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SAT Subject Test: Chemistry

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Color of CrO4²? solution
Yellow
Stronger
A heavy nucleus splits into two nuclei - when bombarded by small particles (very exothermic)
Same molecule - different electron pair positions

2. Rare earth elements
Heat required to make a substance melt.
Oxide that reacts with water to form either an acid or a base
Periods 8 and 9 - lanthanides and actinides
6.0 to 7.6 - yellow to blue

3. Ionization energy
Increases right and up - drops when electron pairing first occurs (p4) - drop from s block to p block
2 bonding - 180° - sp hybridization
Oxide that reacts with water to form either an acid or a base
COOH - ends in -oic acid

4. Sterling silver
Deadly - yellow-green - weapon
1. don't conduct good current 2. many exist as gases at room temp 3. melting points of solid crystals are low 4. large amount of energy needed to decompose
Mixture of silver and copper
C2H3O2?

5. Examples of amorphous solids
Liquid at room temperature - used to make gasoline and solvents
Glass and plastic
Mostly composed of hydrocarbons - refined by separating it into different boiling points of its components
1. Solids don't conduct good electrical current. 2. Liquid phase are good conductors 3. Relatively high melting and boiling points 4. Do not vaporize readily at room temperature. 5. Brittle / easily broken 6. Soluble in water

6. What are the factors that affect reaction rate?
Diatomic - fluorine is a gas - bromine is a liquid iodine is a solid - fluorine is most reactive - chlorine is an antibacterial agent
Concentration of reactants - temperature - presence of a catalyst - and physical state of the reactants
Orange
Emission of electromagnetic energy after beta - positron - or alpha decay

7. Petroleum
Spin is +1/2 or -1/2 in an orbital
Mostly composed of hydrocarbons - refined by separating it into different boiling points of its components
Made of metal atoms - held together by metallic bonds - high melting points - can be malleable or hard - good conductors.
Oxides and hydroxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals - H? - and CH3?

8. Compounds with 18 carbons
1. Water solutions conduct electricity 2. Will react with metals more active than hydrogen to liberate hydrogen. 3. Change litmus to red 4. Phenolphthalein is colorless 5. React with bases to form water and salt 6. React with carbonates to release ca
Solid at room temperature
React with water to form bases - react with acids to form hydrogen gas - more reactive down group
Orange

9. What is the equation used for heat transfer problems?
Nonmetal oxides form acids - metal oxides form bases
The solute is dissolved in the solvent.
V1/T1 = V2/T2
Q = mcDT

10. Decomposition reaction
Between neutral polar molecules - stronger polarity means stronger dipole-dipole forces - hydrogen bonds are between hydrogen and fluorine - oxygen - or nitrogen.
A compound breaks into two parts
Made of positive and negative ions held together by electrostatic attractions. High melting points - brittle - poor conductors as solids. Ex: NaCl
Energy level - as it increases electrons are less bound to the nucleus

11. pewter
2 bonding - 180° - sp hybridization
Mixture of tin - copper - bismuth - and antimony
Bright yellow
React with water to form bases - react with acids to form hydrogen gas - more reactive down group

12. Sulfide color: As2S3
Lemon yellow
COH functional group - name ends in -al
A heavy nucleus splits into two nuclei - when bombarded by small particles (very exothermic)
Endothermic

13. Ethanol
Between metal and non-metal - electronegativity difference greater than 1.7 - high melting points - solid state under standard conditions - electron is completely transferred
Used as an antifreeze - used in gasoline - flammable - miscible with water - good solvent
COH functional group - name ends in -al
Diatomic - fluorine is a gas - bromine is a liquid iodine is a solid - fluorine is most reactive - chlorine is an antibacterial agent

14. Trigonal planar
Two atoms with the same number of electrons
Two compound react to form two new compounds
3 bonding - 120° - sp² hybridization
No

15. Hydrolysis reaction
Endothermic
Involves water
Lemon yellow
Same formula - different structure

16. Metallic solids
Made of metal atoms - held together by metallic bonds - high melting points - can be malleable or hard - good conductors.
Made of positive and negative ions held together by electrostatic attractions. High melting points - brittle - poor conductors as solids. Ex: NaCl
Potassium - Calcium - Sodium
White

17. Cl - Br - and I compounds are...
Limited oxygen
Two atoms with the same number of electrons
Extremely slow reactivity
Soluble except when containing Ag? - Hg2²? - or Pb²?

18. Color of excited Na+
Heat required to make a substance melt.
Orientation of orbital in space
Gas pressure = atm pressure + height of mercury
yellow

19. Compounds with 12-18 carbons
7th group - form salts - always exist as diatomic molecules - used in modern lighting
COH functional group - name ends in -al
Make up jet fuels and kerosene
Most stable

20. Oxides are insoluble and when reacted with water..
Nonmetal oxides form acids - metal oxides form bases
Substance can act either as an acid or a base
Two compound react to form two new compounds
Between neutral polar molecules - stronger polarity means stronger dipole-dipole forces - hydrogen bonds are between hydrogen and fluorine - oxygen - or nitrogen.

21. Anhydride
CO3²?
Oxide that reacts with water to form either an acid or a base
Periods 8 and 9 - lanthanides and actinides
R-CO-R functional group ends in -one - w/ number indicated where the double bonded oxygen is

22. Hydrogen gas properties
Colorless - odorless - low density - flammable - slightly soluble in water - diffuses more rapidly than any other gas - good reducing agent
V1/T1 = V2/T2
1. Water solutions conduct electricity 2. Litmus is blue - phenolphthalein is pink 3. React with fats to form soaps
Yes

23. NO3? - ClO3? - ClO4? and CH3COO (acetate) compounds are...
BeH2 (only 2 valence pairs) - periods 4 and above can have more than 4 valence pairs
Soluble
Stronger
Made of metal atoms - held together by metallic bonds - high melting points - can be malleable or hard - good conductors.

24. amphoteric
Yes in thermo - no in electro
Substance can act either as an acid or a base
White
Yes

25. Color of excited K+
NO3?
Mixture of iron and carbon
Non-polar if electronegativity difference is between 0 and 0.4 - in polar bonds the atom with more electronegativity has greater pull on electrons. Single bond is a sigma bond - double and triple bonds have one sigma - and the other are pi bonds.
Purple/pink

26. Ionic solids
Made of positive and negative ions held together by electrostatic attractions. High melting points - brittle - poor conductors as solids. Ex: NaCl
Blue
NO3?
P1/V1 = P2/V2

27. Properties of acids
1. Water solutions conduct electricity 2. Will react with metals more active than hydrogen to liberate hydrogen. 3. Change litmus to red 4. Phenolphthalein is colorless 5. React with bases to form water and salt 6. React with carbonates to release ca
Single bonds - result from overlap of two s orbitals - an s and p orbital - or two p orbitals - greatest overlap means stronger bond
Refract light as result of unpaired electrons - several oxidation states - ionic solutions are colored
More active element replaces less active element in a compound.

28. Tetrahedral
2 bonding - 180° - sp hybridization
CO3²?
4 bonding - 109.5° - sp³ hybridization
Emission of electromagnetic energy after beta - positron - or alpha decay

29. Graham's Law
Disordered systems with higher entropies are favored
Rate of effusion A / Rate of effusion B = sq. root of molar mass B / sq. root of molar mass A
Mixture of tin - copper - bismuth - and antimony
Increases right and up - drops when electron pairing first occurs (p4) - drop from s block to p block

30. Name the six strong acids
Low melting points - nonpolar unless they have functional groups - nonconductors - exist in all states
HCl - HBr - HI - HNO3 - H2SO4 - HCLO4
1st group - most reactive metal family - react violently with water - create basic solutions
Refract light as result of unpaired electrons - several oxidation states - ionic solutions are colored

31. Alchohols
Liquid at room temperature - used to make gasoline and solvents
OH functional group - name ends in -ol
Heat required to make a substance melt.
Oxide that reacts with water to form either an acid or a base

32. Fusion
PO4³?
Two light nuclei combine to form a heavier - more stable nucleus (very exothermic)
Mixture of silver and copper
COH functional group - name ends in -al

33. Ammonium Ion
4.184
Increased
NH4?
Increases right and up - drops when electron pairing first occurs (p4) - drop from s block to p block

34. When are gases MOST ideal?
Low pressures - high temperatures
Yellow
1. Solids don't conduct good electrical current. 2. Liquid phase are good conductors 3. Relatively high melting and boiling points 4. Do not vaporize readily at room temperature. 5. Brittle / easily broken 6. Soluble in water
5 bonding - 90° and 120° - sp³d hybridization

35. Nonmetals
A compound breaks into two parts
Diamond - graphite - amorphous - fullerenes
Nonmetal oxides form acids - metal oxides form bases
Do not conduct electricity well

36. Amine
P1/V1 = P2/V2
Two atoms with the same number of electrons
NH2 functional group - name ends in -amide
Soluble except when containing alkaline earth metals

37. Dilution equation
React with water to form bases - react with acids to form hydrogen gas - more reactive down group
Oxides and hydroxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals - H? - and CH3?
Spin is +1/2 or -1/2 in an orbital
M1V1 = M2V2

38. Color of CrO7²? solution
Orange
DTf = (Kf)(msolute)(i) - for water Kf is 1.86
Hydrocarbon burned in the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
Made of metal atoms - held together by metallic bonds - high melting points - can be malleable or hard - good conductors.

39. What is the second law of thermodynamics?
CO - produced from incomplete combustion - very toxic
Single bonds - result from overlap of two s orbitals - an s and p orbital - or two p orbitals - greatest overlap means stronger bond
Disordered systems with higher entropies are favored
Limited oxygen

40. General Properties of Organic Compounds
OH functional group - name ends in -ol
Heat required to make a substance melt.
A compound breaks into two parts
Low melting points - nonpolar unless they have functional groups - nonconductors - exist in all states

41. Color of excited Cu2+
Substance can act either as an acid or a base
Potassium - Calcium - Sodium
Blue-green
Yellow to orange

42. What are the allotropic forms of sulfur?
M1V1 = M2V2
Rhombic (yellow - brittle) - monoclinic (needle-shaped - yellow - waxy - translucent) - and amorphous (noncrystalline - dark - elastic)
760 mmHg = 760 torr = 1 atm = 101 -325 Pa
1. don't conduct good current 2. many exist as gases at room temp 3. melting points of solid crystals are low 4. large amount of energy needed to decompose

43. Gibb's Free Energy equation
DG = DH - TDS
DH = bonds broken - bonds formed
Heat required to make a substance melt.
Mixture of tin - copper - bismuth - and antimony

44. Noble gases
Orange
Gold
React with water to form bases - react with acids to form hydrogen gas - more reactive down group
Extremely slow reactivity

45. Alkali metal compounds and NH4? compounds are...
Gold
Soluble
Degrade the oxone layer
Mixture of tin - copper - bismuth - and antimony

46. Equation when using a manometer to calculate gas pressure - and the gas has a higher pressure than the atmosphere
Gas pressure = atm pressure + height of mercury
2 bonding - 180° - sp hybridization
Properties of solutions that depend on the number of particles per solvent molecule
5 bonding - 90° and 120° - sp³d hybridization

47. Steel
2 bonding - 1 nonbonding
PO4³?
Mixture of iron and carbon
No two electrons can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers

48. Amine group
8.3 to 10.0 - colorless to pink
Rate of effusion A / Rate of effusion B = sq. root of molar mass B / sq. root of molar mass A
Green
NH2 - ends in -amide

49. Phosphate ion
Used as an antifreeze - used in gasoline - flammable - miscible with water - good solvent
Electrons are free to move through metal structure - high conductivity - ductile
PO4³?
NH2 functional group - name ends in -amide

50. Freezing point depression formula
DTf = (Kf)(msolute)(i) - for water Kf is 1.86
Excess oxygen
Substance can act either as an acid or a base
DH = bonds broken - bonds formed