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Viniculture
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Study First
Subject
:
industries
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What polyeric compounds tend to cause colloid coagulation in wine?
cloudiness & settling of particles
pectins
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
Acetic acid
2. Flavors in wine are basically derived from what acid?
20% - 40%
cinnamic acid
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Light - medium and heavy
3. What is the major advantage of hand harvesting over mechanical harvesting?
damage to berries is minimal
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
at least a month before harvest
batch & continuous
4. What are the main French oak regions?
early racking - early fining - sulfur-dioxide added
Limousin - Burgundy - Allien - Troncais - and Vosges
40 -45 years
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
5. Any unfermented sugar in wine is a cause for chemical instability - what are methods to control or preserve wine from refermentation?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
at least a month before harvest
Yeast inhibitors - pasteurization - sterile filtration
Air conditioning
6. What is the overall weight composition of grape clusters?
at least a month before harvest
Fruit set - Verasion
75% must; 16% skins; 4% seeds - 5% stems
damage to berries is minimal
7. What is the purpose of de-stemming?
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
Glucose and Fructose
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
Separate stems from must
8. What are the two major categories into which wine presses are grouped?
bentonite - activated carbon - gelatin - egg whites - PVPP
Harvesting under ripe grapes due to viticultural difficulties - like weather
Reduction of malic acid during ripening period
batch & continuous
9. Alcohol has what impact on yeast growth?
9 - 10 years
inhibits
2mm inside wood's surface
surplus & deficiency
10. What grapes are commonly used in a Bordeaux bottle?
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
Pressing whole cluster
Portugal and Spain
11. What are the objectives of fining?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
color & tannin extraction
< 50 degrees F
Portugal and Spain
12. Fermented free run is what % of the total wine volume?
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
85 - 90%
protect cork from cork borers - improve bottle appearance - brand identity
22 - 30 degrees C; 72 - 86 F
13. What are the primary advantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
46 -57 degrees F
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
no time in loading & discharging
clarify and aerate
14. What fraction if grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making red wine?
Chateau and Export
4 tons per acre
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
60% free run; 65% press run
15. At what time should leaf removal occur to keep berry clusters from being over-shadowed?
pre-heating grapes or must to enhance low color intensity
Glucose and Fructose
mold; all kinds of wine spoilage (micro-organism)
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
16. What is tonnage per acre that is the break-even point for doing mechanical harvesting?
4 tons per acre
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
varietal flavor - color - and tannin compounds
17. What technique is commonly used to prepare Muscat or Semillon clusters for fermentation?
Pressing whole cluster
Tartaric and Malic
Muscat
non-flavonoid phenols
18. What are the major techniques used for acid correction when it is deficient?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
blending with high acid must & ion exchanging
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
19. What are the extracted compounds from oak?
non-flavonoid phenols
Solid particles suspended in the must after crushing / pressing
chaptalization
Portugal and Spain
20. Which are more easily extracted during fermentation - pigment or tannins?
aid precipitation of suspended materials - reduce color or undesirable smells - stabilize against future cloudiness
pigment
'green' - 'leafy'
acid adjustment
21. What two countries represent at least 70% of cork production?
Portugal and Spain
Muscat
pigments - tannins - acidity
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
22. Name three components that are higher in the press run than the free run.
pigments - tannins - acidity
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
Separate stems from must
total acidity & ph
23. Wine yeasts generally belongs to what genus of yeast?
4 tons per acre
saccharomyces
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
10 - 13%
24. What two container materials must be lined before they can be used to store wine?
high
concrete - iron
no time in loading & discharging
Traditional and Export
25. What are the primary disadvantages of a continuous press over batch presses?
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26. What technique is commonly used to prepare white grapes for fermentation in the production of sparkling wine?
pressing whole cluster without destemming or crushing
Hard-veggie or green flavor
Leuconostoc-oenus
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
27. What is the most practical and most frequent method of correcting acidity in wine?
no time in loading & discharging
drying grapes - noble rot
75 - 85%
acid adjustment
28. What is the depth of toasting when it is a medium toast?
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29. What term is used to describe the absorption of oxygen that is common in white wine making?
'green' - 'leafy'
Pinot Noir - Chardonnay - Petite Syrah - Gammay - Chenin Blanc
oxidation
slow oxidation; adding oak phenols
30. What is the importance of humidity in barrel aging above 60% RH?
alcohol evaporates through barrel wall more than water
9 - 10 years
75 - 85%
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
31. What is the common name for a fermentation technique that does not require crushing or de-stemming?
Carbonic maceration
10 - 14 degrees C
60% free run; 65% press run
Citric
32. Blending is used in order to achieve what goals?
wood - concrete - iron - plastic - stainless steel
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
60% free run; 65% press run
33. What is the depth of toasting when it is a heavy toast?
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34. Blending is a term used to describe a variety of different processes. What are four different ways a wine can be blended?
vanillic acid and ellagic acid
blend varieties - vintages of same variety - locations of same variety - lots of the same vintage
enzyamatic - in must before fermentation; chemical - during processing and in bottling
Citric
35. What are two undesirable stereoisomers that might occur in wines if there is skin contact but unripe grapes?
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36. What are three types of toasting?
Hard-veggie or green flavor
20% - 40%
Lactic
Light - medium and heavy
37. What fractions of grape weight is in the free run and press run if you are making white wine?
cooling liquid jacket around the tank; dripping cold water on outside of tank walls; air conditioned room
3 - 4mm inside wood's surface
46 -57 degrees F
60% free run; 70% press run
38. What are the two most common sugars used to increase the sugar content of the must?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Bordeaux - and Burgundy
tartaric
oxidation
39. Press run is often used in what ways to enrich a final wine?
1 - no contact 2 - short w/out fermentation 3 - short during fermentation 4 - long during fermentation
Separate stems from must
Blended with free run - increases color - tannins - complexity
Citric
40. Pumping-over or pushing down the cap is used to extract what from the skins in red wine making?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
acidity - ph - alcohol - color - tannins - varietal aroma - freshness - fruitiness
color & tannin extraction
sugar concentration - temperature - alcohol concentration - nutrients - oxygen and chemicals present
41. What are the most common reasons for a stuck fermentation?
saccharomyces bayamus
start at verasion and repeat when necessary
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
Free run
42. What is considered the normal range of alcohol concentration in wine if all of the sugar is converted to alcohol?
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
10 - 13%
Deep cooling - imposing stress on yeast - adding alcohol
saccharomyces bayamus
43. Name a country in which the following measurements of sugar are used: Brix - Baum - Oechsle?
Free run
2mm inside wood's surface
Lactic
Brix (US) - Baum (France) - Oechsle (Germany)
44. What are three styles of still wine that have at least 1% RS and the range of RS in each?
protect against oxidation - protect against microbial spoilage
Lack of oxygen; lack of nutrition; unviable yeast; low temp
quercus suber
Off-dry table wines (1 - 2.5%) - sweet dessert wines (3% - 28%) - late harvest (8 - 12%)
45. The skins being removed from the production of rose wines can be added to the must of red wine - during fermentation - to enhance what characteristics of the wine?
overcoming defects - balancing the wine - enhancing complexity
Citric
40 -45 years
color - tannin and body
46. What are the three most common still wine bottle shapes used today?
Bordeaux - Burgundy - and Alsace
10 - 13%
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
9 - 10 years
47. What is the minimum temp for MLF to occur?
damage to berries is minimal
Cabernet Sauvignon - Merlot - Zinfandel - Sauvignon Blanc - Semillion - Muscat
at least a month before harvest
17 - 20 degrees C
48. What are the five most common grapes used to produce late harvest wines?
cane sugar / grape concentrate
Riesling - Guwurtztraminer - Savignon Blanc - Semillon - Hungarian Tokay
Acetic acid
20% - 40%
49. What group of compounds give wine color?
Light - medium and heavy
Leuconostoc-oenus
Separate stems from must
anthocyanins (flavonoid pigments found in red/purplish fruits and vegetables)
50. What is the preferred temperature range for white wine making?
advantage - allows picking grapes at night when temperature is low; disadvantage - major portion of skins are broken
color - tannin and body
glycerol; methanol; succinic acid; lactic acid;
46 -57 degrees F
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