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SAT Subject Test: Chemistry

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Add acid to water or water to acid
It is at equilibrium
COH functional group - name ends in -al
Acid to water
Light green

2. Sulfide color: CdS
No two electrons can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers
Between neutral polar molecules - stronger polarity means stronger dipole-dipole forces - hydrogen bonds are between hydrogen and fluorine - oxygen - or nitrogen.
Bright yellow
HCl - HBr - HI - HNO3 - H2SO4 - HCLO4

3. Color of CrO7²? solution
It is at equilibrium
Orange
Do not conduct electricity well
Bright yellow

4. What qualifies as a strong base?
Soluble except when containing alkaline earth metals
OH functional group - name ends in -ol
Oxides and hydroxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals - H? - and CH3?
Limited oxygen

5. Brass
Decreased
Miscible with water - flammable - used as fuel - poisonous
Mixture of copper and zinc
DG = DH - TDS

6. Hydroxyl group
R-CO-O-R functoinal group - ends in ate - shortest R has a branch name ending in -yl
OH - alcohols - name ends in ol
Yellow
1st group - most reactive metal family - react violently with water - create basic solutions

7. Gibb's Free Energy equation
Soluble except when they include Ca²? - Sr²? - Ba²? - Ag²? - Pb²? - or Hg2²?
1. don't conduct good current 2. many exist as gases at room temp 3. melting points of solid crystals are low 4. large amount of energy needed to decompose
Yellow
DG = DH - TDS

8. Color of Ni2+ solution
Emission of electromagnetic energy after beta - positron - or alpha decay
NO3?
Stronger
Green

9. SO4²? compounds are...
Photography
Soluble except when they include Ca²? - Sr²? - Ba²? - Ag²? - Pb²? - or Hg2²?
4 bonding - 109.5° - sp³ hybridization
Blue-green

10. Anhydride
8.3 to 10.0 - colorless to pink
Green
Oxide that reacts with water to form either an acid or a base
1. don't conduct good current 2. many exist as gases at room temp 3. melting points of solid crystals are low 4. large amount of energy needed to decompose

11. Compounds with 1-4 carbons
Same molecule - different electron pair positions
Gases at room temperature - used for fuel
Make up jet fuels and kerosene
OH functional group - name ends in -ol

12. Phosphate ion
Single bonds - result from overlap of two s orbitals - an s and p orbital - or two p orbitals - greatest overlap means stronger bond
PO4³?
Made of positive and negative ions held together by electrostatic attractions. High melting points - brittle - poor conductors as solids. Ex: NaCl
Light green

13. Color of excited Cu2+
Blue-green
CO - produced from incomplete combustion - very toxic
Yellow to orange
Low pressures - high temperatures

14. What 3 metals will react with cold water?
Pressure of mixture of gases equals some of individual gas pressures.
Two compound react to form two new compounds
PO4³?
Potassium - Calcium - Sodium

15. Alkali metal compounds and NH4? compounds are...
Colorless - odorless - low density - flammable - slightly soluble in water - diffuses more rapidly than any other gas - good reducing agent
Solution where particles settle - can be separated - sometimes scatter light - usually not transparent
ClO3?
Soluble

16. Properties of acids
More active element replaces less active element in a compound.
COOH - ends in -oic acid
1. Water solutions conduct electricity 2. Will react with metals more active than hydrogen to liberate hydrogen. 3. Change litmus to red 4. Phenolphthalein is colorless 5. React with bases to form water and salt 6. React with carbonates to release ca
Magnesium

17. Molarity
CO3²?
Rate of effusion A / Rate of effusion B = sq. root of molar mass B / sq. root of molar mass A
Moles / L
21% of atmosphere - colorless - odorless - supports combustion reactions

18. Ionization energy
DTb = (Kb)(msolute)(i) - for water Kb is 0.51
Moles / L
Increases right and up - drops when electron pairing first occurs (p4) - drop from s block to p block
Strong acids - strong bases - soluble salts

19. Chlorate ion
ClO3?
The solute is dissolved in the solvent.
4.184
3 bonding - 120° - sp² hybridization

20. Ethanol
Weak forces between nonpolar molecules and noble gas atoms when electron cloud becomes asymmetrical - dispersion forces are greater among larger nonpolar molecules
Made of atoms or molecules held together by dipole forces - hydrogen bonds - or London dispersion forces. Low melting points - flexible - poor conductors. Ex: Sucrose
Used as an antifreeze - used in gasoline - flammable - miscible with water - good solvent
Mixture of copper - zinc - and other metals

21. Color of Fe3+ solution
Solid at room temperature
6 bonding - 90° - sp³d2² hybridization
NH4?
Yellow to orange

22. Covalent bond
Non-polar if electronegativity difference is between 0 and 0.4 - in polar bonds the atom with more electronegativity has greater pull on electrons. Single bond is a sigma bond - double and triple bonds have one sigma - and the other are pi bonds.
DH = bonds broken - bonds formed
NH2 functional group - name ends in -amide
Low pressures - high temperatures

23. NO3? - ClO3? - ClO4? and CH3COO (acetate) compounds are...
6 bonding - 90° - sp³d2² hybridization
Excess oxygen
Soluble
Covalently bonded molecules with covalent intermolecular bonds - hard - high melting points - poor conductors. Ex: diamond - graphite

24. Bromthymol blue: pH range and colors
Black
Heat required to make a substance melt.
Potassium - Calcium - Sodium
6.0 to 7.6 - yellow to blue

25. Nonmetals
Diatomic - fluorine is a gas - bromine is a liquid iodine is a solid - fluorine is most reactive - chlorine is an antibacterial agent
Non-polar if electronegativity difference is between 0 and 0.4 - in polar bonds the atom with more electronegativity has greater pull on electrons. Single bond is a sigma bond - double and triple bonds have one sigma - and the other are pi bonds.
Do not conduct electricity well
More negative means easier to gain electrons - increases left - no change in groups - exception is noble gases who have positive electron affinities

26. Molecular solids
R-CO-O-R functoinal group - ends in ate - shortest R has a branch name ending in -yl
Made of atoms or molecules held together by dipole forces - hydrogen bonds - or London dispersion forces. Low melting points - flexible - poor conductors. Ex: Sucrose
The solute is dissolved in the solvent.
DTf = (Kf)(msolute)(i) - for water Kf is 1.86

27. amphoteric
Rhombic (yellow - brittle) - monoclinic (needle-shaped - yellow - waxy - translucent) - and amorphous (noncrystalline - dark - elastic)
21% of atmosphere - colorless - odorless - supports combustion reactions
Substance can act either as an acid or a base
Gas pressure = atm pressure - height of mercury

28. Linear
2 bonding - 180° - sp hybridization
OH - alcohols - name ends in ol
Q = mcDT
Glass and plastic

29. What kind of bonds generally hold gases together?
P1/V1 = P2/V2
More negative means easier to gain electrons - increases left - no change in groups - exception is noble gases who have positive electron affinities
Covalent
Energy level - as it increases electrons are less bound to the nucleus

30. Sulfide color: ZnS
Strong acids - strong bases - soluble salts
Rhombic (yellow - brittle) - monoclinic (needle-shaped - yellow - waxy - translucent) - and amorphous (noncrystalline - dark - elastic)
White
Refract light as result of unpaired electrons - several oxidation states - ionic solutions are colored

31. Equation when using a barometer to calculate gas pressure.
Extremely slow reactivity
Gas pressure = atm pressure - height of mercury
Properties of solutions that depend on the number of particles per solvent molecule
Atom becomes more stable by emitting a positively charged electron when a proton becomes a neutron and positron - decreasing the atomic number by 1

32. What kind of bonds generally hold liquids together?
V1/T1 = V2/T2
Covalent
Low pressures - high temperatures
Two compound react to form two new compounds

33. Alkaline earth metals
4.5 to 8.3 - Red to blue
HCl - HBr - HI - HNO3 - H2SO4 - HCLO4
2nd group - fairly reactive - pastes are used in batteries
DG = DH - TDS

34. Do you multiply by coefficients in thermochemistry problems and electrochemistry problems?
21% of atmosphere - colorless - odorless - supports combustion reactions
Nonmetal oxides form acids - metal oxides form bases
Magnesium
Yes in thermo - no in electro

35. Electronegativity
React with water to form bases - react with acids to form hydrogen gas - more reactive down group
1. Water solutions conduct electricity 2. Will react with metals more active than hydrogen to liberate hydrogen. 3. Change litmus to red 4. Phenolphthalein is colorless 5. React with bases to form water and salt 6. React with carbonates to release ca
Increase right and up
P1/V1 = P2/V2

36. How can hydrogen be produced?
1. Electrolysis of water 2. passing steam over hot iron or through hot coke 3. decomposing natural gas (mostly methane) with heat and water
OH - alcohols - name ends in ol
A compound breaks into two parts
21% of atmosphere - colorless - odorless - supports combustion reactions

37. Define heat of fusion.
Mixture of copper - zinc - and other metals
Gases at room temperature - used for fuel
Same formula - different structure
Heat required to make a substance melt.

38. Colloid
C2H3O2?
Solution where particles are between 100 and 1000 nm in size—particles this small will not settle.the particles cannot be filtered - but they do scatter light
Colorless - odorless - low density - flammable - slightly soluble in water - diffuses more rapidly than any other gas - good reducing agent
Do not conduct electricity well

39. Isomer
Same formula - different structure
DH = bonds broken - bonds formed
Yes in thermo - no in electro
1. Solids don't conduct good electrical current. 2. Liquid phase are good conductors 3. Relatively high melting and boiling points 4. Do not vaporize readily at room temperature. 5. Brittle / easily broken 6. Soluble in water

40. Fusion
Two light nuclei combine to form a heavier - more stable nucleus (very exothermic)
Glass and plastic
The solute is dissolved in the solvent.
Soluble except when containing alkaline earth metals

41. Metallic solids
Made of metal atoms - held together by metallic bonds - high melting points - can be malleable or hard - good conductors.
Blue
Periods 8 and 9 - lanthanides and actinides
V1/T1 = V2/T2

42. Amine group
M1V1 = M2V2
NH2 - ends in -amide
Magnesium
Mixture of iron and carbon

43. Synthesis reaction
Do not conduct electricity well
Two reactants combine to form a single product
3 bonding - 120° - sp² hybridization
A heavy nucleus splits into two nuclei - when bombarded by small particles (very exothermic)

44. Azimuthal quantum number (l)
Composed of hydrocarbons - sulfur - oxygen - and nitrogen. When combusted - sulfur becomes SO2
Largest radioactive particle - decrease atomic number by 2 and the atomic mass by 4 - range of 5 cm in air - high energy and velocity - 100 -000 ionizations per cm
More negative means easier to gain electrons - increases left - no change in groups - exception is noble gases who have positive electron affinities
Defines shape of orbital

45. Oxygen gas properties
21% of atmosphere - colorless - odorless - supports combustion reactions
Black
COH functional group - name ends in -al
Emission of electromagnetic energy after beta - positron - or alpha decay

46. Double replacement reaction
Deadly - yellow-green - weapon
Two compound react to form two new compounds
R-CO-R functional group ends in -one - w/ number indicated where the double bonded oxygen is
DG = DH - TDS

47. Oxides are insoluble and when reacted with water..
CO3²?
Nonmetal oxides form acids - metal oxides form bases
Do not conduct electricity well
Potassium - Calcium - Sodium

48. Complete combustion occurs when there is
Excess oxygen
Moles of solute / kg solvent
Soluble except when containing alkaline earth metals
Decreased

49. If G is positive - is the reaction spontaneous?
Two light nuclei combine to form a heavier - more stable nucleus (very exothermic)
Weak forces between nonpolar molecules and noble gas atoms when electron cloud becomes asymmetrical - dispersion forces are greater among larger nonpolar molecules
R-O-R functional group - shorter chain ends in oxy - other is ane
No

50. Color of excited Na+
Liquid at room temperature - used to make gasoline and solvents
Solid at room temperature
yellow
6.0 to 7.6 - yellow to blue

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SAT Subject Test: Chemistry

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