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Viniculture
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Subject
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industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What type of climate zone produces grapes that are high in acid?
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
cool regions
Break skins to allow release of juice
Very early morning until noon
2. What acid is commonly found in grapes that have been infected with Botrytis Cinerea?
Citric
Lactic
contributes to bouquet
concrete - iron
3. What are the four types of skin contact that occur in red wine making?
damage to berries is minimal
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
20% - 40%
Total acidity
4. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
Clarify / aerate wine - separate solids
Traditional and Export
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
5. What grapes are commonly used in a flute/Alsace bottle?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
6. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Very early morning until noon
pigment
cloudiness & settling of particles
7. At what time should irrigation be stopped if dry farming techniques are being used?
cinnamic acid
at least a month before harvest
blending
Total acidity
8. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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9. What is the normal starting temperature for red wine must to start fermentation?
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Very early morning until noon
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
blending
10. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
Glucose and Fructose
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
OH (hydroxyl); tannins
damage to berries is minimal
11. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
clears juice from its lees
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Muscat
12. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
Carbonic maceration
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
cane sugar / grape concentrate
13. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
tannins
14. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
Pressing whole cluster
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
inhibits
color - tannin and body
15. After planting - how soon can the first wine cork quality bark be stripped from the tree?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
Glucose and Fructose
40 -45 years
drying grapes - noble rot
16. What negative flavors can be found in wines that weren't sufficiently de-stemmed?
< 50 degrees F
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
batch & continuous
Hard-veggie or green flavor
17. At what time should all chemical use be stopped to insure that no chemical flavors are carried into the wine?
around the time of verasion (when the grapes change colors)
pigment
4 tons per acre
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
18. What are the acids most commonly used to correct the problem if there is insufficient acid in the must?
tartaric - malic - citric
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
concrete - iron
19. What are the special characteristics of yeast that must be considered when choosing a yeast for wine making?
tolerance to different conditions - different by-products during fermentation; flocculation capabilities (i.e. the ability to remove sediment)
Chateau and Export
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
inhibits
20. What is the depth of toasting when it is a light toast?
surface of interior walls
30 -40 years
60% free run; 70% press run
concrete - iron
21. What parameters can be corrected by blending?
Citric
85 - 90%
Chateau and Export
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
22. What are five common fining agents used in wine making?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
color & tannin extraction
< 50 degrees F
tartaric - malic - citric
23. If an age able white wine is being produced what impact does skin contact have?
contributes to bouquet
20% - 40%
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
breaks skin's tissue
24. Unfermented free run makes up what % of total extractable juice?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
damage to berries is minimal
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
75 - 85%
25. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
17 - 20 degrees C
26. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
60% free run; 70% press run
Carbonic maceration
30 degrees C
pectins
27. What happens to the sugar concentrations when Botrytis Cinerea occurs?
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
10 - 14 degrees C
no time in loading & discharging
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
28. Maximum color and tannin extraction will typically occur in how many days during the fermentation of red wine?
White Riesling - Gewurtzraminer - Muscat - Sylvaner - Chenin Blanc
9
Ratio of fructose is greater than glucose
Carbonic maceration
29. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
60% free run; 65% press run
oxidation
Destemming / crushing followed by press or direct pressing of whole clusters
at least a month before harvest
30. What is the impact of high sugar concentrations (in the 30 - 40B range) during fermentation?
pigment
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
Break skins to allow release of juice
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
31. The acidic (sour) taste in wine is most dependent on which acidity paramater?
72 - 82 degrees F
Carbonic maceration
Total acidity
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
32. What two container materials must be lined before they can be used to store wine?
saccharomyces
concrete - iron
60% free run; 70% press run
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
33. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
concrete - iron
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
Portugal and Spain
34. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
40 -45 years
cool regions
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
no time in loading & discharging
35. What fraction (as a percentage range) of the total must is often left with stems in the production of red wines?
20% - 40%
3
10 - 14 degrees C
drying grapes - noble rot
36. What is thermo-vinification?
vertical basket - horizontal and bladder press
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
Traditional and Export
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
37. What acid usually is detected in the evolution or finish of a wine that has a slightly bitter taste and aids in swallowing food?
20% - 40%
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Lactic
cinnamic acid
38. In general - which produces better wine - free run or press run?
Free run
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
39. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
60% free run; 70% press run
20% - 40%
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
40. In what grape is some skin contact almost always used during white wine making?
Chardonnay
Very early morning until noon
pectins
1 - 4 hours
41. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
72 - 82 degrees F
85 - 90%
at least a month before harvest
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
42. Does ripeness of the fruit have any impact on skin contact in white wine?
7 - 10 years
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
saccharomyces
43. What are two types of oxidation that occur in wine making and when do they occur?
at least a month before harvest
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
44. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
at least a month before harvest
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
Pressing whole cluster
45. What is the oak used in cork production?
< 50 degrees F
surface of interior walls
Free run
quercus suber
46. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
saccharomyces
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
47. What are the main French oak regions?
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
total acidity (concentration of acids)
contributes to bouquet
48. What is the length of skin contact in white wines if "long contact" occurs?
Chateau and Export
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
< 50 degrees F
up to 24 hours
49. Sugar is not directly converted into alcohol - how many steps are required to convert sugar to alcohol?
9
Very early morning until noon
Glucose and Fructose
3
50. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
Starting might be difficult and it could stop too soon.
More ripe the fruit - less time required for skin contact
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
acid adjustment
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