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SAT Subject Test: Chemistry

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. List equivalent pressure values for mmHg - torr - atm - and Pa
Gold
Yellow to orange
760 mmHg = 760 torr = 1 atm = 101 -325 Pa
4 bonding - 109.5° - sp³ hybridization

2. Oxygen gas properties
DTb = (Kb)(msolute)(i) - for water Kb is 0.51
Classified as strong bases but not very soluble.
It is at equilibrium
21% of atmosphere - colorless - odorless - supports combustion reactions

3. Fusion
Two light nuclei combine to form a heavier - more stable nucleus (very exothermic)
Increased
Solution heated - more solute added - then cooled. Solution holds more solute than theoretically possible - very unstable.
Gas pressure = atm pressure - height of mercury

4. Molecular solids
Heat required to make a substance melt.
Substance can act either as an acid or a base
COOH - ends in -oic acid
Made of atoms or molecules held together by dipole forces - hydrogen bonds - or London dispersion forces. Low melting points - flexible - poor conductors. Ex: Sucrose

5. Allotropic forms of carbon
R-O-R functional group - shorter chain ends in oxy - other is ane
Gases at room temperature - used for fuel
Diamond - graphite - amorphous - fullerenes
React with water to form bases - react with acids to form hydrogen gas - more reactive down group

6. Cl - Br - and I compounds are...
Periods 8 and 9 - lanthanides and actinides
Solution heated - more solute added - then cooled. Solution holds more solute than theoretically possible - very unstable.
1. Water solutions conduct electricity 2. Will react with metals more active than hydrogen to liberate hydrogen. 3. Change litmus to red 4. Phenolphthalein is colorless 5. React with bases to form water and salt 6. React with carbonates to release ca
Soluble except when containing Ag? - Hg2²? - or Pb²?

7. Trigonal pyramidal
3 bonding - 1 nonbonding 107°
More negative means easier to gain electrons - increases left - no change in groups - exception is noble gases who have positive electron affinities
More active element replaces less active element in a compound.
1. don't conduct good current 2. many exist as gases at room temp 3. melting points of solid crystals are low 4. large amount of energy needed to decompose

8. Sulfide color: As2S3
White
Increases left and down
Q = mcDT
Lemon yellow

9. Noble gas properties
Magnesium
Most stable
Soluble
6 bonding - 90° - sp³d2² hybridization

10. Boiling point elevation formula
DTb = (Kb)(msolute)(i) - for water Kb is 0.51
Red
21% of atmosphere - colorless - odorless - supports combustion reactions
Magnesium

11. Brass
Between neutral polar molecules - stronger polarity means stronger dipole-dipole forces - hydrogen bonds are between hydrogen and fluorine - oxygen - or nitrogen.
Used as an antifreeze - used in gasoline - flammable - miscible with water - good solvent
Two light nuclei combine to form a heavier - more stable nucleus (very exothermic)
Mixture of copper and zinc

12. Dilution equation
SO4²?
Yellow
Mixture of copper - zinc - and other metals
M1V1 = M2V2

13. When a reaction is endothermic - the entropy is
Increased
Moles / L
Properties of solutions that depend on the number of particles per solvent molecule
6.0 to 7.6 - yellow to blue

14. Color of MnO4? solution
Mixture of copper - zinc - and other metals
Purple
Glass and plastic
Yes in thermo - no in electro

15. General properties of alloys
DTf = (Kf)(msolute)(i) - for water Kf is 1.86
3 bonding - 1 nonbonding 107°
1. Solids don't conduct good electrical current. 2. Liquid phase are good conductors 3. Relatively high melting and boiling points 4. Do not vaporize readily at room temperature. 5. Brittle / easily broken 6. Soluble in water
1. Lower melting point than components 2. Harder than components 3. If cooled slowly - particles are larger

16. Properties of acids
1. Water solutions conduct electricity 2. Will react with metals more active than hydrogen to liberate hydrogen. 3. Change litmus to red 4. Phenolphthalein is colorless 5. React with bases to form water and salt 6. React with carbonates to release ca
4.184
Decreased
4 bonding - 109.5° - sp³ hybridization

17. SO4²? compounds are...
Soluble except when they include Ca²? - Sr²? - Ba²? - Ag²? - Pb²? - or Hg2²?
Same element - different number of neutrons
HCl - HBr - HI - HNO3 - H2SO4 - HCLO4
Two reactants combine to form a single product

18. Ketone
Q = mcDT
Two reactants combine to form a single product
R-CO-R functional group ends in -one - w/ number indicated where the double bonded oxygen is
Low melting points - nonpolar unless they have functional groups - nonconductors - exist in all states

19. When the reaction is exothermic - the entropy is
Decreased
Stronger
NO3?
Extremely slow reactivity

20. Sulfide color: CuS - HgS - and PbS
Green
Pressure of mixture of gases equals some of individual gas pressures.
Decreased
Black

21. Bent
2 bonding - 1 nonbonding
Two compound react to form two new compounds
Insoluble
DTb = (Kb)(msolute)(i) - for water Kb is 0.51

22. Double replacement reaction
Two compound react to form two new compounds
CO3²?
Between neutral polar molecules - stronger polarity means stronger dipole-dipole forces - hydrogen bonds are between hydrogen and fluorine - oxygen - or nitrogen.
Energy level - as it increases electrons are less bound to the nucleus

23. Graham's Law
Rate of effusion A / Rate of effusion B = sq. root of molar mass B / sq. root of molar mass A
High speed electrons - increase atomic number by 1 - range of 12 cm - weak interactions - 100 ionizations per cm - low energy
Light green
NO3?

24. Color of Ni2+ solution
Soluble
More negative means easier to gain electrons - increases left - no change in groups - exception is noble gases who have positive electron affinities
Green
Insoluble

25. Pauli exclusion principle
DH = bonds broken - bonds formed
No two electrons can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers
Used as an antifreeze - used in gasoline - flammable - miscible with water - good solvent
2 bonding - 180° - sp hybridization

26. Sterling silver
R-CO-O-R functoinal group - ends in ate - shortest R has a branch name ending in -yl
SO4²?
Low melting points - nonpolar unless they have functional groups - nonconductors - exist in all states
Mixture of silver and copper

27. Properties of ionic substances

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28. Carbon monoxide
1. Solids don't conduct good electrical current. 2. Liquid phase are good conductors 3. Relatively high melting and boiling points 4. Do not vaporize readily at room temperature. 5. Brittle / easily broken 6. Soluble in water
Pressure of mixture of gases equals some of individual gas pressures.
CO - produced from incomplete combustion - very toxic
Blue

29. Alpha particle
V1/T1 = V2/T2
Covalent
Largest radioactive particle - decrease atomic number by 2 and the atomic mass by 4 - range of 5 cm in air - high energy and velocity - 100 -000 ionizations per cm
Mixture of tin - copper - bismuth - and antimony

30. What kind of bonds generally hold gases together?
Same element - different number of neutrons
Lemon yellow
Covalent
M1V1 = M2V2

31. Litmus: pH range and colors
Used as an antifreeze - used in gasoline - flammable - miscible with water - good solvent
4.5 to 8.3 - Red to blue
Mixture of tin - copper - bismuth - and antimony
A heavy nucleus splits into two nuclei - when bombarded by small particles (very exothermic)

32. When are gases MOST ideal?
Used as an antifreeze - used in gasoline - flammable - miscible with water - good solvent
Low pressures - high temperatures
Between neutral polar molecules - stronger polarity means stronger dipole-dipole forces - hydrogen bonds are between hydrogen and fluorine - oxygen - or nitrogen.
Diatomic - fluorine is a gas - bromine is a liquid iodine is a solid - fluorine is most reactive - chlorine is an antibacterial agent

33. F compounds are...
R-CO-O-R functoinal group - ends in ate - shortest R has a branch name ending in -yl
Soluble except when containing alkaline earth metals
Yes in thermo - no in electro
Miscible with water - flammable - used as fuel - poisonous

34. Hydrogen gas properties
Colorless - odorless - low density - flammable - slightly soluble in water - diffuses more rapidly than any other gas - good reducing agent
No two electrons can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers
1. Solids don't conduct good electrical current. 2. Liquid phase are good conductors 3. Relatively high melting and boiling points 4. Do not vaporize readily at room temperature. 5. Brittle / easily broken 6. Soluble in water
Degrade the oxone layer

35. Octahedral
yellow
COH functional group - name ends in -al
6 bonding - 90° - sp³d2² hybridization
Potassium - Calcium - Sodium

36. Color of excited K+
R-CO-R functional group ends in -one - w/ number indicated where the double bonded oxygen is
Low pressures - high temperatures
Purple/pink
Same formula - different structure

37. Incomplete combustion occurs when there is
Non-polar if electronegativity difference is between 0 and 0.4 - in polar bonds the atom with more electronegativity has greater pull on electrons. Single bond is a sigma bond - double and triple bonds have one sigma - and the other are pi bonds.
Limited oxygen
Largest radioactive particle - decrease atomic number by 2 and the atomic mass by 4 - range of 5 cm in air - high energy and velocity - 100 -000 ionizations per cm
DTf = (Kf)(msolute)(i) - for water Kf is 1.86

38. Radioactivity
React with water to form bases - react with acids to form hydrogen gas - more reactive down group
Spontaneous degeneration of an unstable atomic nucleus with the emission of radiation
OH - alcohols - name ends in ol
DG = DH - TDS

39. Color of Fe3+ solution
R-CO-O-R functoinal group - ends in ate - shortest R has a branch name ending in -yl
Moles of solute / kg solvent
Yellow to orange
Potassium - Calcium - Sodium

40. Principal quantum number (n)
Energy level - as it increases electrons are less bound to the nucleus
Covalent
It is at equilibrium
NH2 - ends in -amide

41. Sulfate ion
SO4²?
Orange
Deadly - yellow-green - weapon
1. Water solutions conduct electricity 2. Litmus is blue - phenolphthalein is pink 3. React with fats to form soaps

42. Linear
1st group - most reactive metal family - react violently with water - create basic solutions
2 bonding - 180° - sp hybridization
Strong acids - strong bases - soluble salts
Two compound react to form two new compounds

43. Beta particle
8.3 to 10.0 - colorless to pink
The solute is dissolved in the solvent.
High speed electrons - increase atomic number by 1 - range of 12 cm - weak interactions - 100 ionizations per cm - low energy
Mixture of iron and carbon

44. Atomic radius trend
3 bonding - 120° - sp² hybridization
Increases left and down
Do not conduct electricity well
Mixture of iron and carbon

45. Fission
COOH functional group - name ends in oic acid
A heavy nucleus splits into two nuclei - when bombarded by small particles (very exothermic)
White
1. don't conduct good current 2. many exist as gases at room temp 3. melting points of solid crystals are low 4. large amount of energy needed to decompose

46. Trigonal planar
SO4²?
The solute is dissolved in the solvent.
Blue-green
3 bonding - 120° - sp² hybridization

47. What 3 metals will react with cold water?
Properties of solutions that depend on the number of particles per solvent molecule
Strong acids - strong bases - soluble salts
Orange
Potassium - Calcium - Sodium

48. Noble gases
Periods 8 and 9 - lanthanides and actinides
Extremely slow reactivity
4 bonding - 109.5° - sp³ hybridization
Deadly - yellow-green - weapon

49. Color of CrO7²? solution
Defines shape of orbital
Orange
Same formula - different structure
4 bonding - 109.5° - sp³ hybridization

50. Supersaturated solution
Solid at room temperature
COH functional group - name ends in -al
Solution heated - more solute added - then cooled. Solution holds more solute than theoretically possible - very unstable.
R-CO-O-R functoinal group - ends in ate - shortest R has a branch name ending in -yl