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Test your basic knowledge |
CLEP Chemistry: Structure Of Matter
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Subjects
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clep
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science
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chemistry
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. ___ ____ constitutes the electrostatic attractive forces between the delocalized electrons - called conduction electrons - gathered in an electron cloud - and the positively charged metal ions.
Atomic Number
Solution
Radioactive decay
Metallic Bond
2. In chemistry - the ____ ____ is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. The formal oxidation state is the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were 100% ionic. Oxid
Isotopes
Oxidation State
Atomic Number
Electronegativity
3. The mass number - also called atomic mass number or nucleon number - is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. The mass number is different for each different isotope of a chemical element.
Molecular Dipolar Moments
Mass Number Example
Mass Number/Atomic Mass Number
The Periodic Table
4. __ __-__ __ (_ _ _ _)are regression models used in the chemical and biological sciences and engineering. Like other regression models - _ _ _ _models relate measurements on a set of 'predictor' variables to the behavior of the response variable.
Determination of atomic masses by physical means
Ionic Bond
Quantitative structure-activity relationship models
Isotopes Example
5. An ___ ___ is a type of chemical bond formed through an electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions. Ionic bonds are formed between a cation - which is usually a metal - and an anion - which is usually a nonmetal
Radioactive decay
Ion
Radioactivity
Ionic Bond
6. ___ ___ are molecules that have the same molecular formula - but have a different arrangement of the atoms in space. That excludes any different arrangements which are simply due to the molecule rotating as a whole - or rotating about particular bond
Structural Isomers
molecular orbital (MO)
hybridisation (or hybridization)
Coarse Dispersion (Suspension)
7. A ___ ___ is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding.
Covalent Bond
Valence bond theory
valence bond (VB) theory
Colloid
8. The atomic number of hydrogen is 1; the atomic number of carbon is 6. The atomic number is also known as the proton number. It may be represented by the capital letter Z.
Electronegativity
valence bond (VB) theory
Atomic Number Example
Valence bond theory
9. If you want to refer to a certain isotope - you write it like this: AXZ. Here X is the chemical symbol for the element - Z is the atomic number - and A is the number of neutrons and protons combined - called the mass number. For instance - ordinary h
Metallic Bond
Evidence of Atomic Theory
Hybridization
Isotopes Example
10. Bonds formed by the sideways overlap of p orbitals.
molecular orbital (MO) theory
Pi (p) bonds:
Coarse Dispersion (Suspension)
Molecular Model
11. Is the process by which an atomic nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting ionizing particles/radiation. A decay - or loss of energy - results when an atom with one type of nucleus - called the parent radionuclide - transforms to an atom
Metallic Bond
Quantitative structure-activity relationship models
Radioactive decay
Radioactivity
12. In chemistry - a ____ is a homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase. In such a mixture - a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance - known as a solvent. The solvent does the dissolving. The solution more or less takes on the charac
Molecular Model
Mass Spectrometry (MS)
resonance or mesomerism
Solution
13. One method is the use of an auxiliary 'mass spectrometer' tube which compensates for fluctuations in both the magnetic field and the source of potential for the deflecting and accelerating plates of the main spectrometer. Ion currents are measured el
Valence bond theory
Colloid
Determination of atomic masses by physical means
Pi Bonds
14. Model for predicting molecular geometry. Based on the idea that - in a molecule - electron pairs arrange themselves as far apart as possible to minimize electron-electron repulsion. The shape of a molecule is determined by the number of electron pair
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory
Pi Bonds
resonance or mesomerism
Ionization Energy
15. The periodic table of the chemical elements is a list of known atoms. In the table the elements are placed in the order of their atomic numbers starting with the lowest number. The atomic number of an element is the same as the number of electrons or
Radioactive decay
Atomic Spectrum
molecular orbital (MO)
The Periodic Table
16. Even though the total charge on a molecule is zero - the nature of chemical bonds is such that the positive and negative charges do not completely overlap in most molecules. Such molecules are said to be polar because they possess a permanent ___ ___
Molecular Dipolar Moments
Quantitative structure-activity relationship models
Valence bond theory
Chemical Bond
17. It focuses on how the atomic orbitals of the dissociated atoms combine to give individual chemical bonds when a molecule is formed.
Atomic Spectrum
Solution
valence bond (VB) theory
Metallic Bond
18. The energy level of the electron is one of the things that make one state different from another. Each level - or state - has a specific energy for the electron and a specific set of probabilities for its showing up in various places.
valence bond (VB) theory
Nuclear Equations
Atomic Theory
Electron Energy Levels
19. The mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units (amu). It is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom (the mass number) or to the average number allowing for the relative abundances of differ
Isotopes
Electron Energy Levels
Atomic Mass
Radioactive decay
20. Formation of hybrid orbitals - which are mixtures of individual atomic orbitals. The number of atomic orbitals used to create a set of hybrid orbitals equals the number of orbitals generated by ______. Hybrid orbitals can hold up to two electrons; ha
Hybridization
resonance or mesomerism
Dispersion
Atomic Theory
21. Is a way of describing delocalized electrons within certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the bonding cannot be expressed by one single Lewis formula. A molecule or ion with such delocalized electrons is represented by several contributing struc
resonance or mesomerism
Pi Bonds
Mass Spectrometry (MS)
Dispersion
22. Describe values of conserved quantities in the dynamics of the quantum system. Perhaps the most peculiar aspect of quantum mechanics is the quantization of observable quantities - since quantum numbers are discrete sets of integers or half-integers.
Quantum Numbers
Mass Spectrometry (MS)
Mass Spectrometry (MS) Procedure
Atomic Theory
23. As a general term - the mass of an individual atom; but usually we mean the average atomic mass for the naturally occurring element - expressed in atomic mass units. hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water - H2O.The weight of oxygen has to be eight
Chemical Bond
Atomic Mass
Electronegativity
Atomic Weight
24. Is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals suitable for the qualitative description of atomic bonding properties. ___-ed orbitals are very useful in the explanation of the shape of molecular orbitals for molecules. It is an
hybridisation (or hybridization)
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory
Distinction between Periods and Groups
Mass Spectrometry (MS) Procedure
25. Theory of bonding that states that covalent bonds form through the spatial overlap of orbitals containing valence electrons. Valence bond theory is consistent with the geometric predictions of VSEPR theory.
Valence bond theory
Electronegativity
Ionic Bond
Ion
26. A chemical way to determine the atomic mass of an element is to combine the element with oxygen - determine the mass of the element and oxygen in the compound formed - and determine the number of atoms of oxygen combined per atom of the element.
Pi (p) bonds:
molecular orbital (MO) theory
Solution
Determination of atomic masses by chemical means
27. Electrons in a (p) orbital (either bonding or nonbonding).
Sigma (s) bonds
Structural Isomers
Pi (p) electrons
The Periodic Table
28. Bonds formed by the head-on overlap of sp - sp2 - or sp3 hybrid orbitals with each other or with hydrogen 1s orbitals.
Pi (p) electrons
Atomic Number Example
Radioactive decay
Sigma (s) bonds
29. A ___ ___ is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electrostatic force of attraction between opposite charges - either between electrons and nuclei - or
Mass Spectrometry (MS)
Atomic Number Example
Chemical Bond
Evidence of Atomic Theory
30. Bohr proposed that electrons orbited the nucleus - but the electrons contained enough energy to match the electric pull of the protons. This way - the atomic stability would be preserved. He also said that electrons could occupy only certain orbits -
valence bond (VB) theory
resonance or mesomerism
Atomic Spectrum
Atomic Number
31. A ___ ___ is the attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom - such as nitrogen - oxygen or fluorine - that comes from another molecule or chemical group. The hydrogen has a polar bonding to another electronegative atom to c
Hydrogen Bond
Atomic Mass
Atomic Number
Molecular Model
32. Is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom. This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the ato
Chemical Bond
Atomic Orbit
Coarse Dispersion (Suspension)
Hydrogen Bond
33. A ___ ___ - in this article - is a physical model that represents molecules and their processes. The creation of mathematical models of molecular properties and behavior is ___ ___ - and their graphical depiction is molecular graphics
Valence bond theory
Quantum Numbers
Molecular Model
Mass Number Example
34. ____ - symbol ? - is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons (or electron density) towards itself.
Electronegativity
Chemical Bond
Radioactive decay
Isotopes
35. That's the number of protons in one atom of a particular element. An undisturbed atom is electrically neutral - so the number of electrons in it is the same as its atomic number. Example:
Dispersion
Sigma Bond
Atomic Number
Oxidation State
36. A dispersion is a system in which particles are dispersed in a continuous phase of a different composition (or state). There are three main types of dispersions: Coarse dispersion (Suspension) Colloid Solution
resonance or mesomerism
Atomic Orbit
Dispersion
Quantitative structure-activity relationship models
37. A mechanism by which two atoms are held together as the result of the forces operating between them and a pair of electrons regarded as shared by them. In a ___ ___ - the electron pair occupies an orbital located mainly between the two atoms and symm
Electron Energy Levels
Ion
Hydrogen Bond
Sigma Bond
38. __ __ are used to represent the decay of one element into another. show atomic # and mass # of particles involved. Mass numbers and atomic numbers are conserved.
Nuclear Equations
Mass Spectrometry (MS) Procedure
Molecular Dipolar Moments
Valence bond theory
39. Is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles.[1] It is used for determining masses of particles - for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule - and for elucidating the chemical structure
Metallic Bond
Mass Spectrometry (MS)
Isotopes
Pi (p) electrons
40. (1) A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument and undergoes vaporization (2) The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods (e.g. - by impacting them with an electron beam) - which results in the formation of charged particle
Pi (p) bonds:
Applications of Nuclear Chemisty
Mass Spectrometry (MS) Procedure
Mass Number/Atomic Mass Number
41. An ___ is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons - giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge.
Ion
Isotopes Example
Atomic Weight
Pi Bonds
42. Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons; the different possible versions of each element are called isotopes. For example - the most common isotope of hydrogen has no neutrons at all; there's also a hydrogen isotope called de
Isotopes
Hydrogen Bond
Atomic Radius
Evidence of Atomic Theory
43. A row of elements across the table is called a period. Each period has a number: from 1 to 7. Period 1 has only 2 elements in it: hydrogen and helium. Period 2 and Period 3 both have 8 elements. Other periods are longer. A column of elements down the
Distinction between Periods and Groups
Chemical Bond
Determination of atomic masses by chemical means
Ionization Energy
44. Are covalent chemical bonds where two lobes of one involved atomic orbital overlap two lobes of the other involved atomic orbital. These orbitals share a nodal plane which passes through both of the involved nuclei.
Ionic Bond
Applications of Nuclear Chemisty
Pi Bonds
Mass Number Example
45. A ____ is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance.A colloidal system consists of two separate phases: a dispersed phase (or internal phase) and a continuous phase (or dispersion medium) in which the colloid is disper
Pi (p) electrons
Colloid
Molecular Dipolar Moments
molecular orbital (MO)
46. For instance - there are two main isotopes of chlorine: chlorine-35 and chlorine-37. In any given sample of chlorine that has not been subject to mass separation there will be roughly 75% of chlorine atoms which are chlorine-35 and only 25% of chlori
Colloid
Ionic Bond
Coarse Dispersion (Suspension)
Mass Number Example
47. ____ is the relative tendency of a bonded atom to attract electrons to itself. An atom with extremely low ____ - is said to be electropositive since its tendency is to lose rather than to gain - or attract - electrons. ______ decreases down a Group i
Quantum Numbers
Electronegativity
Atomic Radius
Atomic Number
48. The ___ ___ of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms - usually the mean or typical distance from the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding cloud of electrons. Since the boundary is not a well-defined physical entity - there ar
Colloid
Chemical Bond
Solution
Atomic Radius
49. John Dalton proposed that each chemical element is composed of atoms of a single - unique type - and though they cannot be altered or destroyed by chemical means - they can combine to form more complex structures (chemical compounds). This marked the
Macromolecule
Evidence of Atomic Theory
Radioactive decay
Chemical Bond
50. Was developed to use the methods of quantum mechanics to explain chemical bonding.molecular orbital theory has orbitals that cover the whole molecule.
Hybridization
molecular orbital (MO) theory
Pi (p) electrons
Electronegativity