85 - 90%
'green' - 'leafy'
3
26. What are the names of the main barrel shapes?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
4 tons per acre
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
drying grapes - noble rot
27. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
pressure level exerted and type of pressure used
cinnamic acid
clears juice from its lees
contributes to bouquet
28. What grapes are commonly used in a Burgundy bottle?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
29. What are two acids most commonly extracted from oak?
tannins
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
Pressing whole cluster
30. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
31. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
no time in loading & discharging
20% - 40%
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
beginning of fermentation
32. What is the oak used in cork production?
quercus suber
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
Light - medium and heavy
Break skins to allow release of juice
33. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
drying grapes - noble rot
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
'green' - 'leafy'
34. What is thermo-vinification?
clarify and aerate
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
35. What are the two keys stages of berry development?
Fruit set - Verasion
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
batch & continuous
water evaporates through barrel more than alcohol
36. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
tartaric - malic - citric
37. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
clears juice from its lees
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
9
Acetic acid
38. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
7 - 10 years
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
'green' - 'leafy'
batch & continuous
39. What are the common practices to inhibit MLF?
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
non-flavonoid phenols
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
40. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
tannins
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
7 - 10 years
41. What is the purpose of a lees filter?
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
drying grapes - noble rot
contributes to bouquet
clears juice from its lees
42. Define lees.
3
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
Fruit set - Verasion
tannins
43. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
10 - 13%
Portugal and Spain
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
44. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
Acetic acid
high
non-flavonoid phenols
45. What are the two ways that late harvest grapes concentrate sugar?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
drying grapes - noble rot
46 -57 degrees F
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
46. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
color - tannin and body
9
Total acidity
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
47. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
pectins
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
high
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
48. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
10 - 13%
saccharomyces
at least a month before harvest
concrete - iron
49. Stabilization is a term used to prevent what from occurring in the bottle?
Leuconostoc-oenus
9
cloudiness & settling of particles
9 - 10 years
50. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
9 - 10 years
Free run
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
60% free run; 70% press run
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